Дисертації з теми "Maladie de la tache noire"
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Vignassa, Manon. "Tache noire de l'ananas : déterminisme du processus infectieux par approches moléculaire et biochimique." Thesis, La Réunion, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LARE0013.
In Reunion Island, pineapple crops are exposed to high parasitic pressure promoted by the subtropical climate of the island. The Fruitlet Core Rot (FCR) disease is caused by a set of fungal pathogenic species in which Fusarium ananatum has been the most described so far. The development of brown discoloration in mature fruits represents a major issue affecting notably the quality of the ‘Queen Victoria’ pineapple cultivar due to its high susceptibility to FCR. Until now, the management of epidemics lies on the combination of suitable agricultural practices and the use of fungicide treatments. Nevertheless, these strategies are unsuccessful in the presence of climatic conditions that favor the development and dispersion of causalagents. Mycotoxins accumulation in the flesh of infected fruits is also of concern in the preservation of sanitary quality of fruit productions. In order to develop novel alternatives for sustainable sources of FCR resistance, my research work focused on the determinants of ‘Queen Victoria’ pineapple susceptibility. An epidemiological approach permitted to establish that Fruitlet Core Rot occurrence ispositively correlated to contamination patterns resulting from aerial dispersion of the pathogen spores. Moreover, the prevalence of fungal species belonging to the complexes Fusarium fujikuroi and Talaromyces purpureogenus within the fruit mycobiome have demonstrated the role of a pathogenic fungal set composed of Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium ananatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sacchari, Talaromyces stollii and Talaromyces amestolkiae in the disease expression. The in vitro study of interaction profiles between four of those species have evidenced the growth antagonism of T. stollii on the pathogenic Fusarium species. Significant variations of mycotoxin contents (fumonisins B1, B2 and beauvericin) were also measured during dual culture of pathogens. Finally, the analysis based on varietal comparison of the molecular signal promoting early defense responses show that susceptibility of ‘Queen Victoria’ cultivar is partly supported by a low constitutive expression of genes involved in the synthesis of PR proteins. The results suggest a fungal strategy based on the repression of defense signal transduction in pineapple during the first 72 hours of the host - pathogen interaction leading to the disease establishment
Barral, Bastien. "Maladie des taches noires de l'ananas : étude des relations hôte-pathogène et compréhension des mécanismes physiologiques de résistance." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT116.
Fruiltet core rot (FCR) disease affects the fruits of mature pineapples. Current disease controls are not available. A deeper knowledge of the pathosystem is needed to find an effective means of control FCR.A diagnostic survey conducted with producers during the southern winter revealed a prevalence of the disease of 74%. Pathogenic fungi belong to several species: Fusarium ananatum (72% isolates), Talaromyces stollii (21%), F. oxysporum (6%) and F. proliferatum (1%). Their toxinogenic potential was determined. Fusarium fungi produced mycotoxins identified as fumonisins FB1, FB2 and beauvericin. On a pineapple culture medium, a concentration of beauvericine of 34959 μg kg-1 was measured for the species F. proliferatum.A method of inoculating Fusarium ananatum directly into the parenchyma allowed to describe the biochemical response of the fruit. The phenylpropanoids pathway is involved, particularly with the elicitation of caffeoylisocitrate and coumaroylisocitrate in the infected zone. A comparison of the metabolic profiles shows that the response to inoculation of resistant cultivar 'MD-2' is higher than in the sensitive cultivar 'Queen'. Most of the metabolites elicited by the attack are already present in healthy mature fruits of the resistant variety. The antifungal potential of the phenolic compounds was evaluated. Coumaric, caffeoylquinic and ferulic acids inhibit mycelial growth at concentrations similar to those found in infected fruits.An imaging approach allowed to describe the anatomy of the fruits of the two cultivars, to identify the key roles played by nectaries and carpel margins in the infection and colonization process of Fusarium ananatum
Roustaee, Ali Mohammad. "La maladie des taches noires du tournesol causée par Phoma macdonaldii Boerema L. : variabilité et mode d'infection de l'agent pathogène : étude génétique de la résistance du tournesol." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT013A.
Dounovetz, Pierre. "La peste noire de 1349 en Alsace : maladie et épidémies, légendes et croyances populaires, représentation artistique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR1M310.
Pruvost, Olivier. "La maladie des taches noires de la mangue (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae) : étude bactériologique, biologique, épidémiologique et mise au point des bases d'un système de lutte intégrée dans les confitions de l' Île de la Réunion." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112020.
An extensive study was undertaken to characterize 94 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae responsible for bacterial black spot of mangoes. Studies on carbohydrates assimilation, susceptibility to antibiotics and to heavy metal salts, serotyping and phage-typing, plasmid patterns as well as to pathogenicity to several hosts have revealed a large variability within the isolates. Biological and epidemiological studies of the pathogen under Reunion Island conditions have allowed us to establish susceptibility and receptivity periods of host tissues and their relations to climatic conditions. The pathogen is able to survive as an epiphyte on leaves, buds and immature fruit. Its mode of spread has been studied. Chemical and biological disease control were evaluated and resuls show that disease control may be achieved by using an antagonistic strain of Bacillus subtilis or B. Amyloliquefaciens
Assous, Maxime. "Modèle progressif de la maladie de parkinson après dysfonctionnement aigu des transporteurs du glutamate dans la substance noire chez le rat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4034/document.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons. Central players in PD pathogenesis, including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, might affect the function of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). Here, we investigated whether acute EAATs dysfunction might in turn contribute to the vicious cycles sustaining the progression of dopamine neuron degeneration. PDC application on nigral slices triggered sustained glutamate-mediated excitation selectively in dopamine neurons. In vivo time-course study (4-120 days) revealed that a single intranigral PDC injection triggers progressive degeneration of exclusively dopamine neurons with unilateral to bilateral and caudorostral evolution. This degenerative process associates GSH depletion and specific increase in γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, autophagy and glial reaction. The anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine and the NMDA receptor antagonists ifenprodil and memantine provided significant neuroprotection Transient compensatory changes in dopamine function markers in SN and striatum accompanied cell loss and axonal dystrophy. Motor abnormalities (hypolocomotion and forelimb akinesia) showed late onset, when ipsilateral neuronal loss exceeded 50%. These findings outline a functional link between EAATs dysfunction and several PD pathogenic mechanisms and pathological hallmarks, and provide the first acutely-triggered rodent model of progressive parkinsonism
Brochier, Camille. "Analyse des transcriptomes du cerveau de souris : Mise en évidence de patrons régionaux d’expression conservés chez l’homme et altérés dans des modèles de maladies neurodégénératives." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112123.
In order to get a better understanding of brain complexity at a molecular level, we explored the mouse brain transcriptome using the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression method. SAGE libraries were generated from 11 mouse brain territories, including six cortical regions, striatum, accumbens nucleus, thalamus, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. The entire project delivered 1. 2 million SAGE tags, allowing the detection of rare mRNAs. Comparison of all transcriptomes revealed 308 transcripts differentially expressed, a number of which have no documented function. We further analyzed the expression profiles by real-time RT-PCR or in situ hybridization (ISH). Since the brain is a heterogeneous organ, it was important to determine the cell types that are expressing the novel markers. A combination of in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry showed the expression of 3 midbrain-enriched mRNAs in dopaminergic neurons. We tested whether mouse markers could be human markers. There was a good overall conservation of expression patterns in both species. To evaluate the assumption that genes predominantly expressed in a given brain structure may indeed be relevant to its function, we chose pathophysiological conditions that target specific neuron populations. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we so far measured the abundance of striatum- or cortex-enriched transcripts in the mouse R6/2 genetic model of Huntington’s disease. Likewise, we showed the regulation of transcripts enriched in the striatum or substantia nigra in pharmacological rodent models of Parkinson’s disease, in which the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway has been lesioned
Gagnevin, Lionel. "Analyse de la diversite genetique de xanthomonas pv. Mangiferaeindicae et sa signification dans le pouvoir pathogene et la biologie de la bacterie. Implications dans l'epidemiologie de la maladie des taches noires du manguier a l'ile de la reunion." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INAP0043.
Haddjeri, Alexis. "Robustesse du phénotype électrique des neurones dopaminergiques de la substance noire compacte à la délétion des canaux potassium Kv4.3 et SK3." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191211_HADDJERI_482kf140lioz770fao837wbiyys_TH.pdf.
During my PhD, I precisely characterized the variations in electrical phenotype of the SNc DA neurons in Kv4.3 and SK3 KO animals, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In a first study, I analyzed a large number of electrophysiological parameters in these animals Combined with acute pharmacological blockade of these ion channels, I showed that Kv4.3 chronic deletion leads to a phenotypic change similar to the one induced by acute blockade of the channel while SK3 deletion appears to be compensated by other ion channels (in particular SK2). Motor behavior testing of Kv4.3 and SK3 KO animals confirmed the robustness of SK3 animals and the absence of robustness of Kv4.3 animals. In a second preliminary study, we used a bilateral partial lesion model to assess the behavioral and electrophysiological consequences of SK3 deletion on Parkinson's disease development. Our results suggest that in "Parkinson's" conditions, the chronic deletion of SK3 channel is associated with a slight anti-anxiety effect, the suppression of dopaminergic agonist hypersensitivity but also with motor deficits. From an electrophysiological viewpoint, the SNc DA neurons display a pacemaking behavior similar to the untreated condition. These two studies suggest that SNc DA neuron activity displays a partial and variable robustness to potassium channel deletion (robust to SK3 deletion, sensitive to Kv4.3 deletion) that can be revealed in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This work will help understanding how ion channel mutations may alter SNc DA neuron vulnerability in Parkinson's disease
Kyselková, Martina. "Caractérisation par puce à ADN taxonomique de la communauté bactérienne rhizosphérique associée aux sols résistant à la maladie de la pourriture noire des racines." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10268.
In disease suppressive soils, the rhizosphere microbial community protects plants from disease but only few microorganisms contributing to suppressiveness have been identified so far. The objective of the thesis was to characterize the rhizosphere bacterial community of soils suppressive to tobacco black root rot (caused by Thielaviopsis basicola) with a 16S taxonomic microarray (developed from previous prototypes). Microarray analysis of rhizobacterial communities from tobacco grown under greenhouse conditions revealed many differences in community composition between suppressive and conducive soil, indicating that black root rot suppressiveness may be brought about by the contribution of different plant-beneficial bacteria. In farmers’ fields, the rhizobacterial community was largely influenced by sampling year and plant species, however, a community pattern characteristic for suppressive soils could be identified despite varying field conditions. Based on these findings, Azospirillum, Herbaspirillum and Sphingomonadaceae were proposed as suppressiveness bioindicators in fields. Comparison of black root rot suppressive and conducive soils from different regions revealed that the rhizobacterial community was mainly determined by the region of origin, while suppressiveness was a less important factor. In conclusion, this work identified novel bacterial taxa that could serve as disease suppressiveness indicators, and it extends the range of bacterial taxa hypothesized to participate to black root rot suppression
Besnard, Stéphane Gaillard Afsaneh Gestreau Christian. "Etudes de la modulation respiratoire induite par les noyaux du Raphé médullaire chez le rat anesthésié et analyse électrophysiologique de cellules embryonnaires transplantées dans la substance noire dans un modèle murin de la maladie de Parkinson." Poitiers : I-Médias, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/index.php?id=1479.
Textes en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 240 réf.
Besnard, Stéphane. "Etudes de la modulation respiratoire induite par les noyaux du Raphé médullaire chez le rat anesthésié et analyse électrophysiologique de cellules embryonnaires transplantées dans la substance noire dans un modèle murin de la maladie de Parkinson." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Besnard-Stephane/2008-Besnard-Stephane-These.pdf.
Breathing requires a fine coordination of the motor command distributed to the various respiratory muscles, including upper airway (UAM) and pump muscles. The differential respiratory modulation of the UAM and the diaphragm (DIA) muscles is poorly understood although it is relevant for the understanding of both physiological and pathological conditions such as sleep-wake stages transitions and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). In this context, we investigated the respiratory effects induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of various nuclei of the medullary raphe (MR) or by pharmacological manipulations of the serotonergic transmission in the anesthetized rat. Our results showed that a differential respiratory modulation of UAM/DIA occurred after HFS of Raphe Pallidus (RPa) and ventral Raphe Obscurus (vROb), as well as after injections of agonist and antagonist acting on 5HT1A receptors. Experiments based on c-Fos expression revealed several brainstem structures potentially involved in these respiratory effects. These findings support the hypothesis that MR and serotonergic system are key structure in differential respiratory modulation of UAM during sleep-wake states transitions. We explored embryonic cells originated from ventral mesencephal and transplanted within substantia nigra in a model of Parkinson disease by using extracellular electrophysiology. Two months after transplantation, transplanted cells showed electrophysiological characteristics of dopaminergic-like neurons and orthodromic and antidromic stimulations also suggested functional recovery of nigro-striatal loop
Cresto, Noemie. "Etude de l'impact de la sur-expression de la partie C-terminale de LRRK2 mutée G2019S dans les neurones dopaminergiques de la substance noire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS112.
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) proteins are likely to play crucial roles both in sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The most prevalent mutation in LRRK2 is the G2019S substitution which induces neurotoxicity through a marked increase of its kinase activity. A possible interplay between LRRK2 and α-syn may be involved in the dysfunction and/or in the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SNc) in PD. In the first part of the study, we evaluated whether the overexpression of LRRK2G2019S using lentiviral vectors (LVs) and adeno-associated virus (AAV2/9), which can overexpress transgenes selectively in neurons could trigger neurodegeneration in the SNc, in other words, whether cell-autonomous mechanisms are sufficient to trigger the degeneration of DA neurons. We generated constructs corresponding to the C-terminal domain of LRRK2 (ΔLRRK2) containing the kinase domain. Results of assays performed in vitro indicated that ΔLRRK2 retains biochemical properties of full length LRRK2. Six months after the stereotaxic injection of LV-ΔLRRK2G2019S in the SNc, the number of DA neurons was unchanged, however, the infection of the SNc with AAV-ΔLRRK2G2019S but not with AAV-ΔLRRK2WT induced a significant ~30% loss of DA neurons. These results suggested that neuronal overexpression of the mutant kinase domain of LRRK2 was sufficient to trigger neurodegeneration in the SNc in the adult brain. In the second part of the study, we aimed at studying whether ΔLRRK2G2019S could increase the neurotoxicity of a mutant form of α-syn (A53T mutation) in vivo in DA neurons. We used a co-infection approach with AAV vectors encoding the α-synA53T, and ΔLRRK2 G2019S alone or with the D1994A mutation (ΔLRRK2G2019S/D1994A) that inactivates the kinase activity of LRRK2. AAVs were stereotaxically co-injected into the rat SNc and histological evaluation was performed at 6 and 15 weeks (early and late time points) post-infection. Results showed that ΔLRRK2G2019S increased the toxicity of α-synA53T in a kinase-dependent manner. Altogether, the present study supports the hypothesis that a functional interaction between LRRK2 and α-syn may play a key role in PD pathogenesis. The new “double hit” model we developed in rats may be of interest to test novel neuroprotective strategies targeting LRRK2/α-syn in vivo
Cendrès-Bozzi, Christophe. "Troubles du cycle veille/sommeil liés à la maladie de Parkinson : modèle animal, mécanismes et approches thérapeutiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10081.
Motors disorders are not the only symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), and sleep disorders such as somnolence and narcolepsy are frequently reported in PD patients. Despite much investigation worldwide, it remains unknown whether these disorders are caused by dopaminergic (DArgic), non-DArgic neural lesions, nocturnal motor disability or deleterious effect of anti-PD drugs. Using multiple experimental approaches (EEG and sleep-wake recordings/pharmacological dosing / immunohistochemistry) in cats treated with MPTP, which causes DArgic neuronal loss, we have studied the possible correlation between the induced effects on the sleep-wake (S/W) cycle and those on DArgic neurons. MPTP (5mg/kg/day x 5, i.p.) caused, during the acute period, a slow wave sleep hypersomnia (SWS, up to 80% of recorded time) and a suppression of paradoxical sleep (PS), accompanied with pronounced behavioural somnolence, marked decrease in locomotion and difficulty to initiate movements. DArgic agonists L-dopa and ropinirole transiently prevented hypersomnia in SWS. During the chronic period, whereas the amount of W and SWS returned to control, PS transiently increased, associated with narcolepsy-like episodes. Ex-vivo analyses revealed marked decrease in TH labelling (cell bodies in the substantia nigra and terminal-like dots in the striatum) whereas cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and mesopontine-tegmentum seemed unchanged. Thus, MPTP treated cats showed major signs of motor and S/W disorders similar to those seen in PD patients and so could serve as useful animal model. Our results also suggest a possible correlation/causality between the MPTP-induced S/W disorders and DArgic cell loss
Mocellin, Nicolas. "Eradication de Helicobacter pylori dans la maladie ulcéreuse duodénale du sujet noir africain, et suivi endoscopique à six mois : une étude de 81 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M039.
Pyatigorskaya, Nadya. "Etude de lésions du tronc cérébral à l'aide de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique dans les syndromes parkinsoniens." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066477.
In recent years numerous biomarkers of nigro-striatal damage were proposed in Parkinson's disease (PD). These markers are able to detect and quantify neurodegenative changes in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with PD as well as in subjects with premotor conditions. Their diagnostic performances to detect PD as well as the extent of extranigral pathology remain incompletely understood.In this work we observed the damage of the substantia nigra in preclinical and premotor forms of PD. Iron load was increased in both symptomatic and asymptomatic mutations carriers, suggesting the interest of the biomarker in PD related genetic mutations. In addition, we found a pre-clinical impairment of the SN in subjects affected by idiopathic sleep in REM behavioral disorders (iRBD) who have not yet converted to Parkinsonism. In these subjects, the SN damage was best demonstrated by neuromelanin-sensitive imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with fractional anisotropy measure, suggesting an interest of these measures in the prodromal characterization of PD. These same markers had the best performance for PD diagnosis.Finally, we found medulla oblongata damage patients with PD using DTI. This damage was correlated with cardiac and respiratory autonomic symptoms, suggesting the importance of this biomarker in medulla oblongata damage exploration. It also opens a possibility of medulla oblongata study in presymptomatic subjects as medulla oblongata damage should appear before motor symptoms based on the Braak model.These biomarkers may be the first step towards a presymptomatic diagnosis of PD in clinical practice
Soulière-Bernard, Fabienne. "Rôle des acides aminés excitateurs dans la voie subthalamo-nigrale : approches électrophysiologique, pharmacologique et neurochimique chez le rat." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T016.
Orieux, Gaël. "Activité des neurones afférents au noyau subthalamique chez le rat après lésion des neurones dopaminergiques de la substance noire : rôle dans l'hyperactivité du noyau subthalamique au cours de la maladie de Parkinson." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066243.
Moura, Luísa. "Diversité génétique et phénotypique ches P. Corrugata et P. Mediterranea, agents de la moëlle noire de la tomate : importance de la colonisation asymptomatique et de la température dans le développement de la maladie." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0047.
Phenotypic and pathogenic characterization of 84 strains isolated from tomato with symptoms of pith necrosis (TPN) in Portugal, showed that P. Corrugata, P. Mediterranea, P. Viridiflava and fluorescents Pseudomonas "oxydase positive", are the most imortant bacteria associated with the etiology of this disease. We discovered that, together with P. Cichorii, P. Marginalis is also a pathogen of TPN. Numerical analysis of 119 phenotypic characteristics placed the majority of the isolates in two distinct groups corresponding to P. Corrugata and P. Mediterranea species. Comparing these results with multiplex-PCR identification, we found four distinct profiles within P. Corrugata, some of strains sharing characteristics of P. Mediterranea. Consequently, we propose that the 2-ketogluconate to be no longer used as a discriminant substrate of these two species. The genetic diversity of 63 strains of P. Corrugata and P. Mediterranea evaluated by REP, ERIC and BOX-PCR, and by the ITS-HMA technique, allowed discrimination of three genetic groups corresponding to P. Corrugata and P. Mediterranea species, and a new genetic group, consisting of portuguese strains only (Pmc). Together with DNA-DNA hybridization studies, these results suggested the existence of new Pseudomonas species or sub-species. Bio-PCR used to detect and monitoring populations of P. Corrugata, P. Mediterranea, Pmc and P. Viridiflava in the soil and on tomato tissues in the absence of symptoms, provided new information on the epidemiology of the disease
Almario, Juliana. "Relation entre la propriété phytoprotectrice de synthèse de 2,4-diacétylphloroglucinol par les Pseudomonas fluorescents dans la rhizosphère, et la résistance des sols à la maladie de la pourriture noire des racines de tabac." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10337/document.
Soil bacteria producing antimicrobial compounds like 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) protect plants from soil-borne phytopathogens. Nevertheless, the functioning of these bacterial populations in the soil is largely unknown. In certain soils, termed disease- suppressive soils, these bacteria are present at high numbers and their activity is sufficient to assure effective plant protection in the presence of the pathogen. The aim of this thesis was to understand the relation between soil suppressiveness towards black root rot of tobacco, and the 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol synthesis ability of certain Pseudomonas. In Morens region (Switzerland), suppressive soils differ from conducive soil by the presence of vermiculite, an iron-releasing clay. It is known that DAPG-producing Pseudomonas provide better plant protection in the presence of vermiculite, but the molecular basis of this interaction is still unknown. First, the quantification of these bacteria, through a new real-time PCR method developed here, confirmed that high numbers of DAPG-producing Pseudomonas occur in suppressive soils, as well as in conducive ones, raising the possibility that suppressiveness depends rather on a higher expression of DAPG synthetic genes. Second, expression studies of DAPG synthetic genes using a P. protegens ph/A- gfp reporter strain and artificial soil systems, confirmed that the presence of vermiculite in the soil can translate into higher iron bioavailability for Pseudomonas, triggering higher expression of DAPG synthetic genes and effective plant protection. In conclusion, black root rot suppressiveness of Morens soils is determined by several abiotic and biotic factors, among which iron bioavailability regulating the expression of DAPG synthetic genes in plant-protecting Pseudomonas
Virgone-Carlotta, Angélique. "Intéractions microglie/neurones dans un modèle murin de neurodégénérescence induite par la 6-OHDA." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10308.
This thesis work is aimed to study microglial reaction and microglia/neuron interactions in a murine model of dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by the injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). In this model, we first describe the kinetics of microglial activation, neuronal cell loss and behavioral alterations in relation with the dopaminergic defect. In the injured substantia nigra, we observed a progressive loss of TH+ (Tyrosine Hydroxylase ‐positive) dopaminergic neurons and an early but transient microglial activation. The deleterious role of microglial activation is strongly suggested by the observation of a partial neuroprotection against 6‐OHDA‐induced toxicity in genetically DAP12 Knock‐In mice, in which microglial cells are defective in regard to their number and function. In addition, we identified various types of cell‐tocell contacts between neurons and microglia in the injured substantia nigra. Such physical interactions were established between microglia and neuronal cell bodies several days before the peak of neuronal death and in the majority of cases in neurons showing morphological signs of apoptosis. Finally, we also identified a new type of physical interactions consisting in microglial ramifications penetrating the soma of TH+ neurons. These interactions present similarities with the so‐called « tunelling nanotubes » previously described in the literature and represent a particular type of penetrating microglial ramifications the we named "tunelling ramifications.". Interestingly, in the injured substantia nigra, the presence of TH+ vacuoles in the cytoplasm of numerous microglial cells strongly suggests that microglial ramifications support microphagocytosis targeted toward the cytoplasm of dopaminergic neurons. The precise function and molecular mechanisms of such unique interactions need to be further assessed. However, our work provides a set of original data that deepens our knowledge on the dialogue between microglia and neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Uhlrich, Josselin. "Contrôle de l'activation microgliale par les lymphocytes T dans un modèle murin de neurodégénérescence induite par la 6-OHDA." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10139/document.
This thesis work describes and analyzes the neuroinflammatory reaction that accompanies neuronal cell death in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. In this model, induced by the intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a toxic dopamine analog, we report on the main features and kinetics of microglial activation, T-cell infiltration, loss of TH+ (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) dopaminergic neurons and motor behavior alterations. We also assessed the presence of T-cells in the susbstantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients and found that, as observed in the 6-OHDA murine model, the neuronal cell death of dopaminergic neurons triggers a low-grade T-cell infiltration that accompanies microglial activation. We then studied the impact of genetically-determined T-cell immunodeficiency on histological and functional outcomes in the 6-OHDA model. Our results show that, as compared to immunocompetent control mice, immunodeficient strains consisting in Foxn1 KO, CD3 KO, NOD SCID or RAG KO mice consistently presented, at varied levels, a highest susceptibility to 6-OHDA induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The observed accentuation of neuronal cell loss was accompanied by a marked increase of microglial activation and motor behavior alterations. Our work demonstrates the pathophysiological role of neuroinflammation and adaptative immunity in the 6-OHDA model. It also suggests that T-cells infiltrating the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients dampen microglial activation and could, via this inhibitory effect, slow the progression of dopaminergic cell loss. Overall this thesis work provides original data on the interactions between T-cells, microglia and dopaminergic neurons in the context of Parkinson's disease and the murine 6-OHDA model
Ingram, Russell J., and Foster Levy. "Identity and Symptomatology of a Newly Described Lily Leaf Spot Disease (Pseudocercosporella Inconspicua) of Gray’s Lily (Lilium Grayi)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7786.
Arribarat, Germain. "Approche par IRM multiparamétrique pour le tronc cérébral." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30334.
Connecting the brain to the spinal cord, the brain stem Brainstem (BST) is an area of convergence of motor and sensory pathways. It has different nuclei, responsible for various functions such as motor skills, regulation of respiratory and cardiac rhythms, the origin of cranial nerves. Despite its importance in various neurodegenerative diseases, in vivo exploration of BST is still a challenge today. The resolution used, the low contrast and its location make it difficult to study in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on various advanced MRI sequences, we carried out a study of the substantia nigra (SN) in a population of Parkinson's patients, an area located in the upper part of the BST. The results show that iron imaging combined with free water imaging suggests different underlying pathophysiological processes. Nevertheless, given the size of the structures studied, the need for precision remains necessary for more reliable identification. The originality of the proposal is to develop a method dedicated to BST, in order to best overcome the difficulties of its observation. By optimizing MRI acquisitions and several image processing, the results obtained show the possibility of easily identifying certain structures and stabilizing quantitative values. To conclude, still with the objective of improving MRI measurements, we were interested in MRI on human anatomical parts. Post-mortem MRI is used in this thesis for the detection and quantification of metals (iron) and correlation with histological techniques
Meyer, Michel. "Contribution a l'etude de la structure et de l'organisation du rna-2 (isolat s) et des rna satellites de 5 isolats du tbrv." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13091.
Lutumba-Tshindele, Pascal. "Contribution à la prise des décisions stratégiques dans le contrôle de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210979.
La Trypanosomiase Humain Africaine (THA) demeure un problème de santé publique pour plusieurs pays en Afrique subsaharienne. Le contrôle de la THA est basé essentiellement sur la stratégie de dépistage actif suivi du traitement des personnes infectées. Le dépistage actif est réalisé par des unités mobiles spécialisées, bien que les services de santé fixes jouent un rôle important en détectant « passivement » des cas. Le dépistage reposait jadis sur la palpation ganglionnaire mais, depuis le développement du test d’agglutination sur carte (CATT), trois possibilités se sont offertes aux programmes de contrôle à savoir: i) continuer avec la palpation ganglionnaire ii) combiner la palpation ganglionnaire avec le CATT iii) recourir au CATT seul. Certains programmes comme celui de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) ont opté pour la combinaison en parallèle de la palpation ganglionnaire avec le CATT. Toute personne ayant une hypertrophie ganglionnaire cervicale et/ou un CATT positif est considéré comme suspecte de la THA. Elle sera soumise aux tests parasitologiques de confirmation à cause de la toxicité des médicaments anti-THA. Les tests parasitologiques classiques sont l’examen du suc ganglionnaire (PG), l’examen du sang à l’état frais (SF), la goutte épaisse colorée (GE). La sensibilité de cette séquence a été estimée insuffisante par plusieurs auteurs et serait à la base d’une grande perte de l’efficacité de la stratégie dépistage-traitement. D’autres techniques de concentration ont été développées comme la mini-Anion Exchange Concentration Technique (mAECT), la Centrifugation en Tube Capillaire (CTC) et le Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC), mais ces techniques de concentration ne sont pas utilisées en routine.
En RDC, une interruption des activités de contrôle en 1990 a eu comme conséquence une réémergence importante de la maladie du sommeil. Depuis 1998 les activités de contrôle ont été refinancées de manière structurée.
Ce travail vise deux buts à savoir le plaidoyer pour la continuité des activités de contrôle et la rationalisation des stratégies de contrôle. Nous avons évalué l’évolution de la maladie du sommeil en rapport avec le financement, son impact sur les ménages ainsi que la communauté. L’exercice de rationalisation a porté sur les outils de dépistage et de confirmation. Nous avons d’abord évalué la validité des tests, leur faisabilité ainsi que les coûts et ensuite nous avons effectué une analyse décisionnelle formelle pour comparer les algorithmes de dépistage et pour les tests de confirmation.
Pendant la période de refinancement structurel de la lutte contre la THA en RDC (1998-2003), le budget alloué aux activités a été doublé lorsqu’on le compare à la période précédente (1993-1997). Le nombre des personnes examinées a aussi doublé mais par contre le nombre des nouveaux cas de THA est passé d’un pic de 26 000 cas en 1998 à 11 000 en 2003. Le coût par personne examinée a été de 1,5 US$ et celui d’un cas détecté et sauvé à 300 US$. Pendant cette période, les activités ont été financées par l’aide extérieure à plus de 95%. Cette subvention pourrait laisser supposer que l’impact de la THA au niveau des ménages et des communautés est réduit mais lorsque nous avons abordé cet aspect, il s’est avéré que le coût de la THA au niveau des ménages équivaut à un mois de leur revenu et que la THA fait perdre 2145 DALYs dans la communauté. L’intervention par la stratégie de dépistage-traitement a permis de sauver 1408 DALYs à un coût de 17 US$ par DALYs sauvé. Ce coût classe l’intervention comme « good value for money ».
Le recours au CATT seul s’est avéré comme la stratégie la plus efficiente pour le dépistage actif. Le gain marginal lorsque l’on ajoute la palpation ganglionnaire en parallèle est minime et n’est pas compensé par le coût élevé lié à un nombre important des suspects soumis aux tests parasitologiques. Les techniques de concentration ont une bonne sensibilité et leur faisabilité est acceptable. Leur ajout à l’arbre classique améliore la sensibilité de 29 % pour la CTC et de 42% pour la mAECT. Le coût de la CTC a été de 0,76 € et celui de la mAECT de 2,82 €. Le SF a été estimé très peu sensible. L’algorithme PG- GE-CTC-mAECT a été le plus efficient avec 277 € par vie sauvée et un ratio de coût-efficacité marginal de 125 € par unité de vie supplémentaire sauvée. L’algorithme PG-GE-CATT titration avec traitement des personnes avec une parasitologie négative mais un CATT positif à un seuil de 1/8 devient compétitif lorsque la prévalence de la THA est élevée.
Il est donc possible dans le contexte actuel de réduire la prévalence de la THA mais à condition que les activités ne soient pas interrompues. Le recours à un algorithme recourant au CATT dans le dépistage actif et à la séquence PG-GE-CTC-mAECT est le plus efficient et une efficacité de 80%. La faisabilité et l’efficacité peut être différent d’un endroit à l’autre à cause de la focalisation de la THA. Il est donc nécessaire de réévaluer cet algorithme dans un autre foyer de THA en étude pilote avant de décider d’un changement de politique. Le recours à cet algorithme implique un financement supplémentaire et une volonté politique.
SUMMARY
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a major public health problem affecting several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT control is essentially based on active case finding conducted by specialized mobile teams. In the past the population screening was based on neck gland palpation, but since the development of the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) three control options are available to the control program: i) neck gland palpation ii) CATT iii) neck gland palpation and CATT done in parallel .Certain programs such as the one in DRC opted for the latter, combining CATT and neck gland palpation. All persons having hypertrophy of the neck gland and/or a positive CATT test are considered to be a HAT suspect. Confirmation tests are necessary because the screening algorithms are not 100 % specific and HAT drugs are very toxic. The classic parasitological confirmation tests are lymph node puncture (LNP), fresh blood examination (FBE) and thick blood film (TBF). The sensitivity of this combination is considered insufficient by several authors and causes important losses of efficacy of the screening-treatment strategy. More sensitive concentration methods were developed such as the mini Anion Exchange Concentration Techniques (mAECT), Capillary Tube Centrifugation (CTC) and the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC), but they are not used on a routine basis. Main reasons put forward are low feasibility, high cost and long time of execution.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, HAT control activities were suddenly interrupted in 1990 and this led to an important re-emergence or the epidemic. Since 1998 onwards, control activities were financed again in a structured way.
This works aims to be both a plea for the continuation of HAT control as well as a contribution to the rationalization of the control strategies. We analyzed the evolution of sleeping sickness in the light of its financing, and we studied its impact on the household and the community. We aimed at a rationalization of the use of the screening and confirmation tools. We first evaluated the validity of the tests, their feasibility and the cost and we did a formal decision analysis to compare screening and confirmation algorithms.
The budget allocated to control activities was doubled during the period when structural aid funding was again granted (1998-2003) compared with the period before (1993-1997). The number of persons examined per year doubled as well but the number of cases found peaked at 26 000 in 1998 and dropped to 11 000 in the period afterwards. The cost per person examined was 1.5 US$ and per case detected and saved was 300 US$. The activities were financed for 95 % by external donors during this period. This subvention could give the impression that the impact of HAT on the household and the household was limited but when we took a closer look at this aspect we found that the cost at household level amounted to one month of income and that HAT caused the loss of 2145 DALYs in the community. The intervention consisting of active case finding and treatment allowed to save 1408 DALY’s at a cost of 17 US$ per DALY, putting the intervention in the class of “good value for money”.
The use of CATT alone as screening test emerged as the most efficient strategy for active case finding. The marginal gain when neck gland palpation is added is minor and is not compensated by the high cost of doing the parasitological confirmation test on a high number of suspected cases. The concentration methods have a good sensitivity and acceptable feasibility. Adding them to the classical tree improves its sensitivity with 29 % for CTC and with 42 % for mAECT. The cost of CTC was 0.76 US$ and of mAECT was 2.82 US$. Sensitivity of fresh blood examination was poor. The algorithm LNP-TBF-CTC-mAECT was the most efficient costing 277 Euro per life saved and a marginal cost effectiveness ratio of 125 Euro per supplementary life saved. The algorithm LNP-TBF-CATT titration with treatment of persons with a negative parasitology but a CATT positive at a dilution of 1/8 and more becomes competitive when HAT prevalence is high.
We conclude that it is possible in the current RDC context to reduce HAT prevalence on condition that control activities are not interrupted. Using an algorithm that includes CATT in active case finding and the combination LNP-TBF-CTC-mAECT is the most efficient with an efficacy of 80 %. Feasibility and efficacy may differ from one place to another because HAT is very focalized, so it is necessary to test this novel algorithm in another HAT focus on a pilot basis, before deciding on a policy change. Implementation of this algorithm will require additional financial resources and political commitment.
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tanguay, William. "Développement d'un modèle murin de la maladie de Parkinson par augmentation compensatoire de l'arborisation axonale dopaminergique-nigrostriée." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18909.
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SNc) are amongst the most vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and its animal models. According to previous work and preliminary results in our laboratory, our present hypothesis postulates that the large axonal arborisation size of SNc neurons is a key driving factor in their vulnerability, since this characteristic is associated with increased oxidative phosphorylation levels and free radicals production. In agreement with this hypothesis, other dopaminergic populations with smaller axonal arbors better resist to experimental lesions and to the disease process in humans. The current project aims to develop a mouse model in which SNc neurons present an axonal arborisation of increased size, closer to what is encountered in humans, thus reproducing their vulnerability, which could represent an important breakthrough in the identification of new therapeutic approaches. Based on compensatory axonal sprouting of dopaminergic neurons following partial lesions, the method used was the unilateral intranigral injection of the toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at an early age (P5), to induce the loss of approximately 50% of SNc neurons. Immunostaining against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an enzyme required for the synthesis of dopamine, TH signal quantification in the striatum and stereological counting of neurons allowed for the quantification of the partial lesion and demonstrated compensatory axonal sprouting at 10 and 90 days post-lesion, with our results suggesting an early compensation. To better characterize the origin of axonal sprouting, we injected an AAV viral vector encoding a fluorescent protein (EYFP) in either the SNc or the VTA of adult animals. Our results confirm the presence of nigrostriatal neurons with increased arborisation sizes following early unilateral lesion using 6-OHDA, whose increased vulnerability will be evaluated in future experiments through lesion protocols using MPTP, a toxin used to model Parkinson's disease in mice.
Lapointe, Marie. "Les facteurs écologiques influençant la dynamique d'une espèce exotique envahissante, Acer platanoides, et d'un congénère indigène, A. saccharum, dans une forêt urbaine du sud du Québec." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8136.