Дисертації з теми "Land configuration"

This thesis is a study into the nature of knowledge-intensive firm defined here as professional service firms providing tailored services to corporate clients and relying heavily on the problem solving capacity of their employees. This thesis attempts to strike a balance between a straightforward and overtly empirical piece of work which presupposes the meaning of knowledge work and an abstract contribution which questions, explores and attempts to reframe our understanding of the prevailing concept of knowledge work and of the knowledge-intensive firm. Three exceptionally successful contemporary firms are studied as potential exemplars of this seemingly new organisational form. The cases are examined from three overlapping and integrated perspectives. First, a structure and design perspective is adopted. The existing literature on the structure and design of these firms is examined and developed into an ideal type (Weber, 1978) which is subsequently used in the interviewing of employees. A more processual/contextual/alternative perspective on knowledge work is then adopted and combined with the related concept of community is applied to the study of the three cases. Finally, drawing on the historical case of early Irish monasticism, a premodern knowledge-intensive institutional form, the sense of the interrelationship between structure and community is elaborated upon and, along with some peculiarly monastic angles, applied to the three cases. The overall conclusion is that contemporary KIFs represent "plural forms" (Jeffrey, 1991) in the sense that they use different internal and external control mechanism simultaneously for the same function. While the operations of these firms are complex and unusual, the claim of a new paradigm of management underpinning these firms is rejected.

This dissertation tests the proposition that the spatial structure of street networks affects the distribution of urban land use. Specifically, it examines patterns of commercial land use utilizing parcel based data on retail and service businesses location. While previous studies report a correlation between spatial structure and patterns of commercial land use, these studies do not typically control for the effect of key variables likely to contribute to the spatial distribution of retail and service establishments. In order to redress this balance, and using the City of Buenos Aires as a case study, this dissertation studies the correlation between commercial land use frontage and street connectivity measures, while controlling for street widths, density of population and employment, interstore externalities, zoning regulations, and distance to transit stations. Buenos Aires is chosen for its regular plan radiating from a well-defined CBD, a plan which would be expected to conform to standard urban attraction models of retail location. Results of multiple regression models indicate that, after controlling for these variables, measures of street connectivity account for key aspects of the distribution of retail, including linear distributions along major radial and peripheral streets at a distance from the CBD. Thus, the dissertation supports the thesis that "urban attraction" should not be conceptualized in terms of distances from a unique central location, or a number of central locations, but rather in terms of a model of distributed centrality governed by the structure of street networks.

Cette thèse traite des difficultés inhérentes à l’opérationnalité de la planification littorale spatialisée en Corse, à travers notamment la prise en considération des caractéristiques et configurations liées à la situation foncière. Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie, dans le cadre d’une expérience professionnelle d’urbaniste, sur l’analyse de trois communes littorales, Sisco, Olmeto et Calenzana, présentant des difficultés de mise en œuvre de leurs documents d’urbanisme. La planification regroupe des outils et méthodes d’élaboration et d’analyse mis en œuvre pour encadrer l’évolution et le développement des territoires. Sept ans après l’approbation du Plan d’Aménagement et de Développement Durable de la Corse, les documents d’urbanisme insulaires ont vu leurs objectifs évoluer au regard d’une vision plus équilibrée de l’urbanisation. Les enjeux de préservation de l’environnement, des espaces de production et l’objectif de densification des espaces bâtis ont été renforcés, obligeant ainsi les documents de planification à fixer un cadre d’aménagement strict et précis fondé sur des projections sociodémographiques. Face à cette définition opérationnelle de la planification stratégique spatialisée, ce travail de recherche propose, dans le cadre d’une démarche empirique, une vision complémentaire aux méthodes d’élaboration et d’évaluation des documents d’urbanisme locaux en intégrant la question foncière comme base d’analyse et d’observation de l’évolution des territoires. Ce travail de recherche se fonde sur la mise en évidence d’une série d’indicateurs montrant l’influence des caractéristiques foncières sur la mise en œuvre des documents de planification en prenant en considération leur situation juridique et géographique. Cette agrégation d’indicateurs fonciers nous amène à une représentation spatialisée et surfacique visant à mieux estimer et comprendre la mobilisation réelle du foncier à bâtir
This thesis deals with the difficulties involved in the operationalization of the spatialized littoral planning in Corsica, especially through the consideration of the characteristics and configurations related to the land situation. To do this, it is based, within the framework of a professional experience of urban planner, on the analysis of three coastal municipalities, Sisco, Olmeto and Calenzana, presenting difficulties in the implementation of their urban planning documents. The planning includes tools and methods of preparation and analysis implemented to frame the evolution and development of territories. Seven years after the approval of the PADDUC, the island's urban planning documents have seen their goals evolve about a more balanced vision of urbanization. The challenges of preserving the environment, production areas and the objective of densifying built-up areas have been reinforced, thus obliging planning documents to set a strict and precise development context based on socio-demographic projections. In view of this operational definition of spatialized strategic planning, this research work proposes, within the framework of an empirical approach, a vision that complements the methods of elaboration and evaluation of local urban planning documents by integrating the land question as a basis for analysis and observation of territorial evolution. This research work is based on the identification of a series of indicators showing the influence of land characteristics on the implementation of planning documents, taking into consideration their legal and geographical situation. This aggregation of land indicators leads us to a spatialized and surface representation aiming at better estimating and understanding the real mobilization of land for building

This doctoral thesis investigates the potential of classification methods based on spatial context to infer specific forms of land use from remote sensing data. The problem is that some types of land use are characterized by a complex configuration of land covers that traditional per-pixel based methods have problems classifying due to spectral heterogeneity. The problem of spectral heterogeneity is also present in classification of high resolution imagery. Two novel methods based on contextual information are evaluated, Spatial Relational Post-Classification (SRPC) and Window Independent Context Segmentation (WICS). The thesis includes six case studies in rural and urban areas focusing on the classification of: agricultural systems, urban characteristics, and dead wood areas. In the rural case studies specific types of agricultural systems associated with different household strategies are mapped by inferring the physical expression of land use using the SRPC method. The urban remote sensing studies demonstrate how the WICS method is able to extract information corresponding to different phases of development. Additionally, different urban classes are shown to correspond to different socioeconomic profiles, demonstrating how urban remote sensing can be used to make a connection between the physical environment and the social lives of residents. Finally, in one study the WICS method is used to successfully classify dead trees from high resolution imagery. Taken together these studies demonstrate how approaches based on spatial context can be used to extract information on land use in rural and urban environments where land use manifests itself in the form of complex spectral class and land cover patterns. The thesis, thus, contributes to the research field by showing that contextual methods can capture multifaceted patterns that can be linked to land use. This, in turn, enables an increased use of remote sensing data, particularly in the social sciences.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans la perspective de l'enrichissement des bases de données d'occupation du sol. La description de l'occupation du sol permet de produire des indicateurs environnementaux pour la gestion des écosystèmes et des territoires, en réponse à des besoins sociétaux, réglementaires et scientifiques. Aussi, des bases de données décrivant l'occupation du sol existent à différents niveaux (local, national, européen) ou sont en cours de constitution. Il est toutefois apparu que la connaissance de l'occupation du sol nécessaire pour certaines applications de modélisation de la ville (simulateurs de micro-météorologie, d'hydrologie, ou de suivi de pollutions), voire de suivi réglementaire (imperméabilisation des sols) est plus fine (au niveau sémantique et géométrique) que ce que contiennent ces bases de données. Des cartes de matériaux sont donc nécessaires pour certaines applications. Elles pourraient constituer une couche supplémentaire, à la fois dans des bases de données sur l'occupation du sol (comme l'occupation du sol à grande échelle de l'IGN) et dans des maquettes urbaines 3D.Aucune base de données existante ne contenant cette information, la télédétection apparaît comme la seule solution pour la produire. Néanmoins, du fait de la forte hétérogénéité des matériaux, de leur variabilité, mais aussi des fortes ressemblances entre classes distinctes, il apparaît que les capteurs optiques multispectraux classiques (limités aux 4 canaux rouge - vert - bleu - proche infrarouge) sont insuffisants pour bien discriminer des matériaux. Un capteur dit superspectral, c'est-à-dire plus riche spectralement, pourrait apporter une solution à cette limite. Ce travail s'est donc positionné dans l'optique de la conception d'un tel capteur et a consisté à identifier la meilleure configuration spectrale pour la classification des matériaux urbains, ou du moins à proposer des solutions s'en approchant. Un travail d'optimisation spectrale a donc été réalisé afin d'optimiser à la fois la position des bandes dans le spectre ainsi que leur largeur. Le travail s'est déroulé en deux temps. Une première tâche a consisté à définir et préciser les méthodes d'optimisation de bandes, et à les valider sur des jeux de données de référence de la littérature. Deux heuristiques d'optimisation classiques (l'une incrémentale, l'autre stochastique) ont été choisies du fait de leur généricité et de leur flexibilité, et donc de leur capacité à être utilisées pour différents critères de sélection d'attributs. Une comparaison de différentes mesures de la pertinence d'un jeu de bandes a été effectuée afin de définir le score à optimiser lors du processus de sélection de bandes. L'optimisation de la largeur des bandes a ensuite été étudiée : la méthode proposée consiste à préalablement construire une hiérarchie de bandes fusionnées en fonction de leur similarité, le processus de sélection de bandes se déroulant ensuite au sein de cette hiérarchie. La seconde partie du travail a consisté en l'application de ces algorithmes d'optimisation spectrale au cas d'étude des matériaux urbains. Une collection de spectres de matériaux urbains a d'abord été réunie à partir de différentes librairies spectrales (ASTER, MEMOIRES, ...). L'optimisation spectrale a ensuite été menée à partir de ce jeu de données. Il est apparu qu'un nombre limité de bandes bien choisies suffisait pour discriminer 9 classes de matériaux communs (ardoise - asphalte - ciment - gravier - métal - pavés en pierre - shingle - terre – tuile). L'apport de bandes issues du domaine de l'infrarouge onde courte (1400 - 2500 nm) pour la discrimination des matériaux a également été vérifiée. La portée des résultats chiffrés obtenus en terme de confusions entre les matériaux reste toutefois à nuancer du fait de la très faible représentation de certains matériaux dans la librairie de spectres collectés, ne couvrant donc pas la totalité de leur variabilité
This work was performed in the context of a possible enrichment of land cover databases. The description of land cover is necessary it possible to produce environmental indicators for the management of ecosystems and territories, in response to various societal and scientific needs. Thus, different land cover databases already exist at various levels (global, European, national, regional or local) or are currently being produced. However, it appeared that knowledge about land cover should more detailled in urban areas, since it is required by several city modeling applications (micro-meteorological, hydrological, or pollution monitoring simulators), or public regulations monitoring (e.g. concerning ground perviousness). Such materials maps would be (both semantically and spatially) finer than what is contained in existing land cover databases. Therefore, they could be an additional layer, both in land cover databases (such as in IGN High Resolution land cover database) and in 3D city models. No existing database contains such information about urban material maps. Thus remote sensing is the only solution to produce it. However, due to the high heterogeneity of urban materials, their variability, but also the strong similarities between different material classes, usual optical multispectral sensors (with only the 4 red - green - blue - near infrared bands) are not sufficient to reach a good discrimination of materials. A multispectral sensor or superspectral, that is to say spectrally richer, could therefore provide a solution to this limit. Thus, this work was performed intending the design of such sensor. It aimed at identifying the best spectral configuration for classification of urban materials, or at least to propose sub-optimal solutions. In other words, a spectral optimization was carried out in order to optimize both the position of the bands in the spectrum and their width. Automatic feature selection methods were used. This work was performed in two steps. A first task aimed at defining the spectral optimization methods and at validating them on literature reference data sets. Two state-of-the-art optimization heuristics (Sequential Forward Floating Search and genetic algorithms) were chosen owing to their genericity and flexibility, and therefore their ability to be used to optimize different feature selection criteria. A benchmark of different scores measuring the relevance of a set of features was performed to decide which score to optimize during the band selection process. Band width optimization was then studied: the proposed method consisted in building a hierarchy of bands merged according to their similarities. Band selection was then processed within this hierarchy. The second part of the work consisted in the application of these spectral optimization algorithms to the case study of urban materials. A collection of urban materials spectra was first caught and from various spectral libraries ( ASTER , MEMORIES...). Spectral optimization was then performed on this dataset. A limited number (about 10) of well chosen bands appeared to be sufficient to classify next common materials (slates - asphalt - cement - gravel - metal - cobblestones - shingle - earth – tiles). Bands from short wave infrared spectral domain (1400 - 2500 nm) were shown again to be very useful to discriminate urban materials. However, quantitative results assessing the confusions between the materials must be considered carefully since some materials are very uncommon in the library of collected spectra, and thus their possible variability is not completely considered

Urban greenbelts are considered a key instrument for shaping sustainable urban growth and protecting the environment in a large number of cities in the world. In most cities, there is a widely shared belief that urban greenbelts are beneficial to the natural environment. By contrast, there is little understanding of the underlying economic impacts of greenbelts and other green space configurations in fast growing cities. The unprecedented rate and scale of urbanisation in the emerging economies has brought the role of greenbelts into an even sharper focus. In cities within these fast growing economies, the urban population is expected to double in the coming decades, which means that greenbelts are under great pressures to adapt to the large forthcoming growth. Few existing urban models are capable of addressing the dynamic nature of the urban transformations and predicting the impacts of urban greenbelts in the developing world. This prompts us to develop a new modelling method that is capable of assessing the impacts of different configurations, scales and locations of green spaces. We then use it to examine alternative futures to the greenbelt through a case study of Greater Beijing. The method we developed is a new variant in the land use-transport interaction (LUTI) model family. This model is capable of addressing the non-equilibrium nature of urban land use and transport development and the equilibrium nature of the day-to-day adaptations made by businesses and citizens. This LUTI model aims to answer the following questions: what are the short-term and long-term economic impacts of a greenbelt on a fast growing city? Which alternative green space configuration performs better in terms of economic well-being and travel costs? Where and how much should the greenbelt land be progressively reshaped or released as the city grows? The new LUTI model is calibrated and validated using data collected for 1990, 2000 and 2010 for Greater Beijing, The model is first tested retrospectively through revisiting the past greenbelt policies in Beijing from 1990 to 2010. Then the impacts of different future green space configurations from 2010 to 2030 are predicted and assessed through quantifying economic costs/benefits and travel costs for socio-economic groups. The model results suggest that under rapid transformative urban change, the configuration, scale and location of a greenbelt have a significant impact on a city’s economic efficiency. Such impacts will transcend the greenbelt boundary, and even the boundary of Beijing Municipality, onto the entire city region. A narrow greenbelt launched in the early age of urban expansion could lead to spatial mismatch of residents and jobs. A wide and strictly controlled ring-shaped greenbelt is not the highest performing intervention either, in terms of economic well-being. The green-wedges configuration is a remedial policy that balances the economic efficiency and environmental benefits. Intensive development around metro/rail stations in the designated greenbelt could reduce spatial costs and promote sustainable travel modes. This implies that a careful siting of new development within existing designations of the greenbelt can be beneficial in terms of economic well-being and sustainable transport.

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This paper seeks to trace a historical analysis of urban land ownership, land heritage (religious and secular) in the training process and the establishment of urban centers in northeastern S?o Paulo State between the years 1800 and 1930, focusing more attention to two significant events that favored the construction of an urban network in this region: the migration of incoming miners and the cycle of coffee along with the arrival of Cia Mogiana these parts. The establishment of an urban center it is a chapel, parish and village was only possible during the Colony and the Empire, by granting lands to the heritage of a holy devotion. With the advent of the Republic, on the actions of capitalist interests, the donation of land was no longer the sacred as well, but the commercialization of land, or profit. The scrutiny as to how the appointments issued by each of the two historical dimensions conform sought the transformation of this part of the state territory and the creation of urban forms. We shall show, however, that even calling for a linearity in the award process, and ownership of urban design, practices, experiences and local dynamics were crucial to the definition of the nuclei. For the preparation of the dissertation, have been included relevant documents and images of urban farming initiatives, as well as important previous studies, to identify possible links between the issues surrounding land and property circumstances that presented themselves in every situation and the determinations imposed by government religious and / or civil liability. Thus, we try to treat the grant of land as an urban process developed in a regional context that holds conjunctures of conflicts and interests in configuration of urban.
Este trabalho busca tra?ar uma an?lise hist?rica sobre a apropria??o da terra urbana, patrim?nio fundi?rio (religioso e laico) no processo de forma??o e funda??o de n?cleos urbanos no nordeste do Estado de S?o Paulo entre os anos de 1800 e 1930, detendo-se com maior aten??o em dois momentos significativos que favoreceram a constru??o de uma rede urbana nesta regi?o: o movimento migrat?rio dos entrantes mineiros e o ciclo da cafeicultura, juntamente com a chegada da Cia. Mogiana nestas paragens. O estabelecimento de um n?cleo urbano, seja ele uma capela, freguesia ou vila, s? era poss?vel, durante a Col?nia e o Imp?rio, por meio da concess?o de terras para o patrim?nio de um santo de devo??o. Com o advento da Rep?blica, sob as a??es dos interesses capitalistas, a doa??o de terra para a forma??o de n?cleos urbanos n?o tinha mais como bem o sagrado, mas a comercializa??o da terra, ou seja, o lucro. A an?lise atenta para o modo como as designa??es emanadas por cada uma das dimens?es hist?ricas procuraram conformar a transforma??o desta parte do territ?rio paulista e a cria??o das formas urbanas. Pretende-se mostrar, entretanto, que mesmo conclamada uma linearidade no processo de concess?o, apropria??o e delineamento do solo urbano, pr?ticas, experi?ncias e din?micas locais foram determinantes para a defini??o dos n?cleos urbanos. Para a elabora??o da disserta??o, foram consultados documentos escritos e imagens pertinentes a iniciativas das cria??es urbanas, bem como importantes estudos precedentes, procurando identificar poss?veis v?nculos entre as quest?es envolvendo as terras patrimoniais, circunst?ncias que se apresentavam em cada situa??o e as determina??es impostas pelas administra??es religiosa e/ou civil. Desse modo, procura-se tratar a concess?o da terra urbana como um processo desenvolvido num contexto regional que guarda conjunturas particulares de conflitos e interesses na configura??o do urbano.

In recent years, immense effort has been channelled towards the Information and Technological development of rural areas. To support this development, telecommunication networks have been deployed. The availability of these telecommunication networks is expected to improve the way people share ideas and communicate locally and globally, reducing limiting factors like distance through the use of the Internet. The major problem for these networks is that very few of them have managed to stay in operation over long periods of time. One of the major causes of this failure is the lack of proper monitoring and management as, in some cases, administrators are located far away from the network site. Other factors that contribute to the frequent failure of these networks are lack of proper infrastructure, lack of a constant power supply and other environmental issues. A telecommunication network was deployed for the people of Dwesa by the Siyakhula Living Lab project. During this research project, frequent visits were made to the site and network users were informally interviewed in order to gain insight into the network challenges. Based on the challenges, different network monitoring systems and other solutions were deployed on the network. This thesis analyses the problems encountered and presents possible and affordable solutions that were implemented on the network. This was done to improve the network‟s reliability, availability and manageability whilst exploring possible and practical ways in which the connectivity of the deployed telecommunication network can be maintained. As part of these solutions, a GPRS redundant link, Nagios and Cacti monitoring systems as well as Simple backup systems were deployed. v Acronyms AC Access Concentrators AMANDA Automatic Marylyn Network Disk Archiver CDMA Code Divison Multiple Access CGI Common Gateway Interface.

碩士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
105
In recent years, the air quality data of Central Taiwan shows that suspended particles and ozone are the main pollutants in the air. Not only does the emission of pollutants bear the blame for the high concentration of suspended particles, but meteorological factors also affect the transmission and generation of pollutants. By modifying the code of Gaussian Trajectory transfer-coefficient model (GTx) in respect of the calculation of the bare land module and testing under the same simulation condition, its accuracy of the before and after modification will be studied and cases will be simulated. Besides adding the bare-land module, this studies, tying in OPENDATA openly provided by the government recently, also adopts PHP language to establish the connection of MySQL database, so as to deliver the near real-time simulated outcomes and improves the accuracy of the forecast. According to the outcomes, it is known that both pollutants (PM10 and PM2.5) can obtain better Mean Fractional Bias (MFB) and Correlation Coefficient (R) under low wind speed and high wind speed when the simulated value is assessed for performance evaluation under different wind speed. The above finding is due to the association between the dissipating amount and the wind speed of bare land when using the bare land module, thus, its performance is better than that of the emission factor using TEDs9.0 database, and it’s able to deliver the contribution amount of the suspended particles on the bare land in the exact point of time.

博士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
100
Of all the current land development projects in Taiwan, Environmental Impact Assessment seems to be the only monitoring system when it comes to the maintenance aspect of ecological environment. Therefore, this study attempted to examine from the point of view of landscape ecology, identify the contents and role of landscape ecology professionals could participate in this system. This study explored land planning related studies and theories through literature review, in order to examine the possibility of using landscape ecology theories on large scale land development projects, including species move least-cost model, landscape structure index, species ecology assessment index, and landscape ecology principles, and then come up with a feasible operational process for subsequent development application. Based on numerous EIA reports from the past and through selection, this study has chosen Hsinchu Science Park Jhunan Science Park, Central Taiwan Science Park Taichung Science Park, Central Taiwan Science Park Houli Science Park, Southern Taiwan Science Park Tainan Science Park and Southern Taiwan Science Park Kaohsiung Science Park as the five study sites. When assessing of changes in bird species, we found that from diversity index and evenness index analysis, site development of Jhunan, Taichung, Tainan and Kaohsiung Science Parks have become more stable, and both indexes were either rising or constant. Both indexes of Jhunan and Tainan Science Park, which have better landscape structure or maintenance of ecological environment, appeared to be rising, and because Houli Science Park is still in the changing period of developing phase, the two indexes were very unstable and changes rigorously. Therefore, diversity index and evenness index are effective monitoring indicators in understanding whether if a site’s ecological restoration has reached equilibrium state, or if the site’s environmental structure is conducive to bird species habitat. Through the species move least-cost model of the five study sites, the possibility of examine from landscape sale is confirmed. In this study, Jhunan Science Park’s species move least-cost model changes were able to explain the disappearance of important habitat significantly affected large populations. Landscape changes in Taichung Science Park almost changed the original natural pattern entirely, and even it recovered through time and bird species were eventually stabilized, the composition, however, has tend to become ubiquitous species that are familiar to human. Although the pattern were changed in Tainan Science Park, the strategy of designated conservation area and integrity of greenbelt system allowed the recovered environment positively assisted in increasing the number and diversity of the bird population; but due to the limits of habitat environment, it is obvious that bird species were concentrated in certain areas. From these results, it is certain that species move least-cost model can predict ecological environment of a site, and it also is a viable tool for suggesting improvements. The results of landscape indicators are important data for planners to understand the landscape changes before and after a development. It can predict or verify the result of species change through the variation of aggregation and connectivity. Finally, actually carry out the original planning of the site according to the prepared procedure of this study, and at the same time under the condition of not affecting spatial function and building coverage ratio of the area, propose design recommendations for parks and green spaces. Because all the proposed recommendations are based on species move least-cost and landscape ecology principles, we believe these design policies will assist substantially in recovering landscape ecology, and provide enough ecological theory groundwork for EIA review.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Coimbra
Montado, a human shaped agro-silvopastoral system in Portugal, has been experiencing series of changes following the transformation of agricultural policies. Such changes are responsible for altering the structure and composition of montado landscape and hence the biodiversity of the system. Management practices in montado system usually focus on a single and common land use (agroforestry) that represent only part of montado landscape. A recently developed StDM (Stochastic Dynamic Modelling) was applied to model the spatial and temporal patterns in the system and predict changes in biodiversity patterns of passeriform species considering both with and without agroforestry management. Model outputs showed the land use dynamics favoring the expansion of areas with intense and intermediate canopy at the expense of open areas. This resulted in a declining temporal and spatial trend for species richness, with the higher declining rate observed for open area species. Contrary to our expectation, the species richness is even more reduced with the management of agroforestry. Therefore, a detailed understanding on the complexity and balance among different land uses in the system followed by augmentation of management efforts to other biodiversity enhancing land use types will improve the biodiversity of the system than focusing only on a single or few land use types.

Land-based industries provide the majority of New Zealand's export earnings. The scale of production in the larger industries accounting for this trade creates significant dependency on export markets. The performance of these industries in the international location, therefore, has a marked influence on the country's prosperity. The process of taking land-based products from pasture to plate encompasses a value system. A value system (depicted as the Z-form Model, overleaf) includes all sequentially aligned organisations through which product flows from the producer to the international consumer. Value systems also include the linkages between adjoining and non-adjoining organisations. The objective of the study was to develop a theory of the configuration and management of export-dependent land-based value systems, supported by case study material drawn from select New Zealand industries. The Z-form Model constituted a framework from which both relevant contributions and shortcomings in the literature were identified. A conjoint approach to theory building, encompassing both theoretical and empirical contributions, was developed. Empirical evidence was then gathered through multiple case studies of the meat and pipfruit industries to augment theory building. Particular attention was paid to empirical processes relating to the generation of wealth and its subsequent distribution. Phenomena observed through case research were reduced into concepts, and the relationships between concepts identified. Concepts and relationships were then presented as an emergent theory in the form of a causal network. Some of the perspectives and behaviours of value systems were supported by the literature, however, many considerations were found to be unique. A theory of the configuration and management of New Zealand's export-dependent value systems is presented. The theory encompasses empirically based value system strategies that serve to enhance wealth generation and wealth distribution. Normative value systems, based on the Z-form Model, that return wealth to organisations in the home-base location are provided. Further opportunities for wealth creation and repatriation are identified.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.
The urban heat island (UHI) refers to the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban areas than in the surrounding rural areas. Numerous studies have shown that increased percent cover of greenspace (PLAND) can significantly decrease land surface temperatures (LST). Fewer studies, however, have investigated the effects of configuration of greenspace on LST. This thesis aims to fill this gap using oasis city Aksu, northwest China as a case study. PLAND along with two configuration metrics were used to measure the composition and configuration of greenspace. The metrics were calculated by moving window method based on a greenspace map derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and LST data were retrieved from Landsat TM thermal band. Normalized mutual information measure was employed to investigate the relationship between LST and the spatial pattern of greenspace. The results showed that PLAND was the most important predictor of LST. Configuration of greenspace also significantly affected LST. In addition, the variance of LST was largely explained by both composition and configuration of greenspace. Results from this study can expand our understanding of the relationship between LST and vegetation, and provide insights for improving urban greenspace planning and management.

Toll plaza operation is a critical component of roadway operations throughout the United States, as tolls provide both revenue for expansion and opportunity for demand management. Originally cash or physical currency based, tolling has morphed to meet the twentieth century demand in terms of throughput and efficiency in the form of electronic toll collection. Electronic tolling has introduced a new form of driver decision making at toll plazas due to the additional payment choice. Despite the user convenience these facilities provide to consumers, this form of collection has not come without safety and operational concerns. Confusion at the toll plaza, unsafe merging maneuvers, and the unexpected behavior has actually increased certain crash patterns at toll plazas in some electronic tolling facilities. Building upon existing research, further work was completed to quantify the related impacts of electronic toll collection on traffic operations through a microsimulation model, and static evaluation study. While in Massachusetts overall toll plaza crashes are a minimal portion of 200,000 crashes each year in the Commonwealth at less than 0.1 percent of all crashes some toll plazas have higher crash rates than the state wide urban interstate average. Interchange 14 in Weston, Massachusetts had the highest crash rate among state toll plazas. Rear-end and same direction sideswipe collisions accounted for the highest crash numbers between the years 2010 and 2012. Microsimulation of various lane configurations derived from static evaluation feedback on driver decision making created six alternate configurations. Current plaza configuration was verified by the validated VISSIM microsimulation model to be the highest performing in terms of efficiency. A lane configuration with grouped payment lanes provided the best overall performance for alternatives with less than 1 percent difference from the current West Springfield interchange configuration. Static evaluation and microsimulation results pointed to increased efficiency and safety benefits with combination lanes. Additionally, drivers tended to avoid following heavy vehicles through plaza lanes. Motorists were willing to make up to 3 lane changes to avoid queues and may avoid combination lanes as an electronic toll customer if they anticipate a greater delay than an adjacent dedicated electronic lane. Recommendations for future research include: 1) further microsimulation modeling to examine traffic flow and safety impacts at toll plazas under varying traffic conditions and demand with open road tolling lanes strategies; and 2) developing enhancements to VISSIM to address parameter limitations associated with discrete choice modeling at toll plazas.

by Leung Wai-ming, Raymond and Chang Che Son.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Bibliography: leaves 74-76.
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi
Chapter
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
General Overview of Medium-sized Companies in Hong Kong --- p.2
Matters of Concern --- p.6
Chapters Summary --- p.7
Chapter II. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.9
Literate Review --- p.9
Questionnaire --- p.9
Observation and Site Visits --- p.10
Selective Interview --- p.10
Summary --- p.11
Chapter III. --- HISTORY OF SYSTEMS --- p.12
Evolution of local area network (LAN) --- p.12
Evolution of Unix Systems --- p.14
Chapter IV. --- COMPUTERIZATION IN MEDIUM-SIZED COMPANIES IN HONG KONG --- p.20
Requirements and consideration on computerization --- p.20
Market Trend --- p.23
PC and PC Installation --- p.24
UNIX Installation --- p.25
Chapter V. --- SYSTEM OVERVIEW --- p.29
LAN System Overview --- p.29
Advantages in using Unix System --- p.30
Availability of Application Software --- p.30
Economic Advantages --- p.30
Proficient PC Users --- p.31
Standardization --- p.31
Psychological Advantages --- p.32
Disadvantages in using LAN System --- p.32
Diminishing Performance --- p.33
Immature Multi-user Applications --- p.33
Complex System Management --- p.33
Primitive Database Management System --- p.34
Intensive Support Required --- p.34
Unix System Overview --- p.35
Advantages in using Unix System --- p.36
Wide Area and Remote Connection --- p.36
Centralized System Administration --- p.37
Tight Data Security Control --- p.37
True Multi-tasking System --- p.38
Expandability --- p.38
Technological Advantage --- p.38
Disadvantages in using LAN System --- p.39
Lack of Standard --- p.39
Comparatively fewer Application Softwares Available --- p.39
High Upgrading Cost --- p.40
High Initial Investment --- p.40
High Adminstration Cost --- p.40
Poor User Interface --- p.42
Chapter VI. --- SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION --- p.43
Recent Development in LAN System --- p.43
Wireless LAN System --- p.45
LAN Application in recent years --- p.47
Document Management System --- p.49
Wide Area Networking --- p.49
"Groupware, Database Server and Multi-media" --- p.51
Recent Development in Unix System --- p.52
Unix Institutions --- p.54
Unix Applications --- p.55
Chapter VII. --- UNIX/LAN APPLICATION IN MEDIUM-SIZED COMPANIES IN HONG KONG --- p.57
General Configuration of a LAN-based Application --- p.57
General Configuration of a Unix-based Application --- p.60
Chapter VIII. --- FINDINGS --- p.65
Total System Cost --- p.65
System Expandability --- p.66
System Administration --- p.66
System Security --- p.67
Office Automation --- p.67
Data Processing --- p.67
Summary --- p.68
Chapter IX. --- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION --- p.69
Recommendation : Marriage of UNIX and LAN Systems --- p.70
Inter-system Connection --- p.70
Running DOS in UNIX --- p.71
Running Network Operating System on UNIX machines --- p.71
Network based on UNIX --- p.72
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.74