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1
Sing, Calvin Kong Leng, Jeng Shiun Lim, Timothy Gordon Walmsley, Peng Yen Liew, Masafumi Goto, and Sheikh Ahmad Zaki Bin Shaikh Salim. "Time-Dependent Integration of Solar Thermal Technology in Industrial Processes." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062322.
Анотація:
Solar energy is currently an underutilized renewable energy source that could fulfill low-temperature industrial heat demands with significant potential in high solar irradiance counties such as Malaysia. This study proposes a new systematic method for optimization of solar heat integration for different process options to minimize the levelized cost of heat by combining different methods from the literature. A case study from the literature is presented to demonstrate the proposed method combined with meteorological data in Malaysia. The method estimates capital cost and levelized cost of solar heating considering important physical constraints (e.g., available space) and recovery of waste heat. The method determines and optimizes important physical dimensions, including collector area, storage size, and control design. As the result of the case study, the solar thermal integration with Clean-In-Place streams (hot water) gives the lowest levelized cost of heat with RM 0.63/kWh (0.13 EUR/kWh) due to its lowest process temperature requirement. The sensitivity analysis indicates that collector price and collector efficiency are the critical parameters of solar thermal integration.
2
Gabbrielli, R., P. Castrataro, F. Del Medico, M. Di Palo, and B. Lenzo. "Levelized Cost of Heat for Linear Fresnel Concentrated Solar Systems." Energy Procedia 49 (2014): 1340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.143.
3
Kearney, D., U. Herrmann, P. Nava, B. Kelly, R. Mahoney, J. Pacheco, R. Cable, N. Potrovitza, D. Blake, and H. Price. "Assessment of a Molten Salt Heat Transfer Fluid in a Parabolic Trough Solar Field." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1565087.
Анотація:
An evaluation was carried out to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a molten salt as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and for thermal storage in a parabolic trough solar field to improve system performance and to reduce the levelized electricity cost. The operating SEGS (Solar Electric Generating Systems located in Mojave Desert, California) plants currently use a high temperature synthetic oil consisting of a eutectic mixture of biphenyl/diphenyl oxide. The scope of this investigation included examination of known critical issues, postulating solutions or possible approaches where potential problems exist, and the quantification of performance and electricity cost using preliminary cost inputs. The two leading candidates were the so-called solar salt (a binary salt consisting of 60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3) and a salt sold commercially as HitecXL (a ternary salt consisting of 48% CaNO32, 7% NaNO3, and 45% KNO3). Assuming a two-tank storage system and a maximum operation temperature of 450°C, the evaluation showed that the levelized electricity cost can be reduced by 14.2% compared to a state-of-the-art parabolic trough plant such as the SEGS plants. If higher temperatures are possible, the improvement may be as high as 17.6%. Thermocline salt storage systems offer even greater benefits.
4
Coppitters, Diederik, Ward De Paepe, and Francesco Contino. "Robust design optimization of a renewable-powered demand with energy storage using imprecise probabilities." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123810004.
Анотація:
During renewable energy system design, parameters are generally fixed or characterized by a precise distribution. This leads to a representation that fails to distinguish between uncertainty related to natural variation (i.e. future, aleatory uncertainty) and uncertainty related to lack of data (i.e. present, epistemic uncertainty). Consequently, the main driver of uncertainty and effective guidelines to reduce the uncertainty remain undetermined. To assess these limitations on a grid-connected household supported by a photovoltaic-battery system, we distinguish between present and future uncertainty. Thereafter, we performed a robust design optimization and global sensitivity analysis. This paper provides the optimized designs, the main drivers of the variation in levelized cost of electricity and the effect of present uncertainty on these drivers. To reduce the levelized cost of electricity variance for an optimized photovoltaic array and optimized photovoltaic-battery design, improving the determination of the electricity price for every specific scenario is the most effective action. For the photovoltaic-battery robust design, the present uncertainty on the prediction accuracy of the electricity price should be addressed first, before the most effective action to reduce the levelized cost of electricity variance can be determined. Future work aims at the integration of a heat demand and hydrogen-based energy systems.
5
Mehrdad, Sina, Reza Dadsetani, Alireza Amiriyoon, Arturo S. Leon, Mohammad Reza Safaei, and Marjan Goodarzi. "Exergo-Economic Optimization of Organic Rankine Cycle for Saving of Thermal Energy in a Sample Power Plant by Using of Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm II." Processes 8, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030264.
Анотація:
Waste heat recovery plays an important role in energy source management. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) can be used to recover low-temperature waste heat. In the present work a sample power plant waste heat was used to operate an ORC. First, two pure working fluids were selected based on their merits. Four possible thermodynamic models were considered in the analysis. They were defined based on where the condenser and evaporator temperatures are located. Four main thermal parameters, evaporator temperature, condenser temperature, degree of superheat and pinch point temperature difference were taken as key parameters. Levelized energy cost values and exergy efficiency were calculated as the optimization criteria. To optimize exergy and economic aspects of the system, Strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm II (SPEA II) was implemented. The Pareto frontier solutions were ordered and chose by TOPSIS. Model 3 outperformed all other models. After evaluating exergy efficiency by mixture mass fraction, R245fa [0.6]/Pentane [0.4] selected as the most efficient working fluid. Finally, every component’s role in determining the levelized energy cost and the exergy efficiency and were discussed. The turbine, condenser and evaporator were found as the costliest components.
6
Doračić, Borna, Tomislav Pukšec, Daniel Rolph Schneider, and Neven Duić. "The effect of different parameters of the excess heat source on the levelized cost of excess heat." Energy 201 (June 2020): 117686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117686.
7
Buongiorno, Jacopo, Ben Carmichael, Bradley Dunkin, John Parsons, and Dirk Smit. "Can Nuclear Batteries Be Economically Competitive in Large Markets?" Energies 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144385.
Анотація:
We introduce the concept of the nuclear battery, a standardized, factory-fabricated, road transportable, plug-and-play micro-reactor. Nuclear batteries have the potential to provide on-demand, carbon-free, economic, resilient, and safe energy for distributed heat and electricity applications in every sector of the economy. The cost targets for nuclear batteries in these markets are 20–50 USD/MWht (6–15 USD/MMBTU) and 70–115 USD/MWhe for heat and electricity, respectively. We present a parametric study of the nuclear battery’s levelized cost of heat and electricity, suggesting that those cost targets are within reach. The cost of heat and electricity from nuclear batteries is expected to depend strongly on core power rating, fuel enrichment, fuel burnup, size of the onsite staff, fabrication costs and financing. Notional examples of cheap and expensive nuclear battery designs are provided.
8
Peppas, Antonis, Konstantinos Kollias, Hussam Jouhara, Michele Scotton, and Theodoros Kakardakos. "Cross-Cutting Technologies for Developing Innovative BIPV Systems in the Framework of the PVadapt Project." Proceedings 65, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020065006.
Анотація:
In the framework of the PVadapt H2020 project, a sustainable and fully adaptable building-integrated photovoltaic–thermal (BIPVT) system of substantially lower cost than conventional in-market solutions will be developed. A flexible automated process will be employed to produce PV modules as well as elements with integrated heat pipe-based heat recovery. These active energy components will be combined with passive components with structural, thermal, and other functions to produce prefabricated modules. A smart envelope System, featuring grid connectivity, load prediction/shifting, and insolation/temperature predictive algorithms, will be integrated in the BIPVT to maximize energy efficiency and cost saving. The unit cost of production, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and the payback period of the multifunctional BIPVT module will be below 200 €/m2, 2 ct/kWh, and 10 years, respectively.
9
Al-Ansary, Hany. "Prospects for Use of Solar Thermal Energy in High-Temperature Process Heat Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.16.
Анотація:
Concentrating solar power is a family of solar energy technologies that have been used for decades to produce power. These technologies have a unique advantage, which is the ability to store thermal energy for prolonged periods of time such that stable and dispatchable energy can be provided to the electricity grid. However, concentrating solar power has been recently losing market share to photovoltaic technology due to the former’s significantly higher initial cost. There are many efforts worldwide to develop innovative solutions that reduce the cost and/or increase efficiency of concentrating solar power systems. However, concentrating solar thermal energy already has great promising area of application that is still largely unexplored, and that is high-temperature industrial process heat. This study attempts to make the case for using concentrating solar thermal energy in process heat applications by examining the economic feasibility (represented by the levelized cost of energy) for three scenarios of deployment, where the temperature levels are 400°C, 550°C, and 700°C, respectively. The first scenario uses parabolic trough collectors, while the second uses a central receiver system, both with 12 hours of molten salt storage. The third scenario uses a central receiver system that employs the innovative falling particle receiver concept to push the operating limit to 700°C, and silica sand is used to store thermal energy for 12 hours. The location chosen for this analysis is Alice Springs, Australia, due to its high direct normal irradiance and the presence of mining industries in its vicinity. The analysis shows that all three scenarios have a lower levelized cost of energy when compared to natural gas. To further confirm these findings, the analysis needs to be extended to other locations to account for different solar resources and different economic constraints.
10
Aprile, Marcello, Rossano Scoccia, Alice Dénarié, Pál Kiss, Marcell Dombrovszky, Damian Gwerder, Philipp Schuetz, Peru Elguezabal, and Beñat Arregi. "District Power-To-Heat/Cool Complemented by Sewage Heat Recovery." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030364.
Анотація:
District heating and cooling (DHC), when combined with waste or renewable energy sources, is an environmentally sound alternative to individual heating and cooling systems in buildings. In this work, the theoretical energy and economic performances of a DHC network complemented by compression heat pump and sewage heat exchanger are assessed through dynamic, year-round energy simulations. The proposed system comprises also a water storage and a PV plant. The study stems from the operational experience on a DHC network in Budapest, in which a new sewage heat recovery system is in place and provided the experimental base for assessing main operational parameters of the sewage heat exchanger, like effectiveness, parasitic energy consumption and impact of cleaning. The energy and economic potential is explored for a commercial district in Italy. It is found that the overall seasonal COP and EER are 3.10 and 3.64, while the seasonal COP and EER of the heat pump alone achieve 3.74 and 4.03, respectively. The economic feasibility is investigated by means of the levelized cost of heating and cooling (LCOHC). With an overall LCOHC between 79.1 and 89.9 €/MWh, the proposed system can be an attractive solution with respect to individual heat pumps.
11
Baldasso, Enrico, Maria E. Mondejar, Ulrik Larsen, and Fredrik Haglind. "Regression Models for the Evaluation of the Techno-Economic Potential of Organic Rankine Cycle-Based Waste Heat Recovery Systems on Board Ships Using Low Sulfur Fuels." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061378.
Анотація:
When considering waste heat recovery systems for marine applications, which are estimated to be suitable to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions up to 20%, the use of organic Rankine cycle power systems has been proven to lead to higher savings compared to the traditional steam Rankine cycle. However, current methods to estimate the techno-economic feasibility of such a system are complex, computationally expensive and require significant specialized knowledge. This is the first article that presents a simplified method to carry out feasibility analyses for the implementation of organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery units on board vessels using low-sulfur fuels. The method consists of a set of regression curves derived from a synthetic dataset obtained by evaluating the performance of organic Rankine cycle systems over a wide range of design and operating conditions. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated by comparing its estimations with the ones attained using thermodynamic models. The results of the validation procedure indicate that the proposed approach is capable of predicting the organic Rankine cycle annual energy production and levelized cost of electricity with an average accuracy within 4.5% and 2.5%, respectively. In addition, the results suggest that units optimized to minimize the levelized cost of electricity are designed for lower engine loads, compared to units optimized to maximize the overall energy production. The reliability and low computational time that characterize the proposed method, make it suitable to be used in the context of complex optimizations of the whole ship’s machinery system.
12
Hirvonen, Janne, and Risto Kosonen. "Waste Incineration Heat and Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage for Promoting Economically Optimal Net-Zero Energy Districts in Finland." Buildings 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110205.
Анотація:
In countries with high heating demand, waste heat from industrial processes should be carefully utilized in buildings. Finland already has an extensive district heating grid and large amounts of combined heat and power generation. However, despite the average climate, there is little use for excess heat in summer. Waste incineration plants need to be running regardless of weather, so long-term storage of heat requires consideration. However, no seasonal energy storage systems are currently in operation in connection with Finnish waste incineration plants. This study used dynamic energy simulation performed with the TRNSYS 17 software to analyze the case of utilizing excess heat from waste incineration to supplement conventional district heating of a new residential area. Seasonal energy storage was utilized through a borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system. Parametric runs using 36 different storage configurations were performed to find out the cost and performance range of such plans. Annual energy storage efficiencies from 48% to 69% were obtained for the BTES. Waste heat could generate 37–89% of the annual heat demand. Cost estimations of waste heat storage using BTES are not available in the literature. As an important finding in this study, a levelized cost of heat of 10.5–23.5 €/MWh was obtained for various BTES configurations used for incineration waste heat storage. In the three most effective cases, the stored heat reduced annual CO2 emissions of the residential area by 42%, 64% and 86%. Thus, the solution shows great potential for reducing carbon emissions of district heating in grids connected to waste incineration plants.
13
Muradin, Magdalena, Katarzyna Joachimiak-Lechman, and Zenon Foltynowicz. "Evaluation of Eco-Efficiency of Two Alternative Agricultural Biogas Plants." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2018): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112083.
Анотація:
Implementation of the circular economy is one of the priorities of the European Union, and energy efficiency is one of its pillars. This article discusses an effective use of agri-food industry waste for the purposes of waste-to-energy in biogas plants. Its basic objective is the comparative assessment of the eco-efficiency of biogas production depending on the type of feedstock used, its transport and possibility to use generated heat. The environmental impact of the analysed installations was assessed with the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Cost calculation was performed using the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) method. The LCA analysis indicated that a biogas plant with a lower level of waste heat use where substrates were delivered by wheeled transport has a negative impact on the environment. The structure of distributed energy production cost indicates a substantial share of feedstock supply costs in the total value of the LCOE ratio. Thus, the factor affecting the achievement of high eco-efficiency is the location of a biogas plant in the vicinity of an agri-food processing plant, from which the basic feedstock for biogas production is supplied with the transmission pipeline, whereas heat is transferred for the needs of production processes in a processing plant or farm.
14
Walraven, Daniël, Ben Laenen, and William D’haeseleer. "Minimizing the levelized cost of electricity production from low-temperature geothermal heat sources with ORCs: Water or air cooled?" Applied Energy 142 (March 2015): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.078.
15
Leiva-Illanes, Roberto, Rodrigo Escobar, José M. Cardemil, and Diego-César Alarcón-Padilla. "Comparison of the levelized cost and thermoeconomic methodologies – Cost allocation in a solar polygeneration plant to produce power, desalted water, cooling and process heat." Energy Conversion and Management 168 (July 2018): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.107.
16
Moens, Luc, Daniel M. Blake, Daniel L. Rudnicki, and Mary Jane Hale. "Advanced Thermal Storage Fluids for Solar Parabolic Trough Systems." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 27, 2003): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1531644.
Анотація:
It has been established that the development of a storage option and increasing the operating temperature for parabolic trough electric systems can significantly reduce the levelized electricity cost compared to the current state of the art. Both improvements require a new heat transfer fluid that must have a very low vapor pressure at the hot operating temperature and combined with a high thermal stability, higher than 450°C. Further, the piping layout of trough plants dictates that the fluid not be allowed to freeze, which dictates the use of extensive insulation and heat tracing unless the fluid has a freezing point near 0°C. At present, it seems likely that this “ideal” fluid will have to be found among organic rather than inorganic salts. We are, therefore, investigating the chemical and thermal properties of “room temperature ionic liquids” that hold much promise as a new class of heat transfer or storage fluids.
17
Rosenstiel, Andreas, Nathalie Monnerie, Jürgen Dersch, Martin Roeb, Robert Pitz-Paal, and Christian Sattler. "Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Powered by PV/CSP Hybrid Power Plants: A Modelling Approach for Cost Optimal System Design." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123437.
Анотація:
Global trade of green hydrogen will probably become a vital factor in reaching climate neutrality. The sunbelt of the Earth has a great potential for large-scale hydrogen production. One promising pathway to solar hydrogen is to use economically priced electricity from photovoltaics (PV) for electrochemical water splitting. However, storing electricity with batteries is still expensive and without storage only a small operating capacity of electrolyser systems can be reached. Combining PV with concentrated solar power (CSP) and thermal energy storage (TES) seems a good pathway to reach more electrolyser full load hours and thereby lower levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH). This work introduces an energy system model for finding cost-optimal designs of such PV/CSP hybrid hydrogen production plants based on a global optimization algorithm. The model includes an operational strategy which improves the interplay between PV and CSP part, allowing also to store PV surplus electricity as heat. An exemplary study for stand-alone hydrogen production with an alkaline electrolyser (AEL) system is carried out. Three different locations with different solar resources are considered, regarding the total installed costs (TIC) to obtain realistic LCOH values. The study shows that a combination of PV and CSP is an auspicious concept for large-scale solar hydrogen production, leading to lower costs than using one of the technologies on its own. For today’s PV and CSP costs, minimum levelized costs of hydrogen of 4.04 USD/kg were determined for a plant located in Ouarzazate (Morocco). Considering the foreseen decrease in PV and CSP costs until 2030, cuts the LCOH to 3.09 USD/kg while still a combination of PV and CSP is the most economic system.
18
Chaturvedi, S. K., and L. M. Murphy. "Energy Conservation Potential of Large Capacity Solar-Assisted Heat Pumps for Low Temperature IPH Applications." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267694.
Анотація:
Energy conservation and economic potential of large capacity (∼MWth) solar-assisted water-to-water heat pumps (SAHP) is evaluated for year round low temperature (<100° C) industrial process heating applications at four locations in the United States. The long-term thermal performance of the SAHP system is determined by a recently proposed utilizability method that accounts for the variable coefficient of performance of the SAHP system. The large SAHP system appears to be an attractive energy conservation alternative to fuel oil and electricity for locations with high solar resources and low electricity costs. In all but one location, the SAHP system was clearly superior to the solar only systems, such as flat plate and concentrating collectors, from the point of view of the annualized delivered energy cost. For the ranges of collector area and load temperatures considered in this study, the large SAHP system has clearly superior energy conservation potential at all four locations compared to other alternatives such as fuel oil or electricity. However, the practial suitability of SAHP cycle, as determined by the levelized cost of delivered energy, is unfavorable at all four locations when compared with fuel oil.
19
Li, Jingli, Wannian Qi, Jun Yang, Yi He, Jingru Luo, and Su Guo. "The Capacity Optimization of Wind-Photovoltaic-Thermal Energy Storage Hybrid Power System." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802054.
Анотація:
This paper proposes a Wind-Photovoltaic-Thermal Energy Storage hybrid power system with an electric heater. The proposed system consists of wind subsystem, photovoltaic subsystem, electric heater, thermal energy storage and steam turbine unit. The electric heater is used to convert the redundant electricity from wind or photovoltaic subsystem into heat, which is stored in thermal energy storage. When the system output is less than the load demand, thermal energy storage system releases heat to generate electricity. In this paper, the optimal objective is to minimize the levelized cost of energy and maximize the utilization rates of renewable energy and transmission channel. The fitness function is compiled according to the scheduling strategy, and the capacity optimization problem is solved by particle swarm optimization algorithm in MATLAB. The case analysis show that the proposed system can effectively increase the utilization rate of renewable energy and transmission channel.
20
Rezaei, Abolfazl, Bahador Samadzadegan, Hadise Rasoulian, Saeed Ranjbar, Soroush Samareh Abolhassani, Azin Sanei, and Ursula Eicker. "A New Modeling Approach for Low-Carbon District Energy System Planning." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051383.
Анотація:
Designing district-scale energy systems with renewable energy sources is still a challenge, as it involves modeling of multiple loads and many options to combine energy system components. In the current study, two different energy system scenarios for a district in Montreal/Canada are compared to choose the most cost-effective and energy-efficient energy system scenario for the studied area. In the first scenario, a decentral energy system comprised of ground-source heat pumps provides heating and cooling for each building, while, in the second scenario, a district heating and cooling system with a central heat pump is designed. Firstly, heating and cooling demand are calculated in a completely automated process using an Automatic Urban Building Energy Modeling System approach (AUBEM). Then, the Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL) is used to prepare a model for the energy system. The proposed model provides heat pump capacity and the number of required heat pumps (HP), the number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and AC electricity generation potential using PV. After designing the energy systems, the piping system, heat losses, and temperature distribution of the centralized scenario are calculated using a MATLAB code. Finally, two scenarios are assessed economically using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) method. The results show that the central scenario’s total HP electricity consumption is 17% lower than that of the decentral systems and requires less heat pump capacity than the decentral scenario. The LCOE of both scenarios varies from 0.04 to 0.07 CAD/kWh, which is cheaper than the electricity cost in Quebec (0.08 CAD/kWh). A comparison between both scenarios shows that the centralized energy system is cost-beneficial for all buildings and, after applying the discounts, the LCOE of this scenario decreases to 0.04 CAD/kWh.
21
Miao, Chunqiong, Kailiang Teng, Yaodong Wang, and Long Jiang. "Technoeconomic Analysis on a Hybrid Power System for the UK Household Using Renewable Energy: A Case Study." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123231.
Анотація:
The United Kingdom has abundant renewable energy resources from wind, solar, biomass and others. Meanwhile, domestic sector consumes large amount of electricity and natural gas. This paper aims to explore the potentials of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to supply power and heat for a household with the optimal configuration. A typical house in the United Kingdom is selected as a case study and its energy consumption is collected and analysed. Based on energy demands of the house, a distributed HRES including wind turbine, solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas genset is designed and simulated to satisfy the power and heat demands. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Software is used to conduct this technoeconomic analysis. It is found that the HRES system with one 1-kW wind turbine, one 1-kW sized biogas genset, four battery units and one 1-kW sized power converter is the most feasible solution, which can supply enough power and heat to meet the household demands. In addition, the HRES system has the lowest net present cost (NPC) of $14,507 and the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.588 kW−1·h−1. The case study is also quite insightful to other European countries.
22
Hemmatabady, Hoofar, Julian Formhals, Bastian Welsch, Daniel Otto Schulte, and Ingo Sass. "Optimized Layouts of Borehole Thermal Energy Storage Systems in 4th Generation Grids." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174405.
Анотація:
Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) systems are a viable option to meet the increasing cooling demand and to increase the sustainability of low-temperature district heating and cooling (DHC) grids. They are able to store the rejected heat of cooling cycles on a seasonal basis and deliver this heat during the heating season. However, their efficient practical implementation requires a thorough analysis from technical, economic and environmental points of view. In this comparative study, a dynamic exergoeconomic assessment is adopted to evaluate various options for integrating such a storage system into 4th generation DHC grids in heating dominated regions. For this purpose, different layouts are modeled and parameterized. Multi-objective optimization is conducted, varying the most important design variables in order to maximize exergetic efficiency and to minimize levelized cost of energy (LCOE). A comparison of the optimal designs of the different layouts reveals that passive cooling together with maximizing the heating temperature shift, accomplished by a heat pump, lead to optimal designs. Component-wise exergy and cost analysis of the most efficient designs highlights that heat pumps are responsible for the highest share in inefficiency while the installation of BTES has a high impact in the LCOE. BTES and buffer storage tanks have the lowest exergy destruction for all layouts and increasing the BTES volume results in more efficient DHC grids.
23
Zhang, Xinxin, Min Cao, Xiaoyu Yang, Hang Guo, and Jingfu Wang. "Economic Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle Using R123 and R245fa as Working Fluids and a Demonstration Project Report." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020288.
Анотація:
The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a popular technology used in waste heat recovery and low-grade heat utilization, which are two important measures to solve the problems brought by the energy crisis. The economic performance of ORC system is an important factor affecting its application and development. Therefore, the economic analysis of ORC is of great significance. In this study, R123 and R245fa, two frequently-used working fluids during the transition period, were selected for calculating and analyzing the economic performance of an ORC used for recovery of waste heat with a low flow rate and medium-low temperature. Five traditional economic indicators, namely total cost, net earnings, payback period, return on investment, levelized energy cost, and present value of total profit in system service life, which is a relatively new indicator, were used to establish the economic analysis model of ORC. The variation effects of evaporation temperature, condensation temperature of working fluid, flue gas inlet temperature, and mass flow rate of flue gas on the above six economic indicators were analyzed. The results show that the optimal evaporation temperature of R123 is 125 °C, the optimal condensation temperature is 33 °C, and the optimal heat source temperature is 217 °C. For R245fa, the optimal evaporation temperature is 122 °C, the optimal condensation temperature is 27 °C, and the optimal heat source temperature is 177 °C. The economic performance of an ORC demonstration project was reported and used for comparison with the estimation and analysis. It was found that the single screw expander has an excellent economy performance, which greatly reduces the proportion of expander cost in the ORC system.
24
Pakere, Ieva, Dace Lauka, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Does the Balance Exist between Cost Efficiency of Different Energy Efficiency Measures? DH Systems Case." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 5151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195151.
Анотація:
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the results achieved by implementation of different support policies in form of subsidies for energy efficiency improvements and transition to renewable energy sources. The article compares the energy efficiency measures in district heating systems with other support program. In order to assess the effectiveness of implementation of different renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency projects, the levelized costs of saved energy for different support programs were determined. Authors compared different co-financed projects related to replacement of fossil fuel energy sources in district heating (mainly to biomass) and the installation of new biomass boilers, heat pumps, solar collectors and other local technologies in municipal buildings. Results show that financial support for energy efficiency measures in industrial enterprises and district heating systems has been most cost-effective, mainly due to the low co-financing rate (30%) and the high potential for energy savings in different production processes. Authors have identified the blind-spots within the funding allocation for different municipalities, which is not always dedicated to achieved energy savings.
25
Romanov, Dmitry, and Bernd Leiss. "Analysis of Enhanced Geothermal System Development Scenarios for District Heating and Cooling of the Göttingen University Campus." Geosciences 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080349.
Анотація:
The huge energy potential of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) makes them perspective sources of non-intermittent renewable energy for the future. This paper focuses on potential scenarios of EGS development in a locally and in regard to geothermal exploration, poorly known geological setting—the Variscan fold-and-thrust belt —for district heating and cooling of the Göttingen University campus. On average, the considered single EGS doublet might cover about 20% of the heat demand and 6% of the cooling demand of the campus. The levelized cost of heat (LCOH), net present value (NPV) and CO2 abatement cost were evaluated with the help of a spreadsheet-based model. As a result, the majority of scenarios of the reference case are currently not profitable. Based on the analysis, EGS heat output should be at least 11 MWth (with the brine flow rate being 40 l/s and wellhead temperature being 140 °C) for a potentially profitable project. These parameters can be a target for subsurface investigation, reservoir modeling and hydraulic stimulation at a later stage. However, sensitivity analysis presented some conditions that yield better results. Among the most influential parameters on the outcome are subsidies for research wells, proximity to the campus, temperature drawdown and drilling costs. If realized, the EGS project in Göttingen might save up to 18,100 t CO2 (34%) annually.
26
Li, Youyi, and Tianhao Tang. "Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Series Heat Exchangers Organic Rankine Cycle Utilizing Multi-Heat Sources from a Marine Diesel Engine." Entropy 23, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070906.
Анотація:
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is an effective way to recycle waste heat sources of a marine diesel engine. The aim of the present paper is to analyze and optimize the thermoeconomic performance of a Series Heat Exchangers ORC (SHEORC) for recovering energy from jacket water, scavenge air, and exhaust gas. The three sources are combined into three groups of jacket water (JW)→exhaust gas (EG), scavenge air (SA)→exhaust gas, and jacket water→scavenge air→exhaust gas. The influence of fluid mass flow rate, evaporation pressure, and heat source recovery proportion on the thermal performance and economic performance of SHEORC was studied. A single-objective optimization with power output as the objective and multi-objective optimization with exergy efficiency and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) as the objectives are carried out. The analysis results show that in jacket water→exhaust gas and jacket water→scavenge air→exhaust gas source combination, there is an optimal heat recovery proportion through which the SHEORC could obtain the best performance. The optimization results showed that R245ca has the best performance in thermoeconomic performance in all three source combinations. With scavenge air→exhaust, the power output, exergy efficiency, and LCOE are 354.19 kW, 59.02%, and 0.1150 $/kWh, respectively. Integrating the jacket water into the SA→EG group would not increase the power output, but would decrease the LCOE.
27
Kosmadakis, George, Francesco Giacalone, Bartolomé Ortega-Delgado, Andrea Cipollina, Alessandro Tamburini, and Giorgio Micale. "Evaluation of the Economic and Environmental Performance of Low-Temperature Heat to Power Conversion using a Reverse Electrodialysis – Multi-Effect Distillation System." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173206.
Анотація:
In the examined heat engine, reverse electrodialysis (RED) is used to generate electricity from the salinity difference between two artificial solutions. The salinity gradient is restored through a multi-effect distillation system (MED) powered by low-temperature waste heat at 100 °C. The current work presents the first comprehensive economic and environmental analysis of this advanced concept, when varying the number of MED effects, the system sizing, the salt of the solutions, and other key parameters. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has been calculated, showing that competitive solutions can be reached only when the system is at least medium to large scale. The lowest LCOE, at about 0.03 €/kWh, is achieved using potassium acetate salt and six MED effects while reheating the solutions. A similar analysis has been conducted when using the system in energy storage mode, where the two regenerated solutions are stored in reservoir tanks and the RED is operating for a few hours per day, supplying valuable peak power, resulting in a LCOE just below 0.10 €/kWh. A life-cycle assessment has been also carried out, showing that the case with the lowest environmental impact is the same as the one with the most attractive economic performance. Results indicate that the material manufacturing has the main impact; primarily the metallic parts of the MED. Overall, this study highlights the development efforts required in terms of both membrane performance and cost reduction, in order to make this technology cost effective in the future.
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Stanytsina, Valentyna, Volodymyr Artemchuk, Olga Bogoslavska, Iryna Zinovieva, and Nataliia Ridei. "The influence of environmental tax rates on the Levelized cost of heat on the example of organic and biofuels boilers in Ukraine." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 09012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128009012.
Анотація:
In December 2019, the European Commission officially presented The European Green Deal, a new EU economic development program aimed at achieving climate neutrality on the European continent by 2050. Many previous global, European, and national programs also aim to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. In this context, one of the ways to reduce emissions is the development of alternative energy sources (in particular the wider use of biofuel boilers) and increasing environmental tax rates. When choosing the optimal heating boilers, the practice of using the levelized cost of heating (LCOH) indicator is common. Environmental pollution tax (as a component of LCOH) is calculated for the three most common types of boilers (for Ukrainian boiler houses) with a capacity of 4.65 to 58 MW, burning natural gas, coal, and fuel oil, as well as low-power boilers burning organic and biofuels, for existing environmental tax rates, for projected increasing in 4 times (according to the bill) and subject to the introduction of minimum and maximum rates in EU countries. It is established that at the current environmental tax rates in Ukraine there are almost no economic incentives for the introduction of technologies to reduce the concentration of pollutants in emissions, but increasing environmental tax rates may change this situation. This, in turn, once again suggests that changing environmental tax rates can be an effective tool for achieving sustainable development goals.
29
Behar, Omar, Daniel Sbarbaro, and Luis Morán. "A Practical Methodology for the Design and Cost Estimation of Solar Tower Power Plants." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 8708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208708.
Анотація:
Concerns over the environmental influence of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have encouraged researchers to develop alternative power technologies. Among the most promising, environmentally friendly power technologies for large-scale applications are solar power tower plants. The implementation of this technology calls for practical modeling and simulation tools to both size the plant and investigate the scale effect on its economic indices. This paper proposes a methodology to design the main components of solar power tower plants and to estimate the specific investment costs and the economic indices. The design approach used in this study was successfully validated through a comparison with the design data of two operational commercial power tower plants; namely, Gemasolar (medium-scale plant of 19.9 MWe) and Crescent Dunes (large-scale plant of 110 MWe). The average uncertainty in the design of a fully operational power tower plant is 8.75%. A cost estimation showed the strong influence of the size of the plant on the investment costs, as well as on the economic indices, including payback period, internal rate of return, total life charge costs, and levelized cost of electricity. As an illustrative example, the methodology was applied to design six solar power tower plants in the range of 10–100 MWe for integration into mining processes in Chile. The results show that the levelized cost of electricity decreases from 156 USD/MWhe for the case of a 10-MWe plant to 131 USD/MWhe for the case of a 100-MWe plant. The internal rate of return of plants included in the analyses ranges from 0.77% (for the 10-MWe case) to 2.37% (for 100-MWe case). Consequently, the simple payback ranges from 16 years (for the 100-MWe case) to 19 years (for the 10-MWe case). The sensitivity analysis shows that the size of the solar receiver heavily depends on the allowable heat flux. The degradation rate and the discount rate have a strong influence on economic indices. In addition, both the operation and the deprecation period, as well as the price of electricity, have a crucial impact on the viability of a solar power tower plant. The proposed methodology has great potential to provide key information for prospective analyses for the implementation of power tower technologies to satisfy clean energy needs under a wide range of conditions.
30
Ochoa, Guillermo Valencia, Carlos Acevedo Peñaloza, and Jhan Piero Rojas. "Thermoeconomic Modelling and Parametric Study of a Simple ORC for the Recovery of Waste Heat in a 2 MW Gas Engine under Different Working Fluids." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 4526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214526.
Анотація:
This paper presents a thermo-economic analysis of a simple organic Rankine cycle (SORC) as a waste heat recovery (WHR) systems of a 2 MW stationary gas engine evaluating different working fluids. Initially, a systematic methodology was implemented to select three organic fluids according to environmental and safety criteria, as well as critical system operational conditions. Then, thermodynamic, exergy, and exergo-economic models of the system were developed under certain defined considerations, and a set of parametric studies are presented considering key variables of the system such as pump efficiency, turbine efficiency, pinch point condenser, and evaporator. The results show the influence of these variables on the combined power of the system (gas engine plus ORC), ORC exergetic efficiency, specific fuel consumption (∆BSFC), and exergo indicators such as the payback period (PBP), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and the specific investment cost (SIC). The results revealed that heat transfer equipment had the highest exergy destruction cost rates representing 81.25% of the total system cost. On the other hand, sensitivity analyses showed that acetone presented better energetic and exergetic performance when the efficiency of the turbine, evaporator, and condenser pinch point was increased. However, toluene was the fluid with the best results when pump efficiency was increased. In terms of the cost of exergy destroyed by equipment, the results revealed that acetone was the working fluid that positively impacted cost reduction when pump efficiency was improved; and toluene, when turbine efficiency was increased. Finally, the evaporator and condenser pinch point increased all the economic indicators of the system. In this sense, the working fluid with the best performance in economic terms was acetone, when the efficiency of the turbine, pinch condenser, and pinch evaporator was enhanced.
31
Oldenbroek, Vincent, Gilbert Smink, Tijmen Salet, and Ad J. M. van Wijk. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle as a Power Plant: Techno-Economic Scenario Analysis of a Renewable Integrated Transportation and Energy System for Smart Cities in Two Climates." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010143.
Анотація:
Renewable, reliable, and affordable future power, heat, and transportation systems require efficient and versatile energy storage and distribution systems. If solar and wind electricity are the only renewable energy sources, what role can hydrogen and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have in providing year-round 100% renewable, reliable, and affordable energy for power, heat, and transportation for smart urban areas in European climates? The designed system for smart urban areas uses hydrogen production and FCEVs through vehicle-to-grid (FCEV2G) for balancing electricity demand and supply. A techno-economic analysis was done for two technology development scenarios and two different European climates. Electricity and hydrogen supply is fully renewable and guaranteed at all times. Combining the output of thousands of grid-connected FCEVs results in large overcapacities being able to balance large deficits. Self-driving, connecting, and free-floating car-sharing fleets could facilitate vehicle scheduling. Extreme peaks in balancing never exceed more than 50% of the available FCEV2G capacity. A simple comparison shows that the cost of energy for an average household in the Mid Century scenario is affordable: 520–770 €/year (without taxes and levies), which is 65% less compared to the present fossil situation. The system levelized costs in the Mid Century scenario are 71–104 €/MWh for electricity and 2.6–3.0 €/kg for hydrogen—and we expect that further cost reductions are possible.
32
Farzaneh. "Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System Based on Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass for Off-Grid Power Supply in Fukushima." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 2708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142708.
Анотація:
This paper proposes an innovative hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), which can be used to provide electricity, heat, hydrogen, and water to the small community in remote areas. The HRES introduced in this study is based on the integration of solar power generation, hydrogen generation from supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of wet biomass feedstock, hydrogen generation from solar water electrolysis, and a fuel cell to convert hydrogen to electricity and heat. The wet biomass feedstock contains aqueous sludge, kitchen waste, and organic wastewater. A simulation model is designed and used to investigate the control strategy for the hydrogen and electricity management through detailed size estimation of the system to meet the load requirements of a selected household area, including ten detached houses in a subject district around the Shinchi station located in Shinchi-machi, Fukushima prefecture, Japan. As indicated by results, the proposed HRES can generate about 47.3 MWh of electricity and about 2.6 ton of hydrogen per annum, using the annual wet biomass consumption of 98 tons, with a Levelized Cost of Energy (electricity and heat) of the system at 0.38 $/kWh. The implementation of the proposed HRES in the selected residential area has GHG emissions reduction potential of about 21 tons of CO2-eq per year.
33
Nami, Hossein, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, Ahmad Arabkoohsar, and Amir Reza Razmi. "4E Analyses of a Hybrid Waste-Driven CHP–ORC Plant with Flue Gas Condensation." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 9449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229449.
Анотація:
The combination of a waste-driven hybrid heat and power plant with a small organic Rankine cycle unit was recently proposed and investigated from a thermodynamic perspective. The present study provides a more comprehensive assessment from system operation through considering the energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental (4E) aspects in a revised design of this concept to obtain a bigger picture of the system’s technical, economic, and environmental effects on existing and future energy systems. The revised design includes a flue gas condensation unit and alternative friendly organic working fluids. For this, the hybrid plant is modeled for its thermal, economic, and environmental performances. Then, the exergy losses and environmental effects of the system are scrutinized, the cost of losses and pollutions are predicted, and lastly, sorts of solutions are introduced to improve the exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental performances of the system. The results indicate that the highest share of exergy destruction relates to the incineration (equipped with a steam generator) with a levelized cost of approximately USD 71/h for a power plant with almost 3.3 megawatt electricity output capacity. The hybridization proposal with the flue gas condensation unit increases the sustainability index of the system from 1.264 to 1.28.
34
Roumpedakis, Tryfon C., Nikolaos Fostieris, Konstantinos Braimakis, Evropi Monokrousou, Antonios Charalampidis, and Sotirios Karellas. "Techno-Economic Optimization of Medium Temperature Solar-Driven Subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle." Thermo 1, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo1010007.
Анотація:
The present work focuses on the techno-economic assessment and multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization of small-scale (40 kWth input), solar Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems driven by medium-to-high temperature (up to 210 °C) parabolic dish (PDC) and trough (PTC) collectors. The ORCs are designed to maximize their nominal thermal efficiency for several natural hydrocarbon working fluids. The optimization variables are the solar field area and storage tank capacity, with the goal of minimizing the levelized cost of produced electricity (LCoE) and maximizing the annual solar conversion efficiency. The lowest LCOE (0.34 €/kWh) was obtained in Athens for a high solar field area and low storage tank capacity. Meanwhile, the maximum annual solar conversion efficiencies (10.5–11%) were obtained in northern cities (e.g., Brussels) at lower solar field locations. While PTCs and PDCs result in similar efficiencies, the use of PTCs is more cost-effective. Among the working fluids, Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane exhibited the best performance, owing to their high critical temperatures. Notably, the systems could be more profitable at higher system sizes, as indicated by the 6% LCoE decrease of the solar ORC in Athens when the nominal heat input was increased to 80 kWth.
35
Acosta-Pazmiño, Iván, Carlos Rivera-Solorio, and Miguel Gijón-Rivera. "Energetic and Economic Analyses of an LCPV/T Solar Hybrid Plant for a Sports Center Building in Mexico." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 5681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215681.
Анотація:
This study presents a techno-economic performance evaluation of a hybrid low-concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (LCPV/T) plant, which operates in a student sports and wellness center building situated at a university campus in Mexico. The solar plant comprises 144 LCPV/T collectors based on a hybridized version of a local parabolic trough technology. Dynamic thermal and electrical performance analyses were performed in the TRNSYS simulation studio. The results showed that the solar field could cover up to 72% of the hot water demand of the building during the summer season and 24% during the winter season. The hybrid system could annually save 7185 USD, accounting for heat (natural gas boiler) and electricity generation. However, the payback time was of 19.23 years, which was mainly attributed to a reduced natural gas price in Monterrey, Mexico. A new approach to evaluating the equivalent levelized cost of heat (LCOHeq), is proposed. This results in an LCOHeq of 0.065 USD/kWh, which is nearly equivalent to the LCOH of a natural gas-fired boiler (0.067 USD/kWh). Finally, the hybrid plant could achieve a specific CO2e emission reduction of 77.87 kg CO2e per square meter of the required installation area.
36
Montenon, Alaric Christian, and Costas Papanicolas. "Economic Assessment of a PV Hybridized Linear Fresnel Collector Supplying Air Conditioning and Electricity for Buildings." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010131.
Анотація:
The present study evaluates the potential upgrade of a Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) collector at the Cyprus Institute (CyI) with photovoltaics via the calculation of the Levelized Cost Of Heat (LCOH). For over 4 years the collector has been supplying heating and cooling to the Novel Technologies Laboratory (NTL) of the Cyprus Institute (CyI). Extensive measurements have been carried out both on the LFR and NTL to render real numbers in the computations. This hybridization would be undertaken with the installation of PV arrays under mirrors, so that the collector is able to either reflect direct radiation to the receiver to process heat or to produce electricity directly in the built environment. The main objective is the decrease of the LCOH of Linear Fresnel collectors, which hinders their wider deployment, while air conditioning demand is globally booming. The results show that the LCOH for a small LFR to supply air conditioning is high, c€25.2–30.1 per kWh, while the innovative PV hybridization proposed here decreases it. The value of the study resides in the real data collected in terms of thermal efficiency, operation, and maintenance.
37
Rovira, Antonio, Rubén Abbas, Marta Muñoz, and Andrés Sebastián. "Analysis of an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle with Recuperative Gas Turbine and Double Recuperative and Double Expansion Propane Cycle." Entropy 22, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040476.
Анотація:
The main objective of this paper is to present and analyze an innovative configuration of integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC). As novelties, the plant includes a recuperative gas turbine and the conventional bottoming Rankine cycle is replaced by a recently developed double recuperative double expansion (DRDE) cycle. The configuration results in a fuel saving in the combustion chamber at the expense of a decreased exhaust gas temperature, which is just adequate to feed the DRDE cycle that uses propane as the working fluid. The solar contribution comes from a solar field of parabolic trough collectors, with oil as the heat transfer fluid. The optimum integration point for the solar contribution is addressed. The performance of the proposed ISCC-R-DRDE design conditions and off-design operation was assessed (daily and yearly) at two different locations. All results were compared to those obtained under the same conditions by a conventional ISCC, as well as similar configurations without solar integration. The proposed configuration obtains a lower heat rate on a yearly basis in the studied locations and lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) than that of the ISCC, which indicates that such a configuration could become a promising technology.
38
Gudmundsson, Oddgeir, Anders Dyrelund, and Jan Eric Thorsen. "Comparison of 4th and 5th generation district heating systems." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124609004.
Анотація:
In a pursuit to increase the efficiency of district heating system there has been a continuous focus to reduce the system operating temperatures. This has led to the current state of the art district heating systems, commonly referred to as the 4th generation district heating, also known as low temperature district heating (LTDH). The success of the LTDH has fuelled a lot of research interest in district energy systems, one of the new research topics has been focusing on reducing the operating temperatures down to the ambient temperature (ATDH), commonly referred as 5th generation district heating. In these systems the supply temperature is insufficient for fulfilling the heating demands of the connected buildings, which then requires end-user located heat pumps to raise the supply temperature to the level required by the buildings. As of today, number of ATDH systems have been realized as part of various research projects. The question however remains if ATDH brings additional benefits compared to LTDH. This paper compares the levelized cost of heat from these two systems types for two countries with different climate zones. The results of the analysis indicate that LTDH is the favourable solution in both countries.
39
Zhao, Bo, Shan Rang Yang, and Ya Cai Hu. "An Indirect Air Cooling System with Compound Refrigerating Cycle for CSP Plants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (February 2014): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.3.
Анотація:
The geographical contradictions between plenty of water and high solar radiation constitute are hindering the development of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, dry cooling systems are compelled to adopt to solve the contradictions for the CSP plants. This paper analysis the feasibility of a novel indirect air cooling with compound refrigerating cycle (CRC-IAC) system used in CSP plants. The solar field and power block in the analysis are modeled using NREL’s Solar Advisor Model (SAM), excluding heat rejection system. Thermodynamic simulations and optimizations for operation exhaust pressure with the changes of ambient dry-bulb temperature are presented. The ideal cycle performance for CRC-IAC system is evaluated and quantified. Moreover, the system was compared with circulating wet cooling (CWC) and air cooling condenser (ACC) in terms of electricity generation and levelized electricity cost (LEC). The results show that the LEC of CRC-IAC is increased by 6.44% and reduced by 5.38%.
40
Lorenzo, Celena, Luis Narvarte, and Ana Belén Cristóbal. "A Comparative Economic Feasibility Study of Photovoltaic Heat Pump Systems for Industrial Space Heating and Cooling." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2020): 4114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164114.
Анотація:
The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems for powering heat pumps (HP) leads to an economic, energy efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for heating and cooling generation. A technical solution developed by the authors permits stand-alone configurations to operate without batteries, mitigating up to 75% of the solar power fluctuations resulting from cloud-passing. Once its technical feasibility has been demonstrated, the economic potential of this innovative solution should be assessed (avoiding a battery system is a significant advantage). This paper presents a comparative economic assessment of this autonomous (AU) solution and a self-consumption (SC) solution, that would substitute a grid-powered HP system for the space heating and cooling of two livestock farms located in Spain. Results show that PV-HP systems are economically feasible regardless of the technical solution: the Profitability Index (PI) is in the 2.23–2.97 €/€ range, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is in the 8.1–10.9% range, the Payback Period (PBP) is in the 9.2–11 years range and the savings in terms of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) are in the 57–70% range. The AU solution offers a higher economic profitability, because it permits larger savings in the electricity bill. The SC solution presents lower LCOEs because of its greater electricity production.
41
Valencia Ochoa, Guillermo, Javier Cárdenas Gutierrez, and Jorge Duarte Forero. "Exergy, Economic, and Life-Cycle Assessment of ORC System for Waste Heat Recovery in a Natural Gas Internal Combustion Engine." Resources 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9010002.
Анотація:
In this article, an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) was integrated into a 2-MW natural gas engine to evaluate the possibility of generating electricity by recovering the engine’s exhaust heat. The operational and design variables with the greatest influence on the energy, economic, and environmental performance of the system were analyzed. Likewise, the components with greater exergy destruction were identified through the variety of different operating parameters. From the parametric results, it was found that the evaporation pressure has the greatest influence on the destruction of exergy. The highest fraction of exergy was obtained for the Shell and tube heat exchanger (ITC1) with 38% of the total exergy destruction of the system. It was also determined that the high value of the heat transfer area increases its acquisition costs and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the thermal system. Therefore, these systems must have a turbine technology with an efficiency not exceeding 90% because, from this value, the LCOE of the system surpasses the LCOE of a gas turbine. Lastly, a life cycle analysis (LCA) was developed on the system operating under the selected organic working fluids. It was found that the component with the greatest environmental impact was the turbine, which reached a maximum value of 3013.65 Pts when the material was aluminum. Acetone was used as the organic working fluid.
42
Muir, J. F. "Performance/Economics Comparison of Sensible and Thermochemical Energy Transport Systems for Solar Thermal Dish Applications." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268211.
Анотація:
A major challenge facing the development of distributed receiver solar systems is the efficient transport of high temperature thermal energy from the collectors to the point of use. As receiver temperatures increase, conventional sensible (SEN) energy transport methods become less attractive because of increased heat losses and insulation costs. A promising alternative that is particularly attractive for the high temperatures characteristic of paraboloidal dishes and the extensive piping associated with large collector fields is the concept of themochemical (TC) energy transport. Estimates of the performance and economics of 4 SEN and 2 TC transport systems for a dish collector field are compared at 4 delivery temperatures ranging from 400 to 815° C. On the basis of levelized energy cost (LEC), there is no clear choice between SEN and TC energy transport at 400°C. At higher output temperatures, TC transport is more cost-effective and is the only viable choice at temperatures above ∼700° C. The TC system based on the carbon-dioxide reforming of methane has the best performance and lowest costs at temperatures >400°C and appears closest to meeting the DOE Solar Thermal Technology (STT) Program long-term IPH goal of 3¢/kWhth (9$/MBtuth) LEC.
43
Yang, Honglun, Qiliang Wang, Jingyu Cao, Gang Pei, and Jing Li. "Potential of performance improvement of concentrated solar power plants by optimizing the parabolic trough receiver." Frontiers in Energy 14, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 867–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-020-0707-y.
Анотація:
AbstractThis paper proposes a comprehensive thermodynamic and economic model to predict and compare the performance of concentrated solar power plants with traditional and novel receivers with different configurations involving operating temperatures and locations. The simulation results reveal that power plants with novel receivers exhibit a superior thermodynamic and economic performance compared with traditional receivers. The annual electricity productions of power plants with novel receivers in Phoenix, Sevilla, and Tuotuohe are 8.5%, 10.5%, and 14.4% higher than those with traditional receivers at the outlet temperature of 550°C. The levelized cost of electricity of power plants with double-selective-coated receivers can be decreased by 6.9%, 8.5%, and 11.6%. In Phoenix, the optimal operating temperature of the power plants is improved from 500°C to 560°C by employing a novel receiver. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the receiver heat loss, solar absorption, and freeze protection temperature is also conducted to analyze the general rule of influence of the receiver performance on power plants performance. Solar absorption has a positive contribution to annual electricity productions, whereas heat loss and freeze protection temperature have a negative effect on electricity outputs. The results indicate that the novel receiver coupled with low melting temperature molten salt is the best configuration for improving the overall performance of the power plants.
44
Gładysz, Paweł, Anna Sowiżdżał, Maciej Miecznik, Maciej Hacaga, and Leszek Pająk. "Techno-Economic Assessment of a Combined Heat and Power Plant Integrated with Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology: A Case Study for Central Poland." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112841.
Анотація:
The objective of this study is to assess the techno-economic potential of the proposed novel energy system, which allows for negative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The analyzed system comprises four main subsystems: a biomass-fired combined heat and power plant integrated with a CO2 capture and compression unit, a CO2 transport pipeline, a CO2-enhanced geothermal system, and a supercritical CO2 Brayton power cycle. For the purpose of the comprehensive techno-economic assessment, the results for the reference biomass-fired combined heat and power plant without CO2 capture are also presented. Based on the proposed framework for energy and economic assessment, the energy efficiencies, the specific primary energy consumption of CO2 avoidance, the cost of CO2 avoidance, and negative CO2 emissions are evaluated based on the results of process simulations. In addition, an overview of the relevant elements of the whole system is provided, taking into account technological progress and technology readiness levels. The specific primary energy consumption per unit of CO2 avoided in the analyzed system is equal to 2.17 MJLHV/kg CO2 for biomass only (and 6.22 MJLHV/kg CO2 when geothermal energy is included) and 3.41 MJLHV/kg CO2 excluding the CO2 utilization in the enhanced geothermal system. Regarding the economic performance of the analyzed system, the levelized cost of electricity and heat are almost two times higher than those of the reference system (239.0 to 127.5 EUR/MWh and 9.4 to 5.0 EUR/GJ), which leads to negative values of the Net Present Value in all analyzed scenarios. The CO2 avoided cost and CO2 negative cost in the business as usual economic scenario are equal to 63.0 and 48.2 EUR/t CO2, respectively, and drop to 27.3 and 20 EUR/t CO2 in the technological development scenario. The analysis proves the economic feasibility of the proposed CO2 utilization and storage option in the enhanced geothermal system integrated with the sCO2 cycle when the cost of CO2 transport and storage is above 10 EUR/t CO2 (at a transport distance of 50 km). The technology readiness level of the proposed technology was assessed as TRL4 (technological development), mainly due to the early stage of the CO2-enhanced geothermal systems development.
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Khan, M. Rezwan, and Intekhab Alam. "A Solar PV-Based Inverter-Less Grid-Integrated Cooking Solution for Low-Cost Clean Cooking." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 5507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205507.
Анотація:
The cost of solar PV has been reduced to a level such that the levelized cost of solar electricity is either cheaper or competitive relative to the grid electricity. So, a low-cost integration of solar PV with grid can be a cost-effective solution for clean cooking. The usual technique of using grid-tied inverters contribute ~20% towards the energy cost. The proposed system incorporates a control circuit that connects grid electricity to the solar PV via a DC link and provides a DC output eliminating the requirement of grid-tied inverters. Most of the cooking utensils either have a resistive heating element or an electronic control circuit that is insensitive to input AC or DC and no modification is needed for the cooking utensils while using with DC voltage. In the proposed system, preference for power delivery is always given to the solar PV and the grid effectively operates as the backup for the system when solar PV output fluctuates due to varying weather and climatic conditions. As the absence of a grid-tied inverter in the system restricts the excess solar energy to be transferred to the grid, some kind of energy storage device is essential to run the system efficiently. A novel idea of storing solar PV energy in the form of hot water has been presented in this paper, with a cost-effective clean cooking concept. A simple and low-cost heat preservation technique has been suggested that requires a minimal change in habit for the users. Experimental results with multiple cooking utensils and foods have been presented and energy cost for cooking has been found to be as low as 4.75 USD/month, which is significantly lower (32%) than that of the grid-connected regular cooking system.
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Lahoussine Ouali, Hanane Ait, Mohammed Amine Moussaoui, Ahmed Mezrhab, and Hassane Naji. "Comparative study between direct steam generation and molten salt solar tower plants in the climatic conditions of the eastern Moroccan region." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.287-294.
Анотація:
This study deals with a numerical investigation to assess and compare the thermal and economic performance of two solar tower power systems. It concerns the Molten Salt (MS) and Direct Steam Generation (DSG) technologies used as heat carrier and storage. For this purpose, a 50 MWe solar tower plant without thermal energy storage under the climatic conditions of the eastern Moroccan region is simulated with the System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The meteorological data has been collected via a high precision meteorological station located in Oujda city(34°40'53'' N 1°54'30.9'' W). The results are presented in terms of monthly energy production, annual energy output, and Levelized Electricity Cost (LEC). From these findings, it can be concluded that, for an amount annual Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) of 1989.9 kWh/m2/yr, the molten salt plant has the highest annual energy production than the DSG (86.3 GWh for MS against 83.3 GWh for DSG) and the LEC of the Molten salt plant is 12.5 % lower than the DSG plant. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Toselli, Davide, Florian Heberle, and Dieter Brüggemann. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Binary Cycles with Geothermal Energy and Biogas Waste Heat Recovery." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101969.
Анотація:
In Germany, enhancing renewable power generation represents a leading step to comply with the requirements of the Energiewende agenda. The geothermal reservoir in Oberhaching is assumed as a case study, with a gross electric power equal to 4.3 MWel. The intent of this work is to design a hybrid binary geothermal power plant and to integrate it into the German energy market. Biogas waste thermal power equal to 1350 kWth is assumed as a secondary source. Two different layouts are defined for the hybrid solution: increasing the geothermal fluid temperature before entering the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit and superheating the working fluid after the evaporator. Stationary and quasi-stationary simulations have been performed with Aspen Plus V8.8. Results demonstrate how hybridization allows a maximum electric power increase of about 240 kWel. Off-design conditions are investigated regarding both the switch-off of exhaust gases and the annual ambient temperature fluctuations. In spite of the additional secondary source, the selected case studies cannot comply with the Minute reserve requirements (MRL). Moreover, economic results for both power-only and combined heat and power (CHP) configuration are provided. In the power-only configuration, the new-build hybrid system provides 15.42 €ct/kWh as levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), slightly lower than 16.4 €ct/kWh, as calculated in the geothermal-only solution. A CHP hybrid configuration shows a +19.22% increase in net cash flow at the end of the investment on the CHP geothermal solution.
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Rezaei, Mostafa, Udaya Dampage, Barun K. Das, Omaima Nasif, Piotr F. Borowski, and Mohamed A. Mohamed. "Investigating the Impact of Economic Uncertainty on Optimal Sizing of Grid-Independent Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081468.
Анотація:
One of the many barriers to decarbonization and decentralization of the energy sector in developing countries is the economic uncertainty. As such, this study scrutinizes economics of three grid-independent hybrid renewable-based systems proposed to co-generate electricity and heat for a small-scale load. Accordingly, the under-study systems are simulated and optimized with the aid of HOMER Pro software. Here, a 20-year average value of discount and inflation rates is deemed a benchmark case. The techno-economic-environmental and reliability results suggest a standalone solar/wind/electrolyzer/hydrogen-based fuel cell integrated with a hydrogen-based boiler system is the best alternative. Moreover, to ascertain the impact of economic uncertainty on optimal unit sizing of the nominated model, the fluctuations of the nominal discount rate and inflation, respectively, constitute within the range of 15–20% and 10–26%. The findings of economic uncertainty analysis imply that total net present cost (TNPC) fluctuates around the benchmark value symmetrically between $478,704 and $814,905. Levelized energy cost varies from an amount 69% less than the benchmark value up to two-fold of that. Furthermore, photovoltaic (PV) optimal size starts from a value 23% less than the benchmark case and rises up to 55% more. The corresponding figures for wind turbine (WT) are, respectively, 21% and 29%. Eventually, several practical policies are introduced to cope with economic uncertainty.
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Fiaschi, Daniele, Giampaolo Manfrida, Karolina Petela, Federico Rossi, Adalgisa Sinicropi, and Lorenzo Talluri. "Exergo-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Solar Integrated Thermo-Electric Storage." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133484.
Анотація:
Renewable energies are often subject to stochastic resources and daily cycles. Energy storage systems are consequently applied to provide a solution for the mismatch between power production possibility and its utilization period. In this study, a solar integrated thermo-electric energy storage (S-TEES) is analyzed both from an economic and environmental point of view. The analyzed power plant with energy storage includes three main cycles, a supercritical CO2 power cycle, a heat pump and a refrigeration cycle, indirectly connected by sensible heat storages. The hot reservoir is pressurized water at 120/160 °C, while the cold reservoir is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, maintained at −10/−20 °C. Additionally, the power cycle’s evaporator section rests on a solar-heated intermediate temperature (95/40 °C) heat reservoir. Exergo-economic and exergo-environmental analyses are performed to identify the most critical components of the system and to obtain the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), as well as the environmental indicators of the system. Both economic and environmental analyses revealed that solar energy converting devices are burdened with the highest impact indicators. According to the results of exergo-economic analysis, it turned out that average annual LCOE of S-TEES can be more than two times higher than the regular electricity prices. However, the true features of the S-TEES system should be only fully assessed if the economic results are balanced with environmental analysis. Life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed that the proposed S-TEES system has about two times lower environmental impact than referential hydrogen storage systems compared in the study.
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Epik, Oleksii, and Vitalii Zubenko. "Usage of biomass CHP for balancing of power grid in Ukraine." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911202005.
Анотація:
The article contains the first considerations of the problematic of Ukrainian grid balancing issues raised by a rapid increase of RES share in total electricity supply. The provision of balancing electricity with accent on biomass combined heat and power plants (CHP) usage is considered. Three technical concepts are proposed for engaging of existing and planned biomass CHP into balancing operation primary operating in baseload regimes, namely – greenfield biomass thermal power plant (TPP) and CHP working primary in baseload regimes and provide balancing electricity when needed (with and without steam accumulation). It is shown that there are no principle technical limitations for biomass CHP/TPP usage for grid balancing. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of balancing electricity for proposed concepts are calculated and compared with the reference technology proposed by the national grid operator (gas-piston engines and/or gas turbine). According to the calculations performed the LCOE (EUR/MWh) of balancing electricity could be 77-88 EUR/MWh for biomass CHP primary operating in baseload and 216 EUR/MWh for greenfield biomass TPP against 206 EUR/MWh for gas-piston/gas-turbine for applied assumptions, prices and tariffs.