Готові списки джерел за темами / Incidental perception

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Incidental perception"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 13 квітня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Incidental perception":

Keeling, Evan. "Aristotle on the Truth and Falsity of Three Sorts of Perception." History of Philosophy Quarterly 39, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21521026.39.4.01.

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Abstract Aristotle's theory of perception is complicated by the fact that he recognizes three kinds of perceptible object: special, common, and incidental, all of which have different levels of reliability. Focusing on De Anima 3.3, 428b17–25, this paper discusses why these three sorts of perception are true and false. It argues that perceptions of special objects can be false because of the blind-spot phenomenon and that common objects are typically perceived as predicated of an incidental object. This helps explain why perceptions of common objects are the most error prone. The paper ends with a suggestion about the importance of predicational perception for Aristotle's epistemology.

Zhang, Shu, Xinrou Yu, Xiuzhi Shi, and Yan Zhang. "The Influencing Mechanism of Incidental Emotions on Risk Perception: Evidence from Event-Related Potential." Brain Sciences 13, no. 3 (March 13, 2023): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13030486.

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Incidental emotions would lead to accidents by influencing risk perception. However, few works of research further studied how incidental emotions affect risk perception at the neurological level. Before the experimental task, we used video clips for emotion elicitation. Then, the event-related potential (ERP) technique was used to obtain data on the risk perception process. The results showed that: compared to neutral emotion, the participants’ average reaction time was significantly shorter in positive and negative incidental emotion. Under negative incidental emotion, individuals overestimated risk and had a more significant deviation in risk perception; the amplitude of P2 and N2 components increased, and the amplitude of LPP component decreased under negative incidental emotion. Under positive incidental emotion, individuals’ correct-response rate was higher. These findings indicated that incidental emotions affected the mid-term risk analysis stage and the late risk judgment stage of risk perception. In the mid-term risk analysis stage, individuals processed high-risk information with a negativity bias which led to stronger cognitive conflict, while individuals assessed risks more accurately due to a larger attentional span under positive incidental emotions. In the late risk judgment stage, individuals under negative incidental emotion devoted few attentional resources to risk information which led to a risk judgment deviation. In contrast, individuals had a more detailed cognitive process of risk information under positive incidental emotion. On these bases, this paper confirmed the influence of incidental emotions on risk perception and established an emotional information-processing model. This study provided a reference for emotional interventions to facilitate accident prevention.

Febrianti, Lina, and Herdiyan Maulana. "PENGARUH PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT PADA KINERJA KEPOLISIAN TERHADAP KEPERCAYAAN PADA KEPOLISIAN." JPPP - Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jppp.021.09.

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This study aims to look at the effect on the public perception of trust in the police. The research was conducted in December 2012. The design of this this study is a quantitative method. Subjects in this research were 124 citizen in the Jabodetabek area with an age range of 18 years and minimum of High School education/equivalent. It’s using the incidental technique sampling to get the sample. Data of this research was collected by the instrument which has 27 aitem perception and trust instrument which has 37 items. These results show that there is a significant effect between perceptions of trust in the police. Perceptions positive effect on confidence. So Ho is rejected and Ha accepted perceptions of the effective contribution of 37.5% confidence.

Kim, Nam-Gyoon. "The role of eye movements in perception." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (October 2001): 988–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01400112.

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For Gibson, sensory stimulation is neither the cause nor a component of perception, but merely incidental. Perception is based on the pickup of information, which occurs when purposeful observers actively seek information. I present a case in which only with the active sampling of the ambient optical flow field can observers extract the requisite information for the control of locomotion.

Duarte, Shea E., and Joy Geng. "The Impact of Multisensory Perception on Incidental Visual Memory." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2692.

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Harris, Alice C., and Arthur G. Samuel. "Perception of Exuberant Exponence in Batsbi: Functional or Incidental?" Language 87, no. 3 (2011): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2011.0068.

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Primadhani, Heradhyta Amalia, and Nurmala K. Panjaitan. "Persepsi tentang Banjir dan Partisipasi Warga dalam Strategi Mitigasi Bencana pada Komunitas Rawan Banjir." Jurnal Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM] 4, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.4.3.421-436.

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Disasters can damage and cause harm from various aspects of life. Every individual can prevent disasters with disaster prevention measures. The actions taken are influenced by the perception of disaster. Perception is an element that supports citizen participation in disaster prevention efforts. The purpose of this study are to identify and analyze perceptions about disasters and citizen participation in disaster mitigation strategies. This study uses a quantitative approach with survey methods and is supported by qualitative data through in-depth interviews and observations. The number of samples chosen using incidental techniques amounted to 45 respondents. The selection of informants is done intentionally. The results showed that individual characteristics were not significantly related to the perception of disaster. Communities that perceive disasters well, make the community increasingly involved in disaster mitigation strategies but in carrying out personal responsibilities are less involved.Keywords: disaster, mitigation, participation, perception

Primadhani, Heradhyta Amalia, and Nurmala K. Panjaitan. "Persepsi tentang Banjir dan Partisipasi Warga dalam Strategi Mitigasi Bencana pada Komunitas Rawan Banjir." Jurnal Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM] 4, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.4.3.427-440.

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Fitria Rahmi, Maya Suryani, and Nelia Afriyeni. "Persepsi mahasiswi terhadap beauty vlogger dan dampaknya pada keputusan pembelian make-up." MANAJEMEN : JURNAL ILMIAH MANAJEMEN DAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51903/imk.v1i2.93.

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The study aims to see the effect of college student perception to beauty vlogger on the purchase decision of make-up products. The methods used in this research are quantitative methods, with incidental sampling forms and subjects for this research amounted to 201 college students in the city of Padang. These data are analyzed with simple regression analysis. The results showed that there was an effect of college student perceptions of beauty vlogger on purchasing decisions for make-up products p = 0,000 (p <0.05), which was 22%, meaning that the better the perception of beauty vlogger, the higher the purchasing decision and the remaining 78% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Park, Young, and YongJu Jung. "Recognizing Value of Mobile Device for Learning." International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design 4, no. 3 (July 2014): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijopcd.2014070105.

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This study defines a mobile device as a contemporary learning tool and learning environment and focuses on the factors' influencing on users' perceptions of mobile learning and the characteristics of informal learning available for a use of mobile device for learning. The major findings are the following: First, the longer participants are engaged with mobile device, the more they will view that mobile device as valuable for learning. Next, whoever defines knowledge in a broader sense expects to use mobile devices longer time and in turn see the value of that device for learning more positively. Users' initial learning-related perception seems to influence their recognition and behavior toward mobile learning. Lastly, participants' major learning activities are self-directed while incidental learning is also meaningfully recognized. Participants' recognition of incidental learning can predict one's recognition of the value of mobile devices for learning.

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Дисертації з теми "Incidental perception":

Patat, Dubouis Pascale. "Alliances accidentelles de marques : définition et approche managériale, processus de traitement et effets sur le consommateur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLD052.

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Parfois le consommateur perçoit incidemment un lien entre une publicité et un élément du contexte de cette dernière, par exemple une seconde publicité. Il s’en suit des réactions positives et négatives parfois fortes sur les réseaux sociaux, posant la question de l’impact de ces accidents.L’objectif de notre recherche est de définir ce phénomène, ses conditions de formation et ses conséquences. Nous proposons un cadre théorique intégratif basé sur les effets de contexte, les alliances de marques, la théorie de la Gestalt et la congruence. Nous mettons en place une approche mixte via des entretiens auprès de consommateurs et professionnels, une étude de cas ainsi qu’une expérimentation. Nous pouvons ainsi établir le fait qu’une alliance accidentelle de marque est un processus de prise de conscience par le consommateur de la congruence entre les caractéristiques des publicités et entre les marques, influencé par la pertinence perçue, la relation du consommateur à la marque et les émotions. Nous identifions des effets cognitifs, affectifs et conatifs sur le consommateur. Ils entrainent des répercussions sur l’attention et son attitude par rapport à l’accident, ainsi que sur la marque et l’entreprise
Sometimes the consumer incidentally perceives a link between an advertisement and an element of the context of the latter, for example a second advertisement. This may result in sometimes strong positive and negative reactions on social networks, raising the question of the impact of these accidents.The objective of our research is to define this phenomenon, its formation conditions and its consequences. We propose an integrative theoretical framework based on context effects, brand alliances, Gestalt theory and congruence.We are implementing a mixed approach via interviews with consumers and professionals, a case study and an experiment.We can thus establish the fact that an accidental brand alliance is a process of awareness by the consumer of the congruence between the characteristics of the advertisements and between the brands, influenced by the perceived relevance, the relationship of the consumer to the brand and the emotions.We identify cognitive, affective and conative effects on the consumer. They have repercussions on attention and attitude towards the accident, as well as on the brand and the company

Ferreira, Hugo Cézar Palhares. "Efeito da carga perceptiva e cognitiva na conjunção incidental em tarefas visuais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-18012017-140702/.

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O processo de integração de informações na memória pode acontecer de forma incidental, em que informações não relevantes para os objetivos de uma tarefa de memorização são conjugadas. Nosso trabalho buscou relacionar os efeitos da conjunção incidental dentro do armazenador visuoespacial e a possível interferência da carga perceptiva e cognitiva. No Capítulo 1 buscamos identificar como ocorre a conjunção incidental entre forma e cor (Exp1) e como a carga perceptiva pode influenciar nesta conjunção (Exp2). Os resultados do Exp1 mostram que cor e forma são conjugadas de forma incidental e assimétrica, em que a cor interfere no reconhecimento da forma, mas a forma não interfere no reconhecimento da cor. O Exp2 demonstra que a alta carga perceptiva não afeta a conjunção incidental, sugerindo que é um processo automático. No Capítulo 2 buscamos identificar a conjunção incidental de cor e localização e como a similaridade e a carga cognitiva podem afetar sua ocorrência. No terceiro experimento (Exp3) procuramos identificar as características da conjunção incidental da informação visual e espacial em uma tarefa de reconhecimento, no quarto experimento (Exp4) avaliamos o efeito da similaridade da informação visual na memorização de cores, e no quinto experimento (Exp5) avaliamos o efeito da carga cognitiva na memorização através de uma tarefa secundária atencional. Os resultados do Exp3 mostram que cor e localização são conjugadas de forma incidental e assimétrica, em que a localização interfere no reconhecimento da cor, mas a cor não interfere no reconhecimento da localização. O Exp4 demonstra que a conjunção incidental da localização e da cor é mais acentuada nas provas com similaridade alta e que a carga cognitiva tem um efeito semelhante ao da similaridade, aumentando o efeito da conjunção incidental (Exp5). Os dados apontam que a conjunção incidental de forma e localização é passível de interferência durante sua codificação.
The memory binding information process can happen incidentally, so that irrelevant information to the objectives of a memory task are associated with the relevant to it. Our study aimed to find the effects of incidental conjunction in the visuospatial store and the possible interference of the perceptual and cognitive load in this process. In Chapter 1, we intended to identify how does work the incidental binding of shape and color (Exp1) and how the perceptual load can influence this conjunction (Exp2). Results of Exp1 show that color and shape are conjugated in an incidental and asymmetric way, wherein color interferes in shape recognition, but shape does not interfere in color recognition. Results of Exp2 show that high perceptual load does not affect the incidental binding, suggesting that it is an automatic process. In Chapter 2 we intended to identify how does work the incidental binding of color and spatial location and how the similarity and the cognitive load may affect this occurrence. In the third experiment (Exp3), we tried to identify the features of incidental binding between visual and spatial information on a reconnaissance task. In the fourth experiment (Exp4), we evaluated the effect of similarity of visual information in the color memorization. In the fifth experiment (Exp5), we evaluated the effect of cognitive load on memorization through a secondary attentional task. Results of Exp1 show that color and location are conjugated in an incidental and asymmetric way, wherein location interferes in color recognition, but color does not interfere in location recognition. The Exp4 show that the incidental binding of location and color is more evident in tasks with high similarity and the cognitive load has a similar effect to the similarity, increasing the occurrence of incidental binding (Exp5). The data indicate that incidental binding of form and location is subject to interference during its codification.

Waters, Norna Foxcroft. "Exploring perceptions of perinatal nurses towards incident reporting : a qualitative study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27916.

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Patient safety has received greater attention in response to the release of reports estimating a significant number of incidents (adverse events or near misses) occur during inpatient hospital stays. Improving the safety of our health care system requires a greater understanding of the types of incidents and their underlying causes. Nurses are recognized as the discipline most likely to report incidents in practice due to their front line role in patient care. Perinatal nurses are of specific interest as they are well recognized as playing an active role in the identification and reporting of incidents that occur in inpatient perinatal settings. This descriptive qualitative study explored perinatal nurses’ perceptions about reporting incidents in practice and also identified factors that facilitate or act as barriers towards incident reporting. Data were collected in focus groups (n=16) consisting of perinatal nurses employed on labour and delivery units within one Health Authority in the province of BC. Audiotaped data were transcribed and analyzed using constant comparison. Four main themes and 12 subthemes were identified. The main themes were: nature of incidents, how incidents happen, barriers to incident reporting, and facilitating factors for incident reporting. The subthemes included: descriptions of incidents, determining what qualifies as an incidents, litigation, decision making, dynamics, fatigue, time, reporting tools, unit culture, learning, practice improvement, and professional identity. The perinatal nurses indicated the types of incidents that occurred in their practice area were unique to their practice setting. They felt these incidents were mostly related to outcomes and were to some degree out of their control. They did not view incidents involving medications as an issue They identified team dynamics as influencing the safety of perinatal units, because poor team dynamics were often associated with negative patient outcomes. Fatigue, lack of time to report incidents, reporting tools and the negative reactions/responses of team members were identified as barriers to incident reporting. Facilitating factors to incident reporting were professional responsibility, learning opportunities created by incident reports, and observing change on their units in response to incident reports. The themes had implications for nursing practice, administration, education, and research.

Horton, Gary Scott. "The Impact of College Campus Shooting Incidents| An Exploration of Student Perceptions." Thesis, Lindenwood University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3734048.

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Knowing the perceptions of college students regarding their safety on campus from an active school shooter can be valuable when campus police and security, college safety boards, and other members of the college community are designing policies and emergency plans to protect the college. However, few studies have been conducted to examine perceptions of students regarding fear of a school shooter on a university campus. To address this gap in the literature, this particular study was conducted to specifically inspect the perceptions of students regarding fear of a school shooter on a university campus in Missouri. This study resulted in a record of how the fear of a school shooter is perceived by college students from a variety of viewpoints. A qualitative, grounded theory design was selected for this study and was framed through the perspective of values theory and human and campus ecology theories. Interviews with 25 university students in Missouri were conducted. Data analysis resulted in the emergence of four major themes: (a) contentment, (b) partnership, (c) communication, and (d) maintenance. Overall, students in this study felt a great degree of contentment and desired to reduce their fear of an active shooter by creating a partnership with campus police, communicating better, and rejecting stricter gun laws.

Shen, Wen T. ""Operating on shadows": Evolving perceptions of the incidentally discovered adrenal mass, 1982--2002." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1465493.

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Sullivan-Windle, Barbara Anne. "Students' perceptions of factors influencing effective library use." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1993. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36687/1/36687_Sullivan-Windle_1993.pdf.

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This qualitative study was undertaken at the Kelvin Grove Campus Library of Queensland University of Technology to discover which aspects within the library hinder students from using it effectively and which aspects help. Written discourse collected using the Critical Incident Technique and Photography revealed how students perceived the library itself, and how they perceived the library staff. It also gave a bonus - an insight into the library's client, the student. Many of the issues raised by the respondents were the same as those discovered in previous studies focusing on students' library use. These included use of facilities; problems with gaining access to the collection; availability of information about library services; how students learned to use the library; and 'library anxiety'. The data also yielded some interesting and unusual insights, which enabled a picture to be built up of the student client at the Kelvin Grove Library. It showed how the library staff made students feel guilty; provided insight into the stages of development through which university students progress during their tertiary studies; and showed their progression through a series of stages in their use of the technology found inside the modern academic library. The findings point to positive and negative influences within the library which help or hinder effective use, and by implication, give an understanding of the way students would like to experience the library. The recommendations proposed in this study are offered as steps that librarians can take to assist in achieving a more inviting 'user-friendly' learning environment. Some recommendations for future research are also offered

Blust, Katherine Eileen. "Middle School Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying and Their Practices in Reporting Bullying Incidents." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2522.

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Student self-report surveys showed bullying behaviors were problematic among students in one Midwest middle school. Despite implementing a version of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, students continued to self-report bullying behaviors that occurred on school property during school hours. It is crucial that educators are proactive in intervening and preventing bullying to establish a safe environment for academic success. The purpose of this study was to describe teachers' perceptions of bullying behaviors and their practices in reporting bullying incidents. Bandura's social learning and Locke's social contract theories served as the study's framework. Teachers were asked to describe behaviors they perceived as bullying and their practices in reporting bullying incidents. A qualitative, bounded, descriptive case study was used to collect interview data from 12 purposefully selected classroom teachers who were tasked with bullying intervention and prevention. Thematic analysis using the lean, open coding strategy was used to analyze the data. Teachers reported observing physical, verbal, and cyber bullying behaviors, credited their bullying knowledge to schoolwide professional development (PD), and believed they recognized bullying behaviors when incidents occurred. Teachers also reported bullying incidents to the principal and to parents if they had a positive relationship with them. Based on these findings, a 4-day PD was designed for teachers to collaboratively develop uniform practices in reporting bullying incidents to parents or guardians. These endeavors may contribute to positive social change by equipping teachers with procedures in reporting bullying incidents; thus, reducing bullying, improving the learning environment, and creating a safer school culture for teachers and students.

Spalding, Robert Stanley Sturgeon James I. "Businessmen's risk perception in China following the 1999 Chinese Embassy bombing and the 2001 EP-3 incident." Diss., UMK access, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Economics and Dept. of Mathematics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006.
"A dissertation in economics and mathematics." Advisor: James I. Sturgeon. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Dec. 19, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-203). Online version of the print edition.

Morakabati, Y. "Tourism, travel risk and travel risk perceptions : a study of travel risk perceptions and the effects of incidents on tourism." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2007. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10501/.

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When major incidents occur, whether in the form of natural disasters (for example, Tsunamis, hurricanes) or man-made incidents (such as acts of terrorism or war), there is an impact on travel flows and patterns. These impacts can be in the form of the volume of tourists that flow to a particular area, the characteristics of those tourists and/or the expenditure they make whilst there. The time required for destinations to recover from such incidents and the loss of tourism receipts depends upon a variety of factors such as the nature of the incident, the response of the destination to the incident and the impact that such events have on the travel risk perceptions of tourists. The purpose of this research is to examine the nature,magnitude and direct impacts of a selection of incidents and the time recovery period. Case studies of high profile events such as those that occurred in Egypt, Indonesia, Kenya, Spain, the UK and the USA have been selected because of the relative importance of the events and, to include a broad range of destination types. The incidents that have occurred will be examined through secondary data drawing heavily on related journal articles and the analyses of data that are published by the UNWTO, the World Bank and the relevant national governments. The literature analyses will look at the research that academics have undertaken when looking at specific incidents that occurred in the case study areas and in terms of their effects on tourism in general and to the areas involved. Data from published statistics will be used to examine tourist arrival trends prior to the incidents, immediately following. the incidents and the time period needed for the level of tourism activity to be restored to where it was likely to have been if the incident had not happened. Although the incidents are examined as individual case studies the analyses will also take a chronological approach to examine whether the impacts of major incidents diminishes with exposure to such events. That is, did the earlier terrorist attacks have a greater impact because of their novelty and therefore enhanced shock effect compared with later events even though the latter may have been of greater magnitude? The secondary analyses will also examine aspects such as whether there is a difference in impact if the incidents are specifically targeted at tourists in general rather than tourists of a particular nationality. Whenever events occur they may influence the perception of travellers in terms of the potential risks they face, related risks and how they may impact on the travel decisions of tourists, particularly non-business or discretionary tourists. There is a variety of risks that may influence the travel decisions of tourists including those relating to physical harm, financial loss and also the risk of dissatisfaction from their travel experience. The different types of risks that may influence travel decisions will be examined together with demographic characteristics of the travellers in order to explore whether there are differences in risk averseness between travellers from different countries of origin, age groups, gender, education and occupation. This aspect of the analysis will be driven by primary data analysis in the form of a questionnaire (physical and on-line) that uses both quantitative and qualitative instruments to determine travellers' travel-related risk perceptions and identify regions and countries that are felt to be high risk destinations by type of risk. The perceived risks will also be compared with actual risks as identified by insurance company claims data. Although limited in scope, this aspect of analysis will seek to identify whether travel-related risk perceptions mirror actual risks or whether they are driven by other factors such as media coverage of events. Using the man-made risks as the identifier, the regional aspects of travel-related risk will then be focused to one region of the planet in particular. This region is the Middle East plus some selected countries that share the same issues in relation to tourism development. Countries in this area have been beset by man-made incidents that have deterred the development of tourism in spite of the attractiveness of the region in terms of climate, heritage and culture. A comparative analysis is undertaken to look for commonalities and factors that explain the lack of tourism development in some countries. Using the findings from the secondary and primary data analyses the potential future of the region in general and Iran in particular will be examined using the Delphi technique by drawing upon the collective wisdom of some experts in tourism who have an understanding of tourism development in difficult political areas. Finally the research will attempt to pull all of these strands together to see if there are any identifiable guidelines that may help our understanding of travel related risks and whether there are any lessons that can be learned to inform the policy makers in troubled areas.

Baileygain, Amber N. "School Personnel Perceptions of Safety and Their Abilities to Respond to Active Intruder Incidents." Thesis, McKendree University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10812167.

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The purpose of this study was to determine school personnel’s perceptions of safety in their school building as well as determine their confidence in their abilities to respond to an active intruder incident. The participants of this study were school personnel from a suburban, Southwestern Illinois PreK-12 school district. The study captured perceptions of safety and school procedures within the district’s nine buildings. The sample of participants were obtained through purposeful and convenience sampling. The participants were then assigned into five categories of participants, purposely identified: Administration, Teachers/Faculty, Support Staff (e.g., paraprofessional, aides, secretaries), Other Staff (e.g., custodians, café workers, bus drivers, monitors), and Substitutes (for all positions). In addition, the school’s current documented policy on school safety and active intruder response procedures was reviewed. The qualitative design of this study included interviews and document analysis. The study was a phenomenological study with triangulation that included research questions addressing school personnel perceptions of safety and their preparedness in the event of an active intruder situation, comparing these responses among the identified categories, and identifying the type of active intruder training provided to school personnel. The seven themes that emerged from the interviews were limited safeguards, sense of safety, training, response issues, supplies and equipment, handbook awareness, and improvements. Additional research is needed to determine if other schools in Illinois require improvements in their active intruder response plans, procedures, and provided training.

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Книги з теми "Incidental perception":

Kurasawa, Aiko. September 30 incident: Japanese perception and response. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2016.

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Denscombe, Martyn. Critical incidents and the perception of risk: Initial findings from a study of young people and health-related behaviour. Leicester: Leicester Business School, De Montfort University, 1998.

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Denscombe, Martyn. Critical incidents and the perception of risks: Initial findings from a study of young people and health-related behaviour. Leicester: Leicester Business School, De Montfort University, 1998.

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Kim, Hyŏn-ju. T'ot'emijŭm ŭi hŭnjŏk ŭl ch'ajasŏ: Tongmul e kwanhan yasaengjŏk tamnon ŭi kogohak. 8th ed. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Sŏgang Taehakkyo Ch'ulp'anbu, 2009.

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Kennedy, Gregory C., and Keith Neilson, eds. Incidents and International Relations. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400669453.

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Historians often ignore, treat cursorily, or relegate to footnotes specific incidents in international relations in order to facilitate the construction of a larger narrative. The contributors to this volume argue that researchers do so to their peril, as individual or seemingly isolated incidents can play significant roles in the overall course of history. Incidents are crucial in determining the mental maps that decision makers form regarding the countries and individuals with whom they interact. Incidents can either initiate or block new policies with consequences that are both far-reaching and unexpected. People make foreign policy and an understanding of what elements of an incident were important to these individuals at key points essential to an appreciation of policies subsequently advocated. How individuals view other cultures and nations, how they react to the actions of such nations, and their perceptions of such actions all form key components in this study. Using a variety of examples, these essays show the value of detailed examinations of events, illuminating such matters as British policy in the Far East, French imperial policy, Italian military actions in the interwar period, British attitudes toward Hitler, and the effect of the Soviet Union on British thinking in the 1930s.

A profile of teachers' perceptions using the human relations incident: A case study. 1988.

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Cunning, Doris Ann Stossel. Using critical incidents to identify educational assistants' perceptions of effective work relationships between supervising teachers and educational assistants. 2005.

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Menard, Shirley Ann Waltz. CRITICAL LEARNING INCIDENTS OF FEMALE ARMY NURSE VIETNAM VETERANS AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN A COMBAT AREA (WOMEN VETERANS, NURSES). 1993.

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Galvin, Rachel. Gertrude Stein and the War She Saw. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623920.003.0008.

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Gertrude Stein’s conservative politics and her decision to remain in France during World War II have been much discussed, and her wartime texts have been criticized for a cryptic style that insufficiently responds to its moment. In considering these issues, this chapter expands the book’s central claim that indirection, self-interference, and ethical self-scrutiny are civilian strategies for writing about war from a distance. In her genre-mixing alternative to war reportage, Wars I Have Seen, Stein records dates, statistics, and oral testimony. Yet the text also contains reverse epiphanies: lyric outbursts within the prose that signal and dwell on moments of fear. Rather than indicative revelation, reverse epiphanies, or éclats, contain disturbing incidents and rein in the perception of threat. This chapter contends that Stein’s use of reverse epiphanies, understatement, and meta-rhetoric was inflected by her understanding of French cultural restraint, which she aimed to emulate while writing about life under occupation.

Stahn, Carsten. Legacy in International Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0015.

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Legacy plays an increasing role in international criminal justice. But it remains under-theorized as a concept. Court strategies navigate between reproduction of the past and societal transformation. Many of the lasting effects of criminal proceedings are not tied to judgements, but specific incidents or performative aspects of trials, and their reception. This chapter examines legacy strategies and their critiques. It shows that the turn to legacy is partly an expression of the role of courts as social agents and geared towards the production of ‘global’ legacies. Legacy cannot be authoritatively construed by institutions, but shifts with perceptions over time. The chapter establishes a fivefold typology of legacy, including juridified legacy, institutional/systemic legacy, performative legacy, reproductive legacy, and receptive legacy. It argues that court-mandated legacy involves a certain degree of social construction and claims of ownership over the past that sit uncomfortably with the thicker fabric of remembrance and collective memory.

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Частини книг з теми "Incidental perception":

Park, Chang Sup, and Barbara K. Kaye. "What's This? Incidental Exposure to News on Social Media, News-Finds-Me Perception, News Efficacy, and News Consumption." In Social Media News and Its Impact, 98–121. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179580-6.

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Mengue-Topio, Hursula, Séléné Conrad, Laurie Letalle, and Yannick Courbois. "Perception of Incidental Social Interactions During Independent Travel on Public Transport: An Exploratory Study with Adults with Intellectual Disability." In HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems, 586–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04987-3_40.

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Lien, Jon, Sean Todd, and Jacques Guigne. "Inferences about Perception in Large Cetaceans, Especially Humpback Whales, from Incidental Catches in Fixed Fishing Gear, Enhancement of Nets by “Alarm” Devices, and the Acoustics of Fishing Gear." In Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans, 347–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0858-2_23.

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Greene, Molly. "An Incident at Damietta: 1733." In Interfaith Relationships and Perceptions of the Other in the Medieval Mediterranean, 331–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83997-0_12.

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Ahmad, Norazrin Azwani, Masine Md. Tap, Ardiyansyah Syahrom, and Jafri Mohd. Rohani. "Human Perception of Slipperiness Through Measured COF." In Quantitative and Qualitative Factors that Leads to Slip and Fall Incidents, 33–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3286-8_4.

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Hayes, Helen A., Nicole Goodman, R. Michael McGregor, Zachary Spicer, and Scott Pruysers. "The Effect of Exogenous Shocks on the Administration of Online Voting: Evidence from Ontario, Canada." In Electronic Voting, 70–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15911-4_5.

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AbstractThis paper examines the impact of two exogenous shocks – a 2018 technical incident that took place in Ontario, Canada, and the COVID-19 pandemic – on the administration of local elections in Ontario. Drawing upon survey and focus group data, this paper concludes that these two exogenous shocks affected the perception and adoption of online voting on the municipal level in differential ways. We find that the COVID-19 pandemic had a greater perceived effect upon the decision to adopt online voting than the 2018 technical incident. However, the perceived effects of the 2018 technical incident were just as likely to be felt in unaffected municipalities as they were in those that had been directly affected. Municipalities that had not used online voting in 2018 and medium-sized cities were more negatively affected by the 2018 technical incident. In contrast, the perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic did not hinge upon the previous use of online voting, city size, or the urban/rural divide.

Corrado, Jonathan K. "Nuclear Incident Severity Determination and Public and Industry Perception of Incidents and the Impact This Has on Nuclear Power's Future." In Technology, Human Performance, and Nuclear Facilities, 11–22. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003346265-2.

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Jensen, Thomas, Jeremy Kees, Scot Burton, and Elyria Kemp. "The Effect of Prices for Incidental Products in Web Page Promotions on Consumer Price Perceptions for an Unrealted Target Product." In Revolution in Marketing: Market Driving Changes, 128. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11761-4_61.

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Perälä, Mika. "Aristotle on Incidental Perception." In Forms of Representation in the Aristotelian Tradition. Volume One: Sense Perception, 66–98. BRILL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004506077_005.

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Carson, Richard G., Winston D. Byblow, Bruce Abernethy, and Jeffrey J. Summers. "Inherent and Incidental Constraints Upon Intentional Switching Between Patterns of Bimanual Coordination." In Studies in Perception and Action III, 41–44. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315789361-11.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Incidental perception":

Williams, Lauren, Megan Mills, Ann Carrigan, Anina Rich, and Trafton Drew. "Experience does not protect against missed incidental-findings in radiology." In Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment, edited by Claudia R. Mello-Thoms and Sian Taylor-Phillips. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2607316.

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Rad, Dana, Alina Roman, Tiberiu Dughi, Edgar Demeter, and Gavril Rad. "The dynamics of the relationship between just-for-fun online harassment and perceived school safety." In INNODOCT 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2019.2019.10233.

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Our research team has developed the project Keeping youth safe from Cyberbullying under Erasmus+, that aims to deeper understand the dynamics of cyberbullying in online environments among youth, to develop educational resources for professionals involved in youth activities in order to prevent these type behaviours, to develop youth skills to protect themselves from cyberbullying and to disseminate findings among educational professionals. A 7 section online questionnaire was designed, aiming to gather descriptive data, general perception about the frequency and typology of cyberbullying type incidents, perceptions about the safety of the educational environment and parental support and an auto evaluation scale centred on self-efficacy perceptions. Data was collected from 92 participants. Present’s study interest is in analysing the relationship between perceived school safety and just-for-fun online harassment. In order to test our hypothesis that assumes that between perceived school safety and just-for-fun online harassment there is a dynamic relationship, we have used a confirmatory factor analysis, based on multiple regression analysis for curvilinear effects. Results confirm the dynamic relationship between perceived school safety and just-for-fun online harassment, meaning that the poorer and as well as the stronger school safety is perceived, just-for-fun online harassment is present in educational contexts; a fair school safety perception intrigues an almost non-existent just-for-fun online harassment among pupils/students. Qualitative results and cyberbullying prevention strategies are discussed.

Kumar Murukannaiah, Pradeep, Jessica Staddon, Heather Lipford, and Bart Knijnenburg. "(Work in Progress) Is this a privacy incident? Using News Exemplars to Study End User Perceptions of Privacy Incidents." In Workshop on Usable Security. Reston, VA: Internet Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14722/usec.2017.23030.

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Yunusa-Kaltungo, Akilu, Rukaiyatu Mohammed Jungudo, Srija Ray, and Idowu Sokunbi. "How Do Maintenance Personnel Perceive Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Risks During Major Overhauls, Outages, Shutdowns or Turnarounds (MoOSTs)? An Examination of the Nigerian Cement Industry." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-89020.

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Abstract Asset management activities such as periodic overhauls are crucial for ensuring asset integrity and workplace safety. However, lessons learned from previous major industrial accidents across various high-risks industries have indicated that the perception of occupational safety and health (OSH) risks of maintenance personnel during major overhauls, outages, shutdowns and turnarounds (MoOSTs) are common denominators and precursors to several accidents. This is typically owing to several factors especially the fusion of all classes of routine maintenance tasks on enormous scales and the integration of a very diverse workforce (client, regulators, original equipment manufacturers, and various contracting firms) that possess very different safety cultures, which in turn compound overall risk profiles of job sites and the likelihood of accidents. Therefore, developing a good understanding of the risks perceptions and attitudes of MoOSTs workers towards can help improve overall OSH performance. Although several studies have investigated the subject of safety culture and climate in the context of projects especially engineering, procurement and construction (EPCs), however, studies and use cases on MoOSTs are significantly underrepresented, despite their impacts on costs, employment and wellbeing. This study therefore aims to advocate a safety culture that would boost OSH performance during MoOSTs through the development and deployment of safety climate questionnaire survey to MoOSTs workers of leading cement manufacturing operations in Nigeria. The study revealed “training and learning from incidents”, “commitment of senior management towards ensuring safety and its protocol deployment process”, and “effectiveness of incident reporting systems during MoOSTs” as the three main underlying safety climate factors.

Soubra, Mohamad, Marek Kisiel-Dorohinicki, Marcin Kurdziel, and Marek Zachara. "Incident Detection with Pruned Residual Multilayer Perceptron Networks." In 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems. IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2023f6021.

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Petrov, N. I., Yu M. Sokolov, V. V. Stoiakin, V. A. Danilov, V. V. Popov, and B. A. Usievich. "Measurement of Angular Goos-Hanchen Shift in Subwavelength Gratings near Surface Plasmon Resonance." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2022.jw2a.33.

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The angular Goos-Hanchen shift in subwavelength gratings is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Splitting of the reflected beam into two angularly separated beams is shown for strongly focused beam incident at the surface plasmon resonance angle.

Yamaguchi, Ryuki, Tomoyoshi Inoue, Asuka Tsuji, Kenzo Nishio, Toshihiro Kubota, Sudheesh K. Rajput, and Yasuhiko Awatsuji. "Relation between frame rate and incident angle of light pulse to image sensor in digital light-in-flight recording by holography." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2023.jtu4a.27.

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Frame rate of digital light-in-flight recording by holography is estimated from the incident angle of light pulse to the image sensor and the number of sub-holograms in the whole hologram recorded with a single-shot pulse.

Kishinami, Kohei, Shiro Suyama, and Hirotsugu Yamamoto. "Relationship Between Blend-Ratio of the Face Image and the Incident Angle for Spatial Blending of Aerial Images." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2023.jtu4a.36.

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This paper clarifies relationship between the blend-ratio of the blended face images in spatial blending optics using aerial imaging by retro-reflection and the incident angle of light rays at which each proportional aerial image can be observed.

Hauser, Elliott, Yao-Cheng Chan, Parth Chonkar, Geethika Hemkumar, Huihai Wang, Daksh Dua, Shikhar Gupta, et al. ""What’s That Robot Doing Here?": Perceptions Of Incidental Encounters With Autonomous Quadruped Robots." In TAS '23: First International Symposium on Trustworthy Autonomous Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3597512.3599707.

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Kioskli, Kitty, Haralambos Mouratidis, and Nineta Polemi. "Bringing humans at the core of cybersecurity: Challenges and future research directions." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003722.

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The prompt response to successfully adopt good cybersecurity practices from protecting passwords to security incidents’ responding to activating a disaster recovery or a business continuity plan depends upon the level of operators’ ability in problem solving, resilience, readiness, maturity, observation, and perception. New technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) can also be helpful to more effectively forecast or respond to serious incidents, especially to massive attacks. However, the cybersecurity operators need to alter their mindsets, adopt new behavioural patterns, and work attitudes to embrace and interact with AI-assistance during cyber defence activities. in addition, when the operators need to assess or mitigate AI socio-technical risks related to bias, transparency and equality, they will base their decisions for estimating or mitigating these risks on their behavioural, social, cultural, and ethical characteristics. In this paper, we are presenting challenges related to human and psychosocial factors of the cybersecurity operators. We also discuss the motives and drivers that impact the cognitive aspects (e.g., focus on operational tasks, attention, objectivity) of the cyber operations. We further identify how the cybersecurity operators’ personality traits impact the success of the cybersecurity practices and estimations and analyse research challenges, regarding the impact of operators’ profiles on their perceptions and interactions, with AI cyber defending tools and management of AI risks. Finally, we consider the impact these human factors may have on successful cybersecurity operations and practices and provide proposals for interdisciplinary research directions requiring the collaboration of cybersecurity experts, psychologists, and behavioural scientists.

Звіти організацій з теми "Incidental perception":

Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.

Bergeron, Diane, Kylie Rochford, and Melissa Cooper. Actions Speak Louder Than (Listening to) Words. Center for Creative Leadership, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35613/ccl.2023.2055.

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This Research Insights paper challenges the assumption that ‘good’ listening behaviors are sufficient to make employees feel listened to (which we refer to as felt listening, i.e., the holistic perception of feeling listened to). In Study 1, using 133 qualitative critical incidents, we explored leader behaviors that make employees feel listened to (or not) when they speak up to leaders at work. In Study 2, in an experiment with 187 employees, we examined the role of leader responses to employee voice on employee perceptions of felt listening and how leader responses influence employees’ intentions to speak up again in the future. Overall, our findings augment some of the oft-given advice about how leaders should listen. We highlight four key findings: Action matters. Overwhelmingly, how leaders respond (by taking action or not taking action) surfaced consistently as a critical factor in whether employees feel listened to. It’s not just how well leaders listen – it’s what they do about what they hear. Leader responses influence whether employees feel listened to and if they will speak up again in the future. When leaders act on employee voice, employees feel listened to and are more likely to raise suggestions, concerns and ideas in the future. When leaders do not take action, employees do not feel listened to and are less likely to speak up again. Employee judgments of leader listening include longer term assessments of leader actions. Employees view listening as a relational process. Their retrospective perceptions of leader listening include both listening behaviors in the moment as well as later, longer term assessments about whether the leader took any action on what was voiced. Beyond action, leaders need to pay attention to demonstrating other listening ‘signals.’ If leaders want to elicit more employee voice but cannot act on the specific idea or suggestion, they need to send other signals. These can include validating employees, supporting or engaging with employee ideas and suggestions, endorsing ideas and concerns, and making time to listen.

Ogunbire, Abimbola, Panick Kalambay, Hardik Gajera, and Srinivas Pulugurtha. Deep Learning, Machine Learning, or Statistical Models for Weather-related Crash Severity Prediction. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2320.

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Nearly 5,000 people are killed and more than 418,000 are injured in weather-related traffic incidents each year. Assessments of the effectiveness of statistical models applied to crash severity prediction compared to machine learning (ML) and deep learning techniques (DL) help researchers and practitioners know what models are most effective under specific conditions. Given the class imbalance in crash data, the synthetic minority over-sampling technique for nominal (SMOTE-N) data was employed to generate synthetic samples for the minority class. The ordered logit model (OLM) and the ordered probit model (OPM) were evaluated as statistical models, while random forest (RF) and XGBoost were evaluated as ML models. For DL, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and TabNet were evaluated. The performance of these models varied across severity levels, with property damage only (PDO) predictions performing the best and severe injury predictions performing the worst. The TabNet model performed best in predicting severe injury and PDO crashes, while RF was the most effective in predicting moderate injury crashes. However, all models struggled with severe injury classification, indicating the potential need for model refinement and exploration of other techniques. Hence, the choice of model depends on the specific application and the relative costs of false negatives and false positives. This conclusion underscores the need for further research in this area to improve the prediction accuracy of severe and moderate injury incidents, ultimately improving available data that can be used to increase road safety.

Wan, Wilfred, and Nivedita Raju. Escalation Risks at the Space–Nuclear Nexus. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/fzdw6296.

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Space systems are essential for nuclear and non-nuclear missions for China, Russia and the United States, with the space domain central in their national security strategies. Amid the strategic competition and rivalry between the three states, their threat perceptions exhibit unprecedented levels of worst-case scenario thinking, signalling a preparedness to respond with force in case of attacks or incidents involving space systems. Escalation risks in outer space, even possibly extending to the use of nuclear weapons, thus appear to be growing, especially as the deterrent role of such weapons is expanding to account for more capabilities with strategic effect. While different variables will impact escalation dynamics at the intersection of outer space, nuclear weapons and related systems (the ‘space–nuclear nexus’), some factors clearly contribute to the risk of escalation. These include strategic ambiguity and unclear red lines on what actions could result in potential nuclear retaliation. These fuzzy red lines are further blurred by the many uncertainties in space operations, such as congestion of orbits, considerations of potential civilian harm, the role of commercial actors in space, and the integration of artificial intelligence into space systems. Additional space–nuclear-related risk reduction measures are therefore vital. This paper proposes measures at the multilateral, bilateral and unilateral levels for China, Russia and the USA to consider.

Survey of health and social care setting food businesses on implementation of the FSA Listeriosis Guidance. Food Standards Agency, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.djg946.

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Food safety is a crucial component of protecting the wellbeing of those in the care of health and social care organisations. Incidents, such as the 2019 listeriosis outbreak associated with pre-packed sandwiches supplied to hospitals in England, from which seven patients died of listeriosis, underline the risk of the disease and the serious consequences that a breach in standards can have. Vulnerable consumers - whose immune systems are weakened in some way - are particularly susceptible to listeriosis and the disease has a high hospitalisation and fatality rate, compared to infections with other bacterial pathogens. The bacterium which causes listeriosis, Listeria monocytogenes, is acutely challenging to control as it has the potential to grow at low temperatures and can survive freezing. As such, L. monocytogenes must be controlled in any health or social care (HSC) organisation that provides chilled ready-to-eat food for vulnerable groups. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) guidance on ‘Reducing the risk of vulnerable groups contracting listeriosis (Opens in a new window)’ concentrates on preventing the spread of listeriosis, from preparation to consumption, in chilled ready-to-eat food. The review set up following the 2019 listeriosis outbreak - the Independent Review of NHS Hospital Food (Opens in a new window), contained recommendations on food safety for NHS trusts to take on board. The FSA also committed to assess its own guidance in response to the 2019 outbreak. Social research was commissioned as part of the FSA’s response. This report covers findings from 39 respondents within NHS Trusts and 445 from Health and Social Care (HSC) (non- NHS Trust) settings, such as nursing homes, home care service providers and hospices, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The research objectives for the surveys of health and social care settings and NHS Trusts were to: Measure awareness of the FSA guidance on listeriosis Find out how well the FSA guidance on listeriosis is implemented Understand barriers to implementing the guidance in full Understand good practice in implementing the guidance Understand HSC stakeholders’ perceptions of the effectiveness and suitability of the guidance