Дисертації з теми "Lignes de texte"

Document page segmentation is one of the most crucial steps in document image analysis. It ideally aims to explain the full structure of any document page, distinguishing text zones, graphics, photographs, halftones, figures, tables, etc. Although to date, there have been made several attempts of achieving correct page segmentation results, there are still many difficulties. The leader of the project in the framework of which this PhD work has been funded (*) uses a complete processing chain in which page segmentation mistakes are manually corrected by human operators. Aside of the costs it represents, this demands tuning of a large number of parameters; moreover, some segmentation mistakes sometimes escape the vigilance of the operators. Current automated page segmentation methods are well accepted for clean printed documents; but, they often fail to separate regions in handwritten documents when the document layout structure is loosely defined or when side notes are present inside the page. Moreover, tables and advertisements bring additional challenges for region segmentation algorithms. Our method addresses these problems. The method is divided into four parts:1. Unlike most of popular page segmentation methods, we first separate text and graphics components of the page using a boosted decision tree classifier.2. The separated text and graphics components are used among other features to separate columns of text in a two-dimensional conditional random fields framework.3. A text line detection method, based on piecewise projection profiles is then applied to detect text lines with respect to text region boundaries.4. Finally, a new paragraph detection method, which is trained on the common models of paragraphs, is applied on text lines to find paragraphs based on geometric appearance of text lines and their indentations. Our contribution over existing work lies in essence in the use, or adaptation, of algorithms borrowed from machine learning literature, to solve difficult cases. Indeed, we demonstrate a number of improvements : on separating text columns when one is situated very close to the other; on preventing the contents of a cell in a table to be merged with the contents of other adjacent cells; on preventing regions inside a frame to be merged with other text regions around, especially side notes, even when the latter are written using a font similar to that the text body. Quantitative assessment, and comparison of the performances of our method with competitive algorithms using widely acknowledged metrics and evaluation methodologies, is also provided to a large extend.(*) This PhD thesis has been funded by Conseil Général de Seine-Saint-Denis, through the FUI6 project Demat-Factory, lead by Safig SA

La reconnaissance d’écriture manuscrite est une composante essentielle de l’analyse de document. Une tendance actuelle de ce domaine est de passer de la reconnaissance de mots isolés à celle d’une séquence de mots. Notre travail consiste donc à proposer un système de reconnaissance de lignes de texte sans segmentation explicite de la ligne en mots. Afin de construire un modèle performant, nous intervenons à plusieurs niveaux du système de reconnaissance. Tout d’abord, nous introduisons deux méthodes de prétraitement originales : un nettoyage des images de lignes de texte et une correction locale de la ligne de base. Ensuite, nous construisons un modèle de langage optimisé pour la reconnaissance de courriers manuscrits. Puis nous proposons deux systèmes de reconnaissance à l’état de l’art fondés sur les HMM (Hidden Markov Models) contextuels et les réseaux de neurones récurrents BLSTM (Bi-directional LongShort-Term Memory). Nous optimisons nos systèmes afin de proposer une comparaison de ces deux approches. Nos systèmes sont évalués sur l’écriture cursive latine et arabe et ont été soumis à deux compétitions internationales de reconnaissance d’écriture. Enfin, enperspective de notre travail, nous présentons une stratégie de reconnaissance pour certaines chaînes de caractères hors-vocabulaire
Handwriting recognition is an essential component of document analysis. One of the popular trends is to go from isolated word to word sequence recognition. Our work aims to propose a text-line recognition system without explicit word segmentation. In order to build an efficient model, we intervene at different levels of the recognition system. First of all, we introduce two new preprocessing techniques : a cleaning and a local baseline correction for text-lines. Then, a language model is built and optimized for handwritten mails. Afterwards, we propose two state-of-the-art recognition systems based on contextual HMMs (Hidden Markov Models) and recurrent neural networks BLSTM (Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory). We optimize our systems in order to give a comparison of those two approaches. Our systems are evaluated on arabic and latin cursive handwritings and have been submitted to two international handwriting recognition competitions. At last, we introduce a strategy for some out-of-vocabulary character strings recognition, as a prospect of future work

Lire automatiquement le texte présent dans les documents permet de rendre accessible les informations qu'ils contiennent. Pour réaliser la transcription de pages complètes, la localisation des lignes de texte est une étape cruciale. Les méthodes traditionnelles de détection de lignes, basées sur des approches de traitement d'images, peinent à généraliser à des jeux de données hétérogènes. Pour cela, nous proposons dans cette thèse une approche par réseaux de neurones profonds. Nous avons d'abord proposé une approche de segmentation mono-dimensionnelle des paragraphes de texte en lignes à l'aide d'une technique inspirée des modèles de reconnaissance, où une classification temporelle connexionniste (CTC) est utilisée pour aligner implicitement les séquences. Ensuite, nous proposons un réseau qui prédit directement les coordonnées des boîtes englobant les lignes de texte. L'ajout d'un terme de confiance à ces boîtes hypothèses permet de localiser un nombre variable d'objets. Nous proposons une prédiction locale des objets afin de partager les paramètres entre les localisations et, ainsi, de multiplier les exemples d'objets vus par chaque prédicteur de boîte lors de l'entraînement. Cela permet de compenser la taille restreinte des jeux de données utilisés. Pour récupérer les informations contextuelles permettant de prendre en compte la structure du document, nous ajoutons, entre les couches convolutionnelles, des couches récurrentes LSTM multi-dimensionnelles. Nous proposons trois stratégies de reconnaissance pleine page qui permettent de tenir compte du besoin important de précision au niveau des positions et nous montrons, sur la base hétérogène Maurdor, la performance de notre approche pour des documents multilingues pouvant être manuscrits et imprimés. Nous nous comparons favorablement à des méthodes issues de l'état de l'art. La visualisation des concepts appris par nos neurones permet de souligner la capacité des couches récurrentes à apporter l'information contextuelle
Being able to automatically read the texts written in documents, both printed and handwritten, makes it possible to access the information they convey. In order to realize full page text transcription, the detection and localization of the text lines is a crucial step. Traditional methods tend to use image processing based approaches, but they hardly generalize to very heterogeneous datasets. In this thesis, we propose to use a deep neural network based approach. We first propose a mono-dimensional segmentation of text paragraphs into lines that uses a technique inspired by the text recognition models. The connexionist temporal classification (CTC) method is used to implicitly align the sequences. Then, we propose a neural network that directly predicts the coordinates of the boxes bounding the text lines. Adding a confidence prediction to these hypothesis boxes enables to locate a varying number of objects. We propose to predict the objects locally in order to share the network parameters between the locations and to increase the number of different objects that each single box predictor sees during training. This compensates the rather small size of the available datasets. In order to recover the contextual information that carries knowledge on the document layout, we add multi-dimensional LSTM recurrent layers between the convolutional layers of our networks. We propose three full page text recognition strategies that tackle the need of high preciseness of the text line position predictions. We show on the heterogeneous Maurdor dataset how our methods perform on documents that can be printed or handwritten, in French, English or Arabic and we favourably compare to other state of the art methods. Visualizing the concepts learned by our neurons enables to underline the ability of the recurrent layers to convey the contextual information

L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de construire un système de reconnaissance de phrases, en se basant sur un système de reconnaissance de mots existant. Pour cela, deux axes de recherche sont abordés : la segmentation des phrases en mots ainsi que l'intégration de connaissances linguistiques pour prendre en compte le contexte des phrases. Nous avons étudié plusieurs types de modèles de langage statistiques, en comparant leurs impacts respectifs sur les performances du système de reconnaissance. Nous avons également recherché la meilleure stratégie pour les intégrer efficacement dans le système de reconnaissance global. Une des orginalités de cette étude est l'ajout d'une représentation des différentes hypothèses de phrases sous forme d'un réseau de confusion, afin de pouvoir détecter et corriger les erreurs de reconnaissance restantes. L'utilisation des technique présentées permet de réduire de façon importante le nombre d'erreurs de reconnaissance, parmi les mots des phrases.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O Brasil é o maior consumidor per capita de feijão e possui produtividade média de 946 kg ha-1, e dentre as causas da baixa produtividade Nacional está a falta de utilização de sementes de boa qualidade. O nível de qualidade fisiológica de sementes é avaliado por meio dos parâmetros viabilidade e vigor. A tecnologia de sementes como segmento do processo de produção tem procurado melhorar os testes de vigor com o objetivo de aprimorar a estimativa do potencial fisiológico de um lote de sementes em campo. Atendendo aos interesses da tecnologia de sementes o trabalho objetiva o estudo dos testes de alagamento, envelhecimento acelerado e deterioração controlada para avaliação do vigor de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). Para isso foram utilizados 30 genótipos de feijão, sendo que o estudo individual de cada teste foi realizado com 19 genótipos. Para o teste de alagamento foram estudadas variações de períodos de embebição (4, 12, 16, 24 e 30 horas), e quantidades de água (50 e 75mL), para envelhecimento acelerado foram avaliadas variações entre temperaturas (41, 43 e 45°C) e períodos (12, 24, 36, 48 e 60horas) e para deterioração controlada o teste foi realizado com avaliação de períodos (0, 2, 3 e 4 dias), temperaturas (37 e 40°C) e umidades iniciais das sementes (0, 16, 20 e 24%). O estudo foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de sementes da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Ilha Solteira-SP, durante o período de março de 2008 a março de 2010. Alguns genótipos apresentam comportamento diferente em relação aos parâmetros envolvidos no teste de envelhecimento acelerado, sendo que este pode ser realizado à 43ºC por 24 horas para determinação do vigor, o teste de alagamento possibilita diferenciar lotes de sementes com qualidade fisiológica distinta quando realizado com 50 ou 75mL de água por 12 horas e é influenciado...
Brazil is the largest per capita consumer of commom beans grains and has an average productivity of 946 kg ha-1, and among the causes of low productivity is the lack of National use of good seeds quality. The level of seed quality is evaluated by the parameters viability and vigor. The seed technology as segment of the production process has sought to improve the vigor tests with objective of improving the estimation of the physiological potential of seeds under field conditions. According to the interests of seed technology this research work objectively study the tests of flooding, accelerated aging and controlled deterioration to assess the vigor of commom bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). For that were used 37 genotypes, and individual study of each test was conducted with 20 genotypes. For the test of flooding were studied variations of soaking periods (4, 12, 16, 24 and 30 hours), and the quantities of water (50 and 75mL) accelerated aging were evaluated for variations between temperatures (41, 43 and 45 ° C) and periods (12, 24, 36, 48 and 60horas) and controlled deterioration test was performed with evaluation periods (0, 2, 3 and 4 days), temperatures (37 and 40 ° C) and seed moisture (12, 16, 20 and 24%). The study was conducted at the Laboratório de Análise de Sementes of the Faculdade de Engenharia- Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus of Ilha Solteira-SP during the period 2008/2010. Some genotypes have behavior different regarding the parameters involved in the accelerated aging test, and this can be performed at 43 ° C for 24 hours to determine the vigor level, flooding test allows differentiating seed lots with distinct physiological quality when performed with 75mL of water for 12 hours and is influenced by genotypic characteristics, such as lignin content of seed coat, the controlled deterioration test provides satisfactory results when performed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

L’objectif de ce travail consiste à décrire les textes en ligne de présentation d’universités francophones en Europe en vue d’expliciter la façon dont ils font sens, intégrés dans les stratégies de communication web des universités contemporaines en Europe. Il s’agira de considérer ces textes, rassemblés en corpus, comme le produit tangible et matériel d’une pratique sémiotique en contexte en mettant l’accent sur les régularités discursives qu’ils rendent manifestes. Tenant compte de la façon dont nous aurons défini la nature de toute pratique discursive ,nous prêterons donc attention 1) aux « régularités génériques » (c’est-à-dire les régularités propres au genre de discours) qu’un ensemble de textes, produits dans des situations de communication que l’on juge similaires, ne manquent pas de générer, et 2) aux « régularités interdiscursives » (c’est-à-dire propre à l’interdiscours) qu’une confrontation de cet ensemble de textes à d’autres ensembles textuels, émanant d’autres situations de communication, permet également de détecter. La question de recherche envisagée prend donc la forme suivante :quelles régularités discursives est-il possible de déceler dans les textes de présentation d’universités? De cet objectif découlent deux hypothèses de recherche, qu’il s’agira d’infirmer – ou confirmer – à partir de l’analyse du corpus. Premièrement, nos textes en ligne de présentation d’universités présentent des régularités génériques dans leur façon de « dire » la promotion d’une institution académique (H1). Cette première hypothèse concerne les textes en tant qu’ils sont liés à un contexte de production. Deuxièmement, les textes en ligne de présentation d’universités présentent des régularités interdiscursives liées à la formation discursive propre à l’enseignement supérieur européen (H2). Cette seconde hypothèse concerne les textes en tant qu’ils sont liés à un (des) cotexte(s) particulier(s). À travers ce travail, nous proposons de montrer en quoi la pratique discursive consistant à promouvoir en ligne une université produit des textes numériques génériquement stéréotypés qui témoignent de la présence d’un ordre du discours relatif aux processus de marchandisation et de néolibéralisation de l’enseignement supérieur en Europe. Ces textes portent les traces discursives de ces processus, traces dont l’étude permet de porter un éclairage original sur la façon dont les institutions universitaires envisagent et promeuvent le type d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche qu’elles se proposent de servir.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Orientador: Marco Eustaquio de Sa
Banca: Salatiér Buzetti
Banca: Edson Lazarini
Banca: Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski
Banca: José de Barros França Neto
Resumo: O Brasil é o maior consumidor per capita de feijão e possui produtividade média de 946 kg ha-1, e dentre as causas da baixa produtividade Nacional está a falta de utilização de sementes de boa qualidade. O nível de qualidade fisiológica de sementes é avaliado por meio dos parâmetros viabilidade e vigor. A tecnologia de sementes como segmento do processo de produção tem procurado melhorar os testes de vigor com o objetivo de aprimorar a estimativa do potencial fisiológico de um lote de sementes em campo. Atendendo aos interesses da tecnologia de sementes o trabalho objetiva o estudo dos testes de alagamento, envelhecimento acelerado e deterioração controlada para avaliação do vigor de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). Para isso foram utilizados 30 genótipos de feijão, sendo que o estudo individual de cada teste foi realizado com 19 genótipos. Para o teste de alagamento foram estudadas variações de períodos de embebição (4, 12, 16, 24 e 30 horas), e quantidades de água (50 e 75mL), para envelhecimento acelerado foram avaliadas variações entre temperaturas (41, 43 e 45°C) e períodos (12, 24, 36, 48 e 60horas) e para deterioração controlada o teste foi realizado com avaliação de períodos (0, 2, 3 e 4 dias), temperaturas (37 e 40°C) e umidades iniciais das sementes (0, 16, 20 e 24%). O estudo foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de sementes da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Ilha Solteira-SP, durante o período de março de 2008 a março de 2010. Alguns genótipos apresentam comportamento diferente em relação aos parâmetros envolvidos no teste de envelhecimento acelerado, sendo que este pode ser realizado à 43ºC por 24 horas para determinação do vigor, o teste de alagamento possibilita diferenciar lotes de sementes com qualidade fisiológica distinta quando realizado com 50 ou 75mL de água por 12 horas e é influenciado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Brazil is the largest per capita consumer of commom beans grains and has an average productivity of 946 kg ha-1, and among the causes of low productivity is the lack of National use of good seeds quality. The level of seed quality is evaluated by the parameters viability and vigor. The seed technology as segment of the production process has sought to improve the vigor tests with objective of improving the estimation of the physiological potential of seeds under field conditions. According to the interests of seed technology this research work objectively study the tests of flooding, accelerated aging and controlled deterioration to assess the vigor of commom bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). For that were used 37 genotypes, and individual study of each test was conducted with 20 genotypes. For the test of flooding were studied variations of soaking periods (4, 12, 16, 24 and 30 hours), and the quantities of water (50 and 75mL) accelerated aging were evaluated for variations between temperatures (41, 43 and 45 ° C) and periods (12, 24, 36, 48 and 60horas) and controlled deterioration test was performed with evaluation periods (0, 2, 3 and 4 days), temperatures (37 and 40 ° C) and seed moisture (12, 16, 20 and 24%). The study was conducted at the Laboratório de Análise de Sementes of the Faculdade de Engenharia- Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus of Ilha Solteira-SP during the period 2008/2010. Some genotypes have behavior different regarding the parameters involved in the accelerated aging test, and this can be performed at 43 ° C for 24 hours to determine the vigor level, flooding test allows differentiating seed lots with distinct physiological quality when performed with 75mL of water for 12 hours and is influenced by genotypic characteristics, such as lignin content of seed coat, the controlled deterioration test provides satisfactory results when performed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Orientador: Roseana da Exaltação Trevisan
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Trinca induzida por hidrogênio é um dos defeitos mais graves que ocorrem em juntas soldadas de diversos aços. Esta falha mecânica ocorre com bastante freqüência na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) destes materiais. Com o desenvolvimento de novos aços, o risco da ocorrência de trincamento na ZAC tem se reduzido cada vez mais e passado a ocorrer com mais freqüência no metal de solda (MS). O teste G-BOP (Gapped Bead-on-Plate) destaca-se dentre os vários testes autodestrutivos pela grande aplicação em avaliar susceptibilidade de ocorrência de trincas de hidrogênio somente no cordão de solda. As principais vantagens deste teste são: baixo custo quando comparado a outros testes, simplicidade na execução e facilidade em quantificar trincas a frio no MS. Apesar de todas as vantagens, este teste tem sérias limitações e uma delas é o fato de não ser normalizado. Visando contribuir com informações que possam agregar maior confiabilidade e contribuir para a normalização do teste G-BOP, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar de maneira sistemática e científica a influência das principais variáveis do teste G-BOP (dimensão do rebaixo, energia nominal de soldagem e temperatura de preaquecimento) sobre a variável de resposta, que é o percentual de trinca induzida por hidrogênio na seção transversal do metal de solda, As três variáveis foram estudadas segundo uma análise estatística de variância, identificando a influência individual de cada uma e a interação entre elas sobre os resultados do teste. Para o desenvolvimento experimental foi utilizado como material de base um aço ASTM A-285 grau C, como metal de adição, um arame tubular de classificação AWS E71T-1 e o 'CO IND. 2¿ como gás de proteção auxiliar. Para os níveis de cada uma das variáveis analisadas aqui, identificou-se que a energia nominal de soldagem e a temperatura de preaquecimento são variáveis que tem influência significativa sobre os resultados do teste G-BOP e que a variável dimensão do rebaixo não tem influência significativa. Identificou-se ainda que a interação entre estas variáveis também não apresenta influência significativa sobre os resultados do teste
Abstract: Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is a serious defect that occurs in welded joints of several steel types. This mechanical failure occurs frequently on the heat affected zone (HAZ). With the development of new steels the probability of HIC occurring on the HAZ has reduced, however it has started to occur on the weld metal (WM). The Gapped bead-on-plate test (G-BOP) stands out from several other self-restraint tests for its great application to evaluate HIC only on the weld metal. The main advantages of this test are: low cost, simple execution and crack quantification on WM. Despite its advantages, this test has a serious limitation that it is not normalized. To contribute to getting information that can add greater trustworthiness to G-BOP test and help to normalize it, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the main variable of the G-BOP test (gap, welding heat and preheat temperature) in the output variable (HIC %). A variance analysis was used to identify the influence of these variables in the test results. For the experimental development the ASTM A-285 grade C steel was used as base metal as well as AWS E71T-1 flux core and 'CO IND. 2¿ shielding. It was concluded that the heat input and the preheat temperature have significant influence in the test result. The gap and the interaction between these variables don't have any influence in the test result
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia de Fabricação

Le phenylacetate de sodium, ou napa, est un nouvel agent antitumoral qui a donne de bons resultats, en phase i aux etats-unis sur des patients atteints de gliomes multiformes ou de cancer de la prostate. Son mecanisme d'action n'est pas encore clairement elucide. Nous avons utilise comme modele d'etude in vitro, quatre lignees epitheliales mammaires : hbl100, mcf-7, mcf-7ras et mda-mb-231. Notre travail permet de poser certaines hypotheses quant aux mecanismes d'action du napa. L'etude de la proliferation cellulaire en presence de napa a permis de montrer que le pouvoir anti-proliferatif du napa est cytostatique et differentielle en fonction de la tumorogenicite cellulaire. Cet effet est dose et temps dependant et l'action est reversible. Nous avons egalement mis en evidence un arret du cycle cellulaire en phase g0/g1 apres un traitement au napa. D'autre part, le napa induit l'apoptose d'un faible pourcentage de cellules traitees. Enfin, nous avons montre que le napa inhibe la synthese et/ou la secretion de facteurs de croissance necessaire a la proliferation des cellules epitheliales mammaires. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en evidence le pouvoir anti-invasif du napa. Les cellules tumorales perdent leur capacite d'adhesion cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice extracellulaire. Nous avons montre que d'une part le napa restaure la capacite d'adhesion cellule-cellule en inhibant les phosphotyrosines des -catenines, augmente le nombre de molecules de e-cadherines a la surface des cellules mcf-7ras et inhibe la migration de cellule invasive. D'autre part, le napa renforce l'adhesion des cellules epitheliales a la matrice extracellulaire. Il stimule la presence du recepteur de l'urokinase a la surface cellulaire et favorise la liaison du recepteur de l'urokinase a la vitronectine. L'ensemble de nos resultats permet de proposer le napa comme un agent therapeutique potentiel dans le traitement de cancer du sein.

Héritant à la fois de la tradition scripturale des pères, de la rupture provoquée par la littérature conjoncturelle des années 90, de son urgence et de son obsolescence ainsi que de l'avènement du nouveau millénaire, les écritures algériennes dévoilées par les auteurs de notre corpus sont marquées par le souci de l'enfantement de l'Homme Nouveau. En effet, bien qu'inscrite dans son épistème, cette littérature tend à se renouveler et à affirmer sa singularité. Si pour Abdellatif Laâbi, toute sa génération d'écrivains « descend du manteau de Nedjma », les auteurs émergents peuvent légitimement prolonger l'hommage en se déclarant encore aujourd'hui bercés par les mélopées du Poète, engagés sur les chemins de la vérité sans travestissements par La colline oubliée, nourris à la mamelle de La Répudiation, alertés des hautes trahisons par Le Muezzin, éveillés au cri de Fis de la haine, reconnaissant l'élargissement de leur horizon à la dimension poétique de Qui se souvient de la mer. Et enfin légitimés dans le territoire des langues, parce qu'assiégés, à leur tour, par la voix d'Assia Djebar et la polyphonie de Ces Voix qui m’assiègent. Néanmoins, en réponse à la question « où va la littérature ? », nous abordons son devenir en délivrant une « feuille de température », à travers les lignes de fuite qu'elle semble emprunter. Le paradoxe du « devenir » réside dans son oscillation entre passé et futur qui permet d'échapper aux carcans du présent. C'est sur le mythe de l'Andalus que s'arcboute le changement. Chevaucher la ligne de fuite, c'est à la fois voguer vers des « devenirs » possibles et convoquer des assises sûres. L'Andalousie Heureuse est la caution irréfutable de la faisabilité et l'illustration de ce qui est survenu une fois peut se renouveler dès lors qu'on lui fabrique les conditions de son émergence. Le « texte- médecin » gère le trauma et convie l'individu vers la résilience et de nouvelles expériences du bonheur. L'Homme Nouveau est à réinventer. Telle est l'ambition que les textes du corpus nous aident à percevoir, en devinant parfois les tracés et les contours
Inheriting simultaneously from the scriptural tradition of the fathers, from the rupture provoked by the contemporary literature of the 1990s, from its urgency and its obsolescence as well as the advent of the new millennium, the Algerian writings unveiled by the authors of this corpus are marked by concern about the birth of the New Man. Indeed, although inscribed in its episteme, this literature tends to renew itself and to affirm its singularity. If, for Abdellatif Laâbi, all his generation of writers « descend from the mantle of Nedjma », emerging authors can legitimately extend the tribute by declaring themselves, still today, lulled by the chants of the Poet, breast-fed by La Repudiation, warned of high treacheries by Le Muezzin, awakened to the cry of Fis de la haine, acknowledging the widening of their horizons to the poetic dimension of Qui se souvient de la mer. And finally legitimized in the territory of languages, due to being besieged, in turn, by the voice of Assia Djebar and the polyphony of Ces Voix qui m’assiègent. Nevertheless, in answer to the question « Whither literature? » we approach its future by delivering a « temperature chart » by means of the trajectories it seems to take. The paradox of « becoming » lies in its oscillation between past and future, which makes it possible to escape the shackles of the present. It is on the myth that change is strengthened. Straddling the trajectory is both sailing towards possible « futures » and summoning safe bases. Happy Andalusia is the irrefutable guarantee of the feasibility and the illustration of this one-time occurrence can be renewed, as soon as conditions of its emergence are reproduced, by the writing of a « healing text » to manage the trauma and escort the individual towards resilience as well as new experiences of happiness. The New Man is to be reinvented. This is the ambition that the texts of the corpus have helped us to distinguish, whilst sometimes puzzling over its tracks and the contours

À mesure que la production de textes numériques croît exponentiellement, un besoin grandissant d’analyser des corpus de textes se manifeste dans beaucoup de domaines d’application, tant ces corpus constituent des sources inépuisables d’information et de connaissance partagées. Ainsi proposons-nous dans cette thèse une nouvelle approche de visualisation analytique pour l’analyse de corpus textuels, mise en œuvre pour les besoins spécifiques du journalisme d’investigation. Motivées par les problèmes et les tâches identifiés avec une journaliste d’investigation professionnelle, les visualisations et les interactions ont été conçues suivant une méthodologie centrée utilisateur, impliquant l’utilisateur durant tout le processus de développement. En l’occurrence, les journalistes d’investigation formulent des hypothèses, explorent leur sujet d’investigation sous tous ses angles, à la recherche de sources multiples étayant leurs hypothèses de travail. La réalisation de ces tâches, très fastidieuse lorsque les corpus sont volumineux, requiert l’usage de logiciels de visualisation analytique se confrontant aux problématiques de recherche abordées dans cette thèse. D’abord, la difficulté de donner du sens à un corpus textuel vient de sa nature non structurée. Nous avons donc recours au modèle vectoriel et son lien étroit avec l’hypothèse distributionnelle, ainsi qu’aux algorithmes qui l’exploitent pour révéler la structure sémantique latente du corpus. Les modèles de sujets et les algorithmes de biclustering sont efficaces pour l’extraction de sujets de haut niveau. Ces derniers correspondent à des groupes de documents concernant des sujets similaires, chacun représenté par un ensemble de termes extraits des contenus textuels. Une telle structuration par sujet permet notamment de résumer un corpus et de faciliter son exploration. Nous proposons une nouvelle visualisation, une carte pondérée des sujets, qui dresse une vue d’ensemble des sujets de haut niveau. Elle permet d’une part d’interpréter rapidement les contenus grâce à de multiples nuages de mots, et d’autre part, d’apprécier les propriétés des sujets telles que leur taille relative et leur proximité sémantique. Bien que l’exploration des sujets de haut niveau aide à localiser des sujets d’intérêt ainsi que leur voisinage, l’identification de faits précis, de points de vue ou d’angles d’analyse, en lien avec un événement ou une histoire, nécessite un niveau de structuration plus fin pour représenter des variantes de sujet. Cette structure imbriquée révélée par Bimax, une méthode de biclustering basée sur des motifs avec chevauchement, capture au sein des biclusters les co-occurrences de termes partagés par des sous-ensembles de documents pouvant dévoiler des faits, des points de vue ou des angles associés à des événements ou des histoires communes. Cette thèse aborde les problèmes de visualisation de biclusters avec chevauchement en organisant les biclusters terme-document en une hiérarchie qui limite la redondance des termes et met en exergue les parties communes et distinctives des biclusters. Nous avons évalué l’utilité de notre logiciel d’abord par un scénario d’utilisation doublé d’une évaluation qualitative avec une journaliste d’investigation. En outre, les motifs de co-occurrence des variantes de sujet révélées par Bima. sont déterminés par la structure de sujet englobante fournie par une méthode d’extraction de sujet. Cependant, la communauté a peu de recul quant au choix de la méthode et son impact sur l’exploration et l’interprétation des sujets et de ses variantes. Ainsi nous avons conduit une expérience computationnelle et une expérience utilisateur contrôlée afin de comparer deux méthodes d’extraction de sujet. D’un côté Coclu. est une méthode de biclustering disjointe, et de l’autre, hirarchical Latent Dirichlet Allocation (hLDA) est un modèle de sujet probabiliste dont les distributions de probabilité forment une structure de bicluster avec chevauchement. (...)
As the production of digital texts grows exponentially, a greater need to analyze text corpora arises in various domains of application, insofar as they constitute inexhaustible sources of shared information and knowledge. We therefore propose in this thesis a novel visual analytics approach for the analysis of text corpora, implemented for the real and concrete needs of investigative journalism. Motivated by the problems and tasks identified with a professional investigative journalist, visualizations and interactions are designed through a user-centered methodology involving the user during the whole development process. Specifically, investigative journalists formulate hypotheses and explore exhaustively the field under investigation in order to multiply sources showing pieces of evidence related to their working hypothesis. Carrying out such tasks in a large corpus is however a daunting endeavor and requires visual analytics software addressing several challenging research issues covered in this thesis. First, the difficulty to make sense of a large text corpus lies in its unstructured nature. We resort to the Vector Space Model (VSM) and its strong relationship with the distributional hypothesis, leveraged by multiple text mining algorithms, to discover the latent semantic structure of the corpus. Topic models and biclustering methods are recognized to be well suited to the extraction of coarse-grained topics, i.e. groups of documents concerning similar topics, each one represented by a set of terms extracted from textual contents. We provide a new Weighted Topic Map visualization that conveys a broad overview of coarse-grained topics by allowing quick interpretation of contents through multiple tag clouds while depicting the topical structure such as the relative importance of topics and their semantic similarity. Although the exploration of the coarse-grained topics helps locate topic of interest and its neighborhood, the identification of specific facts, viewpoints or angles related to events or stories requires finer level of structuration to represent topic variants. This nested structure, revealed by Bimax, a pattern-based overlapping biclustering algorithm, captures in biclusters the co-occurrences of terms shared by multiple documents and can disclose facts, viewpoints or angles related to events or stories. This thesis tackles issues related to the visualization of a large amount of overlapping biclusters by organizing term-document biclusters in a hierarchy that limits term redundancy and conveys their commonality and specificities. We evaluated the utility of our software through a usage scenario and a qualitative evaluation with an investigative journalist. In addition, the co-occurrence patterns of topic variants revealed by Bima. are determined by the enclosing topical structure supplied by the coarse-grained topic extraction method which is run beforehand. Nonetheless, little guidance is found regarding the choice of the latter method and its impact on the exploration and comprehension of topics and topic variants. Therefore we conducted both a numerical experiment and a controlled user experiment to compare two topic extraction methods, namely Coclus, a disjoint biclustering method, and hierarchical Latent Dirichlet Allocation (hLDA), an overlapping probabilistic topic model. The theoretical foundation of both methods is systematically analyzed by relating them to the distributional hypothesis. The numerical experiment provides statistical evidence of the difference between the resulting topical structure of both methods. The controlled experiment shows their impact on the comprehension of topic and topic variants, from analyst perspective. (...)

Syftet med uppsatsen är att lyfta fram och synliggöra vad som skrivs i underlag inför utvecklingssamtal för år 7-9. Huvudfrågan är:- Vad skriver lärarna i omdömena till utvecklingssamtalen? Till denna följer två hjälp- eller delfrågor enligt följande formuleringar. - På vilket vis kan det som skrivs stödja den sociala och kunskapsmässiga utvecklingen för eleven? - I vilken utsträckning kan man hävda att omdömena förhåller sig positiva och/eller framåtsyftandeI min text har jag analyserat innehåll och kategoriserat hela eller delar av meningar hämtade från sammanlagt 341 omdömen riktade till elever i år 7-9. Uppsatsen ger en bild av vad lärarna skriver i omdömena och även om utvecklingssamtalens natur och olika uppfattningar om utveckling i socialisering och kognition. Resultaten kopplas ihop med tre jagfunktioner som berör utveckling kring kognition, jagbild och relationer till andra. Resultaten visar sammanfattningsvis att en stor del av det som skrivs i omdömena har karaktären av beröm och framåtsyftande formuleringar som enligt mitt teoriavsnitt är det som bäst stödjer utveckling. De tre jagfunktionerna är tydligt representerade, framför allt de två första funktionerna. Analysen visar att det inte finns någon gemensam struktur gällande ordval, omfång eller disposition av omdömena.En fortsättning på ämnet kan vara att belysa om det finns möjlighet och efterfrågan på att utarbeta ett system med nationella kvalitetskriterier för utvecklingssamtalen.

L’intelligence épidémiologique a pour but de détecter, d’analyser et de surveiller au cours du temps les potentielles menaces sanitaires. Ce processus de surveillance repose sur des sources dites formelles, tels que les organismes de santé officiels, et des sources dites informelles, comme les médias. La veille des sources informelles est réalisée au travers de la surveillance basée sur les événements (event-based surveillance en anglais). Ce type de veille requiert le développement d’outils dédiés à la collecte et au traitement de données textuelles non structurées publiées sur le Web. Cette thèse se concentre sur l’extraction et la combinaison d’informations épidémiologiques extraites d’articles de presse en ligne, dans le cadre de la veille des maladies infectieuses animales. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de proposer et de comparer des approches pour améliorer l’identification et l’extraction d’informations épidémiologiques pertinentes à partir du contenu d’articles. Le second objectif est d’étudier l’utilisation de descripteurs épidémiologiques (i.e. maladies, hôtes, localisations et dates) dans le contexte de l’extraction d’événements et de la mise en relation d’articles similaires au regard de leur contenu épidémiologique. Dans ce manuscrit, nous proposons de nouvelles représentations textuelles fondées sur la sélection, l’expansion et la combinaison de descripteurs épidémiologiques. Nous montrons que l’adaptation et l’extension de méthodes de fouille de texte et de classification permet d’améliorer l’utilisation des articles en ligne tant que source de données sanitaires. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle de l’expertise quant à la pertinence et l’interprétabilité de certaines des approches proposées. Bien que nos travaux soient menés dans le contexte de la surveillance de maladies en santé animale, nous discutons des aspects génériques des méthodes proposées, vis-à-vis de de maladies inconnues et dans un contexte One Health (« une seule santé »)
Epidemic intelligence aims to detect, investigate and monitor potential health threats while relying on formal (e.g. official health authorities) and informal (e.g. media) information sources. Monitoring of unofficial sources, or so-called event-based surveillance (EBS), requires the development of systems designed to retrieve and process unstructured textual data published online. This manuscript focuses on the extraction and combination of epidemiological information from informal sources (i.e. online news), in the context of the international surveillance of animal infectious diseases. The first objective of this thesis is to propose and compare approaches to enhance the identification and extraction of relevant epidemiological information from the content of online news. The second objective is to study the use of epidemiological entities extracted from the news articles (i.e. diseases, hosts, locations and dates) in the context of event extraction and retrieval of related online news.This manuscript proposes new textual representation approaches by selecting, expanding, and combining relevant epidemiological features. We show that adapting and extending text mining and classification methods improves the added value of online news sources for event-based surveillance. We stress the role of domain expert knowledge regarding the relevance and the interpretability of methods proposed in this thesis. While our researches are conducted in the context of animal disease surveillance, we discuss the generic aspects of our approaches regarding unknown threats and One Health surveillance

Dans cette étude nous nous intéressons aux contrôleurs utilisés dans des systèmes autotestables, pour le test des sorties, combinatoires ou séquentielles, du bloc fonctionnel. Deux classes de contrôleurs sont abordées: les "Strongly Code Disjoint" (SCD) qui vérifient une propriété combinatoire, et les "Strongly Language Disjoint" (SLD), où la propriété vérifiée est séquentielle. Pour la première, nous examinons la conception des contrôleurs NMOS à partir de l'assemblage des cellules, des règles de conception pour celles-ci, et des hypothèses de pannes pouvant survenir dans les systèmes aussi bien que dans quelques structures spécifiques de contrôleurs. Les contróleurs "Strongly Language Disjoint" définis ici component la plus large classe qui, associèe à des circuits "sequentially self-checking", permet au système d'atteindre le "TSC goal" sous certaines hypothèses de pannes. Its conservent la propriété "language-disjoint" même en présence de fautes. Des propositions pour la conception de ces contrôleurs sont également données -nous vérifions la possibilité de les construire à partir de blocs combinatoires. Toutes les considárations pratiques sont basáes sur des hypothèses de pannes analytiques.

Le développement du Web 2.0 a donné lieu à la production d'une grande quantité de discussions en ligne. La fouille et l'extraction de données de qualité de ces discussions en ligne sont importantes dans de nombreux domaines (industrie, marketing) et particulièrement pour toutes les applications de commerce électronique. Les discussions de ce type contiennent des opinions et des croyances de personnes et cela explique l'intérêt de développer des outils d'analyse efficaces pour ces discussions. L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir un modèle qui représente les discussions en ligne et facilite leur analyse. Nous proposons un modèle basé sur des graphes. Les sommets du graphe représentent les objets de type message. Chaque objet de type message contient des informations comme son contenu, son auteur, l'orientation de l'opinion qui y été exprimée et la date où il a été posté. Les liens parmi les objets message montrent une relation de type "répondre à". En d'autres termes, ils montrent quels objets répondent à quoi, conséquence directe de la structure de la discussion en ligne. Avec ce nouveau modèle, nous proposons un certain nombre de mesures qui guident la fouille au sein de la discussion et permettent d'extraire des informations pertinentes. Il existe des mesures centrées sur l'analyse de l'opinion qui traitent de l'évolution de l'opinion au sein de la discussion. Nous définissons également des mesures centrées sur le temps, qui exploitent la dimension temporelle du modèle, alors que les mesures centrées sur le sujet peuvent être utilisées pour mesurer la présence de sujets dans une discussion. La présence de l'utilisateur dans des discussions en ligne peut être exploitée soit par les techniques des réseaux sociaux, soit à travers notre nouveau modèle qui inclut la connaissance des auteurs de chaque objet message. De plus, une liste de messages clés est recommandée à l'utilisateur pour permettre une participation plus efficace au sein de la discussion.

La place importante du tutorat dans la réussite d'un dispositif de formation en ligne a ouvert un nouvel axe de recherche dans le domaine des EIAH (Environnements Informatiques pour l'Apprentissage Humain). Nos travaux se situent plus particulièrement dans le champ de recherches des ACAO. Dans un contexte collaboratif, le tutorat et les outils « d'awareness » constituent des solutions admises pour faire face à l'isolement qui très souvent, mène à l'abandon de l'apprenant. Ainsi, du fait des difficultés rencontrées par le tuteur pour assurer un encadrement et un suivi appropriés à partir des traces de communication (en quantités conséquentes) laissées par les apprenants, nous proposons une approche multi-agents pour analyser les conversations textuelles asynchrones entre apprenants. Ces interactions sont révélatrices de comportements sociaux-animateur, indépendant, etc... qu'il nous paraît important de pouvoir repérer lors d'une pédagogie de projet pour permettre aux apprenants de situer leurs travaux par rapport aux autres apprenants et situer leur groupe par rapport aux autres groupes d'une part, et d'autre part permettre au tuteur d'accompagner les apprenants dans leur processus d'apprentissage, repérer et soutenir les individus en difficulté pour leur éviter l'abandon. Ces indicateurs seront déduits à partir des grands volumes d'échanges textuels entre apprenants.L'approche a été ensuite testée sur une situation réelle, qui a montré une parfaite concordance entre les résultatsobservés par des tuteurs humains et ceux déterminés automatiquement par notre système
The growing importance of online training has put emphasis on the role of remote tutoring. A whole new area of research, dedicated to environment for human learning (EHL), is emerging. We are concerned with this field. More specifically, we will focus on the monitoring of learners.The instrumentation and observation of learners activities by exploiting interaction traces in the EHL and the development of indicators can help tutors to monitor activities of learners and support them in their collaborative learning process. Indeed, in a learning situation, the teacher needs to observe the behavior of learners in order to build an idea about their involvement, preferences and learning styles so that he can adapt the proposed activities. As part of the automatic analysis of collaborative learner¿s activities, we describe a multi agent approach for supporting learning activities in a Virtual Learning Environment context. In order to assist teachers who monitor learning processes, viewed as a specific type of collaboration, the proposed system estimates a behavioral (sociological) profile for each student. This estimation is based on automatic analysis of students textual asynchronous conversations. The determined profiles are proposed to the teacher and may provide assistance toteacher during tutoring tasks. The system was experimented with students of the master "software quality" of the Ibn Tofail University. The results obtained show that the proposed approach is effective and gives satisfactory results

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INTRODU??O: A agressividade ? um comportamento comum a diversas esp?cies animais, incluindo humanos. Entretanto, a viol?ncia e a impulsividade, associadas ? agressividade, s?o um problema social e podem ser consideradas patol?gicas, pois est?o presentes em v?rios transtornos psiqui?tricos. Diversas ?reas encef?licas est?o associadas ? express?o do comportamento agressivo, como a am?gdala, hipot?lamo e c?rtex pr?-frontal. V?rios sistemas de neurotransmiss?o est?o mediando o comportamento agressivo, dentre eles: serotonina, dopamina, noradrenalina e GABA. De maneira geral, os alvos terap?uticos dispon?veis para controle da agressividade modulam a fun??o dos sistemas de neurotransmissores acima. A nociceptina/orfanina FQ (N/OFQ) ? um heptadecapept?deo que atua como ligante do receptor NOP. Evid?ncias cl?nicas e pr?-cl?nicas mostram o envolvimento do sistema N/OFQ ? receptor NOP com transtornos psiqui?tricos, incluindo aqueles nos quais a agressividade est? associada. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho investigou o efeito de f?rmacos cl?ssicos e ligantes do receptor NOP no comportamento agressivo de camundongos machos, por meio do teste do residente-intruso. M?TODOS: Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss machos. Valproato 300 mg/kg, L?tio 50 mg/kg, Carbamazepina 20 mg/kg e Diazepam 1 mg/kg foram os f?rmacos cl?ssicos utilizados nesse estudo. Dentre os ligantes NOP utilizados destacam-se: Ro 65-6570 (0,01 ? 1 mg/kg), agonista pleno, AT-090 (0,01-0,1 mg/kg), agonista parcial, SB-612111 (1- 10 mg/kg), antagonista NOP. Para o teste do residente-intruso, camundongos machos foram isolados por 7 dias (residentes). Nos 8? e 11? dia, foram realizadas sess?es de avalia??o da agressividade, por meio da inser??o de um camundongo intruso na caixa do residente por 10 min. No dia 8, a agressividade basal foi avaliada sem qualquer tratamento pr?vio; no dia 11, o mesmo camundongo residente foi novamente avaliado, ap?s ter recebido o tratamento relativo ao seu grupo experimental. O campo aberto foi utilizado para avaliar o efeito dos f?rmacos na atividade locomotora. RESULTADOS: Valproato, L?tio, Carbamazepina reduziram o comportamento agressivo no teste do residente-intruso, enquanto que o tratamento com Diazepam n?o afetou a agressividade dos residentes. A administra??o de Ro 65-6570 (em todas as doses testadas) e AT-090 (na dose mais alta), aumentou o comportamento agressivo. J? o agonista parcial, AT-090, nas menores doses, reduziu discretamente a agressividade dos residentes. O tratamento com SB-612111 n?o modificou o comportamento agressivo dos animais. Nenhum dos tratamentos alterou a atividade locomotora dos animais. CONCLUS?O: Os f?rmacos cl?ssicos utilizados na cl?nica para tratamento de transtornos psiqui?tricos, os quais incluem sintomas de agressividade, foram eficazes em controlar a agressividade nos camunodngos residentes. Por outro lado, a ativa??o do receptor NOP tende a aumentar o comportamento agressivo, enquanto que o bloqueio deste sinal n?o foi modifica este comportamento. Em ?ltima an?lise, com estes dados sugere-se que os agonistas NOP poderiam promover como efeito adverso aumento da agressividade.
INTRODUCTION: Several species including humans display aggressive behavior. However, violence and impulsivity related to aggressiveness represent a social problem. Indeed, aggressive behavior can be considered symptoms of many psychiatric disorders. Some of the brain areas involved in aggression include amygdala, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex. Aggressiveness is modulated by different neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and GABA. These systems represent the therapeutic targets available to treat aggressiveness. The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a heptadecapeptide acting as endogenous ligand of NOP receptor. Clinical and preclinical findings suggest the involvement of N/OFQ ? NOP receptor system with psychiatric disorders, including those related to aggressiveness. AIM: This study investigated the effects of standard drugs as well as NOP receptor ligands on aggressiveness in mice submitted to the resident-intruder test. METHODS: Male Swiss mice were used to develop this study. Valproate 300 mg/kg, Lithium 50 mg/kg, Carbamazepine 20 mg/kg, and Diazepam 1 mg/kg were used as standard drugs. The NOP ligands Ro 65-6570 (0.01 ? 1 mg/kg), full agonist, AT-090 (0,01 ? 0,1 mg/kg), partial agonist, and SB-612111 (1 ? 10 mg/kg), antagonist, were used. In the resident-intruder test, male mice were housed individually for 7 days (residents) before the experiment. The aggressiveness of each resident mouse was tested twice, at 8th and 11th days, by inserting an intruder mouse in the resident cage for 10 min. Day 8 of experiment, the basal aggressiveness of resident mice was recorded without pharmacological treatment; Day 11 of experiment, the same mouse was re-tested after being treated. The open field was used to evaluated the spontaneous locomotor activity . RESULTS: Valproate, Lithium, and Carbamazepine reduced the aggressive behavior of resident mice, while Diazepam did not affect the agressiveness. Ro 65-6570 (at all doses) and AT-090 (at the highest dose), increased aggressiveness. The partial agonist, AT-090, at lowest doses, slightly reduced aggressive behavior. The treatment with SB-61211 did not modified the aggressive behavior of mice. None of the treatments affected the locomotor activity. CONCLUSION: Standard drugs used in therapy for psychiatric disorders were effective on aggressiveness control in the resident mice. In contrast, the activation of NOP receptor tends to increase the aggressive behavior, while the blockade of this signal did not modify this behavior. Ultimately, these data suggest that NOP agonists could increase aggressive behavior as an adverse event.

Le numérique transforme la production, la circulation et la réception de la culture écrite. Ces mutations offrent une occasion propice à l’examen des pratiques de lecture, dont on déplore régulièrement le déclin, et du moment charnière en SHS – nouveaux objets, terrains et méthodes – auquel cet examen nous confronte. Partant de la question, toujours sans réponse – pourquoi et comment lisons-nous ? –, cette thèse analyse des expériences de lecture ordinaires partagées à travers des critiques postées sur la communauté de lecteurs en ligne, Babelio. Elle teste les potentialités et limites d’une méthodologie ad hoc, une approche mixte déployant des méthodes quali-quantitatives et assistées par ordinateur (base de données et text mining). Le recours aux travaux préalables, issus de diverses disciplines au sein des SHS, sur la lecture et sur les échanges littéraires, permet d’approfondir la compréhension des nouvelles modalités associées au phénomène de la lecture à l’ère du numérique. La confrontation des commentaires critiques aux notions théoriques sur l’acte et les effets de lecture permet : de souligner l’importance et le goût du partage en ligne pour les lecteurs ainsi que son exploitation marchande par les réseaux sociaux consacrés à cette activité culturelle ; de vérifier la valeur expérimentale des concepts de coopération entre texte et lecteur, d’immersion, de plaisir de lecture sur support imprimé. Ainsi, dans la sphère littéraire numérique, ce n’est pas forcément la lecture elle-même qui s’avère être une idée neuve mais davantage la possibilité du partage entre pairs au sein de communautés spécifiques en ligne
Digital technology is transforming the production, circulation and reception of written culture. These changes provide an opportunity to examine reading practices, whose decline is regularly deplored, and the pivotal moment in HSS– new objects, terrains and methods– that this examination confronts us with. Starting from the question, still unanswered– why and how do people read?– this thesis analyses ordinary reading experiences shared through reviews posted on the online reader community Babelio. It tests the potentialities and limits of an ad hoc methodology, a mixed-methods approach deploying quali-quantitative and computer-assisted methods (database and text mining). The use of preliminary work on reading and literary exchanges, coming from various disciplines in the humanities, enables a deeper understanding of the new modalities associated with the phenomenon of reading in the digital age. The confrontation of critical commentaries with theoretical notions on the act and effects of reading makes it possible to: underline the importance and taste for online sharing of readers as well as its commercial exploitation by social networks dedicated to this cultural activity; verify the experimental value of the concepts of cooperation between text and reader, of immersion, and of pleasures of reading on printed media. Thus, in the digital literary sphere, it is not necessarily reading itself that proves to be a new idea, but rather the possibility of sharing between peers within specific online communities

Orientador: Fernando Eidi Takahashi
Banca: Fernando Eidi Takahashi
Banca: Hideki Yoshida
Banca: Lafayette Nogueira Junior
Resumo: Este trabalho avaliou a influência de três diferentes métodos de fundição (maçarico e centrífuga elétrica - G1, indução eletromagnética - G2 e plasma - G3), sobre a interface de uma liga metálica de Pd-Ag-Sn e uma cerâmica odontológica de cobertura. Foram encerados para cada método de fundição 30 padrões em cera. Os padrões em cera foram incluídos e fundidos de acordo com as especificações de cada fabricante de equipamentos de fundição. Após o processo de sinterização da cerâmica, os corpos de prova (CP) foram divididos em dois subgrupos. Um subgrupo foi submetido diretamente ao ensaio mecânico de cisalhamento, e o outro recebeu ciclagem térmica e mecânica, seguido do ensaio mecânico de cisalhamento. Então, para cada método de fundição (n=24), metade dos CP receberam ciclagem térmica e mecânica (n=12), e a outra metade os CP não foram ciclados. Após o cisalhamento, os CP foram examinados em estereomicroscópio, para verificação do padrão de fratura. Os valores coletados durante o ensaio de cisalhamento receberam análise estatística, (ANOVA e teste de Tukey), com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram os seguintes valores (média l desvio padrão), para os subgrupos sem ciclagem: 108,35 l 22,97 MPa para o maçarico; 103,64 l 28,28 MPa para a indução; 93,79 l 11,07 MPa para o plasma; para o sub grupo com ciclagens: 97,96 l 18,30 MPa para o maçarico; 62,34 l 11,26 MPa para a indução; e 58,10 l 10,66 MPa para o plasma. Conclui-se que os grupos Plasma com ciclagem e Indução com ciclagem apresentam médias dos resultados semelhantes e menores que os demais
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the three differents methods of melting (gas oxygen torch and eletrical centrifuge G1, Induction electrical centrifuge G2 e automated casting machine with gas argon - G3), between the interface of the Pd-Ag-Sn alloy, and a dental ceramic. Thirty standardized specimens were waxed for each method of melting. The specimens were included and melted in agreement with each manufacturer's melting equipments specifications. Following a feldspatic ceramic was applied over the metal copping, according to the manufacturers' instructions The specimens were divided in two subgroups. One subgroup was directly submitted to the shear bond strength test; and the other subgroup was thermo-cycled, mechanic-cycled, followed by the shear bond strength test. The fractured specimens were evaluated under a stereoscopic loup (20 X magnification), and the type of fracture recorded. The data collected during the shear bond strength test were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test statistical analysis with 5% level of significantly. The results showed the following values (mean l S.D.), for the sub groups without cycling: 108,35 l 22,97 MPa by gas oxygen torch and eletrical centrifuge, 103,64 l 28,28 MPa by Induction electrical centrifuge, 93,79 l 11,07 MPa by automated casting machine with gas argon and for the sub group with cycling 97,96 l 18,30 MPa by gas oxygen torch and electrical centrifuge, 62,34 l 11,26 MPa by Induction electrical centrifuge, and 58,10 l 10,66 MPa by automated casting machine with gas argon. Considering this study we can conclude that the automated casting machine with gas argon with cycling and Induction electrical centrifuge with cycling presents similar averages and lower than the others groups
Mestre

Astrid Lindgrens kärlek till skönlitteratur och barndomen har lockat fram det här examensarbetet. Arbetet består av en kvalitativ empirisk studie, vars syfte är att undersöka om arbete med skönlitteratur och lässtrategier kan utveckla skrivstrategier som är nödvändiga för narrativt skrivande. Studien är genomförd med nära koppling till Skolverkets texter kring berättande skrivande, avseende årskurs 4–6 i skolämnet svenska. Som undersökningsmetod har valts att analysera elevtexter från elever i årskurs 6, producerade både före och efter ett arbetsmoment med utgångspunkt i Astrid Lindgrens skönlitterära bok Mio, min Mio. Befintlig forskning visar att elever upplever svårigheter då de får i uppgift att komponera en väl fungerande text, samt att lärare upplever det svårt att motivera elever till att finna läslust och att utveckla skrivstrategier. Eleverna som deltagit i denna undersökning visar, efter undervisning som endast fokuserat på att förbättra deras lässtrategier, tendenser till positiv utveckling avseende narrativa skrivstrategier.

Les collections de manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier sont devenues une partie intégrante de la culture et de la vie des peuples de l'Asie du Sud-Est. Avec l’augmentation des projets de numérisation des documents patrimoniaux à travers le monde, les collections de manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier ont finalement attiré l'attention des chercheurs en analyse d'images de documents (AID). Les travaux de recherche menés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont porté sur les manuscrits d'Indonésie, et en particulier sur les manuscrits de Bali. Nos travaux visent à proposer des méthodes d’analyse pour les manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier. En effet, ces collections offrent de nouveaux défis car elles utilisent, d’une part, un support spécifique : les feuilles de palmier, et d’autre part, un langage et un script qui n'ont jamais été analysés auparavant. Prenant en compte, le contexte et les conditions de stockage des collections de manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier à Bali, nos travaux ont pour objectif d’apporter une valeur ajoutée aux manuscrits numérisés en développant des outils pour analyser, translittérer et indexer le contenu des manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier. Ces systèmes rendront ces manuscrits plus accessibles, lisibles et compréhensibles à un public plus large ainsi que pour les chercheurs et les étudiants du monde entier. Cette thèse a permis de développer un système d’AID pour les images de documents sur feuilles de palmier, comprenant plusieurs tâches de traitement d'images : numérisation du document, construction de la vérité terrain, binarisation, segmentation des lignes de texte et des glyphes, la reconnaissance des glyphes et des mots, translittération et l’indexation de document. Nous avons ainsi créé le premier corpus et jeu de données de manuscrits balinais sur feuilles de palmier. Ce corpus est actuellement disponible pour les chercheurs en AID. Nous avons également développé un système de reconnaissance des glyphes et un système de translittération automatique des manuscrits balinais. Cette thèse propose un schéma complet de reconnaissance de glyphes spatialement catégorisé pour la translittération des manuscrits balinais sur feuilles de palmier. Le schéma proposé comprend six tâches : la segmentation de lignes de texte et de glyphes, un processus de classification de glyphes, la détection de la position spatiale pour la catégorisation des glyphes, une reconnaissance globale et catégorisée des glyphes, la sélection des glyphes et la translittération basée sur des règles phonologiques. La translittération automatique de l'écriture balinaise nécessite de mettre en œuvre des mécanismes de représentation des connaissances et des règles phonologiques. Nous proposons un système de translittération sans segmentation basée sur la méthode LSTM. Celui-ci a été testé sur des données réelles et synthétiques. Il comprend un schéma d'apprentissage à deux niveaux pouvant s’appliquer au niveau du mot et au niveau de la ligne de texte
The collection of palm leaf manuscripts is an important part of Southeast Asian people’s culture and life. Following the increasing of the digitization projects of heritage documents around the world, the collection of palm leaf manuscripts in Southeast Asia finally attracted the attention of researchers in document image analysis (DIA). The research work conducted for this dissertation focused on the heritage documents of the collection of palm leaf manuscripts from Indonesia, especially the palm leaf manuscripts from Bali. This dissertation took part in exploring DIA researches for palm leaf manuscripts collection. This collection offers new challenges for DIA researches because it uses palm leaf as writing media and also with a language and script that have never been analyzed before. Motivated by the contextual situations and real conditions of the palm leaf manuscript collections in Bali, this research tried to bring added value to digitized palm leaf manuscripts by developing tools to analyze, to transliterate and to index the content of palm leaf manuscripts. These systems aim at making palm leaf manuscripts more accessible, readable and understandable to a wider audience and, to scholars and students all over the world. This research developed a DIA system for document images of palm leaf manuscripts, that includes several image processing tasks, beginning with digitization of the document, ground truth construction, binarization, text line and glyph segmentation, ending with glyph and word recognition, transliteration and document indexing and retrieval. In this research, we created the first corpus and dataset of the Balinese palm leaf manuscripts for the DIA research community. We also developed the glyph recognition system and the automatic transliteration system for the Balinese palm leaf manuscripts. This dissertation proposed a complete scheme of spatially categorized glyph recognition for the transliteration of Balinese palm leaf manuscripts. The proposed scheme consists of six tasks: the text line and glyph segmentation, the glyph ordering process, the detection of the spatial position for glyph category, the global and categorized glyph recognition, the option selection for glyph recognition and the transliteration with phonological rules-based machine. An implementation of knowledge representation and phonological rules for the automatic transliteration of Balinese script on palm leaf manuscript is proposed. The adaptation of a segmentation-free LSTM-based transliteration system with the generated synthetic dataset and the training schemes at two different levels (word level and text line level) is also proposed

Notre étude s’inscrit dans le domaine de la didactique du français langue étrangère. Elle porte exclusivement sur le développement de la compétence d’expression orale en français par le biais de l’échange écrit instantané en ligne. Nous sommes partis du constat selon lequel l’expression orale constituait un grand handicap chez les étudiants chinois et que les pratiques d’enseignement en classe présentielle étaient insuffisantes pour y remédier. Dans ce contexte, nous avons pensé aux TICE et posé la question : les TICE peuvent-elles aider à créer un dispositif d’enseignement/apprentissage qui bonifie les activités orales, complète l’enseignement du français oral et permette aux étudiants chinois en FLE d’améliorer significativement leur expression orale lorsqu’ils s’expriment en français ? Pour répondre à cette question principale qui a soutenu la rédaction de la présente recherche, nous avons centré nos efforts sur le traitement pédagogique de ce phénomène en nous référant à l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’échange écrit instantané en ligne, en tant que méthode auxiliaire, peut aider les étudiants chinois inscrits au programme de français langue étrangère, à perfectionner leur expression orale. L’examen de cette hypothèse, fondée sur l’alliance entre les principales théories de l’apprentissage et les technologies de l’information et de la communication pour l’enseignement, nous a permis de dévoiler la collaboration étroite qu’il y a entre expression écrite et expression orale pour l’amélioration de cette dernière chez les étudiants chinois. Les résultats issus de nos expérimentations ont à leur tour confirmés notre hypothèse, certes, mais ils ont également ouvert de nouvelles pistes de réflexion par rapport à la problématique que nous avons soulevée. Il faudra bien les explorer dans des recherches futures
This research concerns teaching French as a foreign language. It focuses exclusively on the development of French oral expression skills by way of synchronous text-based online exchange. The research began when the authors noticed that oral expression was a big handicap for Chinese students and that teaching practices in the classroom were insufficient to remedy it. Against this background, we referred to Information and Communication Technologies for Education (ICTE) and asked the question: could ICTE help create a teaching / learning device in order to improve oral activities, complement spoken French teaching, and improve significantly Chinese students’ oral expression skills? To answer this question, this paper focuses on a key pedagogical issue, by reference to the hypothesis that, as an auxiliary method, synchronous text-based online exchange could assist Chinese students majoring in French to improve their speaking skills. Focusing on both key learning theories and teaching information and communication technologies, examining this hypothesis permitted us to analyse the close relationship between written and oral expression in order to improve Chinese students’ oral expression skills. Results of our teaching experiment further confirmed the hypothesis, while also opening up new avenues of reflection on this issue and suggesting future research

A deformação permanente em trilha de roda é uma patologia crítica de pavimentos asfálticos por afetar diretamente os custos de transporte, devido à redução de conforto ao rolamento, e a segurança dos usuários, dadas as dificuldades de dirigibilidade ou ainda o acúmulo de água nos períodos chuvosos comprometendo a aderência pneu-pavimento. Em pavimentos de rodovias concessionadas, onde existem limites máximos de afundamentos nas trilhas de roda bem rígidos para a aceitação da condição dos pavimentos, o monitoramento deve ser periódico por força contratual. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central propor uma metodologia para calibração de curvas de desempenho que prevejam a evolução dos afundamentos da trilha de roda de pavimentos asfálticos, com a utilização de resultados de deformação permanente obtidos de forma acelerada por meio de Simuladores de Tráfego em escala real, como contribuição aos projetos de pavimentação/restauração, aos programas de gerencia de pavimentos e ao planejamento rodoviário. Para tanto, foram dosadas e determinadas propriedades mecânicas de três diferentes misturas asfálticas a quente em laboratório, que foram aplicadas como revestimento asfáltico de três trechos consecutivos, em pista ascendente da BR 376/PR, na 3ª. faixa de tráfego, utilizada por veículos comerciais muito pesados e lentos. As três soluções diferentes para a camada de rolamento são compostas por: um concreto asfáltico com ligante modificado por SBS, um concreto asfáltico com ligante modificado por RET e um GAP-GRADED com ligante modificado por borracha de pneu moído. As pistas testes foram solicitadas de forma acelerada com um equipamento simulador de tráfego móvel, em tamanho real, que simulou 500 mil semiciclos de carga ou a quantidade de semiciclos necessários para atingir o limite de deformação em trilha de roda constante no contrato da Concessionária Autopista Litoral Sul, que administra o segmento onde se encontram as pistas testes, com o poder concedente. Com as medidas periódicas dos afundamentos em trilha de roda realizadas durante a aplicação de carga do simulador de tráfego em cada um dos três trechos, foram calibradas as equações de evolução de afundamentos em trilha de roda, empregando o modelo do HDM IV. Com base nos procedimentos adotados nesta pesquisa, foi proposto um método de calibração das curvas de desempenho para futuros estudos em que se empregam simuladores de tráfego em escala real.
Permanent deformation, or rutting, is a critical type of pavement distress given that it is directly associated with transportation costs, due to a reduction of the ride quality, and user safety, due to poor driving conditions or water build-up during rainy periods that affect the tire-pavement interaction. In the case of pavements of highways belonging to concessionaries, where strict limits are required by contract for acceptance of the pavement conditions, the pavement\'s monitoring must be frequent. The present study\'s main objective is to propose a methodology for calibration of performance curves that can predict the behavior of permanent deformation in asphalt pavements using results obtained from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) by means of a Traffic Simulator as a contribution to pavement design and rehabilitation projects, to pavement management software, and to highway planning. In order to do so, the mechanical properties of three different hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures were determined in the laboratory and the mixtures were used as the surface course of three consecutive test sections in an ascending, slow lane on highway BR 376 used mainly by heavy commercial vehicles. The test sections were loaded using an HVS large scale mobile traffic simulator machine for up to 500 thousand loading cycles or until the permanent deformation limits defined in contract for the Concessionária Autopista Litoral Sul concession, which manages the highway sections where the test sections were built, were met. The results of the periodic monitoring of the permanent deformation of the three test sections under HVS loading were then used to calibrate the equations for predicting the pavement deformation behavior for each of the three types of mixtures tested using the HDM IV model. A method for future calibration of performance curves using full scale traffic simulators was proposed based on the procedures used in this study.

Dentre os diversos tipos de defeitos estruturais a que um pavimento está sujeito, a deformação permanente em trilha de roda da camada de rolamento é um dos mais importantes, pois além de propiciar uma degradação acelerada da estrutura do pavimento, ele reduz consideravelmente a segurança do usuário. Este trabalho pesquisa os processos que levam à deformação permanente de revestimentos asfálticos, utilizando como estudo de caso uma pista-teste localizada na Rodovia BR 376 PR, construída com a finalidade principal de estudar os afundamentos em trilha de roda. Foram executados 10 trechos, com 200 m de extensão cada um, em aclive, na 3ª faixa de rolamento, sujeita a tráfego pesado de caminhões lentos. Os trechos experimentais consistem de restauração de pista existente, onde foram executados diferentes tipos de revestimentos asfálticos, variando-se o tipo de graduação e também o tipo de ligante asfáltico, todas dosadas pelo método Marshall. Três dos dez trechos foram submetidos ao ensaio acelerado por um simulador de tráfego móvel de pista, em escala real. As misturas asfálticas foram igualmente ensaiadas em laboratório para verificação da dosagem por equipamento giratório francês e por simulador de tráfego tipo LPC. Além disso, foram extraídas placas do revestimento asfáltico da pista-teste as quais foram submetidas ao simulador de tráfego de laboratório. O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi de estudar a consistência dos resultados obtidos em campo e em laboratório, e a previsibilidade de deformações em campo através do método laboratorial. A pesquisa verificou e analisou a redução do volume de vazios das misturas asfálticas em pista e em laboratório associadas à deformação permanente, procurando relacionar a redução do volume de vazios com a deformação. A pesquisa mostrou que os ensaios de laboratório com o simulador de tráfego LPC podem ser empregados para prever as ocorrências de afundamentos em pista. Os resultados indicam a adoção do limite máximo de 5% de deformação permanente no equipamento de laboratório para os tipos de misturas asfálticas testadas para reduzir as possíveis ocorrências de deformações permanentes de revestimentos asfálticos sujeitos a tráfego muito pesado. Nas condições dos ensaios laboratoriais da pesquisa, que se aplicam à pista-teste, as misturas asfálticas mais recomendadas quanto à resistência à deformação permanente são as misturas com asfalto modificado por polímero SBS e RET, e as misturas com asfalto-borracha. Dependendo das características do ligante, o CAP 30/45 também pode ser empregado; no entanto, o CAP 50/70 mostrou-se inadequado para tráfego pesado e lento. A graduação é uma característica relevante para a estabilidade das misturas asfálticas, devendo os agregados estarem bem entrosados no caso das graduações contínuas e bem-graduadas; no entanto a macrotextura resultante deve ser estudada para evitar superfícies fechadas que reduzam a segurança dos usuários em pistas molhadas. Foram estudadas duas misturas descontínuas gap-graded que se mostraram adequadas para tráfego pesado quanto à deformação permanente e à textura superficial. A pesquisa mostra a importância da seleção criteriosa dos materiais e rigor nos estudos de dosagem, com determinação de propriedades mecânicas para melhor prever comportamento em campo de revestimentos asfálticos sujeitos a tráfego pesado e lento.
Among the many types of structural distresses that a pavement is subjected, wheel track rutting is one of the most important because it leads to accelerated deterioration of the pavement structure and also reduces the road safety. This research focus on the processes that lead to rutting in asphalt mixes, using experimental test sites located at Highway BR 376 PR (heavy and slow traffic), which were built with the primary purpose of studying wheel path depressions. Ten testing tracks of 200 m long (total of 2 km) were built on the third lane (upward sloping). The testing tracks were part of the rehabilitation of an existing pavement. Different asphalt mixtures were designed by the Marshall method, varying the aggregate size distribution and the type of asphalt binder. Three of the ten sections were subjected to Accelerated Pavement Testing by the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (in situ). The asphalt mixtures were also prepared and tested in laboratory by the French gyratory compactor and LPC traffic simulator, respectively, in order to verify the mixtures design. In addition, plates were extracted from the asphalt surfaces in the field and then subjected to the traffic simulator in laboratory. The main purpose of this study was to compare the permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures observed in the field to that obtained in the laboratory; and also to evaluate the prediction of permanent deformation based on laboratory evaluation. This research verified the correlation between reduction in the air voids of asphalt mixtures and rutting potential (samples extracted from the field and also prepared in laboratory were analyzed). The research showed that the LPC traffic simulator is a good device to predict permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures in the field. The results indicate 5% as the threshold for the permanent deformation in laboratory to reduce the occurrence of permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures subjected to heavy traffic. For the test conditions used, the mixtures that presented better resistance to permanent deformation were the ones with asphalt modified by SBS and RET, and the asphalt-rubber mixtures. Depending on the asphalt binder characteristics, the CAP 30/45 (classification by penetration) can be used; however the CAP 50/70 presented inadequate behavior for heavy and slow traffic. The aggregate gradation is another important parameter for the stability of asphalt mixtures, where the stones need to present a good interlocking and be wellgraded. The resulting macrotexture should also be evaluated to avoid surfaces with reduced safety to the users in wet conditions. Two mixtures with gap-graded gradation were evaluated and presented good results in respect to permanent deformation and superficial characteristics (texture). This research shows the importance of materials selection, design procedure, and mechanical behavior evaluation to predict the performance of asphalt surfaces subjected to heavy and slow traffic.

A classificação por categoria de 0 a 4 para óculos de sol determina quão claras ou escuras são suas lentes. A norma brasileira, ABNT NBR ISO 12312-1, exige, entre outros requisitos, testes de transmitância da luz visível em óculos de sol (categoria), para que estes sejam classificados como adequados ou não para direção de automóveis. Medidas do grau de escurecimento das lentes de um par de óculos de sol e da atenuação luminosa das luzes de sinais semafóricos são testes propostos para este item da norma. Porém, o público, em geral, não possui meios de testar seus próprios óculos. Um teste padrão de transmitância é trabalhoso, demorado e requer um espectrofotômetro e um profissional treinado. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um dispositivo portátil capaz de realizar testes de transmitância luminosa e semafórica de acordo com a norma brasileira sendo rápido, preciso e intuitivo, realizando os testes de forma automática sem exigir do usuário qualquer treinamento prévio. Diferentemente dos dois sistemas anteriormente desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Instrumentação Oftálmica (LIO), para testes de transmitância, este dispositivo é embarcado e atende à norma atual lançada em 2015, que não estava em vigor na época em que os demais foram desenvolvidos. O desafio para se construir um sistema embarcado é a combinação de fontes luminosas e sensores necessária para se obter padrões espectrais similares aos da norma. Foi desenvolvido e construído um protótipo microcontrolado usando a combinação de um LED branco com o sensor TCS3472. Esta combinação gera quatro funções de ponderação distintas, que foram combinadas linearmente resultando em funções de ponderação próximas às da norma para as medições desejadas. Foram medidos transmitância luminosa e quocientes de atenuação visual para luzes semafóricas de 128 lentes de óculos de sol com o protótipo e com um padrão-ouro, o espectrofotômetro Cary 5000 da VARIAN. O método de Bland-Altman foi usado para análise de concordância entre ambos os métodos de medição. Para valores de transmitância luminosa, foram adotados 0,5 % e 6 % como valores a partir dos quais o valor absoluto do viés é significativo e a amplitude do intervalo de confiança, grande, respectivamente. Para valores dos quocientes de atenuação, 0,1 e 0,4; respectivamente. O viés não foi significativo para nenhuma das medições. O intervalo dos limites de concordância de 95% foi amplo para medição de transmitância luminosa e do quociente para luz azul e estreito para as demais, considerando-se os valores-limites previamente definidos para vieses e para limites de concordância. Assim, dentro da tolerância definida, medições com o protótipo e com o padrão-ouro são equivalentes para quociente de atenuação para as luzes vermelha, amarela e verde. Apesar de nem todas as medições do protótipo serem equivalentes às do padrão-ouro, os resultados apresentaram boa exatidão, com apenas 5 das 128 lentes classificadas erroneamente quanto à adequação para direção (2 por transmitância luminosa, 1 por luz vermelha e 2 por luz azul). O protótipo proporciona ao público uma forma de obter informações sobre seus próprios óculos de sol e sobre a importância do uso de óculos adequados durante a direção de veículos.
Category rating ranging from 0 to 4 determines how light or dark sunglasses lenses are. Category measurements and how much traffic signal colors are attenuated are required tests by brazilian standard ABNT NBR ISO 12312-1 and are known as transmittance tests. Brazilian standard also establishes requirements for sunglasses to be suitable for driving. However, people often do not have means to measure their own sunglasses. A standard transmittance test is laborious, time-consuming and it requires a spectrophotometer and a skilled technician. The goal of this study was to develop not only a single device capable to perform luminous and traffic light transmittance tests according to brazilian standard, but also an easy-to-use, quick, accurate and portable device, which runs the tests by itself in a way anyone can operate it without any training. Unlike the two systems previously developed in the Ophthalmic Instrumentation Laboratory (LIO) for transmittance tests, that one does not contain a computer, but a microcontroller. Also, it complies with current standard, which has been released in 2015, and previous systems are based on 2013 standard version. A microcontrolled prototype was developed and built using a white LED and TCS3472 sensor combination. This combination generates four different weighting functions that were linearly combined resulting in weighting functions similar to the standard ones for luminous and traffic light transmittances. Using our prototype and a gold standard (VARIAN Cary 5000 spectrophotometer), luminous transmittance and relative attenuation quotients for traffic lights were measured in 128 sunglasses lenses. Bland-Altman method was used to assess concordance between both measurement methods. The bias was insignificant for all measurement and the limits of agreement were broad for luminous transmittance and for relative attenuation quotient for blue light detection, and narrow for all the others. Thus, within the predefined tolerance, prototype measurements are equivalent to gold standard ones for relative attenuation quotients for red, yellow and green light detection. Despite not all prototype measurements being equivalent to gold standard ones, results were accurate; only 5 from 128 lenses were incorrectly classified as to suitability for driving (2 for luminous transmittance, 1 for red light quotient and 2 for blue light quotient). Our device aims to provide to general public a mean to obtain information about their own sunglasses and the importance to use suitable sunglasses while driving.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho avaliou a influência de três diferentes métodos de fundição (maçarico e centrífuga elétrica - G1, indução eletromagnética - G2 e plasma - G3), sobre a interface de uma liga metálica de Pd-Ag-Sn e uma cerâmica odontológica de cobertura. Foram encerados para cada método de fundição 30 padrões em cera. Os padrões em cera foram incluídos e fundidos de acordo com as especificações de cada fabricante de equipamentos de fundição. Após o processo de sinterização da cerâmica, os corpos de prova (CP) foram divididos em dois subgrupos. Um subgrupo foi submetido diretamente ao ensaio mecânico de cisalhamento, e o outro recebeu ciclagem térmica e mecânica, seguido do ensaio mecânico de cisalhamento. Então, para cada método de fundição (n=24), metade dos CP receberam ciclagem térmica e mecânica (n=12), e a outra metade os CP não foram ciclados. Após o cisalhamento, os CP foram examinados em estereomicroscópio, para verificação do padrão de fratura. Os valores coletados durante o ensaio de cisalhamento receberam análise estatística, (ANOVA e teste de Tukey), com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram os seguintes valores (média l desvio padrão), para os subgrupos sem ciclagem: 108,35 l 22,97 MPa para o maçarico; 103,64 l 28,28 MPa para a indução; 93,79 l 11,07 MPa para o plasma; para o sub grupo com ciclagens: 97,96 l 18,30 MPa para o maçarico; 62,34 l 11,26 MPa para a indução; e 58,10 l 10,66 MPa para o plasma. Conclui-se que os grupos Plasma com ciclagem e Indução com ciclagem apresentam médias dos resultados semelhantes e menores que os demais.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the three differents methods of melting (gas oxygen torch and eletrical centrifuge G1, Induction electrical centrifuge G2 e automated casting machine with gas argon - G3), between the interface of the Pd-Ag-Sn alloy, and a dental ceramic. Thirty standardized specimens were waxed for each method of melting. The specimens were included and melted in agreement with each manufacturer's melting equipments specifications. Following a feldspatic ceramic was applied over the metal copping, according to the manufacturers' instructions The specimens were divided in two subgroups. One subgroup was directly submitted to the shear bond strength test; and the other subgroup was thermo-cycled, mechanic-cycled, followed by the shear bond strength test. The fractured specimens were evaluated under a stereoscopic loup (20 X magnification), and the type of fracture recorded. The data collected during the shear bond strength test were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test statistical analysis with 5% level of significantly. The results showed the following values (mean l S.D.), for the sub groups without cycling: 108,35 l 22,97 MPa by gas oxygen torch and eletrical centrifuge, 103,64 l 28,28 MPa by Induction electrical centrifuge, 93,79 l 11,07 MPa by automated casting machine with gas argon and for the sub group with cycling 97,96 l 18,30 MPa by gas oxygen torch and electrical centrifuge, 62,34 l 11,26 MPa by Induction electrical centrifuge, and 58,10 l 10,66 MPa by automated casting machine with gas argon. Considering this study we can conclude that the automated casting machine with gas argon with cycling and Induction electrical centrifuge with cycling presents similar averages and lower than the others groups.

Orientadores: Antonio Jose Ramirez, Rubens Caram Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Foi desenvolvido um experimento para estudo in-situ dos processos de deformação a alta temperatura no interior do microscópio eletrônico de varredura, permitindo assim o estudo do fenômeno de trincamento a alta temperatura, denominado fratura por queda de ductilidade. Este experimento teve como finalidade o estudo específico das ligas de níquel AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3AWS empregadas como metal de aporte para a soldagem de ligas de Ni. Instrumentação cientifica dedicada foi desenvolvida e modificada de modo a superar os desafios impostos pelas condições experimentais adversas associadas as elevadas temperaturas necessárias, à compatibilização do experimento com o nível de vácuo necessário na câmera do microscópio e finalmente, à estabilidade mecânica necessária para o acompanhamento do processo de deformação em escala micrométrica juntamente com os processos de aquecimento e de aplicação de forças elevadas. Utilizando esta instrumentação foram definidas as condições e procedimentos adequados para o acompanhamento do processo de deformação das ligas de Ni AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3 em temperaturas entre 700 e 1000 °C, de forma a estudar as condições de inicio da fratura por queda de ductilidade nestes materiais. Porém, a instrumentação desenvolvida permite não apenas estudar o fenômeno de fratura por queda de ductilidade e avaliar o desempenho de ligas experimentais, mas também o estudo tanto qualitativo como quantitativo de diversos outros fenômenos de fratura e transformação de fase
Abstract: An in-situ high temperature deformation experiment was developed and adapted be performed within the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope in order to study the high temperature cracking phenomenon known as ductility-dip cracking. This experiment was specifically applied to the study of Ni-base alloys AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3, which are commonly used as filler metal to weld Ni- and Fe- based alloys. Dedicated scientific instrumentation was developed and modified to overcome the challenges imposed by the severe experimental conditions as elevated temperatures and forces, the compatibleness with the microscope vacuum chamber, and the required mechanical stability to track deformation processes at the micro scale. Using this instrumentation were defined and optimized the conditions to study the deformation of Ni-base alloys AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 e ERNiCr-3 alloys between 700 and 1000 °C and therefore, helps to elucidate the causes of ductility-dip cracking phenomenon . However, the developed instrumentation is a powerful tool to perform several other qualitative and quantitative studies of deformation, cracking phenomena and phase transformations in different materials
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

A utilização do titânio em odontologia tem aumentado devido suas propriedades mecânicas, biocompatibilidade, resistência à corrosão e baixo peso específico. Entretanto, o uso do titânio em próteses ainda não é rotineiro em virtude de dificuldades no processo de fundição. Uma das maneiras de superar estas dificuldades seria através do desenvolvimento de novas ligas cujo ponto de fusão fosse inferior ao do Ti cp. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades mecânicas, biológicas e microestrutura de ligas experimentais de titânio para utilização em estruturas metálicas de próteses dentárias, após fundição odontológica, comparando-as ao Ti cp. As ligas experimentais avaliadas foram Ti-5Zr(%p), Ti-5Ta(%p) e Ti-5Ta-5Zr(%p). Os corpos-de-prova foram fundidos por arco voltaico em atmosfera de argônio e injeção por vácuo-pressão. Para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas, corpos-deprova em forma de halteres foram submetidos a ensaios de tração, barras foram submetidas a ensaios de flexão para avaliação do módulo de elasticidade, e hemi-esferas e discos foram submetidos ao teste de desgaste de dois corpos, sendo o perfil das amostras avaliado antes e após o teste para cálculo da perda de altura vertical. Discos foram utilizados para avaliação da microdureza e para caracterização microestrutural. Para avaliação das propriedades biológicas, células SCC9 foram cultivadas em meio de cultura D-MEM/HF12 suplementado sobre discos e poços sem discos foram usados como controle. Após períodos de 1, 4, 7, 10 e 14 dias, foi avaliada a proliferação celular pelo método histoquímico MTT. Aos 7 dias foi avaliada a viabilidade celular após marcação com azul de Trypan e contagem em hemocitômetro. A morfologia celular foi avaliada às 2, 12 e 24 horas através da visualização, em microscópio de fluorescência por epiluminação, do citoesqueleto de actina e dos núcleos, usando, respectivamente, faloidina e DAPI. Os resultados foram submetidos a testes estatísticos e a liga Ti-5Ta apresentou resistência à tração menor que as demais e módulo de elasticidade significativamente menor do que o Ti cp, embora não diferente das demais ligas experimentais. Com relação à resistência à abrasão, as ligas experimentais apresentaram desgaste significativamente menor do que o Ti cp e a liga Ti-5Zr apresentou microdureza significativamente maior do que os demais materiais. Não houve diferença na proliferação e na viabilidade celular entre os materiais. A avaliação da morfologia celular mostrou diferença na proporção de células nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento nos períodos de 2 e 12 horas, mas não em 24 horas. O Ti cp apresentou microestrutura do tipo feather-like com fase α, enquanto Ti-5Zr apresentou estrutura do tipo Widmanstätten com fase α e α´. As ligas Ti- 5Ta e Ti-5Ta-5Zr apresentaram as fases α, α´, α´´ e β, com arranjos lamelar e acicular, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as ligas estudadas apresentam potencial para aplicação em próteses dentárias, uma vez que suas propriedades biológicas foram semelhantes às do Ti cp, comprovado por proliferação, viabilidade e morfologia celular; e suas propriedades mecânicas, como resistência à abrasão, microdureza e resistência à tração foram satisfatórias, ainda que o módulo de elasticidade possa e deva ser melhorado.
The use of titanium in dentistry have increased due to its mechanical properties, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and density. However, titanium has not been routinely used because of the difficulties related to casting technique. One of the options to solve these difficulties would be to develop new titanium alloys whose melting point was lower than cp Ti. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical and biological properties and microstructure of experimental titanium alloys for prosthesis frameworks, after dental casting, comparing to cp Ti. The experimental alloys evaluated were Ti-5Zr(%w), Ti-5Ta(%w) and Ti-5Ta-5Zr(%w). The samples were cast by voltaic arc in argon atmosphere and vaccum/pressure injection. To evaluate the mechanical properties, dumbbell-shaped samples were submitted to tensile test, slab-shaped were submitted to flexure for modulus of elasticity evaluation, and stylus tips and disks were submitted to two-body wear test, evaluating the profile of the samples before and after the test to calculate vertical height loss. Disks were used for microhardness evaluation and microstructural observation. For the biological properties evaluation, SCC9 cells were cultured in D-MEM/HF12 supplemented on the disks and wells without disks were used as control. After 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14-day period, cell proliferation was measured by MTT method. After 7 days, cell viability was evaluated after Trypan blue marking and counting in a hemacytometer. Cell morphology was evaluated in 2, 12 and 24-hour periods examining, in fluorescence microscope under epifluorescence, actin cytoskeleton and cell nuclei, using, respectively, phalloidin and DAPI. The results were submitted to statistical analysis and Ti-5Ta alloy presented ultimate tensile strength lower than the others and modulus of elasticity statistically lower than cp Ti, but no different to the other experimental alloys. In relation to wear resistance, the experimental alloys presented wear significantly lower than cp Ti and the Ti-5Zr alloy presented microhardness greater than other materials. Cell morphology evaluation showed difference in the proportion of cells in the different stages in 2 and 12-hour periods, but not in 24. The cp Ti presented feather-like structure with α phase while Ti-5Zr presented a Widmanstätten structure with α and α´ phases. The Ti-5Ta and Ti-5Ta-5Zr alloys presented α, α´, α´´ and β phases with lamellar and acicular structures, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the studied alloys could be applied in dental prosthesis, once their biological properties were similar to cp Ti in cell proliferation, viability and morphology; and their mechanical properties, like wear resistance, microhardness and ultimate tensile strength were ideal, although the modulus of elasticity can and should be improved.

L'effet de magnetoresistance dans les couches minces ferromagnetiques est applique a la realisation de capteurs de champs integres pour la lecture des milieux enregistres. On optimise la sensibilite et le comportement micromagnetique des capteurs, en mettant en evidence l'interet de l'utilisation de l'alliage nifeco. La realisation d'une tete magnetoresistive est appliquee a la lecture d'un enregistrement analogique

Le réseau ferroviaire français dispose d’une infrastructure de grande ampleur qui se compose de nombreux ouvrages d’art. Ces derniers subissent les dégradations du temps et du trafic et font donc l’objet d’une surveillance périodique pour détecter l’apparition de défauts. Aujourd’hui, cette inspection se fait en grande partie, visuellement par des opérateurs experts. Plusieurs entreprises testent de nouveaux vecteurs d’acquisition photo comme le drone, destinés à la surveillance des ouvrages de génie civil. Dans cette thèse, l’objectif principal est de développer un système capable de détecter, localiser et enregistrer d’éventuels défauts de l’ouvrage. Un grand défi est de détecter des défauts sous-pixels comme les fissures en temps réel pour améliorer l’acquisition. Pour cela, une analyse par seuillage local a été conçue pour traiter de grandes images. Cette analyse permet d’extraire des points d’intérêts (Points FLASH: Fast Local Analysis by threSHolding) où une ligne droite peut se faufiler. La mise en relation intelligente de ces points permet de détecter et localiser les fissures fines. Les résultats de détection de fissures de surfaces altérées issues d'images d'ouvrages d'art démontrent de meilleures performances en temps de calcul et robustesse que les algorithmes existants. En amont de l'étape de détection, il est nécessaire de s’assurer que les images acquises soient de bonne qualité pour réaliser le traitement. Une mauvaise mise au point ou un flou de bougé sont à bannir. Nous avons développé une méthode réutilisant les calculs de la détection en extrayant des mesures de Local Binary Patterns (LBP) afin de vérifier la qualité en temps réel. Enfin, pour réaliser une acquisition permettant une reconstruction photogrammétrique, les images doivent avoir un recouvrement suffisant. Notre algorithme, réutilisant les points d’intérêts de la détection, permet un appariement simple entre deux images sans passer par des algorithmes de type RANSAC. Notre méthode est invariante en rotation, translation et à une certaine plage de changements d’échelle. Après l’acquisition, sur les images de qualité optimale, il est possible d'employer des méthodes plus coûteuses en temps comme les réseaux de neurones à convolution. Ces derniers bien qu'incapables d’assurer une détection de fissures en temps réel peuvent être utilisés pour détecter certains types d’avaries. Cependant, le manque de données impose la constitution de notre propre jeu de données. A l'aide d'approches de classification indépendante (classifieurs SVM one-class), nous avons développé un système flexible capable d’évoluer dans le temps, de détecter puis de classifier les différents types de défauts. Aucun système de ce type n’apparaît dans la littérature. Les travaux réalisés sur l’extraction de caractéristiques sur des images pour la détection de défauts pourront être utiles dans d’autres applications telles que la navigation de véhicules intelligents ou le word-spotting
The french railway network has a huge infrastructure which is composed of many civil engineering structures. These suffer from degradation of time and traffic and they are subject to a periodic monitoring in order to detect appearance of defects. At the moment, this inspection is mainly done visually by monitoring operators. Several companies test new vectors of photo acquisition like the drone, designed for civil engineering monitoring. In this thesis, the main goal is to develop a system able to detect, localize and save potential defects of the infrastructure. A huge issue is to detect sub-pixel defects like cracks in real time for improving the acquisition. For this task, a local analysis by thresholding is designed for treating large images. This analysis can extract some points of interest (FLASH points: Fast Local Analysis by threSHolding) where a straight line can sneak in. The smart spatial relationship of these points allows to detect and localise fine cracks. The results of the crack detection on concrete degraded surfaces coming from images of infrastructure show better performances in time and robustness than the state-of-art algorithms. Before the detection step, we have to ensure the acquired images have a sufficient quality to make the process. A bad focus or a movement blur are prohibited. We developed a method reusing the preceding computations to assess the quality in real time by extracting Local Binary Pattern (LBP) values. Then, in order to make an acquisition for photogrammetric reconstruction, images have to get a sufficient overlapping. Our algorithm, reusing points of interest of the detection, can make a simple matching between two images without using algorithms as type RANSAC. Our method has invariance in rotation, translation and scale range. After the acquisition, with images with optimal quality, it is possible to exploit methods more expensive in time like convolution neural networks. These are not able to detect cracks in real time but can detect other kinds of damages. However, the lack of data requires the constitution of our database. With approaches of independent classification (classifier SVM one-class), we developed a dynamic system able to evolve in time, detect and then classify the different kinds of damages. No system like ours appears in the literature for the defect detection on civil engineering structure. The implemented works on feature extraction on images for damage detection will be used in other applications as smart vehicle navigation or word spotting

Le but de cette recherche est de démontrer qu'en présence d'un texte contemporain où souvent le langage est déconstruit, la fable éclatée, le texte fragmenté, le personnage inexistant, les acteurs peuvent se donner des outils de création, en puisant dans l'approche des actions physiques de Stanislavski, pour investir leur interprétation d'une présence forte et constante. Pour réaliser ce mémoire-création, nous travaillerons sur un texte de Falk Richter, Electronic City, qui représente parfaitement les défis auxquels les acteurs sont confrontés avec les nouvelles formes d'écriture. Nous débuterons notre recherche par une identification plus concrète de ces nouvelles formes et des difficultés qu'elles génèrent pour la scène. Identifiée comme théâtre néodramatique, la pièce de Richter est un « théâtre des voix » constituée en majeure partie de textes narratifs divisés entre de nombreux locuteurs non-identifiés. Ce texte nous amènera à faire un travail sur la choralité, le rythme et la musicalité. Au-delà de la fonction de « porte-parole », les acteurs peuvent-ils prendre appui sur la méthode des actions physiques de Stanislavski pour donner un corps à leurs voix? Certains éléments de l'approche stanislavskienne peuvent s'appliquer à tous les genres de textes, peu en importe la nature; d'autres éléments ne fonctionnent qu'en partie ou demandent un travail d'adaptation et finalement, certains principes ne peuvent tout simplement pas se prêter à l'exercice. Nous porterons notre attention sur le superobjectif, les circonstances proposées, les explorations intelligentes, les explorations par études, les événements, l'évaluation des faits et le monologue intérieur. Grâce à des publications récentes en français, on redécouvre un aspect méconnu du travail de Stanislavski centré sur ce qu'il considère le cœur du théâtre : l'action. Cette approche rejoint les pratiques actuelles du théâtre puisque Stanislavski privilégiait la notion d'acteur-créateur et la présence vraie de l'être humain sur scène. Nous souhaitons donc travailler dans le sens de la vérité scénique, de l'effet de réel, à travers une approche qu'utilise aussi Falk Richter, l'écriture de plateau. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Stanislavski, analyse-action, dramaturgie contemporaine, acteur, jeu.