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1
Herasymenko, I., and S. Maksymov. "PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUATION OF MONUMENTS." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 65 (May 18, 2020): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.47.
Анотація:
The article analyzes the current state of the regulatory framework governing the valuation of cultural monuments, in particular, the Monetary Valuation of Monuments approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated September 26, 2002 No. 1447. The classification of conservation categories by a monument (national and local significance) and types of monuments (archeology, history, monumental art, architecture and urban planning, landscape gardening art, historical landscape, science and technology) is given. The main problem in determining the value of monuments is to take into account not only the material factors of the monuments and its degree of wear, but also the consideration of its intangible factors, such as its historical, social, artistic value, the presence of objects of decorative art. That is, the cost of buildings-monuments of cultural heritage is formed: – due to the cost of the material “carrier” (land with improvements in the form of buildings, structures, small forms, etc.); – due to the value of the contribution of the intangible asset to the carrier. The article also describes the main problems that arise when assessing such objects (the presence of a monument’s status, the lack of an information base on market transactions, high operating costs, the need for restoration work, and high investment risks). The factors raising and lowering the value of a cultural heritage monument are characterized. Based on the analysis of the current regulatory framework, it was decided to develop practical recommendations for determining the value of real estate – monuments of architecture and urban planning, in particular built-in premises.
2
Bates, C. Richard, Martin Bates, Chris Gaffney, Vincent Gaffney, and Timothy D. Raub. "Geophysical Investigation of the Neolithic Calanais Landscape." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 2975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242975.
Анотація:
The northern and western isles of Scotland have proved fertile ground for archaeological investigation over the last 100 years. However, the nature of the landscape with its rugged coastlines and irregular topography, together with rapid peat growth rates, make for challenging surveying. Commonly, an archaeological monument or series of monuments is identified but little is known about the surrounding areas and, in particular, the palaeo-landscapes within which the monuments are located. This situation is exemplified by the standing stones of Calanais in Lewis. Here, surrounding peat bogs have buried a significant portion of the landscape around which the stones were first erected. This project identifies remote sensing geophysical techniques that are effective in mapping the buried (lost) landscape and thus aid better contextualisation of the stone monuments within it. Further, the project demonstrates the most appropriate techniques for prospecting across these buried landscapes for as yet unidentified stone features associated with the lives of the people who constructed the monuments.
3
Huebner, Thom, and Supakorn Phoocharoensil. "Monument as semiotic landscape." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 3, no. 2 (October 6, 2017): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.3.2.01hue.
Анотація:
Abstract As semiotic spaces, monuments convey messages through multiple information design modes, including language, materiality and emplacement. As research on semiotic landscape has pointed out (e.g., Shohamy and Waksman 2009, Abousnnouga and Machin 2010, Train 2016), these messages are often contested in nature and convey competing discourses inherent in the spaces they occupy. This paper explores those competing discourses manifested in a monument dedicated to the 1976 student protest and violent suppression of it by the Thai military and right-wing paramilitary groups. Working within a production of space framework (Lefebvre 1991) and drawing on insights from the grammar of visual design (Kress and van Leeuwen 2006) and nexus analysis (Scollon and Scollon 2004), the paper attempts to show how these contested discourses are reflected in the monument’s historiography as conceived, in its physical appearance and emplacement, and as it is experienced today. The analysis is based on photographic data of the monument and its immediate physical context, published accounts of the events of October 6, and interviews with survivors, commemoration planners, and the monument’s designer.
4
Sims, Lionel, and David Fisher. "Through the Gloomy Vale: Underworld Alignments at Stonehenge." Culture and Cosmos 21, no. 1 and 2 (2017): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01221.0203.
Анотація:
Three recent independently developed models suggest that some Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments exhibit dual design properties in monument complexes by pairing obverse structures. Parker Pearson’s1 materiality model proposes that monuments of wood are paired with monuments of stone, these material metaphors respectively signifying places of rituals for the living with rituals for the dead. Higginbottom’s2 landscape model suggests that many western Scottish megalithic structures are paired in mirror-image landscape locations in which the horizon distance, direction and height of one site is the topographical reverse of the paired site – all in the service of ritually experiencing the liminal boundaries to the world. Sims’3 diacritical model suggests that materials, landscapes and lunar-solar alignments are diacritically combined to facilitate cyclical ritual processions between paired monuments through a simulated underworld. All three models combine in varying degrees archaeology and archaeoastronomy and our paper tests them through the case study of the late Neolithic/EBA Stonehenge Palisade in the Stonehenge monument complex.
5
Chapman, Henry P. "Rethinking the ‘Cursus Problem’ – Investigating the Neolithic Landscape Archaeology of Rudston, East Yorkshire, UK, using GIS." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 71 (2005): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000992.
Анотація:
In terms of their interpretation, cursus monuments remain arguably the most enigmatic class of Neolithic landscape monument. This paper reconsiders this ‘cursus problem’ through the study of the complex of cursuses that surrounds the village of Rudston, East Yorkshire. Using a GIS-based analysis, it is argued that two distinct forms of architecture can be recognised. In the earlier phase it is possible to recognise the importance of somatic experience generated through movement along the interior of the monuments, incorporating elements of visual surprise in addition to constant visual relationships with earlier monuments. By the later phase, somatic experience becomes less important, with the cursus forming a more naturalised role in harmony with the natural landscape and less structured for movement. The results of this analysis have wider implications for the study of both cursus landscapes elsewhere and prehistoric landscape archaeology more generally.
6
Howey, Meghan C. L., Michael W. Palace, and Crystal H. McMichael. "Geospatial modeling approach to monument construction using Michigan from A.D. 1000–1600 as a case study." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 27 (June 21, 2016): 7443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603450113.
Анотація:
Building monuments was one way that past societies reconfigured their landscapes in response to shifting social and ecological factors. Understanding the connections between those factors and monument construction is critical, especially when multiple types of monuments were constructed across the same landscape. Geospatial technologies enable past cultural activities and environmental variables to be examined together at large scales. Many geospatial modeling approaches, however, are not designed for presence-only (occurrence) data, which can be limiting given that many archaeological site records are presence only. We use maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt), which works with presence-only data, to predict the distribution of monuments across large landscapes, and we analyze MaxEnt output to quantify the contributions of spatioenvironmental variables to predicted distributions. We apply our approach to co-occurring Late Precontact (ca. A.D. 1000–1600) monuments in Michigan: (i) mounds and (ii) earthwork enclosures. Many of these features have been destroyed by modern development, and therefore, we conducted archival research to develop our monument occurrence database. We modeled each monument type separately using the same input variables. Analyzing variable contribution to MaxEnt output, we show that mound and enclosure landscape suitability was driven by contrasting variables. Proximity to inland lakes was key to mound placement, and proximity to rivers was key to sacred enclosures. This juxtaposition suggests that mounds met local needs for resource procurement success, whereas enclosures filled broader regional needs for intergroup exchange and shared ritual. Our study shows how MaxEnt can be used to develop sophisticated models of past cultural processes, including monument building, with imperfect, limited, presence-only data.
7
Ravvin, Norman. "Placed Upon the Landscape, Casting Shadows: Jewish Canadian Monuments and Other Forms of Memory." Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes 31 (May 18, 2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40212.
Анотація:
This essay explores monuments, including the National Holocaust Monument in Ottawa, and gravestones in Jewish cemeteries in Montreal and Vancouver. Alongside these sites it considers how Canadian Jewish literature presents possibilities for Jewish history and language to mark the Canadian landscape though a consideration of Leonard Cohen and Eli Mandel. A discussion of Canadian monuments is relevant in light of recent demonstrations focused on removing statues and monuments from parks and government buildings. The essay contrasts community-inspired projects like Vancouver’s Holocaust memorial with Ottawa’s “National”monument, whose unveiling prompted a discussion about appropriate ways to represent history.Cet essai explore les monuments, y compris le monument national de l’Holocauste à Ottawa, et les pierres tombales des cimetières juifs de Montréal et de Vancouver. Parallèlement à ces sites, il examine comment la littérature juive canadienne, notamment les écrits de Leonard Cohen et Eli Mandel, offre des opportunités pour l’histoire et la langue juives de marquer le paysage canadien. Une discussion sur les monuments canadiens est pertinente à la lumière des récentes manifestations visant à retirer les statues et les monuments des parcs et des édifices gouvernementaux. L’essai met en contraste des projets d’inspiration communautaire comme le mémorial de l’Holocauste de Vancouver et le monument « national » d’Ottawa, dont le dévoilement a suscité une discussion sur les moyens appropriés de représenter l’histoire.
8
PETTERSON, ANNE. "The monumental landscape from below: public statues, popular interaction and nationalism in late nineteenth-century Amsterdam." Urban History 46, no. 04 (February 20, 2019): 722–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926819000154.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT:Public monuments are considered an important tool in the nineteenth-century nation-building project. Yet while the intended (nationalist) message of the monumental landscape is often clear, the popular perception of the statues and memorials has been little problematized. This contribution analyses the popular interaction with public monuments in late nineteenth-century Amsterdam and questions whether ordinary people understood the nationalist meaning. With the help of visual sources – engravings, lithographs and the novel medium of photography – we become aware of the multilayered meanings and usages of the monuments in daily urban life, thus tackling the methodological challenge of studying the monumental landscape from below.
9
Boado, Felipe Criado, and Victoria Villoch Vázquez. "Monumentalizing landscape: From present perception to the past meaning of Galician megalithism (north-west Iberian Peninsula)." European Journal of Archaeology 3, no. 2 (2000): 188–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2000.3.2.188.
Анотація:
The study of landscape as social construction implies considering its economic and territorial dimensions, as much as its symbolic ones. A major topic in such kinds of studies is the reconstruction of the ways in which natural and social space was perceived by past societies. We ought to approach the project of building an archaeology of perception. One of the aims of such a research programme would be the evaluation of the effects of natural and artificial landscape features on past human observers. This paper will argue that a possible strategy for studying these dimensions of past landscapes could be based on the systematic analysis of the visual features of prehistoric monuments and in the characterization of the scenic effects and vistas related to them. A detailed analysis of the pattern of location of megalithic monuments and of their visibility and intervisibility allows us to recognize certain regularities which display an intention to take account of monuments by provoking dramatic artificial effects. In such a way, we could approach a phenomenology of prehistoric perception without falling into merely subjective solutions. This study is based on a systematic review of the megalithic monuments from Sierra de Barbanza (north-west Iberia). Its main aims are: (1) the proposal for a theoretical and methodological study of these phenomena, combined with; (2) a case-study to reconstruct those monumental strategies used to shape cultural landscapes in Neolithic Europe, and; (3) the explanation of continuities and changes of these traditions.
10
Tóth, Attila, Axel Timpe, Richard Stiles, Doris Damyanovic, István Valánszki, Alena Salašová, Agata Cieszewska, and Elizabeth Brabec. "Small Sacral Christian Architecture in the Cultural Landscapes of Europe." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 22, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2019-0001.
Анотація:
Abstract Though often overlooked due to its scale, small sacral Christian architecture has a significant importance in cultural landscapes in Europe and beyond. It represents a shared international cultural heritage and is significant in its diversity, distribution and abundance across cultural landscapes. The tradition of the artistic depiction of the cross in Christianity dates back to the 4th century AD. The first monuments in the form of crosses were placed in open landscapes in Scotland in the 7th century. The most important period for the spread of small sacral architecture of Catholic origin in eastern Europe was during the Baroque, thus most of the preserved small sacral monuments date back to the late 17th,18th and 19th centuries. They are often accompanied by monumental single trees or a compositionally organised group of trees and create a sacred composition of nature and culture. They have become important landmarks, indicators of place and landscape features of spatial organization, representing a significant historical legacy and cultural heritage for future generations. This article elaborates on the origin, historical development and landscape values of small sacral Christian architecture, as well as their relation to separate natural monuments or natural features that create part of the sacral composition, such as memorial trees growing around them. This article introduces the topic of sacral architecture and its contribution to the character and identity of European cultural landscapes.
11
Bayliss, Alex, Fachtna McAvoy, and Alasdair Whittle. "The world recreated: redating Silbury Hill in its monumental landscape." Antiquity 81, no. 311 (March 1, 2007): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094825.
Анотація:
A classic exposition of the difficulties of dating a major monument and why it matters. Silbury Hill, one of the world's largest prehistoric earth mounds, is too valuable to take apart, so we are reliant on samples taken from tunnels and chance exposures. Presenting a new edition of thirty radiocarbon dates, the authors offer models of short- or long-term construction, and their implications for the ritual landscape of Silbury and Stonehenge. The sequence in which monuments, and bits of monuments, were built gives us the kind and history of societies doing the building. So nothing matters more than the dates…
12
Schicchi, Rosario, Claudia Speciale, Filippo Amato, Giuseppe Bazan, Giuseppe Di Noto, Pasquale Marino, Pippo Ricciardo, and Anna Geraci. "The Monumental Olive Trees as Biocultural Heritage of Mediterranean Landscapes: The Case Study of Sicily." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126767.
Анотація:
Monumental olive trees, with their longevity and their remarkable size, represent an important information source for the comprehension of the territory where they grow and the human societies that have kept them through time. Across the centuries, olive trees are the only cultivated plants that tell the story of Mediterranean landscapes. The same as stone monuments, these green monuments represent a real Mediterranean natural and cultural heritage. The aim of this paper is to discuss the value of monumental trees as “biocultural heritage” elements and the role they play in the interpretation of the historical stratification of the landscape. We present the results of a survey of the most significant olive trees growing in Sicily. The selection was based on the “monumentality” aspects of trees, taking into account dendrometric parameters and environmental contexts. The collected dataset constitutes a heterogeneous sample of 367 specimens of considerable size that, in some cases, reach a circumference of about 19 m. Starting from the data presented here, the whole Sicilian territory shows a historical relationship between human and olive. The presence of these plant monuments is, therefore, evidence of long-term, often centennial, landscapes as a result of sustainable use of the territory.
13
Dickerman, Leah. "Monumental Propaganda." October 165 (August 2018): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00328.
Анотація:
“Monumental Propaganda” compares the use of monuments by the Soviet Union and supporters of the Southern side in the American Civil War—in particular, the way they claimed ideological territory by proliferating statues of Lenin and Robert E. Lee, respectively. To answer the question of whether an alternative commemorative landscape might be imaginable, the essay turns to The Negro in Virginia (1940), a book devoted to the historical achievements of black citizenry in America. The book's endpapers present an illustrated map of Virginia indicating sites where black Americans played a critical historical, economic, and/or cultural role. In a book that can itself be seen as a kind of counter-monument to those extolling the Lost Cause, the map presents a vision of monuments that might have been.
14
Khachikyan, Lia. "The Problems of Preserving Zones of Monuments in Urban Structure and Natural Environment in Republic of Armenia." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.817.
Анотація:
The artistic expressions, constructive techniques, national cultural values of monument buildings, their succession and maintenance problems are especially perceptible and appreciable when observed in their historical environment.Monuments can be observed in two main groups according to their location: natural and urban landscape groups. Naturally, landscape changes over years undergoing construction development and different natural or anthropogenic influences. Of course much more structural problems are notable in urban contexts, since they are much more susceptible to dynamic changes in urban environment.The above mentioned problems are various in Republic of Armenia (RA): as a result of spontaneous development and incorrect land use monuments often lose their vitally important natural environment, perspective and landscape silhouette.This article mainly deals with the structural and panoramic problems of landscape, emerged in the environments of monument buildings in RA. They have been studied by comparative analysis based on the examples of existing monuments both in urban structure and natural landscape.Based on photographical comparison, analysis of literature, software and metric gauging methods it will be possible to reveal the planning, climatic, anthropogenic negative, neutral and positive factors affecting the modification of protection zones of monuments in RA.As a result it becomes possible in particular situations to neutralize much of the existing negative factors. The study will give an opportunity to solve some problems of already modified environments or landscape continuous degradation by developing rehabilitation projects, providing new interesting solutions related to the aesthetic and technological aspects, as well as the materials that are being used.
15
Bell, Mark. "Two Chimeras in the Landscape." Offa's Dyke Journal 2 (November 25, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/odj.v2i0.282.
Анотація:
This article discusses the history of investigations into British linear earthworks in the twentieth century. The influence of pre-existing beliefs about the environment of Britain, especially the existence of impassable forest cover, deeply influenced the interpretation of linear monuments and had a lasting effect on the study of these monuments. A brief history of the personalities involved is followed by two case studies of monuments that were believed to be post-Roman in date but are now seen as Iron Age monuments. The implications of the change in the relationship to of the dykes to the landscape is discussed along with potential future research, better informed by an awareness of this confusing tradition of field archaeology.
16
Woldemaram, Hirut. "Linguistic Landscape as standing historical testimony of the struggle against colonization in Ethiopia." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2016): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.2.3.04wol.
Анотація:
Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest independent country and its second largest in terms of population. Apart from a five-year occupation by Italy, which is considered as a war time, the country has never been colonized. The Linguistic Landscape (LL) of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the seat of the African Union, prominently depicts that important history. Erected in the main squares of the city, the various monuments serve as standing testimonies of the struggle, victory and important figures pertaining to Italian fascist invasion of Ethiopia. Moreover, there are different institutions (schools, hospitals) and infrastructures (bridges, streets) officially named after significant historical moments. Visible in the central locations and squares of the city, monuments, statues, and the naming of streets, bridges, schools, and hospitals, keep the peoples’ memory about the struggle against the Italian invasion and the victories obtained. Symbols of the Lion of Judah, cross and national flags are also part of the public exhibit marking identities, ideologies and references to the country’s history. This study aims at showing how the LL serves as a mechanism to build the historical narrative of Ethiopia. It overviews how the LL in Addis Ababa via its monuments depicts the anti-colonial struggle and the victory over Fascist Italian forces. The monuments considered are: the Victory Monument, The Patriots Monument, The Abune Petros statute, and the Menelik II Statue. After presenting background aspects, this paper tackles Ethiopians’ memories of the Italian invasion as expressed in Addis Ababa’s LL and their identity construction and reconstruction. The last section discusses the findings and draws concluding remarks. Methodologically, digital Figures of the monuments were collected coupled with interview. Ethnographic approaches to the LL are used to analyze the selected memorial objects. As Creswell (2003) indicates ethnographic designs like qualitative research procedures, aims at describing, analyzing, and interpreting a culture-sharing group’s patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in 2014 with a sample of 15 pedestrians, males and females, of different ages and educational categories who were standing in front of the monuments waiting for buses. The interviewers wanted to know what people think of the significance and relevance of location of the monuments in the public space. Most of the interviewees tended to support the views of the prevailing popular interpretations. They strongly relate the monuments with memories of brutality of Italian invaders on the one hand, and the strong resistance, patriotism and heroism of the Ethiopian people. The interviews agree that this unique victory needs to keep being celebrated and glorified as part of the history of Ethiopia.
17
Costanzo, Stefano, Filippo Brandolini, Habab Idriss Ahmed, Andrea Zerboni, and Andrea Manzo. "Creating the funerary landscape of Eastern Sudan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): e0253511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253511.
Анотація:
Funerary landscapes are eminent results of the relationship between environments and superstructural human behavior, spanning over wide territories and growing over centuries. The comprehension of such cultural palimpsests needs substantial research efforts in the field of human ecology. The funerary landscape of the semi-arid region of Kassala (Eastern Sudan) represents a solid example. Therein, geoarchaeological surveys and the creation of a desk-based dataset of thousands of diachronic funerary monuments (from early tumuli up to modern Beja people islamic tombs) were achieved by means of fieldwork and remote sensing over an area of ∼4100 km2. The wealth of generated information was employed to decipher the spatial arrangement of sites and monuments using Point Pattern Analysis. The enormous number of monuments and their spatial distribution are here successfully explained using, for the first time in archaeology, the Neyman-Scott Cluster Process, hitherto designed for cosmology. Our study highlights the existence of a built funerary landscape with galaxy-like aggregations of monuments driven by multiple layers of societal behavior. We suggest that the distribution of monuments was controlled by a synthesis of opportunistic geological constraints and cultural superstructure, conditioned by the social memory of the Beja people who have inhabited the region for two thousand years and still cherish the ancient tombs as their own kin’s.
18
Pearson, Mike Parker, Ros Cleal, Peter Marshall, Stuart Needham, Josh Pollard, Colin Richards, Clive Ruggles, et al. "The age of Stonehenge." Antiquity 81, no. 313 (September 1, 2007): 617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095624.
Анотація:
Stonehenge is the icon of British prehistory, and continues to inspire ingenious investigations and interpretations. A current campaign of research, being waged by probably the strongest archaeological team ever assembled, is focused not just on the monument, but on its landscape, its hinterland and the monuments within it. The campaign is still in progress, but the story so far is well worth reporting. Revisiting records of 100 years ago the authors demonstrate that the ambiguous dating of the trilithons, the grand centrepiece of Stonehenge, was based on samples taken from the wrong context, and can now be settled at 2600-2400 cal BC. This means that the trilithons are contemporary with Durrington Walls, near neighbour and Britain's largest henge monument. These two monuments, different but complementary, now predate the earliest Beaker burials in Britain – including the famous Amesbury Archer and Boscombe Bowmen, but may already have been receiving Beaker pottery. All this contributes to a new vision of massive monumental development in a period of high European intellectual mobility….
19
Millican, Kirsty, Helen Goodchild, and Dorothy Graves McEwan. "MONUMENTS AND LANDSCAPE: INVESTIGATING A PREHISTORIC MONUMENT COMPLEX AT LOCHBROW, DUMFRIES AND GALLOWAY." Antiquaries Journal 97 (September 2017): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581517000270.
Анотація:
This paper presents the results of a survey project investigating a complex of prehistoric archaeological sites at Lochbrow, in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. An Early Neolithic timber cursus, Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age timber circles and Bronze Age round barrows were first recorded as cropmarks on aerial photographs in the 1980s and 1990s. The Lochbrow Landscape Project set out to investigate and understand this lesser-known complex of prehistoric sites and their layout in the landscape using non-destructive survey techniques, including geophysical survey, experiential survey and re-assessment of aerial photographs. A pilot survey was undertaken in 2010 followed by a series of short field seasons from 2011 to 2015. Interpretation of the results from geophysical survey has proved challenging because of strong geological and geomorphological signals, but has been successful in detecting both the features known from aerial photographs and additional archaeological features. The simple step of marking out the known archaeology on the ground has provided additional insights into the landscape context of the known monuments and elements of their morphology. This indicates that the monuments were closely tied to their landscape context and that the monument boundaries were used to influence the experience of being within the monuments. Overall, the research has been successful in enriching our understanding of the complex of prehistoric sites known at Lochbrow.
20
Molina Palestina, Óscar. "El manantial petrificado. Las metamorfosis del paisaje y sus repercusiones en los monumentos históricos: el caso de la capilla del Pocito en el santuario de la virgen de Guadalupe de la ciudad de México." Revista Grafía- Cuaderno de trabajo de los profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Autónoma de Colombia 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.26564/16926250.395.
Анотація:
Resumen:Cuando un edificio obtiene el título de monumento histórico recibe un ‘derecho de permanencia’ que su entorno no tendrá. En el siguiente artículo se presenta una metodología de análisis de los edificios considerados patrimonio histórico a partir de sus relaciones con el paisaje que los rodea, el cual va transformándose a través del tiempo. La propuesta se presenta a partir de la historia de la capilla del Pocito en el Santuario de la Villa de Guadalupe, considerado una de las obras más importantes de la arquitectura barroca novohispana en México.Palabras clave: Patrimonio, Villa de Guadalupe, Capilla del Pocito, arquitectura barroca, paisaje, turismo, monumento.**********************************************************A petrified natural spring The landscape metamorphoses and its consequences on the historical monuments: The Pocito’s chapel case on the Guadalupe’s virgin sanctuary in Mexico CityAbstract:When a building got the title of historical monument it receives a “permanency right” about its environment and its permanence. This article presents an analysis methodology of the buildings we consider historical patrimony and their relationships with the landscape around, which is getting transformed by the time. The proposal is presented taking into account the history of the Pocito’s chapel in the Sanctuary of Guadalupe’s villa, considered one of the most important work in the novohispanic baroque architecture in Mexico.Key words: The Pocito’s chapel, Sanctuary of Guadalupe’s villa, landscape, tourism, monument, patrimony, baroque architecture.**********************************************************O manancial petrificado A metamorfose da paisagem e suas repercussões nos monumentos históricos: o caso da capela do Pocito no santuário da Virgem de Guadalupe da cidade do MéxicoResumo:Quando um edifício obtém o título de monumento histórico recebe um ‘direito de permanência’ que seu entorno não terá. No seguinte artigo se apresenta uma metodologia de análise dos edifícios considerados patrimônio histórico partindo de suas relações com a paisagem que os rodeia, a qual vai se transformando a través do tempo. A proposta se apresenta partindo da história da capela do Pocito no Santuário da Villa de Guadalupe, considerada uma das obras mais importantes da arquitetura barroca novo-hispana no México.Palavras chave: patrimônio, Villa de Guadalupe, Capela do Pocito, arquitetura barroca, paisagem, turismo, monumento.
21
Kaczmarczyk, Katarzyna. "Emplacing Narrative. Affect and Performativity in Architectural Narratives." Tekstualia 4, no. 43 (April 1, 2015): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4249.
Анотація:
The article focuses on the relations between narrative and landscape architecture and identifi es the characteristics of architecture and landscape architecture which make them distinct narrative media. The article offers analyses of the narrative aspects of two monuments (one built and one at the stage of the design): the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC and a project entitled „A Forest”, which won the competition for a monument design to commemorate Poles who rescued Jews during the German occupation. Both monuments present challenges to narrative theory through such characteristics as performativity, processuality, interactivity and affective potential. However, such challenges should be seen as a possibility for extending the realm of narratology in new directions.
22
Kaczmarczyk, Katarzyna. "Emplacing Narrative: Affect and Performativity in Architectural Narratives." Tekstualia 1, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5931.
Анотація:
The article focuses on the relations between narrative and landscape architecture and identifi es the characteristics of architecture and landscape architecture which make them distinct narrative media. The article offers analyses of the narrative aspects of two monuments (one built and one at the stage of the design): the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC and a project entitled „A Forest”, which won the competition for a monument design to commemorate Poles who rescued Jews during the German occupation. Both monuments present challenges to narrative theory through such characteristics as performativity, processuality, interactivity and affective potential. However, such challenges should be seen as a possibility for extending the realm of narratology in new directions.
23
Treib, Marc. "Modern landscape architecture: monuments and icons." Journal of Architecture 9, no. 2 (June 2004): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360236042000230170.
24
Treib, Marc. "Modern landscape architecture: monuments and icons." Journal of Architecture 23, no. 5 (July 4, 2018): 820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2018.1495910.
25
Panja, Sheena. "Monuments in a flood zone: “builders” and “recipients” in ancient Varendri, (Eastern India and Bangladesh)." Antiquity 77, no. 297 (September 2003): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092553.
Анотація:
The modern study of ancient landscapes is showing how the landscape and the monuments within it may have been perceived by those alive at the time. The author here broadens the discussion, distinguishing the perceptions of those who built the monuments from those who viewed them. In this example from the area comprising eastern India and Bangladesh where settlements were regularly washed away, the monuments acted as icons of permanence, and continue to impress today. However, they may not have been so appreciated by the riverside dwellers …
26
Roughley, Corinne. "The Neolithic Landscape of the Carnac Region, Brittany: New Insights from Digital Approaches." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70 (2004): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001158.
Анотація:
The typology and chronology of the Neolithic monuments of the Carnac region of Brittany have been much debated. However, the landscape of which they are a part has been under-researched, in part due to the difficulty of conducting landscape research in the field. Through complimenting fieldwork with digital approaches, this paper demonstrates that the Neolithic monuments were deliberately situated in distinct landscape settings. By investigating the characteristics of the locations of the various types of monuments, new insight can be shed on the ways in which the monuments were experienced and perceived.
27
Lemaire, Ton. "Of ‘Little People’ and Ancient Monuments." Archaeological Dialogues 2, no. 1 (January 1995): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800000295.
Анотація:
Roymans' article is an original and valuable contribution to an interpretation of the ‘cultural biography’ of the landscape of a specific area by combining archaeological and folkloric evidence. His study concentrates on the sacred places of this landscape, especially the urnfields and barrows, because ‘these are focal points from which local communities order and interpret the surrounding landscape’. The author rightly stresses that funerary monuments not only had a certain significance in the societies that constructed and used them, but that they also had a prominent place in the landscape of later societies up until pre-modern times. He suggests that, in the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region, there has been ‘a long-term incorporation of prehistorical burial monuments in the mythical landscape of later inhabitants’. Archaeology itself, for that matter, should be understood in the perspective of the (dis)continuing biography of the landscape because it presupposes the destruction of the ancient mythical geography, including the Christian one. Archaeology is the product of the ‘modernisation’ of space: it is presupposing and reflecting (upon) the coming of the modem world with its rationalisation and Entzauberung (disenchantment) of the landscape. In a similar way the study of folklore (Volkskunde in both Dutch and German) has been made possible and interesting by the waning of rural popular culture as a consequence of both the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution. Thus, it is no accident that modernity produced the conditions of becoming aware of the mythical meaning of the landscape exactly at the time that its traces are disappearing in the physical landscape as well as in the memory of the rural population.
28
Wüstenberg, Jenny. "Berlin's Changing Memory Landscape: New Scholarship in German and English." German Politics and Society 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503006780681911.
Анотація:
Claus Leggewie and Erik Meyer, “Ein Ort, an den man gerne geht” Das Holocaust-Mahnmal und die deutsche Geschichtspolitik nach 1989 (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 2005)Karen E. Till, The New Berlin: Memory, Politics, Place (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005)Peter Carrier, Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Vél’ d’Hiv’ in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin (New York: Berghahn Books, 2005)
29
Hájek, T. "Care for monuments in Central Europe regarding the revitalisation of the countryside." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 7 (March 2, 2012): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5404-agricecon.
Анотація:
The cultural landscape and rural areas are considered to be a key component of the European cultural heritage. The European Landscape Convention, which the Czech Republic signed in the autumn of 2002, was also formulated in this sense. Consequently, the reform of care of monuments cannot be left entirely to official workers, but is becoming an important subject from the standpoint of maintenance of the functional and demographic stability of rural areas. It is necessary to point out that the care for monuments in Central Europe is at a crucial point, that could be described as a crisis. The reasons are as follows. 1) Time extension of care for monuments as well as the spatial extension of care for monuments. 2) Care for monuments has somewhat neglected to explain and defend its significance – consequently, a great many private owners of cultural monuments are not fully aware of the ideas, on the basis of which limitations are placed on their rights to manage their property, for the good of the cultural heritage. 3) Aesthetic conclusions are increasingly important in deciding what is and what is not a cultural monument. However, this can readily be influenced by the influx of very attractive, but worthless “popular“ architecture, currently being introduced by a great many development companies. 4) Care for monuments represents the execution of a particular activity rather than a fixed formulated intellectual system of canons. 5) Even under the best economic conditions, the state as such does not have the means to provide appropriate care for the cultural heritage in state ownership (including state land in the poorer areas) and is certainly not capable of creating a motivation system within its framework for searching for new ways of using this property without abusing it. 6) In general, it can be stated that condition of democratisation within the care for monuments certainly does not attain the level of participation in environmental protection. 7) Care for monuments, especially in Central Europe, tends to continue to emphasise simple conservation of monuments and is minimally concerned with reanimation of the monument fund. This is why the care for the cultural heritage must again formulate its purpose, especially in relation to the decrease in the importance of national states, globalisation and, simultaneously, regionalisation of the world.
30
Cummings, Vicki, and Alasdair Whittle. "Tombs with a view: landscape, monuments and trees." Antiquity 77, no. 296 (June 2003): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092255.
Анотація:
The authors consider the impact that trees would have had on the visibility of the landscape from and around Neolithic monuments. It is suggested that woodland may have been an integral part of the way monuments were experienced.
31
Darvill, Timothy, Christopher Gerrard, and Bill Startin. "Identifying and protecting historic landscapes." Antiquity 67, no. 256 (September 1993): 563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045762.
Анотація:
Six years ago, Darvill and colleagues reported (ANTIQUITY 61: 393–408) on the Monuments Protection Programme, a new English initiative to build, from a century of haphazard acts of site protection, a set of balanced judgements and priorities by which to recognize ancient places that are more precious, genuinely of a national importance. The Programme, they tell ANTIQUITY, has now completed the first-stage review of information in local sites and monuments records and is proceeding with the identification of nationally important monuments in every English county. This further paper reports on how the Monuments Protection Programme is addressing landscapes, as distinct from ‘spot sites’ with clear limits, where the matters of defining a ‘relict cultural landscape’ and judging relative value are harder.
32
Lennon, Jane L. "Lisanne Gibson and Joanna Besley, Monumental Queensland: Signposts on a Cultural Landscape." International Journal of Cultural Property 13, no. 1 (February 2006): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739106000051.
Анотація:
Lisanne Gibson and Joanna Besley, Monumental Queensland: Signposts on a Cultural Landscape. Pp. 268. $49.95. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 2004.By surveying and documenting outdoor cultural objects, the authors of this book seek to inform communities about the significance of their public art objects and to provide a starting point for people to value such artworks as expressing what is unique about their experience and understanding of Queensland, Australia (p. 7). However, this begs the question of public value. People in colonial times (nineteenth century) gave private subscriptions to have public monuments and memorials erected, and currently, Queensland has a Public Art Agency whose enabling legislation makes it mandatory for all public works projects to fund public art works associated with and integral to new construction, as part of the “Art Built-In” program. Queenslanders clearly like monuments!
33
Busset, Anouk. "Early Medieval Stone Monuments. Materiality, Biography, Landscape." Medieval Archaeology 60, no. 1 (January 2016): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2016.1147833.
34
Harmanşah, Ömür. "‘Source of the Tigris’. Event, place and performance in the Assyrian landscapes of the Early Iron Age." Archaeological Dialogues 14, no. 2 (October 26, 2007): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203807002334.
Анотація:
Performative engagements with specific, culturally significant places were among the primary means of configuring landscapes in the ancient world. Ancient states often appropriated symbolic or ritual landscapes through commemorative ceremonies and building operations. These commemorative sites became event-places where state spectacles encountered and merged with local cult practices. The Early Iron Age inscriptions and reliefs carved on the cave walls of the Dibni Su sources at the site of Birkleyn in Eastern Turkey, known as the ‘Source of the Tigris’ monuments, present a compelling paradigm for such spatial practices. Assyrian kings Tiglath-pileser I (1114–1076 B.C.) and Shalmaneser III (858–824 B.C.) carved ‘images of kingship’ and accompanying royal inscriptions at this impressive site in a remote but politically contested region. This important commemorative event was represented in detail on Shalmaneser III's bronze repoussé bands from Imgul-Enlil (Tell Balawat) as well as in his annalistic texts, rearticulating the performance of the place on public monuments in Assyrian urban contexts. This paper approaches the making of the Source of the Tigris monuments as a complex performative place-event. The effect was to reconfigure a socially significant, mytho-poetic landscape into a landscape of commemoration and cult practice, illustrating Assyrian rhetorics of kingship. These rhetorics were maintained by articulate gestures of inscription that appropriated an already symbolically charged landscape in a liminal territory and made it durable through site-specific spatial practices and narrative representations.
35
Dormidontova, V. V., and K. S. Kasabova. "ON SOME EXAMPLES OF USE ANTIQUE FORMS IN THE CITIES OF THE CAUCASIAN MINERAL WATERS RESORT." Landscape architecture in the globalization era, no. 3 (2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2020-3-13-21.
Анотація:
Abstract. The appearance of the resort towns of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, formed during the 19th - 20th centuries, was determined by remarkable monuments of architecture and landscape architecture, dating back to the traditions and forms of ancient Greece and Rome. Rational, respectable and aesthetic order forms of Classicism determined its wide typological applicability and during the 19th-20th centuries they continued to form significant urban planning and park ensembles. When creating resort facilities, architectural monuments of antiquity are models for studying, repeating and interpreting the methods of organic inclusion in the natural environment. The article examines the importance of ancient forms in the process of formation of the cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resort. A full-scale survey of two objects selected for study, typologically and stylistically different, was carried out – the architectural structure of the mud baths in the city of Essentuki and the monument of landscape art – the park's Main Staircase of the sanatorium named after S. Ordzhonikidze. Literary sources were studied, landscape-visual and compositional analysis of objects was carried out. The first object – a mud bath in the city of Essentuki – a medical building, one of the most famous architectural monuments of the city of the eclectic period, was built according to the project of the architect Eugene Shretter. The second object is the famous Main Staircase of the sanatorium named after S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Kislovodsk, built by the architect – constructivist Ivan Leonidov, is an object of cultural heritage of federal significance – a monument of urban planning and architecture. The analysis showed that ancient forms successfully pass the test of time, change of political systems and social conditions, are able to transform plastically and functionally under the influence of stylistic changes and today retain their attractiveness and relevance.
36
Düzenli, Tuğba, Sema Mumcu, and Emine Tarakci Eren. "Peyzaj Mimarlığında Heykel Kullanımı: Trabzon Kenti Örneği / Monument Usage in Landscape Architecture: Example of Trabzon City." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1396.
Анотація:
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Monuments play a key role in the formation of a common memory and community consciousness by symbolizing important events or situations in the lives of people and societies and establish diverse dialogues with their surroundings in this context. The monument-art works to be placed in open spaces are important in terms of shaping social life and fulfill functions such as warning and activating society. For this reason, the use of monuments in open spaces is a matter for landscape architects to explore. The aim of the study is to determine the purposes and functions of monuments in urban open spaces. In this context, monuments in the city center of Trabzon are photographed and their usage types are classified. As a result, the monuments in urban open spaces in Trabzon are mostly composed of Atatürk and the persons in the history of the city (Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, Yavuz Sultan Selim, Mimar Sinan Etc.) And secondly the figures and events reflecting the culture of the city (horon/dancing figures, kamancha playing figures, anchovy, Trabzonspor etc.) Finally, it is seen that the expressions (military, martyr, etc.) reflect the national spirit. So in the monuments; it has been determined that the historical, cultural and social characteristics of the city are gaining more importance.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Toplum ve bireylerin yaşamında yer alan önemli olayları simgeleyen, ortak toplumsal bilinç ve hafıza oluşturan heykeller çevreleriyle ilişki kurarlar. Açık mekanlarda yeralan heykeller, toplumun yaşantısında, sanatsal, estetik, kültürel öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle heykellerin açık alanlardaki kullanım amaçları peyzaj mimarları için araştırılması gereken bir konudur. Çalışmada amaç kentsel açık mekanlardaki heykellerin kullanım amaçlarını belirlemektir. Bu bağlamda Trabzon kent merkezideki heykeller fotoğraflanarak kullanım türleri sınıflandırılmıştır. Sonuçta Trabzon’da kentsel açık mekanlardaki heykellerin çoğunlukla kentin kültürünü yansıtan figür ve olaylara (kemençe, horon, hamsi, Trabzonspor, taka vb.), ikinci olarak Atatürk ve kentin tarihinde yer alan kişilere (Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, Yavuz Sultan Selim vb.), ayrıca en son olarak milli ruhu yansıtan ifadelere (asker, şehit vb.) ait olduğu görülmüştür. Yani heykellerde; kente ilişkin tarihi, kültürel ve sosyal özelliklerin ağırlık kazandığı belirlenmiştir.</p>
37
Prokeš, R. "Case Study: Range of Bush Plantings in Gardens Designed by Landscape Architect Josef Vaněk." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2020-0001.
Анотація:
AbstractIdentification of the original planting range used and its specific applications in the objects of historical landscape works can significantly help in art monuments reconstruction. Concerning the work of interwar Czech landscape architects, the issue of a perennial flower bed has been intensively studied. By the tree and bush floors, the problem is more complex. The work of Josef Kumpán has mostly been documented by fully preserved planting plans. The present case study on a uniquely discovered specific planting plan of the landscape architect Josef Vaněk provides insight into how bush groups were handled, composed, and what was their specific composition. These documents allow comparing the creative approaches of landscape designers of this era. The study contributes to the reconstruction or maintenance of monument objects created in the interwar period.
38
Aung, Min Zar Ni, and Shozo Shibata. "Contemporary Landscape Structure within Monumental Zone-1 at Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, Myanmar." Heritage 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 1748–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020107.
Анотація:
This study examines the contemporary landscape structure of the Monumental Zone (MZ)-1 at the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site in the Dry Zone of Myanmar. With respect to hundreds of medieval monuments, how local residents in the residential areas within the MZ-1 manage the landscape was the focus of the current study, conducted with two objectives: (1) Identifying land covers as features of the contemporary landscape on the basis of land use and (2) evaluating how the features interrelate. The landscape features were identified by the analysis of Landsat 8 satellite imagery, followed by variance analysis for comparison of the features’ areas, and interrelationships of features were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Vegetated features were identified in coexistence with non-vegetated ones, while crop coverage and non-vegetated features were smaller than the area of the other two vegetated features. Semi-natural woody vegetation was found in proximity to monuments and was dependent on the occurrence of the shrub-prone patch that, in turn, was triggered by the expansion of exposed land containing a large segment of cultivatable area. The current study suggests the need to prioritise timely land use and management, focusing on local agricultural activity for safeguarding the heritage as well as the historical settings.
39
Frei, Cheryl Jiménez. "Columbus, Juana and the Politics of the Plaza: Battles over Monuments, Memory and Identity in Buenos Aires." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 03 (August 2019): 607–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18001086.
Анотація:
AbstractIn 2013, Argentina's then-President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner sparked controversy for her decision to replace a monument of Christopher Columbus in Buenos Aires with one of nineteenth-century mestiza revolutionary Juana Azurduy. This article examines the history and iconography of these monuments, exploring the intersections between public space, art, politics and memory. It argues that these monuments — one representing Argentina's previously maligned Italian immigrant heritage, the other its forgotten indigenous culture — demonstrate how fundamental struggles over national identity have been embedded and contested in the capital's urban landscape, in ways that remain influential. It highlights Argentina's 1910 centennial and 2010 bicentennial as key to these efforts, and examines the power/politics of place in the central plaza where various actors have fought for public commemorative representation.
40
Zviriaka, Anna. "Detection and Protection of Landscape Monuments of Ukraine." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Museology and Monumental Studies, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2617-7943.2.2018.164994.
41
PAWSON, ERIC. "Monuments, Memorials and Cemeteries: Icons in the Landscape." New Zealand Journal of Geography 92, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1991.tb00302.x.
42
Pejchal, Miloš. "Plant components and authenticity of landscape architecture monuments." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 6 (2011): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159060389.
Анотація:
Plants specifications emphasize the fundamental meaning of the “fourth space dimension” – time by their usage: (a) the space cannot be composed as a static image; (b) some used plants are not the planned part of the target state; (c) delayed onset of full functionality; (d) substantial importance of care for achieving and maintaining of the full functionality; (e) cultivation measures must be implemented in a certain time period, i.e. the “time window”; (f) replacement of already obsolete generation of full-grown and long-aged trees with a new generation is often carried out in the amended site conditions and different social situation. Historical authenticity of the plant components has the following specifics: (a) its basic assumption may not be the original specimens of plants, it is the preservation of the principle contained in this original substance; (b) the period during which the plant is able to represent the principle of the original substance is often shorter than the length of its existence; (c) gradual recovery of surviving individuals is often difficult to impossible in plants groups and stands; (d) it is often impossible to meet the recommendations of Venice Charter to not to apply the hypothesis and differentiation of added parts from the original ones. There was not paid enough attention to following aspects of the authenticity of plant components: (a) the importance of particular developmental stages of the element; (b) the role of age structure (the same age – different age) for different types of elements; (c) the effect of different length of the existence of space-formative elements (different periods of their recovery) to the overall composition effect; (d) role of historical technologies.
43
Kyselov, V. M., and G. V. Kyselovа. "HISTORICAL PARKS OF UKRAINE. FROM HISTORY TO MODERNITY." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 81 (December 7, 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2020-81-18-25.
Анотація:
Abstract. The article explores the issues of the emergence and development of historical parks in Ukraine. There are four periods of formation and development of historical parks in Ukraine: the first ‒ from the times of Kievan Rus to the middle of the 17th century (the origin of park building), the second ‒ from the middle of the 17th century before the revolution of 1917 (construction of mainly private palaces and park ensembles), the third ‒ from 1918 to 1991 (soviet period), the fourth ‒ from 1991 to the present (the period of independence of Ukraine). The definition of the concept «historical park» is given. The park is a work of art. A unique situation in human practice: to create a living and perfect work of art at the same time. Gardens and parks provide this opportunity. The park is history. The historical park preserves and broadcasts this history to us ‒ it is an object of cultural heritage, our common heritage. Sometimes the park is also a museum-reserve and bears the function of preserving heritage. Historical gardens and parks often acquire the status of monuments. Monuments of landscape gardening art are historical and cultural monuments that organically include plants, landscape features (hills, water sources and waterfalls, stream or river valleys, stones, rocks, distant landscape perspectives, sometimes wetlands), architectural structures, sculptures, flower beds, etc. Historical parks of cities include palaces and manor complexes, botanical gardens, city parks and memorial parks, as well as parks-monuments. In total, there are 88 historical parks-monuments of landscape gardening art of national and 426 local significances in Ukraine. Parks-monuments of landscape gardening art of local importance include: parks of culture and recreation, arboretums, woodlands used as recreation parks, and other objects. In particular, in the Odessa region there are 22 parks-monuments, in the city of Odessa ‒ 5 parks-monuments of gardening art (T. Shevchenko Park, Dyukovsky Garden, City Garden, Victory Arboretum, Park named after Savitsky). The article highlights the main problems in the restoration work of historical parks and solutions. The history of the emergence and development of parks in Ukraine is analyzed. It was concluded that the historical parks are multifaceted and interesting not only for architectural ensembles, but also for their biocenosis.
44
Gillings, Mark, and Joshua Pollard. "Making Megaliths: Shifting and Unstable Stones in the Neolithic of the Avebury Landscape." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26, no. 4 (May 24, 2016): 537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774316000330.
Анотація:
This paper focuses upon the web of practices and transformations bound up in the extraction and movement of megaliths during the Neolithic of southern Britain. The focus is on the Avebury landscape of Wiltshire, where over 700 individual megaliths were employed in the construction of ceremonial and funerary monuments. Locally sourced, little consideration has been given to the process of acquisition and movement of sarsen stones that make up key monuments such as the Avebury henge and its avenues, attention instead focusing on the middle-distance transportation of sarsen out of this region to Stonehenge. Though stone movements were local, we argue they were far from lacking in significance, as indicated by the subsequent monumentalization of at least two locations from which they were likely acquired. We argue that since such stones embodied place(s), their removal, movement and resetting represented a remarkably dynamic and potentially disruptive reconfiguration of the world as it was known. Megaliths were never inert or stable matter, and we need to embrace this in our interpretative accounts if we are to understand the very different types of monument that emerged in prehistory as a result.
45
Pouperová, Olga, Filip Dienstbier, and Ondřej Vícha. "International Documents on Landscape Restoration." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 4 (2015): 1331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041331.
Анотація:
In the theory and practice of cultural monuments protection, including garden art monuments and landscape protection, it has been often referred to international conventions and other international documents relating to this protection. Necessary condition for these documents to be adequately used in the practice is the precise understanding of their legal nature and a question arising therefrom, if and to what extent and to whom are those documents binding.The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of the international documents relating to the landscape restoration. Following the analysis, the authors explore the scope and way of transposition of these documents and obligation arising therefrom into the Czech legal order. In the general part the authors analyse knowledge of the current jurisprudence on treaties and other international documents. They focus on the issue of the legal force of such documents, both on the international and national level. In the following part the authors deal with international documents on landscape restoration, explain legal nature of those documents and explicate whether the documents are formally legally binding or whether they may have other practical effects. The legally binding international treaties on the landscape protection include in particular the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972) and the European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000). As regard legally non-binding acts of international non-governmental organizations, the paper discusses the charters of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the Venice Charter of 1964 and the Florence Charter of 1981. Mentioned is also the Athens Charter (1933), respectively the New Athens Charter of 1998 dealing with the landscape in terms of the principles of urban planning.
46
Tilley, Christopher. "Round Barrows and Dykes as Landscape Metaphors." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (October 2004): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304000125.
Анотація:
This article outlines the results of phenomenological research on the significance of landscape features, in particular ridges and coombe (dry valley) systems, in relation to the locations of Bronze Age round barrows and late Bronze Age/early Iron Age crossridge and spur dykes constructed along a chalk ridge in central southern England. It considers the locations of these monuments in a holistic manner and argues that together the round barrows, and then subsequently the dykes, network or draw together very different aspects of the topography in narratives about life and death. The round barrows differentially reference the significance of these places metaphorically through a combination of their specific locations. By contrast, the monumental courses of the dykes physically impose themselves on, or objectify the significance of, the same landscape features, but in a radically different manner indicating both continuity and difference in the historical significance of place.
47
Telford, Denise. "The Mesolithic Inheritance: Contrasting Neolithic Monumentality in Eastern and Western Scotland." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 (2002): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001547.
Анотація:
Generalised socio-economic models have in the past been applied wholesale to Neolithic monuments throughout Scotland without taking the country's diverse physical landscape and cultural histories into account. This paper explores whether regional variations in Neolithic monumentality can be paralleled with earlier Mesolithic disparities, and considers to what extent, with the introduction of agriculture, contemporary social systems and thus the ideology underlying monumental construction was affected by geographical factors.It is suggested that:• Contrasts during the Mesolithic between the Western seaboard and the Eastern lowlands/South-east Scotland continue throughout the Neolithic.• The different functions of monuments during the Early Neolithic are generally dictated by divergent topography in Eastern and Western Scotland.• By the later Neolithic social hierarchies emerged in regions suited to agricultural development.
48
Yondri, Lutfi. "MONUMEN MEGALITIK DAN TRANSPORTASI BAHANNYA: Analisis Terhadap Beberapa Faktor Yang Berpengaruh." Berkala Arkeologi 29, no. 1 (May 17, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v29i1.367.
Анотація:
Megalithic monuments in Nusantara are generally found on plateaus, for example on hill tops, mountain slopes, and other remote locations. A big question often raised on how the prehistoric people could move such huge and heavy boulders to build their monuments. It is assumed that to build those megalithic monuments, various factors were involved, i.e. the landscape, technology, and leaderships as well.
49
SEYMOUR, SUSANNE, and RUPERT CALVOCORESSI. "Landscape Parks and the Memorialisation of Empire: The Pierreponts' ‘Naval Seascape’ in Thoresby Park, Nottinghamshire during the French Wars, 1793–1815." Rural History 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2007): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793306002032.
Анотація:
This paper engages with debates over estate and empire during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars through a focus on park landscaping. Drawing on Colley's (1992) idea of a ‘cult of the elite hero’ and work on life geographies (Daniels and Nash, 2004), it examines landscape and monument design commemorating naval service. Unlike most other studies of this period, the paper examines naval monuments in the private setting of a landscape park and considers the ways in which this disrupts a neat division between public and private spheres. At Thoresby Park in Nottinghamshire, Charles Pierrepont, a naval veteran active in landscape improvement, created a ‘naval seascape’ which promoted a sense of a ‘service elite’ (Colley, 1992). The paper examines the contested meanings of this seascape and the ways in which they help revision the nature of landscape parks during the French Wars and their public and private roles.
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Darvill, Timothy, Geoffrey Wainwright, Vanessa Constant, Yvette Staelens, Anna Stocks, and Judith Wainwright. "Stone Circles, Oval Settings and Henges in South-west Wales and Beyond." Antiquaries Journal 83 (September 2003): 9–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500077660.
Анотація:
Topographical and geophysical surveys carried out in August 2002 at three monuments in the Preseli Hills of Pembrokeshire are reported: Bedd Arthur, Gors Fawr and Meini Gwyr. Previously unrecorded features were revealed at all three sites, most spectacularly at Meini Gwyr which, from the evidence of geophysical survey, appears to be a multi-phase monument that includes a double pit-circle, hengi-form monument and embanked enclosure with an internal stone circle. Comparisons are made with plans prepared by Flinders Petrie in 1926, published here for the first time. A viewshed analysis of the surveyed sites and others of similar kind in the area allows an appreciation of landscape setting and intervisibility. It is suggested that the stone circles are sited in relation to upland stone sources. All the monuments considered here are compared with contemporary structures recorded elsewhere in the British Isles. It is concluded that while the stone circles and oval setting fit comfortably within a distribution pattern that extends across most of the British Isles, the later phases of Meini Gwyr at least belong to a more localized tradition of monument building focused on the Irish Sea region.