Статті в журналах: "Land configuration"

1

Wiltshire, Andrew J., Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, John M. Edwards, Nicola Gedney, Anna B. Harper, Andrew J. Hartley, Margaret A. Hendry, Eddy Robertson, and Kerry Smout-Day. "JULES-GL7: the Global Land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator version 7.0 and 7.2." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-483-2020.

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Abstract. We present the latest global land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) model as used in the latest international Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The configuration is defined by the combination of switches, parameter values and ancillary data, which we provide alongside a set of historical forcing data that defines the experimental setup. The configurations provided are JULES-GL7.0, the base setup used in CMIP6 and JULES-GL7.2, a subversion that includes improvements to the representation of canopy radiation and interception. These configurations are recommended for all JULES applications focused on the exchange and state of heat, water and momentum at the land surface. In addition, we provide a standardised modelling system that runs on the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) JASMIN cluster, accessible to all JULES users. This is provided so that users can test and evaluate their own science against the standard configuration to promote community engagement in the development of land surface modelling capability through JULES. It is intended that JULES configurations should be independent of the underlying code base, and thus they will be available in the latest release of the JULES code. This means that different code releases will produce scientifically comparable results for a given configuration version. Versioning is therefore determined by the configuration as opposed to the underlying code base.

2

RATHORE, S. S., KAPILA SHEKHAWAT, and G. A. RAJANNA. "Land configurations in surface drip irrigation for enhancing productivity, profitability and water-use efficiency of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under semi-arid conditions." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 8 (October 14, 2020): 1538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i8.105960.

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The aim of the experiment was to maximize water-use efficiency and resultant crop productivity through surface drip irrigation under modified land techniques in arid- and semi-arid conditions of India. To address these issues, field study was undertaken on Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] with surface drip irrigation under various land configuration techniques to enhance water-use efficiency, crop productivity and profitability. Results of the study revealed that flat sowing drip irrigation system in 60/30 and 30/60 cm land configuration resulted in highest seed yield (141 to 161 %), oil productivity (139 to 150%) and water-use efficiency of mustard seed (141 to 162 %) over flat 90/60cm land configuration. Better growth and yield attributes of Indian mustard were also recorded in land configuration of flat sowing in 60/30 and 30/60cm. Maximum net return of ` 102Ã—103 obtained at 30/60cm flat sowing followed by flat sowing at 60/30cm land configuration over other land configurations under drip irrigation. Likely, sowing of mustard at 30/60cm followed by 60/30cm flat land configuration with surface drip irrigation produced highest root biomass (79 to 94%), root length density (75to 86%), root volume density (135 to 169%) and root mass density (65 to 125%) over 90/60cm flat land configuration. Among ridge and furrow land configuration, 30/60cm ridge and 60/30cm furrow sowing found better in producing highest seed and oil yields, better economics over 90/60cm furrow.

3

Lubis, Ravide, Bagus Sapto Mulyatno, and Karyanto Karyanto. "OPTIMALISASI DAN ANALISIS DESAIN PARAMETER SEISMIK 3D DARAT BERDASARKAN MODEL GEOLOGI LAPANGAN “RL”." Jurnal Geofisika Eksplorasi 4, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jge.v4i2.12.

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The design of 3D land seismic parameters is a preliminary step before the acquisition of 3D land seismic data to obtain seismic data quality and efficient survey budget. The objective of this research is to obtain high quality of 3D land seismic data based on fold coverage spread on each target layer. The method used is based on the principle of wave propagation or ray tracing method on each target layer, wherein each wave reflection point (bin) will have a different value of fold so that the required configuration of the stretch that will result in the optimal spread of the fold. The applied stretch configurations are orthogonal, brick, zig-zag and slanted where each stretch configuration uses two types of templates that is narrow and wide azimuth. From the simulation analysis results of several stretch configurations in the survey area, then the optimal stretch configuration will be obtained in the survey area. The stretch configuration will be applied is the configuration of orthogonal stretch with narrow azimuth type template. Consideration of the selection of this stretch configuration because it has a more evenly folding effect on the target layer than with other stretch configurations. Furthermore, to obtain the configuration of the appropriate stretch of field conditions, the source point is moved outside the obstacle zone so that the quality of seismic data is maintained.

4

Bush, Mike, Tom Allen, Caroline Bain, Ian Boutle, John Edwards, Anke Finnenkoetter, Charmaine Franklin, et al. "The first Met Office Unified Model–JULES Regional Atmosphere and Land configuration, RAL1." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 1999–2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1999-2020.

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Abstract. In this paper we define the first Regional Atmosphere and Land (RAL) science configuration for kilometre-scale modelling using the Unified Model (UM) as the basis for the atmosphere and the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) for the land. RAL1 defines the science configuration of the dynamics and physics schemes of the atmosphere and land. This configuration will provide a model baseline for any future weather or climate model developments to be described against, and it is the intention that from this point forward significant changes to the system will be documented in the literature. This reproduces the process used for global configurations of the UM, which was first documented as a science configuration in 2011. While it is our goal to have a single defined configuration of the model that performs effectively in all regions, this has not yet been possible. Currently we define two sub-releases, one for mid-latitudes (RAL1-M) and one for tropical regions (RAL1-T). The differences between RAL1-M and RAL1-T are documented, and where appropriate we define how the model configuration relates to the corresponding configuration of the global forecasting model.

5

Zhang, Qiang, Zixuan Wu, Vijay P. Singh, and Chunling Liu. "Impacts of Spatial Configuration of Land Surface Features on Land Surface Temperature across Urban Agglomerations, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13194008.

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Booming urbanization triggers a significant modification of surface landscape configuration and hence complex urban climates. Considerable concerns exist regarding impacts of impervious surface area (ISA) and/or urban green space (UGS) on land surface temperature (LST). However, a knowledge gap still exists concerning the influence of urban landscape components and related spatial configuration on LST. To date, case studies have usually focused on individual cities, while few reports have addressed the impacts of urban surface components and relevant spatial configurations on LST within cities of different sizes, at different latitudes, and with different climatic backgrounds. Considering case studies from different latitudes and various climatic backgrounds can assist in obtaining comprehensive viewpoints about impacts of urban surface features on LST in both space and time. In this paper we analyzed data from three urban agglomerations, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD), over the period 2000–2015. These three regions are densely populated with the most developed socio-economy across China, and are also dominated by booming urbanization. Based on Landsat remotely sensed data, we included the spatial pattern of surface components and related configuration into our analysis, quantifying impacts of spatial configuration of surface components on LST in both space and time. We found generally rising LST over all cities, which can be attributed to continuous urban expansion-induced decreased UGS. Generally, LST over ISA was 0.96–7.96 °C higher than that over UGS. We investigated the impacts of spatial pattern of land surface components on LST and found that the joint effect of the composition and spatial configuration of land surface components had the most significant impact on LST. Specifically, ISA and UGS had higher impact on LST than the impact of geometry of the ISA and UGS on LST. In the future, continuous expansion of ISA and continuous shrinking of UGS will drive the rising tendency of LST. Moreover, a larger rising tendency of LST will be observed in larger sized cities than smaller sized cities.

6

Gharari, Shervan, Martyn P. Clark, Naoki Mizukami, Wouter J. M. Knoben, Jefferson S. Wong, and Alain Pietroniro. "Flexible vector-based spatial configurations in land models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 5953–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5953-2020.

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Abstract. Land models are increasingly used in terrestrial hydrology due to their process-oriented representation of water and energy fluxes. A priori specification of the grid size of the land models is typically defined based on the spatial resolution of forcing data, the modeling objectives, the available geospatial information, and computational resources. The variability of the inputs, soil types, vegetation covers, and forcing is masked or aggregated based on the a priori grid size. In this study, we propose an alternative vector-based implementation to directly configure a land model using unique combinations of land cover types, soil types, and other desired geographical features that have hydrological significance, such as elevation zone, slope, and aspect. The main contributions of this paper are to (1) implement the vector-based spatial configuration using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model; (2) illustrate how the spatial configuration of the model affects simulations of basin-average quantities (i.e., streamflow) as well as the spatial variability of internal processes (snow water equivalent, SWE, and evapotranspiration, ET); and (3) describe the work and challenges ahead to improve the spatial structure of land models. Our results show that a model configuration with a lower number of computational units, once calibrated, may have similar accuracy to model configurations with more computational units. However, the different calibrated parameter sets produce a range of, sometimes contradicting, internal states and fluxes. To better address the shortcomings of the current generation of land models, we encourage the land model community to adopt flexible spatial configurations to improve model representations of fluxes and states at the scale of interest.

7

Gniadek, Jacek, Stanisław Harasimowicz, Jarosław Janus, and Jacek M. Pijanowski. "Analysis of land configuration of arable lands case study of Mściwojów." Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 1 (2013): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2013.1.19.

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8

Ita Surayya. "PENDAFTARAN TANAH DALAM HUKUM AGRARIA LAND REGISTRATION IN AGRARIAN LAW." Juris 6, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.56301/juris.v6i2.595.

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This study traces the shift in the legal configuration of land registration, namely the change in PP no. 10 of 1961 became PP No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration by comparing the anatomy of the substance of the two government regulations. Researchers also criticize the development of regulations that encourage the acceleration of land registration in recent times. The researcher then conducted interviews with a number of agrarian activists to more deeply reveal the interests of legal ideology that caused a shift in the configuration of land registration. Changes from Government Regulation Number 10 of 1961 to Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration are often understood only as technical changes to laws and regulations. In fact, law is not born from a vacuum so that it cannot be separated from its socio-historical context. Land registration is not only an administrative matter, but is filled with ideological-legal interests. The shift in the configuration of land registration is determined by the ideological-legal basis. In the early days of the birth of the LoGA, land registration was utilized as a land reform instrument to ensure that lands that exceeded the boundaries became objects of land redistribution. The implementation of this agrarian reform then foundered along with the change in the direction of legal ideology which was more capitalist in character so that the function of land registration turned into a land market instrument.

9

Sekiyama, Takashi, and Akira Nagashima. "Solar Sharing for Both Food and Clean Energy Production: Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems for Corn, A Typical Shade-Intolerant Crop." Environments 6, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6060065.

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The purpose of this research was to examine the performance of agrivoltaic systems, which produce crops and electricity simultaneously, by installing stilt-mounted photovoltaic (PV) panels on farmland. As PV power stations enjoy remarkable growth, land occupation with the purpose of establishing solar farms will intensify the competition for land resources between food and clean energy production. The results of this research showed, however, that the stilt-mounted agrivoltaic system can mitigate the trade-off between crop production and clean energy generation even when applied to corn, a typical shade-intolerant crop. The research was conducted at a 100-m2 experimental farm with three sub-configurations: no modules (control), low module density, and high module density. In each configuration, 9 stalks/m2 were planted 0.5 m apart. The biomass of corn stover grown in the low-density configuration was larger than that of the control configuration by 4.9%. Also, the corn yield per square meter of the low-density configuration was larger than that of the control by 5.6%. The results of this research should encourage more conventional farmers, clean energy producers, and policy makers to consider adopting stilt-mounted PV systems, particularly in areas where land resources are relatively scarce.

10

Aziz, Naimul. "Land-Use, Street Configuration and Pedestrian Volume: The Case of a Historic Town, Mymensingh, Bangladesh." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 15 (December 24, 2018): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj201815137154.

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This study explores the relative connections among pedestrian movement patterns, land use and street configuration by analyzing the pedestrian volume, existing land use pattern as well as the street configuration in different streets of Mymensingh. Mymensingh is a historic town of Bangladesh which was established by the British Colonists in more than 200 years ago along the river Brahmaputra. The street patterns of Mymensingh is very unique as it was developed by the fusion of the streets made by British Colonists and the narrow streets made by the local inhabitants. By using the method of Space Syntax the configurational values of street segments are compared with the corresponding pedestrian counts. The study result shows that the correlation is very poor within this two factors as commercial land uses affects the pedestrians more.

11

Park, Yunmi, Jiyeon Shin, and Ji Yi Lee. "Spatial Association of Urban Form and Particulate Matter." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 9428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189428.

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Increasingly detrimental effects of fine particulate matter (PM) have been observed in Northeast Asia owing to its rapid economic development. Previous studies have found that dust, combustion, and chemical reactions are the major sources of PM; nevertheless, the spatial configuration of land use and land cover, which is of most interest to planners and landscape architects, also influences the PM levels. Here, we attempted to unveil the relationship between PM and different types of land use cover (i.e., developed, agricultural, woody, grass, and barren lands) in 122 municipalities of Korea. Landscape ecology metrics were applied to measure the spatial configuration of land use pattern and spatial lag models by taking into account the transboundary nature of air pollution, allowing us to conclude the following regarding PM levels: (1) the size of land cover type matters, but their spatial configuration also determines the variations in PM levels; (2) the contiguity and proximity of landcover patches are important; (3) the patterns of grasslands (e.g., simple, compact, and cluster (with large patches) patterns) and woodlands (e.g., complex, contiguous, and cluster (with large patches) patterns) considered desirable for minimizing PM are dissimilar in terms of contiguity.

12

Niu, Xiaoji, Sameh Nasser, Chris Goodall, and Naser El-Sheimy. "A Universal Approach for Processing any MEMS Inertial Sensor Configuration for Land-Vehicle Navigation." Journal of Navigation 60, no. 2 (April 20, 2007): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463307004213.

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Recent navigation systems integrating GPS with Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Inertial Measuring Units (IMUs) have shown promising results for several applications based on low-cost devices such as vehicular and personal navigation. However, as a trend in the navigation market, some applications require further reductions in size and cost. To meet such requirements, a MEMS full IMU configuration (three gyros and three accelerometers) may be simplified. In this context, different partial IMU configurations such as one gyro plus three accelerometers or one gyro plus two accelerometers could be investigated. The main challenge in this case is to develop a specific navigation algorithm for each configuration since this is a time-consuming and costly task. In this paper, a universal approach for processing any MEMS sensor configuration for land vehicular navigation is introduced. The proposed method is based on the assumption that the omitted sensors provide relatively less navigation information and hence, their output can be replaced by pseudo constant signals plus noise. Using standard IMU/GPS navigation algorithms, signals from existing sensors and pseudo signals for the omitted sensors are processed as a full IMU. The proposed approach is tested using land-vehicle MEMS/GPS data and implemented with different sensor configurations. Compared to the full IMU case, the results indicate the differences are within the expected levels and that the accuracy obtained meets the requirements of several land-vehicle applications.

13

Colwell, Peter, and Tim Scheu. "Public Land Use Constraints: Lot and House Configuration." Journal of Real Estate Research 16, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1998.12090944.

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14

Pickard, Brian R., and Ross K. Meentemeyer. "Validating land change models based on configuration disagreement." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 77 (September 2019): 101366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101366.

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15

Baidas, Mohammed W., Mastoura F. Almusailem, Rashad M. Kamel, and Sultan Sh Alanzi. "Renewable-Energy-Powered Cellular Base-Stations in Kuwait’s Rural Areas." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072334.

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Cellular network operators are actively expanding network coverage and capacity by deploying additional base-stations to provide mobile services to customers in rural areas. The increasing deployment of cellular base-stations has increased the power consumption, energy cost, and associated adverse environmental impact. This paper addresses the feasibility of using renewable energy sources to power off-grid rural 4G/5G cellular base-stations based on Kuwait’s solar irradiance and wind potentials. More importantly, a hybrid renewable energy system will be designed and modeled to meet realistic energy demands of remote base-stations and determine the optimum size of the hybrid system components. Particularly, the hybrid off-grid system may incorporate wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, converters, a battery bank (BB), and a back-up diesel generator (DG). Two remote cell-sites are considered, namely: (1) Jal-Alayah and (2) Wafra, where the Jal-Alayah cell-site is characterized with higher average wind speed (and wind potential), while the Wafra cell-site has higher average clearness index and solar irradiance. Various hybrid PV/wind electric system (HPWES) configurations are modeled and simulated via HOMER software, with the aim of determining the optimal configuration—in terms of net present cost (NPC)—in each cell-site. Specifically, the simulations have revealed that the WT-BB configuration is the most economical at the Jal-Alayah cell-site while requiring minimal land area and ensuring 100% renewable energy and zero CO2 emissions. This configuration is followed by the PV-DG-BB and PV-WT-DG-BB configurations, where the latter configuration incurs a marginal increase in the NPC than the former but with less land area. On the other hand, the PV-BB configuration is the most cost-effective in the Wafra cell-site; however, in the scenario of limited land area, then the PV-DG-BB configuration can be used but at the expense of slight increase in the NPC and CO2 emissions. This study confirms that utilizing renewable energy sources in two rural areas in Kuwait can be extremely effective in replacing conventional DG-powered base-stations, while minimizing the NPC and CO2 emissions.

16

Wei, Chong, Jie Chen, and Xuan Song. "Sensitivity of Hydrological Model to Landscape Pattern Change." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 3061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.3061.

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The hydrological model is a tool to simulate the hydrological processes and to solve the practical problem. The composition and spatial configuration of landscape often result in variation of hydrological conditions. This study is applied to compare the results of SWAT model with different land use maps in Qihe watershed, and shows that the sensitivity of SWAT model to landscape spatial configurations at landscape level is weak, except the landscape composition. After model calibration, both models satisfy the observed data well, which means though the land use map beyond the real landscape spatial configurations, the SWAT model could also describe the water yield of Qihe watershed accurately during the validation period.

17

Nugroho, Gesang, Yoshua Dwiyanson Hutagaol, and Galih Zuliardiansyah. "Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of VTOL Arm Configurations of a VTOL Plane UAV Using a Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation." Drones 6, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6120392.

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A vertical take-off and landing plane (VTOL plane) is a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (FWUAV) configuration with the ability to take off and land vertically. It combines the benefits of fixed-wing and multirotor configurations, which gives it a high cruising range and independence from a runway. This configuration requires arms as mountings for the VTOL’s motors. This study discusses the design of a VTOL Plane with various VTOL arm configurations, and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was conducted to find out which configuration performs the best aerodynamically. The VTOL arm configurations analyzed were a quad-plane, a twin-tail boom, a tandem wing, and a transverse arm. The interpreted performances were the lift and drag performances, stall conditions, flight efficiency, stability, and maneuverability. The relative wind directions toward the longitudinal axis of the UAV, which are the sideslip angle and the angle of attack, were varied to simulate various flying conditions. The results showed that the twin tail-boom is the most advantageous based on the interpreted performances.

18

Walters, D. N., M. J. Best, A. C. Bushell, D. Copsey, J. M. Edwards, P. D. Falloon, C. M. Harris, et al. "The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES Global Land 3.0/3.1 configurations." Geoscientific Model Development 4, no. 4 (October 26, 2011): 919–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-919-2011.

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Abstract. We describe Global Atmosphere 3.0 (GA3.0): a configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) developed for use across climate research and weather prediction activities. GA3.0 has been formulated by converging the development paths of the Met Office's weather and climate global atmospheric model components such that wherever possible, atmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and timescales. This unified development process will provide the Met Office and its collaborators with regular releases of a configuration that has been evaluated, and can hence be applied, over a variety of modelling régimes. We also describe Global Land 3.0 (GL3.0): a configuration of the JULES community land surface model developed for use with GA3.0. This paper provides a comprehensive technical and scientific description of the GA3.0 and GL3.0 (and related GA3.1 and GL3.1) configurations and presents the results of some initial evaluations of their performance in various applications. It is to be the first in a series of papers describing each subsequent Global Atmosphere release; this will provide a single source of reference for established users and developers as well as researchers requiring access to a current, but trusted, global MetUM setup.

19

Walters, D. N., M. J. Best, A. C. Bushell, D. Copsey, J. M. Edwards, P. D. Falloon, C. M. Harris, et al. "The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and JULES Global Land 3.0/3.1 configurations." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 4, no. 2 (June 17, 2011): 1213–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-1213-2011.

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Abstract. We describe Global Atmosphere 3.0 (GA3.0): a configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) developed for use across climate research and weather prediction activities. GA3.0 has been formulated by converging the development paths of the Met Office's weather and climate global atmospheric model components such that wherever possible, atmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and timescales. This unified development process will provide the Met Office and its collaborators with regular releases of a configuration that has been evaluated, and can hence be applied, over a variety of modelling régimes. We also describe Global Land 3.0 (GL3.0): a configuration of the JULES community land surface model developed for use with GA3.0. This paper provides a comprehensive technical and scientific description of the GA3.0 and GL3.0 (and related GA3.1 and GL3.1) configurations and presents the results of some initial evaluations of their performance in various applications. It is to be the first in a series of papers describing each subsequent Global Atmosphere release; this will provide a single source of reference for established users and developers as well as researchers requiring access to a current, but trusted, global MetUM setup.

20

Angevine, Wayne M., Lee Eddington, Kevin Durkee, Chris Fairall, Laura Bianco, and Jerome Brioude. "Meteorological Model Evaluation for CalNex 2010." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 3885–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00042.1.

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Abstract The performance of mesoscale meteorological models is evaluated for the coastal zone and Los Angeles area of Southern California, and for the San Joaquin Valley. Several configurations of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with differing grid spacing, initialization, planetary boundary layer (PBL) physics, and land surface models are compared. One configuration of the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model is also included, providing results from an independent development and process flow. Specific phenomena of interest for air quality studies are examined. All model configurations are biased toward higher wind speeds than observed. The diurnal cycle of wind direction and speed (land–sea-breeze cycle) as modeled and observed by a wind profiler at Los Angeles International Airport is examined. Each of the models shows different flaws in the cycle. Soundings from San Nicolas Island, a case study involving the Research Vessel (R/V) Atlantis and the NOAA P3 aircraft, and satellite images are used to evaluate simulation performance for cloudy boundary layers. In a case study, the boundary layer structure over the water is poorly simulated by all of the WRF configurations except one with the total energy–mass flux boundary layer scheme and ECMWF reanalysis. The original WRF configuration had a substantial bias toward low PBL heights in the San Joaquin Valley, which are improved in the final configuration. WRF runs with 12-km grids have larger errors in wind speed and direction than those present in the 4-km grid runs.

21

Koning, Remco de, Wendy Guan Zhen Tan, and Akkelies van Nes. "Assessing Spatial Configurations and Transport Energy Usage for Planning Sustainable Communities." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 8146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198146.

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Energy usage in cities is intertwined with its spatial configuration—the denser and more compact the city, the more concentrated and efficient the energy usage is to be expected. To achieve sustainable communities, cities (and their inhabitants) must reconsider its spatial configurations in the context of rapid urbanisation and growth in light of limited resources and conflicting spatial claims. This article seeks to understand how spatial configurations affect transport energy usage in cities and propose an integrated assessment approach factoring spatial configurational analysis in relation to transport energy usage at the micro- and macroscale. Comparing Bergen, Norway, and Zürich, Switzerland, findings showed that spatial configurations were positively correlated to transport energy usage. Street structures suitable for walking and less suitable for car traffic tended to exhibit lower amounts of energy usage. Following this, nine typologies of transport and land use patterns are described to support planning for more sustainable means of transport.

22

Guo, Xiaoyu, Minghao Guan, Zhenxing Bian, and Qiubing Wang. "A Quantitative Survey of Effect of Semi-Natural Habitat Composition and Configuration on Landscape Heterogeneity in Arable Land System." Land 11, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11071018.

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Arable land systems are complex ecosystems composed of cultivated land and semi-natural habitats. Retaining an appropriate proportion of semi-natural habitats in arable land systems is beneficial for enhancing landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity. However, it is unclear how many semi-natural habitats need to be retained in arable land systems to improve landscape heterogeneity. In this study, the land use data of four counties were used as the data source in the Lower Liaohe Plain, Liaoning Province, and Rao’s quadratic entropy index (Q) was used to quantitatively characterize the landscape heterogeneity. We aimed to explore the minimum proportion of semi-natural habitat required to maintain high landscape heterogeneity and determine the independent and interactive effects of semi-natural habitat composition and configuration on landscape heterogeneity. We found that (1) maintaining a 5% proportion of semi-natural habitats is the minimum threshold for achieving high landscape heterogeneity in arable land systems. Retaining a 10% share of semi-natural habitats is beneficial for both agricultural production and land ecology. (2) The combination of woodland, water and ditches was good for improving landscape heterogeneity. Connectivity in semi-natural habitats is critical to improving landscape heterogeneity. (3) The interaction of semi-natural habitat composition and configuration had a strong effect on landscape heterogeneity (53.1%). Semi-natural habitat configuration was found to be more important than composition for landscape heterogeneity. The role of semi-natural habitat composition and configuration in maintaining landscape heterogeneity and supporting the sustainability of land use therefore needs to be considered in arable land systems.

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ZUO, Xiao-qing, and Jun-tang NIE. "Algorithm of symbol generation and configuration of land polygons in present land-use map." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21 (December 2011): s743—s747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(12)61673-2.

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Sikora, Jakub, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Marcin Niemiec, and Joanna Stuglik. "Support of Internal Transport Optimization in Farms with the Use of Spatial Information Systems." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0038.

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Abstract Excessive distribution of holdings is one of the most important barriers which causes that in a great part of Poland rational use of farms in impossible. This problem particularly concerns the south and east region of the country. Correct spatial distribution of lands belonging to holdings is one of the most crucial factors that enable an economically profitable activity of these farms. The aim of the paper was verification of the applicability of the prepared spatial data base, farm-land configuration of agricultural plots of the selected agricultural farms to indicate the areas of optimization of the internal transport. As a result, based on the developed spatial data base, an impact of the land configuration of agricultural plots in the investigated group of agricultural producers on organization of the field transport between the holding and agricultural plots was determined. The scope of the paper covered a vegetable producer group, which associates 5 farms that have in total 620 ha of agricultural land.

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Walters, David, Anthony J. Baran, Ian Boutle, Malcolm Brooks, Paul Earnshaw, John Edwards, Kalli Furtado, et al. "The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 1909–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1909-2019.

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Abstract. We describe Global Atmosphere 7.0 and Global Land 7.0 (GA7.0/GL7.0), the latest science configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model developed for use across weather and climate timescales. GA7.0 and GL7.0 include incremental developments and targeted improvements that, between them, address four critical errors identified in previous configurations: excessive precipitation biases over India, warm and moist biases in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), a source of energy non-conservation in the advection scheme and excessive surface radiation biases over the Southern Ocean. They also include two new parametrisations, namely the UK Chemistry and Aerosol (UKCA) GLOMAP-mode (Global Model of Aerosol Processes) aerosol scheme and the JULES multi-layer snow scheme, which improve the fidelity of the simulation and were required for inclusion in the Global Atmosphere/Global Land configurations ahead of the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). In addition, we describe the GA7.1 branch configuration, which reduces an overly negative anthropogenic aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) in GA7.0 whilst maintaining the quality of simulations of the present-day climate. GA7.1/GL7.0 will form the physical atmosphere/land component in the HadGEM3–GC3.1 and UKESM1 climate model submissions to the CMIP6.

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Yaghoobi, Masoomeh, Alireza Vafaeenejad, Hamidreza Moradi, and Hossein Hashemi. "Analysis of Landscape Composition and Configuration Based on LULC Change Modeling." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013070.

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Land cover changes threaten biodiversity by impacting the natural habitats and require careful and continuous assessment. The standard approach for assessing these changes is land cover modeling. The present study investigated the spatio-temporal changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC) in the Gorgan River Basin (GRB) during the 1990–2020 period and predicted the changes by 2040. First, a change analysis employing satellite imagery from 1990 to 2020 was carried out. Then, the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) technique was used to predict the transition potential. The accuracy rate, training RMS, and testing RMS of the artificial neural network, MLP, and the transition potential modeling were computed in order to evaluate the results. Utilizing projections for 2020, the prediction of land cover change was made. By contrasting the anticipated land cover map of 2020 with the actual land cover map of 2020, the accuracy of the model was evaluated. The LULC conditions in the future were predicted under two scenarios of the current change trend (scenario 1) and the ecological capability of the land (scenario 2) by 2040. Seven landscape metrics were considered, including Number of Patches, Patch Density, the Largest Patch Index, Edge Density, Landscape Shape Index, Patch Area, and Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index. Based on the Cramer coefficient, the most critical factors affecting LULC change were elevation, distance from forest, and experimental probability of change. For the 1990–2020 period, the LULC change was shown to be influenced by deforestation, reduced rangeland, and expansion of agricultural and residential areas. Based on scenario 1, the area of forest, agriculture, and rangeland would face −0.8, 0.5, and 0.1% changes in the total area, respectively. In scenario 2, the area of forest, agriculture, and rangeland would change by 0.1, −1.3, and 1.3% of the total area, respectively. Landscape metrics results indicated the destructive trend of the landscape during the 1990–2020 period. For improving the natural condition of the GRB, it is suggested to prioritize different areas in need of regeneration due to inappropriate LULC changes and take preventive and protective measures where changes in LULC were predicted in the future, taking into account land management conditions (scenario 2).

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Liu, Y., W. R. Peltier, J. Yang, and G. Vettoretti. "The initiation of Neoproterozoic "snowball" climates in CCSM3: the influence of paleo-continental configuration." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 3615–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-3615-2013.

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Abstract. We identify the "hard snowball" bifurcation point at which total sea ice cover of the oceans is expected by employing the comprehensive coupled climate model CCSM3 for two realistic Neoproterozoic continental configurations, namely a low-latitude configuration appropriate for the 720 Ma Sturtian glaciation and a higher southern latitude configuration more appropriate for the later 635 Ma Marinoan glaciation. We find that for the same total solar insolation (TSI) and atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2), the most recent continental configuration is characterized by colder climate than the 720 Ma continental configuration and enters the hard snowball state more easily on account of the following four factors: the low heat capacity of land in the south polar region, the higher albedo of the snow covered land compared to that of sea ice, the more negative net cloud forcing near the ice front in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), and more importantly, the more efficient sea ice transport towards the equator in the NH due to the absence of blockage by continents. Beside the paleogeography, we also find the optical depth of aerosol to have a significant influence on this important bifurcation point. When the high value (recommended by CCSM3 but demonstrated to be a significant overestimate) is employed, the critical values of pCO2, beyond which a hard snowball will be realized, are between 80–90 ppmv and 140–150 ppmv for the Sturtian and Marinoan continental configurations, respectively. However, if a lower value is employed that enables the model to approximately reproduce the present-day climate, then the critical values of pCO2 become 50–60 ppmv and 100–110 ppmv for the two continental configurations, respectively. All of these values are higher than previously obtained for the present-day geography (17–35 ppmv) using the same model, primarily due to the absence of vegetation, but are much lower than that obtained previously for the 635 Ma continental configuration using the ECHAM5/MPI-OM model in its standard configuration (∼500 ppmv). However, when the sea ice albedo in that model was reduced from 0.75 to a more appropriate value of 0.45, the critical pCO2 becomes ∼204 ppmv, closer to but still higher than the values obtained here. Our results are similar to those obtained with the present-day geography (70–100 ppmv) when the most recent version of the NCAR model, CCSM4, is employed.

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Gagina, I. S., and D. I. Vasilyev. "Improvement of the economic evaluation of agricultural land plots taking into account the linear objects and protection zones by example of agricultural enterprise in the Arkadak district, Saratov region." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2112-09.

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This article proposes the method of economic evaluation of agricultural lands with linear objects and corresponding protection zones on the example of agricultural enterprise in the Arkadak district, Saratov region through the formation of land information system and evaluation of land plots using income and comparative approaches. As a result of the study, the land information system of the economy was compiled, the main indicators of the studied land plots were collected and the qualitative (taking into account current legislation regarding these zones) and the quantitative impact of zones with a special regime of land use on the value of agricultural land on the basis of income and comparative approaches was established in this work. Zones with a special regime of land use reduce market value of lands by changing the contour score of the land plot, which in turn creates complexity and increases cultivation costs. Within the framework of the comparative approach, it is proposed to apply adjustments for the configuration complexity. The proposed investigations will find application in assessing the market value of agricultural land plots with a special regime of land use.

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Yuen, A. F., M. G. Burke, and T. C. Leung. "SHIP MOTION STUDY FOR THE 2010 AND 2020 PLAN IN THE SAN PEDRO BAY, CALIFORNIA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (January 29, 1986): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.204.

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The Port of Long Beach, in cooperation with the Port of Los Angeles and the Corps of Engineers, has been working on the development of a Master Plan for the San Pedro Bay area. This Master Plan, nicknamed the "2020 Plan", is intended to project the Port's land and channel requirements through the year 2020. Any landfill expansion program would be implemented in phases throughout the life of the Master Plan. The initial phases of such a plan would greatly limit the ability of the Port to revise the future configuration of landfill phases, making it important for the Port to determine a final landfill configuration before implementing the early phases. In developing the 2020 Plan, the Port projected a need for approximately 2,600 acres of additional land. In attempting to turn this 2,600 acre figure into a landfill scheme, the controlling agencies had to take a number of factors into consideration, including (1) water quality and tidal circulation; (2) potential ship motion problems; (3) additional berths required for future development; (4) land and waterside transportation corridors required; (5) availability of dredge material for creating the land; (6) available areas for creating landfills; (7) efficiency of land usage in various configurations; (8) types of ships anticipated to use the new landfills; (9) types of terminals anticipated to be located on the new landfills. The Port of Long Beach developed two basic schemes which addressed the requirements listed above. In either case, the landfill configuration for the Port of Los Angeles remained the same. The first scheme (called the island scheme, Figure 1) had the advantage of more closely matching the proposed Port of Los Angeles development. Water quality and tidal circulation would be improved with this scheme. The second scheme (called the horseshoe scheme, Figure 2) created a channel on the Long Beach side which did not match the orientation of the channel on the Los Angeles side. This channel was better protected from wave forces than the island scheme, where ships would have to be berthed along the exposed southerly boundary.

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Patel, H. H., T. U. Patel, H. M. Patel, and P. S. Patel. "Response of Rabi sorghum to land configuration and nutrient management." Agricultural Research Journal 53, no. 4 (2016): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2016.00095.8.

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31

Zheng, Baojuan, Soe W. Myint, and Chao Fan. "Spatial configuration of anthropogenic land cover impacts on urban warming." Landscape and Urban Planning 130 (October 2014): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.001.

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Grudzień, Kamil, and Lesław Polny. "Harmonized Rating Land Property in Terms of Its Geometric Configuration." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 4 (2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2016.10.4.39.

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Emge, S., S. Bennett, R. Dyott, J. Brunner, and D. Allen. "Reduced minimum configuration fiber optic gyro for land navigation applications." Fiber and Integrated Optics 16, no. 4 (January 1997): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468039708202297.

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Emge, S., S. Bennett, R. Dyott, J. Brunner, and D. Allen. "Reduced minimum configuration fiber optic gyro for land navigation applications." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 12, no. 4 (April 1997): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/62.575996.

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Das, Pijush, Biswajit Pramanick, Subhendu Bikash Goswami, Sagar Maitra, Sobhy M. Ibrahim, Alison M. Laing, and Akbar Hossain. "Innovative Land Arrangement in Combination with Irrigation Methods Improves the Crop and Water Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under Raised and Sunken Bed Systems." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102087.

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The underground water and water storage reservoirs are rapidly depleting due to nominal recharging by the rainfalls making water a scarce resource for irrigation resulting in poor crop growth and production. Irrigation water application should focus on the proficient use of each drop of water. Water productivity (WP) in agriculture can be improved through crop diversification, proper land and water management techniques. Considering this, a field investigation was carried out during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 to study the crop response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) + okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) system to land configurations and irrigation regimes. Three raised-sunken beds (RSB) having width (m) ratios of 1:3, 2:3, 3:3 and two irrigation schedules viz. continuous standing water (CSW) of 5 ± 2 cm depth and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) at 3 ± 1 days interval for rice in sunken bed were tested. Rice yield was more (4.36 and 4.89 Mg ha−1) under CSW irrigation than AWD irrespective of raised bed width. The highest okra yield was noted by 14.09 and 15.43 Mg ha−1 with AWD in 1:3 RSB systems, whereas the lowest yield was recorded in CSW 1:3 RSB systems. Rice equivalent yield (REY) was found as the maximum in AWD than CSW irrespective of raised and sunken bed configurations. The AWD in 3:3 RSB systems exhibited the highest WP of 1.02 and 1.01 kg m−3 during the first and second year of study, respectively. Wider RSB system of land configuration ratio of 3:3 saved about 40–45% of irrigation water. Such information will help in the planning of an innovative intercropping system of summer rice + okra in the field by changing the land configuration to the raised bed and sunken bed with the AWD irrigation system.

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Dalmonech, Daniela, Sönke Zaehle, Gregor J. Schürmann, Victor Brovkin, Christian Reick, and Reiner Schnur. "Separation of the Effects of Land and Climate Model Errors on Simulated Contemporary Land Carbon Cycle Trends in the MPI Earth System Model version 1*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 272–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00593.1.

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Abstract The capacity of earth system models (ESMs) to make reliable projections of future atmospheric CO2 and climate is strongly dependent on the ability of the land surface model to adequately simulate the land carbon (C) cycle. Defining “adequate” performance of the land model requires an understanding of the contributions of climate model and land model errors to the land C cycle. Here, a benchmarking framework is applied based on significant, observed characteristics of the land C cycle for the contemporary period, for which sufficient evaluation data are available, to test the ability of the JSBACH land surface component of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) to simulate land C trends. Particular attention is given to the role of potential effects caused by climate biases, and therefore investigation is made of the results of model configurations in which JSBACH is interactively “coupled” to atmosphere and ocean components and of an “uncoupled” configuration, where JSBACH is driven by reconstructed meteorology. The ability of JSBACH to simulate the observed phase of phenology and seasonal C fluxes is not strongly affected by climate biases. Contrarily, noticeable differences in the simulated gross primary productivity and land C stocks emerge between coupled and uncoupled configurations, leading to significant differences in the decadal terrestrial C balance and its sensitivity to climate. These differences are strongly controlled by climate biases of the MPI-ESM, in particular those affecting soil moisture. To effectively characterize model performance, the potential effects of climate biases on the land C dynamics need to be considered during the development and calibration of land surface models.

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ROANGHEȘ-MUREANU, ANA-MARIA. "Land use in a Subcarpathian Depression – Sălătrucel commune, Vâlcea County." Risks and Catastrophes Journal 28, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/rcj2021_9.

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The use of the lands from Sălătrucel Commune located in the Jiblea – Berslăvești Depression, at the contact between the Southern Carpathians – Cozia Massif and the Vâlcea Subcarpathians, bears the characteristics of the physical-geographical particularities, especially those of the relief configuration with the specific lithological structure. The Jiblea – Berislăvești Depression was a favourable geographical area for early settlement, which also attracted important changes in the natural landscape reflected in the current structure of land use

38

Jiménez-Rodríguez, César Dionisio, Mauro Sulis, and Stanislaus Schymanski. "Exploring the role of bedrock representation on plant transpiration response during dry periods at four forested sites in Europe." Biogeosciences 19, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 3395–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3395-2022.

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Abstract. Forest transpiration is controlled by the atmospheric water demand, potentially constrained by soil moisture availability, and regulated by plant physiological properties. During summer periods, soil moisture availability at sites with thin soils can be limited, forcing the plants to access moisture stored in the weathered bedrock. Land surface models (LSMs) have considerably evolved in the description of the physical processes related to vegetation water use, but the effects of bedrock position and water uptake from fractured bedrock have not received much attention. In this study, the Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM 5) is implemented at four forested sites with relatively shallow bedrock and located across an environmental gradient in Europe. Three different bedrock configurations (i.e., default, deeper, and fractured) are applied to evaluate if the omission of water uptake from weathered bedrock could explain some model deficiencies with respect to the simulation of seasonal transpiration patterns. Sap flow measurements are used to benchmark the response of these three bedrock configurations. It was found that the simulated transpiration response of the default model configuration is strongly limited by soil moisture availability at sites with extended dry seasons. Under these climate conditions, the implementation of an alternative (i.e., deeper and fractured) bedrock configuration resulted in a better agreement between modeled and measured transpiration. At the site with a continental climate, the default model configuration accurately reproduced the magnitude and temporal patterns of the measured transpiration. The implementation of the alternative bedrock configurations at this site provided more realistic water potentials in plant tissues but negatively affected the modeled transpiration during the summer period. Finally, all three bedrock configurations did not show differences in terms of water potentials, fluxes, and performances on the more northern and colder site exhibiting a transition between oceanic and continental climate. Model performances at this site are low, with a clear overestimation of transpiration compared to sap flow data. The results of this study call for increased efforts into better representing lithological controls on plant water uptake in LSMs.

39

Meier, Ronny, Edouard L. Davin, Quentin Lejeune, Mathias Hauser, Yan Li, Brecht Martens, Natalie M. Schultz, Shannon Sterling, and Wim Thiery. "Evaluating and improving the Community Land Model's sensitivity to land cover." Biogeosciences 15, no. 15 (August 8, 2018): 4731–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4731-2018.

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Abstract. Modeling studies have shown the importance of biogeophysical effects of deforestation on local climate conditions but have also highlighted the lack of agreement across different models. Recently, remote-sensing observations have been used to assess the contrast in albedo, evapotranspiration (ET), and land surface temperature (LST) between forest and nearby open land on a global scale. These observations provide an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the ability of land surface models to simulate the biogeophysical effects of forests. Here, we evaluate the representation of the difference of forest minus open land (i.e., grassland and cropland) in albedo, ET, and LST in the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) using various remote-sensing and in situ data sources. To extract the local sensitivity to land cover, we analyze plant functional type level output from global CLM4.5 simulations, using a model configuration that attributes a separate soil column to each plant functional type. Using the separated soil column configuration, CLM4.5 is able to realistically reproduce the biogeophysical contrast between forest and open land in terms of albedo, daily mean LST, and daily maximum LST, while the effect on daily minimum LST is not well captured by the model. Furthermore, we identify that the ET contrast between forests and open land is underestimated in CLM4.5 compared to observation-based products and even reversed in sign for some regions, even when considering uncertainties in these products. We then show that these biases can be partly alleviated by modifying several model parameters, such as the root distribution, the formulation of plant water uptake, the light limitation of photosynthesis, and the maximum rate of carboxylation. Furthermore, the ET contrast between forest and open land needs to be better constrained by observations to foster convergence amongst different land surface models on the biogeophysical effects of forests. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of comparing subgrid model output to local observations to improve current land surface models' ability to simulate land cover change effects, which is a promising approach to reduce uncertainties in future assessments of land use impacts on climate.

40

Awan, Ahmed Bilal, Mohammed Alghassab, Muhammad Zubair, Abdul Rauf Bhatti, Muhammad Uzair, and Ghulam Abbas. "Comparative Analysis of Ground-Mounted vs. Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems Optimized for Interrow Distance between Parallel Arrays." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143639.

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The aim of this research is to perform an in-depth performance comparison of ground-mounted and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems. The PV modules are tilted to receive maximum solar irradiance. The efficiency of the PV system decreases due to the mutual shading impact of parallel tilted PV modules. The mutual shading decreases with the increasing interrow distance of parallel PV modules, but a distance that is too large causes an increase in land cost in the case of ground-mounted configuration and a decrease in roof surface shading in the case of rooftop configuration, because larger sections of roof are exposed to sun radiation. Therefore, an optimized interrow distance for the two PV configurations is determined with the aim being to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) and maximize the energy yield. The model of the building is simulated in EnergyPlus software to determine the cooling load requirement and roof surface temperatures under different shading scenarios. The layout of the rooftop PV system is designed in Helioscope software. A detailed comparison of the two systems is carried out based on energy output, performance ratio, capacity utilization factor (CUF), energy yield, and LCoE. Compared to ground-mounted configuration, the rooftop PV configuration results in a 2.9% increase in CUF, and up to a 23.7% decrease in LCoE. The results of this research show that installing a PV system on a roof has many distinct advantages over ground-mounted PV systems such as the shading of the roof, which leads to the curtailment of the cooling energy requirements of the buildings in hot regions and land cost savings, especially for urban environments.

41

Yu, Jing, Shu Peng, Weiwei Zhang, and Shun Kang. "Index for the Consistent Measurement of Spatial Heterogeneity for Large-Scale Land Cover Datasets." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080483.

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Recognizing land cover heterogeneity is essential for the assessment of spatial patterns to guide conservation planning. One of the top research priorities is the quantification of land cover heterogeneity using effective landscape metrics. However, due to the diversity of land cover types and their varied distribution, a consistent, larger-scale, and standardized framework for heterogeneity information extraction from this complex perspective is still lacking. Consequently, we developed a new Land Cover Complexity Index (LCCI), which is based on information-theory. The LCCI contains two foundational aspects of heterogeneity, composition and configuration, thereby capturing more comprehensive information on land cover patterns than any single metric approach. In this study, we compare the performance of the LCCI with that of other landscape metrics at two different scales, and the results show that our newly developed indicator more accurately characterizes and distinguishes different land cover patterns. LCCI provides an alternative way to measure the spatial variation of land cover distribution. Classification maps of land cover heterogeneity generated using the LCCI provide valuable insights and implications for regional conservation planning. Thus, the LCCI is shown to be a consistent indicator for the quantification of land cover heterogeneity that functions in an adaptive way by simultaneously considering both composition and configuration.

42

Tsai, Shu-Chen, Satoquo Seino, and Su-Hsin Lee. "Deterioration of Coastal Ecosystem: A Case Study of the Banana Bay Ecological Reserve in Taiwan." Land 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091571.

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Due to the increasing pressure on the environment from human activities, there is a growing need to understand the relationship between species and the environment. Therefore, this study constructs life cycle and niche from a geographic perspective, aiming to explain how existing spatial configurations affect the deterioration of coastal ecosystems. This research mainly adopts the method of literature analysis and field investigation, and then carries out four steps of reading, sorting, integration and analysis. In this study, the road kill data and living environment data of land crabs were integrated, and two results were obtained on the relationship between spatial conflict areas and land crab populations. The first is that the life cycle of land crabs is disturbed by TPH 26, thus confirming the spatial conflict hypothesis; the peak period of traffic flow at TPH 26 overlapped with the peak period of land crab larvae release, indicating that the spatial configuration of the reserve is not only a spatial conflict, but also a spatial-temporal conflict. Second, the land crab is an important indicator of coastal forests, and its niche also reflects geographic diversity, especially in features such as topographic structure, geological stability, and environmental humidity.

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Lei, Jun-cheng, Sha Wang, Jie Wu, Jun-wei Wang, and Xing Xiong. "Land-use configuration has significant impacts on water-related ecosystem services." Ecological Engineering 160 (February 2021): 106133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106133.

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WANG Qi, 王琦, 高春峰 GAO Chun-feng, 魏国 WEI Guo, 周健 ZHOU Jian, 聂晓明 NIE Xiao-ming, and 龙兴武 LONG Xing-wu. "Land Integrated Navigation of Laser Doppler Velocimeter Based on Janus Configuration." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 47, no. 8 (2018): 828001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20184708.0828001.

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Pickard, Brian, Joshua Gray, and Ross Meentemeyer. "Comparing Quantity, Allocation and Configuration Accuracy of Multiple Land Change Models." Land 6, no. 3 (August 15, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land6030052.

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Lei, Jun-cheng, Sha Wang, Jie Wu, Jun-wei Wang, and Xing Xiong. "Land-use configuration has significant impacts on water-related ecosystem services." Ecological Engineering 160 (February 2021): 106133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106133.

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47

Alig, Ralph J., David J. Lewis, and Jennifer J. Swenson. "Is forest fragmentation driven by the spatial configuration of land quality?" Forest Ecology and Management 217, no. 2-3 (October 2005): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.06.007.

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48

Son, Minhyuk, Eunseong Son, Eunsung Lee, Moon-Beom Heo, and Gi-Wook Nam. "Configuration of Network Based GNSS Correction System for Land Transportation Navigation." Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2013.21.4.017.

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49

Mou, Zhenyu. "Land, Law and Power." European Journal of East Asian Studies 14, no. 2 (2015): 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01402005.

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This paper explores the origin and development of the cadastre in the French Concession in Shanghai (1849–1943). The paper mainly focuses on how the cadastre functioned as an instrument of power in different periods. It argues that the cadastre originated from and was influenced by the cadastre system in France, although it evolved with its own characteristics owing to the complex political and administrative configuration that prevailed in Shanghai. It actually took more than a half-century for the French municipality to make the cadastre the only effective means and instrument for the management of land and land tax. It took several successive land surveys to reveal all the land in the French Concession. Eventually, however, the Cadastral Office in the French Concession cadastre took precedence and dispossessed the Chinese authorities of their initial power over land.

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Lamprecht, Mariusz Krzysztof. "RUCH PIESZY I SKŁADNIA PRZESTRZENI. PRZYKŁAD CENTRUM ŁODZI." Studia Miejskie 37 (February 24, 2021): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/sm.2087.

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In accordance with the assumptions of space syntax, spatial configuration shapes spatial patterns of pedestrian traffic. The influence of configuration (spatial relations) on, for instance, pedestrian route choice causes further consequences, making an impact on the land use pattern or providing opportunities to form social relations. The identification of the configurational features of space may, therefore, play a crucial role in the processes of urban planning and renewal. The goal of the study is to verify the assumed relations between the theoretical measures of space syntax and the actual pedestrian traffic. The study proves that theoretical indices are strongly connected to the real pedestrian traffic intensity. This fact confirms the value of space syntax methodology in the studies on the relations between the society and the built environment.

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