Дисертації з теми "Levelized cost of heat"
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1
Shah, Hassim. "Integration of solar thermal collectors in the dairy industry: A techno-economic assessment : A case study of Dubai." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446212.
Анотація:
A predominant amount of energy needed in the industrial sector is in the form of heat. A significant number of industries in the world still relies on fossil fuels for meeting their heat requirements. A transition to renewable energy for heating needs is at a snail's pace due to fossil fuel lock-in, cost superiority of conventional fuels, and less government support for renewable technology for thermal requirements. The dairy industry is one of the sectors that need heat energy for its production process. This study deals with a techno-economic analysis on the integration of parabolic trough collectors in the dairy industry. The thesis finds the barriers for solar-thermal collectors to evolve in the dairy sector and the viewpoint of the dairy industry towards the acceptance of solar thermal for meeting their thermal needs. From a literature review, it is observed that the need for dairy product will increase in the coming year. To meet the demand, the production process has to be increased. For sustainable production, companies have to rely on environment-friendly energy sources to meet the thermal demand. In the thesis work, it was also found that for several solar fractions, the LevelizedCost of Heat (LCoH) of solar-assisted heating system is less than the LCoH of the fossil-fueled conventional boiler. Therefore, it is economically viable to integrate solar thermal collectors in the dairy industry. The project also compares the LCoHof solar-assisted heating system when solar integration is done at a) feed water heating, b) direct steam generation, and c) process integration. The effect of integration point on the solar fraction, LCoH, and carbon mitigation potential is presented for a real case dairy unit in Dubai. The simulations are performed using a dynamic simulation tool. Results show that minimum LCoH and solar fraction are achieved for process integration. The process integration results in up to 90 % of the solar fraction. Through process integration, the LCoH of the conventional boiler can be reduced by 60%.
2
Madaly, Kamalahasen. "Identifying the optimum storage capacity for a 100-MWe concentrating solar power plant in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86276.
Анотація:
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Central receiver power plants generate renewable electricity by exploiting the energy provided by the sun. The conditions experienced in the Northern Cape region of South Africa provide the ideal conditions for the development of these plants. Without a storage medium these plants have capacity factors in the range of 25-30%. The inclusion of a thermal energy storage medium provides the ability to increase the capacity factors of these plants. Although storage increases the costs, it results in better utilisation of the power block and a decrease in the levelised electricity cost (LEC). Eskom intends building a 100MWe central receiver dry cooled power plant in the Upington region. This research identifies the appropriate storage medium and ideal storage capacity to achieve the lowest LEC. A literature survey was performed to identify the different methods of storage that are available. The different storage methods were evaluated and the best storage medium for a central receiver power plant based on the developments of the various storage technologies was identified. To determine the costs associated with a central receiver power plant, data published by NREL was used. Different plant parameters were required to evaluate the costs. A power plant model based on efficiencies and energy balances was created to determine the required plant parameters. It provided the ability to determine the effect of changing different plant parameters on the LEC and estimate the plant output. The power block parameters were initially varied to determine the most efficient power block configuration. Once the most efficient power block configuration was identified the solar field and storage parameters were varied to determine the plant configuration which resulted in the lowest LEC. The most efficient power block configuration of 0.4206 was found for a system comprising of six feedwater heaters with the feedwater temperature of 230°C, main steam pressure 140 bar and an exit steam generator salt temperature of 290°C. A solar multiple of 3.0 with 16 hours of storage resulted in a LEC of R1.41/kWh with no system constraints. A capacity factor constraint of 60% resulted in a solar multiple of 1.8 with 8 hours of storage and a LEC of R1.78/kWh.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sonkragaanlegte met sentrale ontvangers wek hernubare elektrisiteit op deur sonenergie te ontgin. Die klimaat in die Noord Kaap-streek van Suid-Afrika is ideaal vir die oprigting van hierdie aanlegte. Sonder ’n bergingsmedium is die kapasiteitsfaktore van sulke aanlegte ongeveer 25-30%. Met die insluiting van ’n bergingsmedium vir termiese energie kan die kapasiteitsfaktore egter verhoog word. Hoewel berging aanlegkoste verhoog, lei dit terselfdertyd tot beter aanwending van die kragblok en ’n afname in die konstante eenheidskoste van elektrisiteit (LEC). Eskom beplan om ’n droogverkoelde kragaanleg van 100 MW met ’n sentrale ontvanger in die Upington-streek op te rig. Hierdie navorsing was dus daarop toegespits om die mees geskikte bergingsmedium en ideale bergingskapasiteit te bepaal om die laagste moontlike LEC uit die aanleg te verkry. ’n Literatuurstudie is onderneem om die verskeie beskikbare bergingsmetodes te bestudeer. Die verskillende metodes is beoordeel, waarna die beste bergingsmedium vir ’n kragaanleg met ’n sentrale ontvanger op grond van die ontwikkelings in die verskillende bergingstegnologieë bepaal is. Om die koste van ’n kragaanleg met ’n sentrale ontvanger te bepaal, is gepubliseerde data van die Amerikaanse Nasionale Laboratorium vir Hernubare Energie (NREL) gebruik. Verskillende aanlegparameters was egter nodig om die koste te beoordeel. Dié parameters is gevolglik bepaal deur ’n kragaanlegmodel op grond van doeltreffendheidsfaktore en energiebalanse te skep. Sodoende kon vasgestel word watter uitwerking veranderinge in die verskillende parameters op die LEC sou hê, en kon die aanleguitset geraam word. Die kragblokparameters is aanvanklik afgewissel om die doeltreffendste kragbloksamestel te bepaal. Nadat dít bepaal is, is die sonenergieveld en bergingsparameters weer afgewissel om vas te stel watter aanlegsamestel die laagste LEC tot gevolg sou hê. Die beste termiese benuttingsgraad is behaal vir ʼn stoom siklus met ses water verhitters en ʼn water temperatuur van 230 °C by die ketel se inlaat, ʼn stoom druk van 140 bar, en sout uitlaat temperatuur van 290 °C. ʼn Vermenigvuldigingsfaktor van drie vir die heliostaat veld, en 16 uur termiese energie storing gee ʼn opwekkingskoste van R 1.41/kW/h indien daar geen beperkings op die grootte of koste van die stelsel geplaas word nie. Indien die kapitaal uitgawe ʼn perk van 60 % op die kapasitiet van die stelsel plaas, verander die optimale ontwerpspunt na ʼn vermenigvuldigingsfaktor van 1.8, en die termiese stoorkapasitiet verlaag na 8 uur. In hierdie geval is die opwekkingskoste R 1.78/kWh.
3
Heidari, Shayan. "Economic Modelling of Floating Offshore Wind Power : Calculation of Levelized Cost of Energy." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Industriell ekonomi och organisation, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36130.
Анотація:
Floating offshore wind power is a relatively new technology that enables wind turbines to float above the sea level, tied by anchors at the seabed. The purpose of this work is to develop an economic model for the technology in order to calculate the total cost of a planned wind farm. Cost data are retrieved from reports and academic journals available online. Based on these data, a model in Microsoft Excel is developed which calculates the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for floating wind power plants as a function of several input values. As an addition to this model, financing offshore projects are described using literature study and by doing interviews with three major companies, currently investing in offshore wind. As a result, the model allows the user to calculate Capital expenditures, Operating expenditures and LCOE for projects at any given size and at any given site. The current LCOE for a large floating offshore wind farm is indicated to be in the range of 138-147 £/MWh. The outline from interviews was that today there is no shortage of capital for funding wind projects. However, in order to attract capital, the governmental regulatory of that market has to be suitable since it has a crucial impact on price risks of a project.
4
Pettit, Erica S. "WindLCOEA MATLAB TOOL FOR OPTIMIZING THE LEVELIZED COST OF ENERGY FOR WIND TURBINE DESIGNS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1396621758.
5
Kang, Moon Hee. "Development of high-efficiency silicon solar cells and modeling the impact of system parameters on levelized cost of electricity." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47647.
Анотація:
The objective of this thesis is to develop low-cost high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells which are at the right intersection of cost and performance to make photovoltaics (PV) affordable. The goal was addressed by improving the optical and electrical performance of silicon solar cells through process optimization, device modeling, clever cell design, fundamental understanding, and minimization of loss mechanisms. To define the right intersection of cost and performance, analytical models to assess the premium or value associated with efficiency, temperature coefficient, balance of system cost, and solar insolation were developed and detailed cost analysis was performed to quantify the impact of key system and financial parameters in the levelized cost of electricity from PV.
6
Samuelsson, Mattias. "What are the drivers and forces for companies within the energy sector to invest in renewable energy technologies." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189286.
Анотація:
Climate change and renewable energy technologies are internationally discussed topics. Recently the subject was discussed during the Paris climate conference, COP21. Which lead to the establishing of the first ever universal agreement, legally binding climate deal, which include 195 countries around the world. With the goal to decrease global warming by 1.5 degrees Celsius the need of new innovative technologies are increasing dramatically. This thesis will examine the characteristics of renewable energy technology investment behavior by identifying drivers and forces for companies to invest in relatively new and less mature technologies, which are usually associated with high investment costs. Is it possible to financially justify investments in renewable energy technologies during the current market situation with historically low energy prices and with a production surplus? By examining the market and investments the aim is to identify and understand what drives companies to invest in renewable energy technologies and if it is profitable from a financial sustainable perspective. The main results and derived conclusions are that RET investments behavior are influenced by several forces and drivers. The findings indicate that investments in RETs aren’t necessarily economical sustainable but rather that other objectives are of more importance than profitability in the short term.
7
Akpomiemie, Mary Onome. "Cost effective retrofit methods for heat exchanger networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cost-effective-retrofit-methods-for-heat-exchanger-networks(19a15828-0bb8-44ca-9669-be590409bd88).html.
Анотація:
Improving the energy efficiency of process plants is central to minimising operatingcosts and increasing profitability. Growing concerns on climate change is also anissue due to the increasing level of carbon dioxide emissions. Process industriesremain one of the largest consumers of energy. Maximising energy recovery in heatexchanger networks (HENs) reduce the total energy consumption in processindustries. However, cost effective retrofit of HENs remains a great challenge. Anideal retrofit design is one that has the right balance between efficient use of existingequipment and limited amount of modifications and downtime, while maximisingenergy recovery. The key objective of this thesis is to present novel methodologiesfor cost effective retrofit of HENs, while ensuring industrial applicability. The cost associated with the application of structural modifications and additionalheat transfer area, has led to an increased interest into the use of heat transferenhancement for retrofit. Heat transfer enhancement is beneficial, as it usuallyrequires low capital investment for fixed network topology, and no additional heattransfer area in existing heat exchangers. However, the challenges of heat transferenhancement for industrial applications are: (1) identifying the best heat exchangerto enhance; (2) dealing with downstream effects on the HEN after applyingenhancement; and (3) dealing with its effect on pressure drop. This thesis presentssequential based methodologies consisting of a combination of heuristics and a profitbased non-linear optimisation model for tackling these three issues. The robustnessof the new approach lies in its ability to provide useful insights into the interaction ofvarious units in a HEN whilst being pertinent for automation. Notwithstanding the drawbacks of structural modifications in retrofit, the degree ofenergy savings that can be obtained cannot be ignored. A robust retrofit strategy forthe application of structural modifications in retrofit is required. This thesis presentsa methodology that provides new fundamental insights into the application ofstructural modifications that ultimately leads to a faster retrofit procedure, withoutcompromising the performance and feasibility of the retrofitted HEN. The newapproach: (1) identifies the best location to apply a series of modifications; and (2)presents an algorithm that can be automated for the identification of the best singleand multiple modifications that provides maximum energy recovery for a givenHEN. The robustness of the new approach is tested by a comparison with the wellestablishedstochastic optimisation approach for structural modifications i.e.simulated annealing. To improve the retrofit result, this work also considerscombining the use of structural modifications and heat transfer enhancement. Theaim is to harnesses the benefits of both methods to obtain a cost effective retrofitdesign. The analysis carried out in this work is subject to minimising the energyconsumption and maximising the retrofit profit. A decision on the best retrofitstrategy to apply to a given HEN depends on the given retrofit objective. However,this work provides an adequate basis on which the decision can be made based onindustrial applicability, profit and energy saving.
8
Ahmad, S. "Heat exchanger networks : Cost tradeoffs in energy and capital." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376511.
9
Lamberts, R. "Heat transfer through roofs of low cost Brazilian houses." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383003.
10
Colberg, Richard Dale Morari Manfred Morari Manfred. "Area, cost and resilience targets for heat exchanger networks /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1989. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-02062007-104756.
11
Lamberts, Roberto. "Heat transfer through roofs of low cost brazilian houses." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1988. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/75495.
12
Icyk, Bryan. "At What Cost? A comparative evaluation of the social costs of selected electricity generation alternatives in Ontario." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2899.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the private and external costs of electricity generated in Ontario by natural gas, wind, refurbished nuclear and new nuclear power. The purpose of the assessment is to determine a capacity expansion plan that meets the forecasted electricity supply gap in Ontario at the lowest social costs (i. e. the lowest aggregated private and external costs). A levelized unit electricity cost (LUEC) analysis is employed to evaluate private costs under both public and merchant perspectives. Computable external costs are monetized by adapting estimates from the literature that were previously developed using a primarily bottom-up damage cost method. The findings reveal that social cost estimates for nuclear refurbishment are the lowest of the generation alternatives studied regardless of the evaluation perspective. Therefore, if the capacity expansion decision were based solely on these estimates, nuclear refurbishment should be utilized until its capacity constraints are reached. The generation alternative with the second lowest social costs depends on the perspective from which private costs are evaluated: from a public perspective, the remainder of the supply gap should be filled by new nuclear generation and from a merchant perspective, which is assumed to be more reflective of the current Ontario electricity market, natural gas-fired generation should be used.
Due to inherent uncertainty and limitations associated with the estimation of social costs, the estimates obtained in this thesis are considered to be context and data specific. A sensitivity analysis, which is employed to attempt to mitigate some of the uncertainty, shows that changes to key variables alter the capacity expansion plan. This reinforces the observation that methods and assumptions significantly affect social cost estimates.
Despite the limitations of this kind of evaluation, it is argued that a social cost assessment that is consistent, transparent and comprehensive can be a useful tool to assess the trade-offs of electricity generation alternatives if used along with existing evaluation criteria. Such an assessment can increase the likelihood that actual social costs are minimized, which can steer electricity generation in Ontario towards a system that is more efficient and sustainable.
13
Washika, Tony. "Renewables Based Power generation for Kenya Pipeline Company." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131315.
Анотація:
This study presents a Techno-economic assessment of a renewables based power generation project for PS 21, a Pumping Station for Kenya Pipeline Company located in Nairobi, Kenya. The load for the pumping station is 1135 kW Continuous. The assessment criteria used was levelized cost of energy. The hybrid renewable energy system software HOMER was used for assessment, and modeling was done using hourly TMY data for solar irradiance and wind. According to the results, Hybrid Solar PV-Wind- Battery renewable energy systems can supply adequate power for pumping station purposes. Optimization modeling at 2010 prices gave a levelized cost of energy of $0.2 per kWh for the most optimal solution which consisted of 2 No. 1650 kW Vestas V 82 Wind Turbines and 4070 kW of PV modules. This cost of energy just matches the purchase price from the National grid which varies between $0.14 and $0.2 per kWh, and therefore, the project is economically feasible. Mainly due to concerns of global warming, the view in the Kenyan government and society towards renewable energy is very favorable and the project is also politically and socially feasible. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that wind energy is more viable than solar PV energy in areas of high wind speeds, with about 7.5 m/s annual average wind speeds. The results show that the levelised cost of energy may be significantly decreased in future due to the fact that the cost of PV modules is progressively reducing. Payments for CERs under CDM mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol would lower the levelised cost of energy further. The Project was found to be feasible.I was a distance student and did the presentation online via centra.
14
Englund-Karlsson, Simon. "Energy storage and their combination with wind power compared to new nuclear power in Sweden : A review and cost analysis." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32749.
Анотація:
As intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power gradually increase around the world, older technologies such as nuclear power is phased out in Sweden and many other countries. It is then important to ensure that the total power need is secured, and that the power grid can remain stable. One way of managing intermittent renewables is by using energy storage. The main goal of this thesis was to compare energy storage methods and their costs. A secondary aim was to investigate how the cost of developing more renewable energy sources, in combination with different energy storage methods, compares to erecting new nuclear power. This thesis was limited to three energy storage technologies, namely pumped hydro storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), and four battery storage technologies. They were combined with wind power in the cost analysis. The comparison was done by performing a literature review and economical calculations, which focused especially on levelized cost of storage (LCOS). The results from the economic calculations indicated that PHS and CAES had lower LCOS than battery storage technologies. Similar results could be seen in the literature review as well. When comparing levelized cost of energy (LCOE) nuclear power had the lowest, €0.03-0.12 kWh-1, followed by wind power in combination with PHS and CAES, both around €0.07-0.24 kWh-1. This result was maintained also at sensitivity analysis regarding the discount rate, which both nuclear power and PHS proved rather sensitive to. Keywords: energy storage, nuclear power, wind power, pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, battery energy storage, levelized cost of energy, Sweden
15
Melingen, Daniel. "Life Cycle Cost Model for Condition Monitoring of heat exchanger." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11601.
Анотація:
Shell and tube heat exchangers (H/X) are widely used in the industry. Offshore, the H/Xs are used as heaters or coolers. In this thesis it is assumed that the H/X function is to cool down gas or oil. A large number of different configuration of H/X exist today, single pass and u-bend is most used offshore. This thesis looks further into the most used H/X on an offshore platform single pass. The thesis is dealing with formulas that indicate performance of an H/X. It is normal to have the ability to measure parameter as pressure, temperature and mass flow. With these parameters the efficiency of the heat exchanger can be calculated. In order to use the efficiency the reference efficiency, from when the H/X was new must be present. It is also possible to measure the performance over time. Calculations of efficiency give an indication of failure. However, it gives limited information what failure modes occurred. There are present three different maintenance strategies, fixed time, fixed age and condition monitoring. Fixed time and fixed age is beneficial to use on critical items, and when condition monitoring (CM) has low probability to find failures or is impossible to use. If the failure is developing fast fixed time and fixed age could be beneficial to use. CM should give a good indication on the condition of the different items. This makes it easier to plan when a maintenance action should be carried out. Six different CM methods are present in the thesis and used as a basis of the analysis. The different methods are Ultrasonic testing (UT), Eddy Current Testing (ECT), Visual inspection (VI), Magnetic Particle inspection (MPI) and HXAM-ST. These are methods which are widely used on H/Xs. Failure modes and maintenance items used in the thesis are collected from source OREDA (1). The maintainable items are present in a block diagram. Fault tree analysis and Failure Mode and Effect (FMEA) analysis, shows that the most common failure cause is corrosion, erosion and external forces. The FMEA connects the failure modes with the CM methods. Probability to detect failures with the different failure modes are based on assumption with values from 0-1. The methods have different characteristics and the probability to find failures are based on these characteristics. ECT is specially classified on finding failures in the tube bundle. VI is a more general method who is able to find failure over a wide range. MPI is a method used on shell while the H/X is in operation. HXAM-ST is a method on development stage and it monitors the H/X performance as pressure, temperature and mass flow. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis is based on the report (2), and has been modified from a LCC for an item to a LCC regarding CM methods. To identify the different cost elements a cost break down structure is made. The CBS is decomposed into capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operation expenditure (OPEX). Pareto diagram is made to show the three largest costs regarding OPEX. On five of the methods personnel cost is the significant highest cost. On HXAM-ST that does not need personnel, documentation is the highest operational cost. Benefits are calculated from less down time, less injuries and less death due to failure. In spite of this, factored benefits are taken into consideration. Factored benefit is based on issues as operation safety, personnel safety, technical fitness for purpose and operational issues. A cost benefit model is made where both LCC and benefits from performing the CM method are taken into consideration. The model shows that UT is the most cost effective method, and MPI is the only method that has larger costs than benefits. HXAM-ST is a Non Intrusive method, and gives the ability to introduce Condition Based Maintenance (CBM). Redundancy is the input parameter which has the largest impact on the model. The largest benefit with the methods is less downtime due to detection of the failure. If redundancy is present this benefit would disappear, since almost no downtime would appear. Changes in the operational condition like more sand or a more corrective environment would also have a large impact on the failure rate for the different failure modes. The main outcome from sensitivity analysis is that method as: VI, HXAM-ST and HLT with low LCC cost scores when the benefits are decreasing and the more expensive methods as UT and ECT scores when the benefits is increasing, in spite of high probability to detect failures.
16
Morton, R. J. "Practical heat exchanger networks : capital cost, exchanger type and utilities." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239341.
17
SONG, CONGCONG. "Electricity generation from hybrid PV-wind-bio-mass system for rural application in Brazil." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211794.
Анотація:
Electrification of households in rural area and isolated regions plays a significant impact on the balanced economic development. Brazil grows with a high population growth rate, but still parts of rural area and isolated regions do not have the accessibility of electric power. This study focuses on the feasibility study of a hybrid PV-wind-biomass power system for rural electrification at Nazaré Paulista in southeast Brazil. This study was performed by using the hybrid renewable energy system software HOMER. The wind and solar data was collected from Surface meteorology and Solar Energy-NASA, and the biomass data was collected and estimated from other previous studies. The result shows, the hybrid PV-wind-biomass renewable system can meet 1,601 kWh daily demands and 360 kW peak load of the selected rural area. The power system composed of 200 kW PV panels, 200 kW biomass generator, 400 battery banks, and 200 kW converter. All the calculations were performed by Homer and the selection were based on the Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized cost of energy (COE). Because of the fossil fuels’ negative impacts on human health and environment, all the energy sources for this system are renewable energies which have less pollution.
18
Zuniga, Gustavo Camilo Rosero. "Proposta de regulamentação para usinas eólicas através da sua energia firme." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127893.
Анотація:
Dentro das fontes renováveis de energia, a energia eólica é uma das mais estudadas e que tem uma importante participação na capacidade instalada no mundo. Porém, é uma alternativa que está concentrada em poucos países como uma verdadeira opção para cobrir a demanda de energia elétrica. As principais razões dessa concentração estão ligadas a questões climáticas, econômicas e de regulamentação. Em relação à questão econômica a principal limitação é o custo da energia em comparação com fontes tradicionais; na questão de regulamentação o limitante é a carência de métodos de cálculo e regras que incentivem a instalação de usinas. Para vencer essas limitações é proposta uma regulamentação do tipo econômica baseada na energia firme das usinas eólicas. A influência desse incentivo pode ser medida no comportamento de uma usina eólica hipotética atuando sem regulamentação no mercado elétrico e em um cenário com a regulamentação proposta. A energia firme é um conceito que existe para fontes hidráulicas e térmicas. Usando esse conceito com as características da energia eólica, é possível desenvolver uma metodologia de cálculo que incentiva a implementação de projetos em países com escassa tradição eólica. O resultado permite calcular um fator característico de energia firme para cada tipo de aerogerador e uma forma de remuneração que atua no valor presente líquido do projeto.Among renewable energy sources, wind energy is one of the most studied and has an important stake in installed capacity in the world. However, it is an alternative concentrated in a few countries as a real option to cover the energy demand. The main reasons for this concentration are linked to climate, economic and regulatory issues. Regarding the economic issue the main limitation is the cost of energy production in comparison to other sources; the limitation of the regulatory issue is the lack of calculation methods and rules that encourage the installation of wind power plants. To overcome these limitations, it is proposed an economic regulation based on firm energy of wind farms. The influence of this incentive can be measured in the behavior of a hypothetical wind farm operating in an electricity market without regulation and in a scenario with the proposed regulation. The firm energy is a concept that exists for hydraulic and thermal sources. Using this concept with the characteristics of wind power, it is possible to develop a methodology for calculation that encourages the implementation of projects in countries with small wind power installed capacity. The result allows calculating a characteristic factor of firm energy for each type of wind turbine and a method of remuneration, which operates on the net present value of a project.
19
Yang, Rupu. "Methodology for developing flexible, controllable and cost-effective heat exchanger network." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://thesesprivees.mines-paristech.fr/2020/2020UPSLM011_archivage.pdf.
Анотація:
Cette thèse a pour objectif de considérer les performances dynamiques d’un réseau d'échangeurs de chaleur (HEN) lors de sa conception. Nous définissons le temps de transition (TT) comme un indicateur pour mesurer les performances dynamiques lorsque le HEN subit des variations opérationnelles. La thèse vise à résoudre deux problèmes: comment estimer le TT d'un HEN donné; et comment réaliser la conception pour optimiser le coût du HEN, ce qui nous permet d'obtenir un compromis entre le coût et le TT. En nous appuyant sur la transformation de Laplace, nous développons une formulation mathématique pour déterminer TT, et cela conduit à deux modèles dynamiques. Le modèle de base nécessite le processus de transformation inverse de Laplace. Le deuxième modèle, plus avancé, est basé sur des développements purement analytiques afin d’éviter la difficulté numérique de la transformation inverse de Laplace. Les méthodes de synthèse suivent l'approche séquentielle multi-période pour itérer différentes structures, puis le TT peut être calculé pour chaque HEN optimisé en coût. Nous proposons deux méthodes d'itération: BINLP pour le petit cas et IINLP pour les problèmes de moyenne à grande échelle. Les méthodes de synthèse et les modèles dynamiques HEN ont été appliqués avec succès dans cinq études de cas à travers différents chapitres, et nous constatons que le TT varie énormément selon les structures testés. Il est important de prendre en compte le temps de transition dans le problème de conception de HEN, et nos méthodes proposées peuvent servir d'outil de présélection pour aider à trier des HEN en termes de coût et de performances dynamiquesThis thesis pioneers to consider the time response in the heat exchanger network (HEN) multi-period design problem. We define the transition time (TT) as an indicator to measure the dynamic performance when HEN gets an operational period changeover. The thesis aims to solve two problems: how to measure the TT of a given HEN; and how to carry out synthesis work to optimize the HEN cost, allowing us to obtain a trade-off between the cost and TT. Relying on the Laplace transform, we develop a mathematical formulation to reach TT, leading to two dynamic models. The basic one requires the inverse Laplace transform process during the calculation. The improved dynamic model follows the analytic way, and free of the concern of the numerical difficulty of the inverse Laplace transform. The synthesis methods follow the sequential approach to iterate various structures and then TT can be calculated for each cost-optimized HEN. We propose two iteration methods: BINLP for the small case and IINLP for medium-large scale problems. The synthesis methods and HEN dynamic models were applied successfully in five case studies through different chapters, and found that TT varied hugely for different designs in each case. It is important to consider the time response in the HEN design problem, and our proposed methods can act as a pre-selection tool to help sort out those designs in terms of the cost and dynamic performances
20
Sultan, Sahira. "Cost Evaluation of Building Space Heating; District Heating and Heat Pumps." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-37137.
Анотація:
Climate change and energy efficiency has become a matter of concern in recent times; therefore, energy efficiency of buildings has drawn major attention. According to the European Commission, EU countries must improve energy efficiency of existing buildings by retrofitting and renovating the buildings. A case study of a renovated commercial building is considered in this degree project. A model of the building is developed in the IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) software. The model is then augmented to include renovations in the building. Further, the model is simulated in IDA ICE before and after renovations to investigate the impact of renovations on energy consumption of the building for one year. The simulation results indicate peak demands of district heating that occur in the coldest days of the year. The peak demands of energy are expected to increase the district heating cost because they serve as a basis for new pricing model introduced by the energy providers. Hence, it is important from the customer point of view to reduce the peak loads for cost shavings. The project work also provides an insight into the alternative source of energy such as heat pumps to reduce the peak load demands of district heating.
21
Alasadi, Habeeb A. "100% Renewable Energy for Residences in Seven Counties in Ohio." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1493070390195179.
22
Bergvall, Daniel. "Cost Comparison of Repowering Alternatives for Offshore Wind Farms." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395298.
Анотація:
The aim of this thesis is to evaluate different repowering alternatives from the viewpoint of increasing power production from existing offshore wind farms (OWF), as some of the first commissioned OWFs are approaching the end of their expected lifetime. The thesis presents a literature review of components and financial aspects that are of importance for repowering of OWFs. In the literature review, risks and uncertainties regarding repowering are also lifted and analysed. The thesis contains a case study on Horns Rev 1 OWF, where three different repowering scenarios are evaluated by technical and financial performance, aiming to compare the cost of repowering alternatives. The design of the case study is based around previous studies of offshore repowering having focused mainly on achieving the lowest possible levelized cost of energy (LCoE) and highest possible capacity factor, often resulting in suggested repowering utilizing smaller wind turbines than the existing ones. In order to evaluate the financial viability of repowering alternatives, the software RETScreen Expert was used to estimate the annual energy production (AEP) after losses and calculate the net present value (NPV) and LCoE for lifetime extension and full repowering utilizing different capacity wind turbines. Input values from the literature as well as real wind resource measurements from the site was utilized to achieve as accurate results as possible. The result of the case study shows that repowering of OWFs have the possibility of providing a very strong business case with all scenarios resulting in a positive NPV as well as lower LCoE than the benchmarked electricity production price. Although the initial investment cost of the different repowering alternatives presented in this thesis still are uncertain to some extent, due to the lack of reliable costs for repowering alternatives, this thesis provides a base for further research regarding the repowering of OWFs.
23
Phiri, Esther. "Evaluating opportunities for sustainable rural water provision using solar PV in sub-Saharan Africa : a case study of Malawi." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27397.
Анотація:
Globally, approximately 663 million people lack access to safe drinking water sources and nearly half of these people live in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where only 68% of the population has access to improved drinking water sources. Globally, it is estimated that 79% of the people using unimproved sources and 93% of people using surface water live in rural areas. In terms of water for agriculture, most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa rely on rain-fed agriculture, which is threatened by the effects of climate change thereby worsening food insecurity. Adequate provision of drinking and irrigation water is believed to enhance development in areas such as health, education, food security and women empowerment. This interdisciplinary study used a mixed methods approach to develop a financing and decision support model for planning and analysing of sustainable rural water provision using solar photovoltaics (PV) in SSA, with Malawi as a case study country. The research methods included household surveys, stakeholder interviews, field visits and techno-economic analysis. Findings from the household surveys show that the current water sources are inadequate; the majority of the households used boreholes as their main source of water and they faced challenges, which included queuing, low yield, non-functionality, disparity in number of water points, theft and vandalism. For irrigation, households still rely on traditional methods of irrigation namely; watering cans with very few having treadle pumps, which are all labour intensive. From the stakeholders point of view, challenges included lack of finances, failure of current community management system, lack of coordination and lack of enabling policies. In the techno-economic analysis, a solar PV system was designed to supply approximately 200 households with drinking water. The design cost was calculated to be US$18,600 and the levelized cost of water was US$0.34/m3. The levelized cost was found to be almost six times what the households are currently paying and three times what they are willing to pay. To address this issue, the study developed a cross-subsidy model for the cost of water with that of basic energy services, particularly rechargeable lantern lighting and mobile phone charging. Using this model, the levelized cost of water was reduced by over half but is still two and a half times what they are currently paying for water. Further innovations were found to reduce the breakeven cost to only US$0.06 more of what they are currently paying. The novelty of the research is that no work in SSA, particularly in Malawi has developed such an all-inclusive integrated needs-driven approach that helps identify solar PV powered water provision solutions. These results provide baseline data for researchers, policymakers, planners, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders with interest in providing water and energy to the rural areas. This thesis recommends that with proper finance and management policies, enforcement of product and installation standards and training of households, solar PV can be used to improve access for drinking and irrigation water and at the same time provide basic energy services to the people living in the rural areas of SSA.
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Bagger, Toräng Adrian, and Olof Rickhammar. "Batterilagring för ökad självkonsumtion från solceller : En studie om lönsamheten hos batterilagring i den svenska bostadssektorn." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279696.
Анотація:
Det finns en ökande efterfrågan på förnybar elproduktion och effektiva lösningar att kombinera med denna. Ett flertal tidigare arbeten har undersökt energilagringssystem (ESS) och dess lönsamhet i olika tillämpningar. Det råder en osäkerhet kring lönsamheten hos ESS för ökad självkonsumtion i Sverige. Detta arbete undersöker lönsamheten hos batterilagringssystem (BESS) som används i syftet att öka självkonsumtionen för aktörer med solceller i den svenska bostadssektorn. En modell konstruerades baserat på Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS), och indata till modellen varierades för olika scenarier. Resultaten visade att BESS kostnader i dagsläget är för höga, med LCOS mellan 1,68 kr/kWh och 3,56 kr/kWh beroende på aktör och indata. För lönsamhet krävs reduktion av LCOS mellan 55% och 85%. Vidare undersöker arbetet vilka variabler som har störst påverkan på BESS lönsamhet. En känslighetsanalys genomfördes, där CAPEX, antalet battericykler per år, WACC och skattereduktioner vid elhandel identifierades som viktiga variabler. Arbetet visade att det antagligen krävs en kombination av högre elpriser och reducerade investeringskostnader för att motivera en investering i BESS. Utöver ökad självkonsumtion behövs ytterligare värden för att motivera en investering i BESS inom en snar framtid.There is a growing demand for renewable power generation and efficient solutions to combine with renewables. Previous works have explored energy storage systems (ESS) and their profitability in various applications. There is an uncertainty about the profitability of ESS for increased self-consumption in Sweden. This thesis explores the profitability of battery energy storage systems (BESS) used for increased self-consumption for stakeholders with solar photovoltaics in the Swedish residential sector. A model based on levelized cost of storage (LCOS) was constructed, and varying input values were used for different scenarios. The results showed that the current cost of BESS is too high, with LCOS ranging between 1,68 SEK/kWh and 3,56 SEK/kWh depending on the stakeholder as well as input data. For profitability, a reduction of LCOS between 55% and 85% is needed. Furthermore, this thesis explores which variables have the greatest effect on a BESS’s profitability. A sensitivity analysis was conducted, where CAPEX, the number of battery cycles per year, WACC and tax reductions linked to electricity trading were identified as important variables. This thesis concluded that higher electricity prices in combination with reduced investment costs is needed to justify an investment in BESS. Besides increased self-consumption, other values are needed to justify an investment in a BESS in the near future.
25
Gadkari, Sagar A. "A HYBRID RECONFIGURABLE SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY SYSTEM." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1225821057.
26
Nilsson, Sanna. "Analys av solelinstallationer på olika fastighetstyper : En studie om möjligheter och hinder." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31193.
Анотація:
Generering av el med hjälp av solen står idag för en väldigt liten andel av Sveriges totala genereringav el. För att komma upp till en högre nivå krävs inte enorma solcellsparker över hela Sverige, utan tvärtom skulle det kunna gå att använda redan befintliga tak. Det förhållandet är bara ett av flera som påvisar behovet av större kunskapsspridning om dagens energisystem och solcellsteknik. Det finns också ett behov av ökad kunskap om karaktäristiska svenska hus- och taktyper och om vad som är möjligt att göra med varierande slag av solcellsteknik, för att konvertera de olika hustypernas tak till en liten energikälla. Ren solenergi kan inte ensam konkurrera ut fossila bränslen, men det finns god potential för en mycket högre andel av den än vad som är installerat idag. Wallenstam AB är ett energimedvetet fastighetsbolag som bland annat är verksamma i Göteborg. Deras intresse av förnybar energi och av att ersätta fossilt bränsle med mer miljövänlig teknik gav upphov till ett samarbete mellan författaren och Wallenstam AB. Arbetets första del syftar till att inbringa mer och fördjupad kunskap inom ämnet solceller och solcellsanläggningar. Syftet med arbetets andra del är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och hinder det finns med solcellsinstallationer på några olika typiska svenska fastighetstyper. En projektering genomförs på tre olika fastighetstyper i Göteborgsområdet; en industri/kontorslokal, ett modernt flerbostadshus och en fastighet i centrala Göteborg med både bostäder och kommersiell verksamhet. Målet är att utifrån varje fastighets förutsättningar finna den eller de mest lämpade solcellspanelerna för respektive fastighet med avseende på ekonomisk fördelaktighet, estetik samt i vad som är tekniskt möjligt utifrån exempelvis tidigare installerade energisystem. Rapporten och dess resultat är skapat utifrån litteraturstudier, platsbesök på fastigheter, mätningar på ritningar och satellitkartor, beräkningar för hand, samt modellering i PVsyst. Fortlöpande diskussion med personer inom solenergibranschen har också hållits. För att beräkna respektive anläggnings elproduktionskostnad samt för känslighetsanalyser används en webbaserad beräkningsapplikation, tillhörande rapporten El från nya och framtida anläggningar 2014. Huvudresultat är att endast två av de tekniskt möjliga anläggningarna har en elproduktionskostnad som är i närheten av det jämförande elpriset på 0,75 kr/kWh. Det är de polykristallina solcellsanläggningarna på Kvillebäcken 3:1 och Mölnlycke 1:1. Beräkningarna visar på att anläggningarna med polykristallina solcellspaneler på Kvillebäcken 3:1 och Mölnlycke Fabriker 1:1 är riktigt konkurrenskraftiga om kalkylräntan sänks från 4 % till 2 %, eller om investeringskostnaderna minskar med 15 %. På fastigheten Inom Vallgraven 26:8 ligger samtliga elproduktionskostnader över en krona per kilowattimme, men installation av solcellsteknik på en sådan central byggnad skulle kunna ha ett marknadsföringsvärde.Generation of electricity by use of solar irradiation is today a very small part of the total electricity generation in Sweden. It is not necessary to build a great amount of solar parks all over Sweden to reach a higher level, it could instead be possible by using already existing rooftops. That is one of the situations that indicates the need of a greater knowledge dissemination, about today’s energysystem and the technology of photovoltaics. It also exists a demand of knowledge about characteristic Swedish houses and rooftops. To convert the different kinds of rooftops to small powersources, there is also a demand of knowledge about installations that is possible to do with different kinds of photovoltaics. Although, solar power alone cannot compete with fossil fuels, but it should have a good possibility to reach a much higher level than what exists today. Wallenstam AB is anenergy-conscious company within the real estate business in Gothenburg. Their interests in renewable energy and their ambition to replace fossil fuel with more environment-friendly technology facilitated this cooperation.The first part of the report aims to get more and deeper knowledge about the subject photovoltaics and solar plants. The second part of the report aims to investigate what possibilities and impediments there is with photovoltaic installations at different kinds of typical Swedish houses. A planning work is made at three different types of buildings in the area of Gothenburg. One at an industry/office space, one at a modern apartment block and one at a central building in Gothenburg that has both apartments and commercialized activity. The goal is to find the most suitable photovoltaic installation to each of the three buildings, based on economic advantageousness, appearance and esthetic, and the possibilities with the technology of earlier installed energy systems.The report and the result are formed on the basis of literature studies, site visits at the buildings, measurements at drawings and satellite maps, calculations by hand and modelling in the software PVsyst. Many discussions with people in the solar energy industry were also held. To calculate the Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) and to perform the sensitivity analysis, a web-based calculator was used. The web-based calculator belongs to the report El från nya och framtida anläggningar 2014. The main result shows that only two of the possible photovoltaic installations gets a LCOE that is competitive relative the comparative electricity price at 0,75 SEK/kWh. Installations with polycrystalline solar panels at Kvillebäcken 3:1 and Mölnlycke 1:1. The result also shows that the two installations with polycrystalline solar panels at Kvillebäcken 3:1 and Mölnlycke Fabriker is really competitive if the capital interest rate is reduced from 4 % to 2 %, or if the investment cost isreduced by 15 %. At the property Inom Vallgraven 26:8, the LCOE for all possible installations are over one Swedish krona per kilowatt hour, but an installation with solar panels at a central building like that could have a marketing value. It would also show Wallenstams standpoint for renewable energy, new technology and a sustainable energy system.
27
Ackers, Mogamat Sadley. "Performance and thermo-mechanical cost evaluation of API 661 air-cooled heat exchangers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71673.
Анотація:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The optimal design of a heat exchanger for a specified heat transfer, pressure drop and set of ambient conditions entails minimising space, weight, material usage and overall cost. However, the variables which influence the performance as well as the overall cost of a heat exchanger are not related in a simple way and it is not obvious which variables play the most important roles (Perry & Green, 1997:11-44). Air cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs) are normally designed in three stages, by different experts in the field, and with the aid of specially designed software. This project combines these thermal, mechanical and cost estimation processes into a MS Excel model which makes it easier to see the influence that design parameters have on the overall cost of the heat exchanger. A thermal model was created to design an API 661 (2006) ACHE. The results from this model compared well with those of HTRI Xchanger Suite 6.0 software, with HTRI being more conservative in its design mode. A mechanical design model was then developed, which uses as inputs the outputs of the thermal design. The output from this mechanical design model is the minimum material thicknesses based on the stress criteria of Appendix 13 of ASME VIII div 1 (2007) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. An experiment on a finned tube bundle was performed in a wind tunnel facility to determine performance characteristics and compare these to existing correlations in literature. The results showed that both the heat transfer coefficient (h) and loss coefficient (Eu) correlations proposed by Ganguli et al. (1985) closely predict the measured data, and were consequently used in the thermal design model. During this experiment it was also shown that the tube bundle reached 8 % - 9 % of its allowable internal fouling factor, due to rust build up inside the tubes, and in a testing period of only nine days. The thermal and mechanical models were then combined with a cost estimation process to perform both a thermal and mechanical parametric study. The thermal study showed that to obtain an optimal solution, the design must attempt to maximise the length, increase the width rather than the number of bays, make use of two bundles per bay with fewer but larger fans and employ a large number of tube rows with the least number of tube passes. These guidelines were used to create an initial design; Excel Solver was then applied to locate the optimum combination of bundle length and width that result in the minimum heat exchanger cost. Two mechanical considerations were investigated, both requiring additional welding and thus increased welding cost. Firstly the use of stay plates result in reduced required plate thicknesses according to the stress criteria since it provides additional stiffness in the header box design. Secondly the use of more (but smaller) nozzles as opposed to less (but larger) nozzles was also considered. The mechanical parametric study showed no specific trends, but both considerations should still be checked as it can be cost beneficial in a specific design.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Optimale ontwerp van ’n warmteoordraer vir ’n gespesifiseerde warmteoordrag, drukval en stel van omgewingstoestande behels die minimalisering van ruimte, gewig, materiaalverbruik en algehele koste. Die veranderlikes wat egter die werkverrigting, sowel as die algehele koste, van ’n warmteoordraer beïnvloed, hou nie in ’n eenvoudige sin met mekaar verband nie, en dit is nie vanselfsprekend watter veranderlikes die belangrikste rolle speel nie (Perry & Green, 1997:11-44). Lugverkoelde warmteoordraers (air-cooled heat exchangers of ACHEs) word normaalweg in drie fases ontwerp deur verskillende kundiges in die veld en met behulp van spesiaal ontwerpte programmatuur. Hierdie studie kombineer dié termiese, meganiese en kosteberamingsprosesse in ’n MS Excel-model, wat dit makliker maak om van te stel wat die invloed wat ontwerpparameters op die algehele koste van die hitteruiler is. ’n Termiese model is geskep om ’n “API 661 (2006) ACHE” te ontwerp. Die resultate van hierdie model het goed vergelyk met dié van die HTRI Xchanger Suite 6.0-program, met HTRI meer konserwatiew in die ontwerp af. Na die termiese model geskep is, is ’n meganieseontwerp-model ontwikkel, wat as insette die uitsette van die termiese ontwerp gebruik het. Die uitset van hierdie meganieseontwerp-model is die minimum materiaaldikte gebaseer op die spanningskriteria van Bylae 13 van “ASME VIII div 1 (2007) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.” Daar is ’n eksperiment op ’n vinbuisbundel in ’n windtonnelfasiliteit uitgevoer om werkverrigtingskarakteristieke te bepaal en dit met bestaande korrelasies in die literatuur te vergelyk. Die resultate het getoon dat sowel die warmteoordragskoëffisiënt (h) en die verlieskoeffisient (Eu) korrelasies, voorgestel deur Ganguli et al. (1985), die data wat gemeet is akkuraat voorspel, en gevolglik is die korrelasies in die termieseontwerp-model gebruik. Gedurende die eksperiment is ook getoon dat die buisbundel 8 % - 9 % van sy toelaatbare interne-aanpakkingfaktor bereik het vanweë roesopbou binne-in die buise, en dit in ’n toetsingtydperk van slegs nege dae. Die termiese en meganiese modelle was toe gekombineer met ’n kosteberamingsproses om ’n termiese sowel as ’n meganiese parametriese studie uit te voer. Die termiese studie het getoon dat, om ’n optimale oplossing te verkry, die ontwerp moet poog om die lengte te maksimeer; die wydte eerder as die aantal strate (bays) te vermeerder; van twee bundels per straat gebruik te maak met minder, maar groter waaiers; en ’n groot aantal buisrye met die kleinste hoeveelheid buisdeurvloeiweë in te span. Hierdie riglyne is gebruik in ’n aanvanklike ontwerp, waarna die Excel Solver gebruik is om die optimale kombinasie van bundellengte en –wydte vas te stel met die oog op die laagste moontlike warmteoordraerkoste. Twee meganiese oorwegings is ondersoek wat albei addisionele sweiswerk sou vereis en dus tot verhoogde sweiskoste sou lei. Eerstens lei die gebruik van ankerplate (stay plates) tot ’n vermindering in die vereiste plaatdiktes volgens die spanningskriteria, aangesien dit addisionele stewigheid in die spruitstukhouerontwerp bied. Tweedens is die gebruik van meer (maar kleiner) spuitstukke teenoor minder (maar groter) spuitstukke ook oorweeg. Die meganiese parametriese studie het geen spesifieke voorkeurneigings getoon nie, maar altwee oorgewings moet nog getoets word want dit kan koste voordelig word in 'n spesifieke ontwerp.
28
Swenka, Matthew James. "An energy and cost analysis of residential ground-source heat pumps in Iowa." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
29
Pekkala, Ossian. "Integrated heat exchanger for shower cabins : Legal issues, cost efficiency, designing a prototype." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22088.
Анотація:
The global energy usage have been growing and is expected to grow in the forthcoming years. The negative effects of increased energy use are greatly depending on the type of base raw materials required for converting the energy and the negative consequences those have on the environment. From the energy used, fossil fuels stands for the largest part. Excess use of fossil fuels have been shown to have considerable negative effects on the environment, including, but not limited to global warming. Renewable energy is today the world’s fastest growing energy source limiting the negative consequences of growing energy use. The commercial and residential buildings stands together for about 40 % of the total energy usage. Residential buildings alone stands for 20 % of the total world delivered energy consumption by end-use sector. In EU the average residential energy use amounts to 25 % and for individual countries like Sweden and Finland it is 21 %. The EU energy efficiency directive from year 2012 sets a target to save 20 % of the unions primary energy usage by year 2020 compared to the year 1990. The EU countries also agreed in October 2014 on a new energy efficiency target of at least 27 % by the year 2030. To reach this goal, improved energy efficiency are required in all sectors. Finland’s energy efficiency law for buildings from 2013 greatly reduces the minimum energy usage allowed for new buildings. Finland is also preparing for a new law that would by 2020 require all new buildings to be zero or close to zero energy buildings. This is defined by the Ministry of the Environment as buildings that have very high energy efficiency, where the already greatly reduced energy demand is satisfied extensively by renewable energy. As part of the goal to greatly increase buildings energy efficiency, this work focus on heat exchangers for showers. The purpose of this project is to investigate how two different heat exchangers works for shower cabins. This is done by testing a system where the heat exchangers are linked together. The system works by transferring heat from the drainage water and the moist air to the incoming colder drinking water before the cold water is heated in the mixerto desired shower temperature. The measurements are taken for different simulated shower situations. The Heat exchangers efficiency are calculated and the energy savings are examined with annual energy savings. The payback time shows that the system is not currently viable. The efficiency need to be improved, the main issue being the constituent materials heat transfer attributes between cold and hot water. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the system would be viable with improved heat exchanger efficiency and adequate shower use, which depends on the user and the amount of people using the shower. The main issue with increased heat transfer efficiency is the greater risk of contamination between the incoming cold drinking water and the outgoing dirty drainage water.
30
Persson, Urban. "Realise the Potential! : Cost Effective and Energy Efficient District Heating in European Urban Areas." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Energiteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17281.
Анотація:
The Member States of EU27 need to accelerate the integration of energy efficient technology solutions to reach the 20% energy efficiency target set for 2020. At current pace, projections indicate that only half of expected primary energy reductions will be reached. To meet the energy demands of growing populations and a vibrant economy, while simultaneously reducing primary energy supplies, the European continent faces a new kind of challenge never previously encountered. The identification and application of feasible, competitive, and comprehensive solutions to this problem are of highest priority if the remaining gap is to be closed in time. How is this multi-dimensional and complex dilemma to be dissolved? In this work, expanded use of district heating technology is conceived as a possible solution to substantially reduce future primary energy demands in Europe. By extended recovery and utilisation of vast volumes of currently disregarded excess heat from energy and industry sector fuel transformation processes, district heating systems and combined generation of heat and power can improve the general efficiency of the European energy balance. To investigate the possible range of this solution, this thesis introduces a set of methodologies, theoretical concepts, and model tools, by which a plausible future excess heat utilisation potential, by means of district heat deliveries to residential and service sectors, is estimated. At current conditions and compared to current levels, this potential correspond to a threefold expansion possibility for directly feasible district heating systems in European urban areas and a fourfold increase of European excess heat utilisation.
31
Leal, Fernando Inti. "Economic and regulatory analysis of natural gas in Brazil: electricity generation, infrastructure, and energy integration." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-06022019-101324/.
Анотація:
Brazil\'s discoveries of large gas reservoirs in the offshore ultra-deep waters of the presalt fields show a promising scenario, along with strategic investment and adequate policy, for the development of natural gas infrastructure and a sustainable transition in the Brazilian electricity mix. Such transition should occur through the use of transnational natural gas pipelines connected to large industrial facilities and power stations, as part of strategic planning to expand industrial usage, and avoid the shortage of electricity supply, with economic and environmental advantages. Since the most important debates of the new millennium are focused on globalization and sustainable development for nations, transnational energy integration in Latin America has been receiving increasingly attention from researchers and policy makers. In this overall context, the purpose of the present research was to develop a model to study, in a comparative manner, the thermoelectric generation, as well as to analyze the effect of legal frameworks and governmental policies on the development of infrastructure and natural gas market in Brazil, with a detailed study of the most relevant market and regulatory mechanisms. A comparison was performed in terms of the most relevant regulatory legislation in Brazil and other relevant Member States of the South American economic block. The study also evaluates the sanctions imposed by ANEEL Resolution n. 583 of 2013 on suppliers, due to the lack of NG supply for thermoelectric utilities, proposing an alternative formula, thought to mitigate the influence of averages and other electricity market parameters, therefore decreasing the sanction value for the NG supplier, without compromising the contract neutrality. Different factors were analyzed in order to determine which technology would be the most efficient in terms of levelized costs. Results indicated that natural gas-fired generators are very competitive and efficient, when compared to other thermoelectric sources in both economic and environmental aspects, even when externalities were included. Also, that further strategic investment and adequate regulatory policy changes are required from the market agents, in order to foster the development of pipeline infrastructure and the expansion of natural gas use in Brazil. The study also demonstrates that the environmental impact of the CH4 leakage equals that of CO2 release from combustion at about 4.2% leakage on a mass basis, when methane leakage rises to a level in which natural gas becomes as greenhouse gas intensive as biomass.As descobertas de substanciais reservatórios de gás natural no Brasil, localizados em águas ultra profundas após a camada Pré-Sal, demonstram um cenário promissor, aliado a investimentos estratégicos e a políticas públicas adequadas, para o desenvolvimento da infraestrutura de gás natural e uma transição sustentável na matriz elétrica brasileira. Tal transição deveria ocorrer por intermédio do uso de tubulação transnacional de gás natural, conectada a grandes instalações industriais e a usinas termelétricas, como parte de um planejamento estratégico voltado à expansão do uso de gás natural na indústria e a evitar a escassez no suprimento de energia elétrica, com vantagens econômicas e ambientais. Considerando que os debates mais relevantes do novo milênio estão focados na globalização e no desenvolvimento sustentável das nações, a integração transnacional na América Latina tem recebido crescente atenção por parte de pesquisadores e de elaboradores das políticas públicas. Nesse contexto geral, a proposta da presente pesquisa foi a de desenvolver um modelo para estudar, de uma forma comparativa, a geração termelétrica, bem como analisar o impacto do arcabouço jurídico-regulatório e das políticas governamentais no desenvolvimento da infraestrutura e do mercado do gás natural no Brasil, com um estudo detalhado dos mais relevantes mecanismos regulatórios e de mercado. Foi realizado, ainda, um comparativo da legislação regulatória do gás natural no Brasil com outros Estados-Membros relevantes do Mercosul. O estudo também avalia as sanções impostas pela Resolução ANEEL n. 583 de 2013 nos fornecedores, devido a corte no suprimento de gás natural para empreendimentos de geração termelétrica, propondo um cálculo alternativo visando a mitigar a influência das médias e outros parâmetros intrínsecos ao mercado de energia, dessa maneira reduzindo as sanções contratuais para o fornecedor de gás natural, sem prejudicar a neutralidade contratual. Diferentes fatores foram analisados de forma a determinar qual tecnologia seria a mais eficiente em termos de custos nivelados de eletricidade. Os resultados indicaram que as termelétricas a gás natural são muito competitivas e eficientes, quando comparadas com outros tipos de combustível, tanto pelo aspecto ambiental quanto pelo econômico, mesmo quando externalidades são incluídas. Ainda, que são necessárias mudanças nas políticas regulatórias e no investimento estratégico por parte dos agentes do mercado, de forma a incentivar o desenvolvimento de infraestrutura e a expansão do uso do gás natural no Brasil. O estudo também evidencia que o impacto ambiental do vazamento de CH4 se iguala àquele do CO2 liberado pela combustão em cerca de 4.2% em base mássica, quando o vazamento de metano atinge um nível em que seu impacto como gás do efeito estufa fica equivalente à biomassa.
32
Pellizzeri, Vincenzo. "Sistemi energetici ibridi off-grid per applicazioni in aree rurali e paesi emergenti: analisi dello stato dell'arte." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Анотація:
L'accesso ininterrotto all'energia elettrica è diventato il bisogno fondamentale del mondo di oggi. Le parti rurali di molti paesi ancora oggi non hanno accesso all'energia elettrica o hanno accesso a reti di distribuzione deboli con infrastrutture del sistema di trasmissione e distribuzione inadeguate. Tuttavia, nei paesi dove c'è un'abbondanza di risorse rinnovabili come la radiazione solare, la risorsa eolica e corsi d’acqua, l'accesso all'elettricità può essere gestito dalla generazione di energia distribuita. Considerando il fatto che le fonti di energia rinnovabile sono intermittenti in natura si possono integrare ad esse sistemi di stoccaggio a batteria e altri serbatoi, per esempio le fonti di energia da biomassa, per garantire l'accesso continuo all'elettricità e la sicurezza energetica. In questo elaborato sono stati descritti i principali impianti basati su fonte di energia rinnovabile, i metodi di ottimizzazione, i criteri di valutazione ed infine è stato preso in considerazione come caso di studio l’implementazione di un nuovo sistema stand-alone per sei differenti zone rurali dell’India impossibilitate a connettersi alla rete centralizzata. Infine i risultati ottenuti dai processi di simulazione e ottimizzazione del software HOMER sono stati confrontati con quelli del sistema attualmente in uso nelle sei zone climatiche. Dai risultati ottenuti si evince che l’implementazione del nuovo sistema ha portato alla riduzione degli indici LCOE (Levelized cost of energy) ed NPC (Net present cost), ma ha anche diminuito le emissioni di gas nocivi, migliorato la frazione rinnovabile RF ed ha creato nuova occupazione.
33
Canbek, Cetin. "Life-cycle cost study of ground source heat pumps in hot humid climate zone." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1992.
Анотація:
Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are gaining recognition as a cost effective and green heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) alternative in the United States. Still, this technology is not highly utilized due to factors such as high initial investment, lack of confidence and uncertainties in cost items.
This study focuses on the reflection of the variations in cost items on the feasibility and life-cycle cost of a typical GSHP system. For this purpose, life-cycle costs were calculated for a typical GSHP system and cost data was gathered for several projects. Possible variations on cost variables are defined. Then, the effect of these variations on life cycle cost is analyzed on a comparative basis with a conventional system. It was concluded that the GSHP systems may not be economically favorable over a conventional HVAC systems without current incentives in hot and humid climate regions.
34
Deshpande, Jaydeep Sanjeev. "Investigations on Solar Powered Direct Contact Membrane Distillation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71370.
Анотація:
Desalination is one of the proposed methods to meet the ever increasing water demands. It
can be subdivided into two broad categories, thermal based desalination and electricity based
desalination. Multi-effect Distillation (MED), Multi-Stage Flashing (MSF), Membrane
Distillation (MD) fall under former and Reverse Osmosis (RO), Electro-Dialysis (ED) fall under
later. MD offers an attractive solution for seawater as well as brackish water distillation. It shows
highly pure yields, theoretically 100% pure. The overall construction of a MD unit is way simpler
than any other desalination systems.
MD is a thermally driven diffusion process where desalination takes places in the form of
water vapor transport across the membrane. It has low second law efficiency due to parasitic heat
losses. The objective of the first part of the investigation is to thoroughly analyze a Direct
Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system from the view point of yield and exergy. The
insights from exergy analysis are used in a design study, which is used for performance
optimization. The first part concludes with a design procedure and design windows for large scale
DCMD construction.
In the second part of the investigation, focus is moved to waveguide solar energy
collector. The idea behind an ideal waveguide is to reduce the complexity of modeling solar
energy collection. The mathematical model provided in this analysis can be extended to a
family of non-imaging optics in solar energy and serves as a benchmarking analysis tool. A
waveguide is suitable for low temperature operations due to limitations on maximum continuous
temperature of operation. Thus, it becomes an ideal solution for DCMD applications. A levelized
cost analysis is presented for a waveguide powered DCMD plant of a 30,000 capacity. A
combination of waveguide and DCMD shows levelized cost of water at $1.80/m3, which is found
to be lower than previously reported solar desalination water costs.Master of Science
35
Samson, Martin. "New sizing methodology for cost minimization of ground coupled heat pump systems considering groundwater flow." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29876.
Анотація:
Ce mémoire de maîtrise introduit une nouvelle méthodologie de conception et d’optimisation techno-économique de systèmes géothermiques qui tient compte des écoulements souterrains. Une revue de littérature est complétée et la problématique est définie en s’appuyant sur les manques à combler au niveau des procédures de dimensionnement actuelles. La nouvelle procédure de dimensionnement inclut, entre autre, les données hydrogéologiques, les charges thermiques du bâtiment et les coûts du système géothermique. De plus, elle améliore les méthodologies actuelles en incluant une approche analytique pour la modélisation des écoulements souterrains lors de la simulation du champ de puits géothermiques. La méthodologie de recherche est présentée, y compris la stratégie d'optimisation, les fonctions G utilisées lors de la simulation énergétique et les défis rencontrés au cours de cette maîtrise. Les fonctions G sont calculées avec deux modèles analytiques: source cylindrique infinie et source linéique finie mobile. Une nouvelle simplification mathématique pour l'intégration des fonctions G dans la routine d'optimisation est démontrée, ce qui permet de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul (jusqu'à 25%), en plus de constituer un nouvel ajout aux méthodologies actuelles utilisant des fonctions G. Les procédures de test et l'analyse de la convergence sont également discutées. La nouvelle méthode de dimensionnement comprend le calcul des coûts initiaux et opérationnels. Des variables de conception optimales (profondeur de forage, distance entre les trous de forage consécutifs, etc.) et des aménagements de champ de puits (nombre de puits dans la direction x) sont présentés pour différentes valeurs de conductivité thermique du sol et de vitesse d’écoulement des eaux souterraines. En outre, une étude paramétrique est réalisée pour mesurer l’impact de l’écoulement des eaux souterraines par rapport au champ de puits sur l'aspect économique du projet. Une comparaison simultanée des coûts initiaux et opérationnels est également effectuée, ce qui permet de fournir des notions intéressantes pour les processus de conception à critères multiples. Enfin, les conceptions optimisées sont testées en dehors des conditions d’opération nominales.This master’s thesis introduces a new sizing methodology for ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems which takes into account groundwater flow in order to achieve a technoeconomic optimization of the total cost of the project. A literature review is presented and the problem is defined in order to show missing elements from current GCHP sizing procedures. The new sizing procedure includes hydrogeological data, building thermal loads, and GCHP system costs, while improving actual design methodologies by including an analytical approach for groundwater flow in the heat transfer simulation of the borefield. The research methodology is presented, including the optimization strategy, the G-functions used during energy simulations, and the challenges encountered during this master’s degree. The G-functions are calculated with two analytical models: infinite cylinder source (ICS) and moving finite line source (MFLS). A new mathematical simplification for the integration of G-functions in the optimization routine is derived, which considerably reduces computational time (by up to 25%) and is a new addition to current methodologies using G-functions. Testing procedures and a convergence analysis are also discussed. The new sizing methodology includes the calculation of the initial and the annual operational costs. Optimal design variables (borehole depths, distance between consecutive boreholes, etc.) and borefield layouts (number of boreholes in the x -direction) are presented for different values of ground thermal conductivity and groundwater velocity. In addition, a parametric study is done to measure the impact of the groundwater flow velocity and angle with respect to the borefield on the economics of the project. A simultaneous comparison of the initial and operational costs is also completed, as it can provide interesting insights for multi-criterion design processes. Finally, optimized designs are tested under off-design operating conditions.
36
Ravi, Kumar Swetha. "A techno-economic analysis of a residential solar Photovoltaic system installed in 2010 : A comparative case study between California and Germany." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105187.
Анотація:
With environmental concerns and energy needs increasing, many regions in the world are promoting renewable energy technologies making use of various policy instruments. Although today the PV systems price is decreasing, which gives it a competitive edge; we see the technology still being dependent on policy instruments for its dissemination. The aim of this study is to research on whether or not a solar PV system is economically viable under certain circumstances. The study analyzes this by performing a cost beneficial analysis for the lifetime of the solar PV system making use of a discounted savings model. The systems being considered in this study are from California and Germany as these regions are leading in solar PV dissemination in their respective regions. The policies that are aiding the deployment of solar PV technologies are varied and thus this study compares benefits from different policy instrument for a residential customer investing in a solar PV system. The research objectives in this study are pursued making use of major concepts such as Grid Parity, Levelized Cost of Electricity and financial methods such as discounting. Further, to understand how the different independent variables such as retail electricity prices, PV system pricing, WACC, self-consumption rate and storage availability are having an impact and how the results change with variation in these variables, a sensitivity analysis is conducted. The results obtained in this study show that a solar PV system installed in California and Germany both make net benefits over their lifetime. When compared, the Californian solar PV system under the Net Energy Metering policy is making more net economic benefits in the range of $ 40,351 in Eureka and $53,510 in San Francisco; when compared to the German solar PV systems under the Feed in Tariff ranging $4,465 in Berlin and $11,769 in Munich. Furthermore the Californian solar PV systems still prove to be more beneficial even when compared to the German solar PV systems under the self-consumption law of the Feed in Tariff ranging $ 6,443 in Berlin and $ 13,141 in Munich. But when the self-consumption rate is increased in the German case, it is noted that the associated benefits increase. The study at hand thus results in the California Net Energy Meter policy instrument proving to be more beneficial to a residential customer than the German Feed in tariff with and without self-consumption. Another important finding made in this study is that despite the German solar PV system making lesser benefits than the Californian ones, they attain Grid Parity before the ones in California.
37
Anieheobi, Callistus Chukwuemeka. "Congo-Nigeria hydroelectric superhighway grid : an economic viable option / Anieheobi Callistus C." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3667.
Анотація:
Electricity availability and stability have a great contributory share of industrialization growth rate, poverty statistics, unemployment, foreign investors' participation, medium and small scale encouragement, crime and mortality rates recorded in any country. Nigeria as a country has been challenged with unstable and unreliable power supply.
There are many problems associated with electricity production in Nigeria. Such problems are recorded in the generation, transmission and distribution facets of electricity production.
With a multi-faceted problem, this document has been developed to deal with the economic aspect of power generation in Nigeria. Out of numerous technologies that are used in power generation, Nigerian predominantly sources its electricity supply from gas power plants and hydropower systems located within the country. Unfortunately, the Nigeria hydropower has been challenged with hydrological shortfalls. The gas power plant which is now conventional is being challenged with the developing gas technology around the globe. This development has adversely affected the cost of gas and subsequently the cost of power production using gas power plants.
As a result of hydrological limitations on Nigerian hydropower dams, effect of gas price on cost of energy produced and diversifying gas technology, harnessing electric energy from Inga falls of River Congo was considered as an economic choice of power production in Nigeria. The choice of power production adopted in this document was made from an economic viability studies carried out between Nigerian gas power plants and hydropower production from the River Congo.
The choice of technology employed for harnessing electric energy is largely dependent on the economic factors that go with the development. While some of these technologies go with large initial capital investment some are challenged with geometric increase of running cost. As applied in this work, the Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Levelized Cost of Energy and Cash Flow Trend Analysis are suitable tools to determine choice of power plant. These tools were integrated and developed as an NILC model.
In the analysis presented in this dissertation, the economic viability of the two power plants selected was determined with the use of the Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Levelized Cost of Energy and Cash Flow Trend Analysis (NILC) model. The model was used to measure the economic viability quantities of the two power plants selected for economic comparison.
After the completion of economic comparative analysis, hydropower production from the River Congo was concluded to be a better choice of power production compared to the conventional gas power plant option in Nigeria.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
38
Ginste, Joakim, and Sascha Partanen. "Feasibility analysis of upgrading the cogeneration unit of George Washington sugar mill in Cuba." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283613.
Анотація:
Cuba’s government has set a goal to generate 24 percent of the country’s electricity from renewable sources by 2030. The country’s many sugar mills have been identified as key contributors to reach this goal as their cogeneration units have the potential to significantly increase Cuba’s electricity production from biomass by upgrading them to bioelectric plants. This study evaluates the feasibility of upgrading the cogeneration unit of George Washington sugar mill in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba. An energy balance of the proposed upgraded scheme is done to deduce its feasibility from an energy perspective. To deduce the project’s feasibility from a financial standpoint its net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), discounted payback period (DPP) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) are calculated. The spared CO2 emissions by integrating more biopower in the Cuban electricity system are calculated from the avoided burning of diesel for electricity production. The impact on Cuba’s energy independence is quantified by calculating the avoided diesel imports. The NPV of the proposed scheme is 64.9 MUSD, the IRR is 25.6 percent which is significantly higher than the set discount rate of 6.5 percent, the DPP is 5.3 years and the LCOE is 0.0533 USD/kWh which is lower than the maximum LCOE set by AZCUBA to 0.14 USD/kWh. The avoided CO2 emissions and imported diesel are estimated to be 110,173 tonnes CO2 and 36,724 tonnes diesel each year, respectively. These indicators suggest that the upgrade of George Washington’s cogeneration unit is feasible.Kubas regering har satt som mål att generera 24 procent av landets elektricitet från förnyelsebara källor till år 2030. Landets många sockerbruk har identifierats som nyckelaktörer för att nå detta mål då sockerbrukens kraftvärmeenhet har potential att öka Kubas elproduktion från biomassa genom att uppgradera dem till bioelektriska kraftverk. Denna studie utvärderar möjligheten att uppgradera kraftvärmeenheten på sockerbruket George Washington i provinsen Villa Clara, Kuba. Först görs en energibalans på det föreslagna uppgraderade systemet för att utläsa dess genomförbarhet ur ett energiperspektiv. För att utvärdera projektets genomförbarhet ur ett finansiellt perspektiv beräknas investeringens nettonuvärde (NPV), interna avkastningsgrad (IRR), diskonterade återbetalningstid (DPP) och energiproduktionskostnad (LCOE). De undvikta CO2 utsläppen genom integrering av mer biokraft i det kubanska elsystemet beräknas från den uteblivna förbränningen av diesel för elproduktion i landet. Effekterna på Kubas energioberoende kvantifieras genom att man beräknar den minskade dieselimporten. NPV i det föreslagna uppgraderade systemet är 64,9 MUSD, IRR är 25,6 procent vilket är betydligt högre än den fastställda diskonteringsräntan på 6,5 procent, DPP är 5,3 år och LCOE är 0,0533 USD/kWh vilket är lägre än det maximala LCOE som fastställts av AZCUBA till 0,14 USD/kWh. De uteblivna CO2-utsläppen och minskningen av importerad diesel beräknas uppgå till 110 173 ton CO2 respektive 36 724 ton diesel varje år. Dessa indikatorer tyder på att uppgraderingen av George Washingtons kraftvärmeenhet är genomförbar.
39
Kirsten, Sean Louis. "Heat as medicine - a study of the ceiling retrofit programme in South African low cost housing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15759.
Анотація:
Exploring the energy saving and efficient intervention options available to governments, Winkler et al (2002) measured the energy cost-benefits of different interventions in low cost housing across South Africa. These interventions included installing insulated ceilings (retrofitting), roof insulation, partitions, wall insulation, window insulation, solar water heaters (SWH) and compact fluorescent lights (CFL's). Of these interventions, wall insulations and ceiling installations were the most cost-effective interventions. This approach was coined "Heat as medicine" by Howden‐Chapman (2011) and a CBA conducted by his team concluded a 2:1 benefit to cost ratio (B:C) from the insulation process (IEA, 2011). Mathews and van Wyk (1996) found that by installing a ceiling in a low cost house, a 74% saving in energy consumption can be made during winter and Spalding-Fecher et al (2002) found a R781 saving in energy per year per household from ceiling installations. With ceilings having such a substantial cost-effective impact on energy efficiency, this paper will be focusing on the ceiling retrofitting intervention in addressing energy poverty. Surprisingly, solar water heater interventions offer a much smaller net benefit, as a result of high installation costs and increased usage of water. Having attended conferences on this topic and engaged with low-cost house residents in the Western Cape, the SWH intervention is often seen by the households as a luxury item, which they would happily exchange for more direct benefits such as ceilings and affordable and energy-saving cooking stoves.
40
Mehdijev, Shamil. "Dimensioning and Life Cycle Costing of Battery Storage System in residential housing- A case study of Local System Operator Concept." Thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211559.
Анотація:
growing concern on achieving environmental sustainability and at the same time making economical savings has become a necessity in our society. The prices of different battery energy storage technologies together with PV cells are declining all around the globe which has led to the fact that there is an increased interest in investing and using these technologies to be able to reach environmental sustainability. The combined system however, must be accurately calculated both when it comes to the sizing and the different costs related to the combined system to be able to make an economical saving. This thesis addresses both of those aspects in Sweden where a residential building with roof-top installed PV system is assessed with a battery energy storage system. An investigation is necessary to be able to assess the different battery storage technologies available in the market today with their specific technical and economical specifications. The electricity market in Sweden, the role of the Distribution System Operator on the electricity pricing with different time tariffs and fuse size subscription, PV generation and battery specifications are investigated and modeled in this study. Sizing of the different battery technologies for the given system is accomplished through a methodology that is developed in this project for the Swedish system. The calculated size of the battery is then used in the Life Cycle Cost analysis, using Monte Carlo simulations for a chosen period of 25 years.Calculations shows that the most appropriate size for the battery system with the given parameters is 6 kWh for all the battery types investigated in this study. The size of the batteries is also shown to be mainly dependent on the charging/discharging time together with the set fuse size margin. Profitability of the Battery Energy Storage system is proven to be mainly dependent on the fuse size downgrade. Sulphur-Sodium battery result in the greatest savings while Vanadium Redox batteries in the least when sizing the batteries. Lithium-Ion battery technology however is most likely to result in the lowest Levelized Cost of Electricity, total- and cycle costs while the highest Net Present Value with 90 % probability in the Monte Carlo simulations. Lithium-Ion battery technology is also found to have the highest probability of having a positive NPV compared to the lowest probability for Sulphur-Sodium battery technology. Lead-Acid battery technology is however shown to have the least uncertainties compared to other Battery Energy Storage technologies due to its maturity. It is additionally shown that government subsidy plays a crucial role when investing in the battery storage system. However, even with the case of removed government subsidy, Lithium-Ion battery technology still results in the largest probability of having a positive NPV while Sulphur-Sodium battery technology results in the lowest probability of having a positive NPV.Den växande oron för att uppnå miljömässig hållbarhet och samtidigt göra ekonomiska besparingar har blivit en nödvändighet i vårt samhälle. Priserna på olika energilagrings teknologier så som batterier tillsammans med PV-celler minskar runt om i världen vilket har lett till att det finns ett ökat intresse när det gäller att investera och använda dessa teknologier för att kunna nå miljömässig hållbarhet. Det kombinerade systemet måste dock noggrant beräknas både när det gäller storleken och de olika kostnaderna för det kombinerade systemet för att kunna göra en ekonomisk besparing. Denna avhandling behandlar båda dessa aspekter i Sverige där en bostadsbyggnad med takmonterat PV system utvärderas med ett batteri system. En undersökning är nödvändig för att kunna bedöma de olika batteri teknologier som finns tillgängliga på marknaden idag med sina specifika tekniska och ekonomiska specifikationer. Elmarknaden i Sverige, Distribution System Operatörs roll för elprissättning med olika tidstariffer och säkringsabonnemang, PV-generation och batterispecifikationer undersöks och modelleras i denna studie. Dimensionering av olika batteri teknologier för det givna systemet uppnås genom en metod som utvecklats i detta projekt för det svenska systemet. Den beräknade storleken på batteriet används sedan i livscykelkostnadsanalysen, med Monte Carlo-simuleringar under en vald period på 25 år. Beräkningar visar att den optimala storleken för batterisystemet med de angivna parametrarna är 6 kWh för alla batterityper som undersöktes i denna studie. Batteriets storlek visar sig också vara huvudsakligen beroende av laddning / urladdningstiden tillsammans med den inställda säkrings storleken. Lönsamheten hos batterilagringssystemet visar sig vara huvudsakligen beroende av säkringens nedgradering. Svavel-Natriumbatteriet resulterar i de största besparingarna medan Vanadium Redox batteriet i de minsta när dimensionering av batteriet äger rum. Litium-Ion batteriet är emellertid sannolikt att leda till den lägsta nivån av elkostnader, total- och cykelkostnader, medan det högsta nettoförsäljningsvärdet med 90% sannolikhet i Monte Carlo-simuleringarna. Litium-Ion batteriet befanns också ha den högsta sannolikheten att ha en positiv NPV jämfört med Svavel-Natriumbatteriet som resulterar i den lägsta sannolikheten. Lead-Acid batteriet visar sig ha den minsta osäkerheten i jämförelse med andra batterilagrings teknologier på grund av dess mognad. Det framgår dessutom att statlig subvention spelar en avgörande roll när man investerar i ett batteri lagrings system. Dock även med borttagna statliga subventioner, resulterar Litium-Ion batteriet fortfarande största sannolikheten för att ha en positiv NPV, medan Svavel-Natriumbatteriet resulterar den lägsta sannolikheten för att ha en positiv NPV.
41
Naji, Adel Ali. "Data Mining for Accurately Estimating Residential Natural Gas Energy Consumption and Savings Using a Random Forest Approach." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1557422487896673.
42
Diem, Matthew M. "Development of a combined hot isostatic pressing and solution heat-treat process for the cost effective densification of critical aluminum castings." Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0107103-162146.
43
Le, Roux Daniël Francois. "Investigation, development and testing of a low cost Solar Heat Barrow (SHB) and purifier / D.F. le Roux." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/204.
Анотація:
Many rural communities in South Africa do not have running water or electricity. The fetching
and heating of water is therefore a time consuming and expensive daily ritual. The use of
energy sources such as wood or coal are not readily available and cause environmental
pollution.
Although solar water heaters are commonly available in South Africa, they are very seldom
used in rural areas. Whilst this can mostly be attributed to a high system cost, current
designs also do not cater for specific rural problems such as the transporting or purification
of water.
A prototype model, designed with such an approach in mind, has already been constructed
by TEMM International (Pty.) Ltd. The Solar Heat Barrow (SHB) was developed in the 1992
to 2003 period with the intention of combining a number of functions at low cost. Specific
requirements were:
low cost,
a suitable design and materials for manufacture in large volume,
sufficiently durable taking into account the harsh conditions of use.
suitability for cases where no in-house piped water supply was available,
the use of appropriate technology and
the improvement of quality of life. The unit combines the absorption of solar radiation, the heating of a relatively small volume
of water, the transport of the water from the point of supply and the storage of the hot water
until it is used.
Untreated water sources such as surface waters (streams, rivers, lakes, etc.) or unprotected
open wells are the vehicles for waterborne bacterial diseases such as cholera and typhoid
fevers. In the case where water is collected from these sources, the SHB has a build-in
Purification Dispenser that purifies the water in the collector against waterborne bacterial
diseases.
Certain research questions need to be answered. They will be answered by demonstrating
the SHB in two communities where no in-house piped water supply is available and by
establishing the socio-economic response of the users. The research questions are as
follow:
What are the responses of the users concerning the SHB, in comparison to those of a
control group, regarding its operation, durability, utility and satisfaction of needs?
What is the daily use of hot water and the reduction in energy use and cost?
To what extent will the target community purchase the SHB at the full or subsidised
commercial price?
Is there a business case that can be developed for the large scale production,
marketing. financing and Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME) development
of the SHB?
It was decided to choose a community in the Valley of Thousand Hills in KwaZulu Natal as
the demonstration site. The name of the community is Mabedlane. It is a remote rural area
20 km's north of Botha's Hill and is situated along the Umgeni River. The community is
dependent on the river for domestic water. Most families are headed by women. The area
has low levels of infrastructure, poor roads, a high unemployment rate and poor health
facilities.
The first survey, which was conducted before the test period started, showed a very positive
response from potential users. From 112 questionnaires that were given to the people of
Mabedlane, all indicated that they were interested in a product that can transport and heat
water for domestic use. The socio-economic study has shown that the price per unit needs to
be adapted as 85% of the people who participated in the survey indicated that they would only pay less than R100 for the product. 15% indicated that they would pay between RlOO
and R200.
From the second and third questionnaires it was clear that the users were satisfied with the
heating performances of the SHB. The community was very interested in purchasing a SHB.
They have realised that a SHB will improve their standard of living and regard it as a
necessity in their day to day activities.
It is apparent that people, who will benefit from a SHB most, are those who will not be able to
pay the full retail price. Therefore, new business strategies have to be researched when
implementing the SHB to the target market in South Africa. The idea of considering ways to
sponsorlfund the SHB must also be investigated.Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
44
Johnson, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Valuing Ecosystem Services in Cost-Benefit Analyses of Stormwater Management and Urban Heat Island Adaptation / Daniel Johnson." Berlin : ESCP Europe Wirtschaftshochschule Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236574249/34.
45
Lundin, Rasmus, and Benjamin Beitler-Dorch. "Modelling and Analysis of Mobile Energy Transmission for Offshore Wind Power : An analysis of flow batteries as an energy transmission system for offshore wind power." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40082.
Анотація:
A comparison between a traditional fixed high voltage direct current energy transmission system and a mobile transmission system utilizing vanadium redox flow batteries has been conducted in this degree work. The purpose of this comparison was to evaluate if a mobile energy transmission system could be competitive in terms of energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness for use in offshore wind power applications. A literary study was made to fully grasp the various technologies and to create empirical ground of which cost estimation methods and energy calculations could be derived. A specific scenario was designed to compare the two transmission systems with the same conditions. To perform the comparison, a model was designed and simulated in MATLAB. The results from the model showed that the flow battery system fell behind in energy efficiency with a total energy loss of 33.3 % compared to the 11.7 % of the traditional system, future efficiency estimations landed it at a more competitive 17.5 %. The techno-economic results proved that a mobile flow battery system would be up to nine times more expensive in comparison to a traditional transmission system, with the best-case scenario resulting in it being roughly two times more expensive. The main cause of this was found out to be the expensive energy subsystem, specifically the electrolyte, used in the flow battery system. Several environmental risks arise when using a flow battery system with this electrolyte as well which could harm marine life severely. In conclusion; with further development and cost reductions, a case could be made for the advantages of a truly mobile energy transmission system. Specifically, in terms of the pure flexibility and mobility of the system, allowing it to circumvent certain complications. The mobility of the system gives the possibility of selling energy where the spot prices are at their highest, providing a higher revenue potential compared to a traditional fixed system. As for now though, it is simply too expensive to be a viable solution.
46
Tomosk, Steven. "Applications of Traditional and Concentrated Photovoltaic Technologies for Reducing Electricity Costs at Ontario Data Centers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34324.
Анотація:
Demand for cloud-based applications and remote digital storage is increasing. As
such, data center capacities will need to expand to support this shift in computing.
Data centers consume substantial amounts of electricity in support of their
operations, and larger data centers will mean that more energy is consumed. To
reduce electricity bills, data center operators must explore innovative options, and
this thesis proposes leveraging solar technology for this purpose. Three different
photovoltaic and concentrated photovoltaic costing scenarios, as well as four
different Ontario-based electricity tariff scenarios – time-of-use, feed-in tariff, power
purchase agreement, and a peak-dependent electricity charge involving the
province’s global adjustment fee – will be used to determine if there is a business
case for using solar technology at data centers in Ontario to reduce energy costs.
Discounted net present value, return on investment, internal rate of return, and
levelized cost of electricity will be calculated to determine the economic viability of
solar for this application, and both deterministic and stochastic results will be
provided. Sensitivity of the four metrics to variability from energy yield, operations
and maintenance costs, as well as system prices will also be presented.
47
Björnsson, Anders, and David Einarsson. "Capacity and cost analysis : Implementing a Just-in-time philosophy in annealing operations at Sapa Heat Transfer AB." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Production Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2690.
Анотація:
Our work focuses on an analysis of the processes for full and partial annealing of aluminium coils. Due to inefficient production management these processes show high inventory levels, long lead times and decreased delivery performance.
We have also found inadequacies in the ways costs for these processes are distributed. We have established a new process mapping by initially investigating the strategic dimensions of the company and the processes for annealing, in order to later on establish performance measures congruent with the business objectives. Furthermore we have conducted extensive calculations and analyses to facilitate the successful implementation of a Just-in-time production philosophy, including necessary process improvements and redesigns to be made. Our proposed changes will lead to shorter lead times and low levels of WIP, which are important success factors of a JIT-based production philosophy.
To do this we have developed a capacity analysis tool with which it is also possible to analyse other processing scenarios or the effect of load changes and/or product mix variations. This tool can also serve as a benchmark for capacity analysis of other processes.
Finally, we have been able to establish more accurate costs per machine hour for full and partial annealing to be implemented in the managerial system. We believe that the processes for annealing are not the only ones suffering from poor cost control, why we would suggest that Sapa Heat Transfer investigates the cost distribution in more processes, and also develops and follows better guidelines for cost control.
48
Hagström, Peter. "Biomass Potential for Heat, Electricity and Vehicle Fuel in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-85623.
Анотація:
The main objective of this thesis was to determine how far a biomass quantity, equal to the potential produced within the Swedish borders, could cover the present energy needs inSwedenwith respect to economic and ecological circumstances. Three scenarios were studied where the available biomass was converted to heat, electricity and vehicle fuel. Three different amounts of biomass supply were studied for each scenario: 1) potential biomass amounts derived from forestry, non-forest land, forest industry and community; 2) the same amounts as in Case 1, plus the potential biomass amounts derived from agriculture; 3) the same amounts as in Case 1, plus 50% of the potential pulpwood quantity. For evaluating the economic and ecological circumstances of using biomass in the Swedish energy system, the scenarios were complemented with energy, cost and emergy analysis. The scenarios indicated that it may be possible to produce 170.2 PJ (47.3 TWh) per year of electricity from the biomass amounts in Case 2. From the same amount of biomass, the maximum annual production of hydrogen was 241.5 PJ (67.1 TWh) per year or 197.2 PJ (54.8 TWh) per year of methanol. The energy analysis showed that the ratio of energy output to energy input for large-scale applications ranged from 1.9 at electric power generation by gasification of straw to 40 at district heating generation by combustion of recovered wood. The cost of electricity at gasification ranged from 7.95 to 22.58 €/GJ. The cost of vehicle work generated by using hydrogen produced from forestry biomass in novel fuel cells was economically competitive compared to today’s propulsion systems. However, the cost of vehicle work generated by using methanol produced from forestry biomass in combustion engines was rather higher compared to use of petrol in petrol engines. The emergy analysis indicated that the only biomass assortment studied with a larger emergy flow from the local environment, in relation to the emergy flow invested from society after conversion, was fuel wood from non-forest land. However, even use of this biomass assortment for production of heat, electricity or vehicle fuels had smaller yields of emergy output in relation to emergy invested from society compared to alternative conversion processes; thus, the net contribution of emergy generated to the economy was smaller compared to these alternative conversion processes.QC 20120217
49
Artieda, Urrutia Juan. "Desiccant Cooling Analysis : Simulation software, energy, cost and environmentalanalysis of desiccant cooling system." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6994.
Анотація:
Desiccant cooling is a technology that, based on a open psychrometric cycle, is able to provide cooling using heat as the main energy carrier. This technology uses a considerably smaller amount of electricity than refrigerators based on the vapor-compression cycle, which is an electricity driven cycle. Electricity is often more expensive than other types of energy and has CO2 emissions associated with its generation , so desiccant cooling has the potential of achieving both economic and environmental benefits. In addition to this, the heat the desiccant cooling cycle needs to work can be supplied at relative low temperatures, so it can use heat coming from the district heating grid, from a solar collector or even waste heat coming from industries. The system which will be studied in this report is a desiccant cooling system based on the model designed by the company Munters AB. The systems relies on several components: a desiccant rotor, a rotary heat exchanger two evaporative humidifiers and two heating coils. It is a flexible system that is able to provide cooling in summer and heat during winter. This study performs a deep economic and environmental analysis of the desiccant cooling systems, comparing it with traditional vapor compression based systems: In order to achieve this objective a user-friendly software was created, called the DCSS – Desiccant Cooling Simulation Software – that simulates the operation of the system during a year and performs automatically all the necessary calculations. This study demonstrates that economic savings up to 54% percent can be achieved in the running costs of desiccant cooling systems when compared to traditional compressor cooling systems, and reductions up to39% in the CO2 emissions. It also demonstrates that desiccant cooling is more appropriate in dry climate zones with low latent heat generation gains. In addition to that, the DSCC software created will help further studies about the physical, economic and environmental feasibility of installing desiccant cooling systems in different locations.
50
Eller, Michael R. "Utilizing Economic and Environmental Data from the Desalination Industry as a Progressive Approach to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Commercialization." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1733.
Анотація:
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a renewable energy technology that has to overcome several key challenges before achieving its ultimate goal of producing baseload power on a commercial scale. The economic challenge of deploying an OTEC plant remains the biggest barrier to implementation. Although small OTEC demonstration plants and recent advances in subsystem technologies have proven OTEC’s technical merits, the process still lacks the crucial operational data required to justify investments in large commercial OTEC plants on the order of 50-100 megawatts of net electrical power (MWe-net). A pre-commercial pilot plant on the order of 5-10 MWe-net is required for an OTEC market to evolve. In addition to the economic challenge,OTEC plants have potential for adverse environmental impacts from redistribution of nutrients and residual chemicals in the discharge plume.
Although long-term operational records are not available for commercial sizeOTEC plants, synergistic operational data can be leveraged from the desalination industry to improve the potential for OTEC commercialization. Large capacity desalination plants primarily use membranes or thermal evaporator tubes to transform enormous amounts of seawater into freshwater. Thermal desalination plants in particular possess many of the same technical, economic, and environmental traits as a commercial scale OTEC plant. Substantial long-term economic data and environmental impact results are now widely available since commercial desalination began in the 1950s. Analysis of this data indicates that the evolution of the desalination industry could be akin to the potential future advancement of OTEC. Furthermore, certain scenarios exist where a combined OTEC-desalination plant provides a new opportunity for commercial plants. This paper seeks to utilize operational data from the desalination industry as a progressive approach towards OTEC commercialization.