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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 12 травня 2022

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1

Venkateswaran, T., T. Thinesh Babu, M. Agilan, P. K. Jayan, D. Sivakumar, Xavier Vincent, P. Prakher Gupta, and B. Anandavel. "Optimization and Characterization of Manganese Coating on Cu-Cr-Zr-Ti Alloy." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.671.

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In this study, the deposition of Manganese (Mn) on Cu-Cr-Zr-Ti alloy was carried out using electro plating route. The purpose of this coating is to join copper alloys utilizing eutectic reaction between Cu and deposited Mn. Mn coating through electro deposition is difficult due to very high electronegativity. Two different bath compositions have been studied, with and without the addition of sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), where base composition remains same (MnSO4& (NH4)2SO4).The influence of the bath composition and deposition parameters such as pH, current density, time on the deposition rate of Mn coating was studied. Higher deposition rate of Mn was obtained with lower pH and higher current density (~6 amps/dm2). Time of deposition was optimized to obtain varying thickness, ranging from 10 to 30 microns. Detailed characterization was carried on the Mn coated samples using OM, SEM-EDS and AFM. XRD phase analysis on the coated surface ensures the presence of α-Mn at room temperature. Subsequently, DSC analysis was carried out on the Cu alloy/Mn deposit pair to assess the brazeability temperature window.
2

Patil, H. B., and S. V. Borse. "Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposited Mercury Chromium Sulphide Thin Films on Glass Substrate." Indian Journal of Materials Science 2013 (September 12, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/694357.

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Semiconducting thin films of ternary () have been deposited on glass substrate by the simple and economical chemical bath deposition method. We report the deposition and optimization of the solution growth parameters such as temperature, complexing agent, thiourea, and deposition time that maximizes the thickness of the deposited thin film. The X-ray diffraction deposited thin films having cubic structure. The thin films were uniform and adherent to substrate. The composition was found homogeneous and stoichiometric by EDAX analysis.
3

Gangopadhyay, U., K. Kim, S. K. Dhungel, H. Saha, and J. Yi. "Application of CBD-Zinc Sulfide Film as an Antireflection Coating on Very Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cell." Advances in OptoElectronics 2007 (March 30, 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/18619.

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The low-cost chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique is used to prepare CBD-ZnS films as antireflective (AR) coating for multicrystalline silicon solar cells. The uniformity of CBD-ZnS film on large area of textured multicrystalline silicon surface is the major challenge of CBD technique. In the present work, attempts have been made for the first time to improve the rate of deposition and uniformity of deposited film by controlling film stoichiometry and refractive index and also to minimize reflection loss by proper optimization of molar percentage of different chemical constituents and deposition conditions. Reasonable values of film deposition rate (12.13 Å′/min.), good film uniformity (standard deviation <1), and refractive index (2.35) along with a low percentage of average reflection (6-7%) on a textured mc-Si surface are achieved with proper optimization of ZnS bath. 12.24% efficiency on large area (125 mm × 125 mm) multicrystalline silicon solar cells with CBD-ZnS antireflection coating has been successfully fabricated. The viability of low-cost CBD-ZnS antireflection coating on large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell in the industrial production level is emphasized.
4

Bindu, K., M. Lakshmi, S. Bini, C. Sudha Kartha, K. P. Vijayakumar, T. Abe, and Y. Kashiwaba. "Amorphous selenium thin films prepared using chemical bath deposition: optimization of the deposition process and characterization." Semiconductor Science and Technology 17, no. 3 (February 18, 2002): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/17/3/316.

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5

Yan, Xiaoxing, Yu Tao, and Xingyu Qian. "Preparation and Optimization of Waterborne Acrylic Core Microcapsules for Waterborne Wood Coatings and Comparison with Epoxy Resin Core." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 2366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102366.

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Microcapsules were prepared by in situ polymerization with urea formaldehyde resin as the wall material and Dulux waterborne acrylic acid as the core material. The effects of the core–wall ratio, water bath temperature and depositing time on the morphology, particle size, yield and encapsulation ratio of microcapsules were investigated by orthogonal experiment of three factors and two levels. The results showed that the core–wall ratio had the greatest influence on the performance of microcapsules. When the core–wall ratio was 0.58:1, the water bath temperature was 70 °C, and the depositing time was 5 d, the microcapsule performance was the best. With the increase in depositing time, the yield of microcapsule particles increased gradually, and the microcapsules appeared to show an adhesive phenomenon. However, the long-term depositing time did not lead to complete deposition and agglomeration of microcapsules. When 10.0% concentration of the waterborne acrylic microcapsules with 0.58:1 of core–wall ratio was added to the coatings, the mechanical and optical properties of the coatings did not decrease significantly, but the elongation at break increased significantly. Therefore, this study offers a new prospect for using waterborne acrylic microcapsules to improve the toughness of waterborne paint film which can be cured at room temperature on a wood surface.
6

Altomare, Lina, Serena Bertoldi, Monia Montorsi, Gabriele Candiani, Alberto Cigada, and Luigi de Nardo. "Optimization of Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Obtained via Cathodic Polarization." Key Engineering Materials 654 (July 2015): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.654.154.

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Cathodic polarization is a powerful technique largely used for the deposition of thin films on metallic substrates; it offers the distinctive advantage of an easy control over the composition, thickness, and morphology of the films by simply adjusting the process parameters such as the electrolyte bath composition, the applied potential (or current density), and the process duration. In this work, electrochemical deposition (ECD) was exploited to engender biopolymer blends composed by chitosan/collagen and chitosan/poly (ethylene oxide) and deposited at different weight ratios (5:1, 3:1) and compared to pristine material. Our findings demonstrate that ECD is an effective technique for the preparation of scaffolds made of chitosan blends in which morphology and mechanical properties can be optimized via scaffold composition.
7

Mukhametova, Gulnaz M., Tatiana F. Burukhina, Vladimir V. Vasil’ev, Evgeny G. Vinokurov, and Vladimir D. Scopintsev. "MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF SOLUTION’S COMPOSITION ON THE BASE OF NICKEL COMPLEXES WITH GLYCINE AND SUCCINIC ACID FOR ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION OF Ni-P ALLOY." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216405.6359.

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In this paper the effect of parameters such as concentration of glycine, succinic acid and bath pH on the technological parameters of the electroless deposition of nickel-phosphorus alloy coatings (deposition rate, specific pH change during deposition), the composition of the coatings and their properties (microhardness after heat treatment) was studied. Experimental design of 23 central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate the appearance of coating, rate, specific pH change, the chemical composition of alloys, and microhardness, as well as to optimize the electroless process of the alloy using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) associated with experimental design. The microhardness of the deposited coatings was 4.6 - 6.8 GPa and after heat treatment at 400 °C for 0.5 h increased to 9.7-11.6 GPa, which corresponds to hard chromium coatings obtained by electrodeposition from solutions of chromic acid. The Harrington desirability function was applied for optimization. The optimal composition of bath (in mol/l) and electroless conditions are proposed: NiSO4·6H2O – 0.12, NaH2PO2·H2O– 0.36, NH2CH2COOH – 0.30, (CH2)2(COOH)2 – 0.20, Pb(CH3COO)2 - 10-5; pH – 5.8. Temperature – 70 – 96 ºС. An acceptable rate deposition of 8 (70 ºС) and 34 (95 ºС) mg/(cm2∙h) was observed for an alloy obtained under optimal conditions from an solution of optimal composition. Under these conditions, the coating contained 6 wt.% of phosphorus. Therefore, the results of this work show the importance of using optimization techniques to obtain metallic coatings with controlled properties for different types of applications.
8

Perraudeau, Amélie, Christelle Dublanche-Tixier, Pascal Tristant, Christophe Chazelas, Sylvain Vedraine, and Bernard Ratier. "Low-temperature deposition of TiO2 by atmospheric pressure PECVD towards photoanode elaboration for perovskite and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells." EPJ Photovoltaics 10 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2019006.

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An original low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process was used to deposit titanium dioxide thin films. The parametric study in dynamic mode deposition aimed at growing an ideal columnar film composed of aligned anatase monocrystals as solar cell photoanode, previously obtained on silicon wafers in static mode deposition. A process parameters optimization was necessary to deposit onto thermally sensitive glass/FTO substrates. In this paper, the morphology, crystallinity and optical transmission of the coatings have been studied. The coatings display a columnar cauliflower-like structure, composed of TiO2 amorphous particles assembly. After deposition, the light transmission properties of the substrate were reduced. As a solution, an ultrasound bath cleaning was set up to enhance the transmitted light through the photoanode.
9

Mali, A. E., S. V. Borase, and A. S. Gaikwad. "Optimization of Growth Parameters for Deposition of Cd1-xMnxS (x=0.4) Nanocrystalline Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique." Volume 5, Issue 4 5, no. 4 (June 12, 2019): 773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jnst.262.19050408.

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10

Ali, Rashid, Fahad Ali, Aqib Zahoor, Rub Nawaz Shahid, Naeem ul HaqTariq, Saad Ullah, Arshad Mahmood, Attaullah Shah, and Hasan Bin Awais. "Synthesis of Al/Cu core–shell particles through optimization of galvanic replacement method in alkaline solution." International Journal of Materials Research 112, no. 6 (May 1, 2021): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2020-8167.

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Abstract In this work, Al/Cu core–shell particles were successfully synthesized through an optimized galvanic replacement method. For this purpose, a uniform and dense copper layer was deposited on aluminum particles in an alkaline solution. The effects of four deposition factors, i. e. (i) molar ratio EDTA-2Na/CuSO4 · 5H2O, (ii) molar ratio CuCl2/Al powder, (iii) pH and (iv) temperature were systematically studied and optimized using the Taguchi orthogonal (L9) method. It was observed that molar ratio EDTA-2Na/CuSO4 · 5H2O and temperature are the most affecting factors in the deposition process. By increasing their levels, copper deposition increases within a specified time. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results revealed the formation of homogeneous nanostructured Cu shells around Al particles. The results revealed that to achieve maximum copper deposition on Al powder; molar ratio EDTA-2Na. 2H2O/CuSO4. 5H2O, molar ratio CuCl2/Al powder, pH and temperature of the deposition bath should be 2.0, 0.05, 8.8 and 55 °C, respectively.
11

Sheng, Xiaofei, Yajuan Cheng, Yingming Yao, and Zhe Zhao. "Optimization of Synthesizing Upright ZnO Rod Arrays with Large Diameters through Response Surface Methodology." Processes 8, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060655.

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The deposition parameters involved in chemical bath deposition were optimized by a response surface methodology to synthesize upright ZnO rod arrays with large diameters. The effects of the factors on the preferential orientation, aspect ratio, and diameter were determined systematically and efficiently. The results demonstrated that an increased concentration, elevated reaction temperature, prolonged reaction time, and reduced molar ratio of Zn2+ to tri-sodium citrate could increase the diameter and promote the preferential oriented growth along the [002] direction. With the optimized parameters, the ZnO rods were grown almost perfectly vertically with the texture coefficient of 99.62. In the meanwhile, the largest diameter could reach 1.77 μm. The obtained rods were merged together on this condition, and a dense ZnO thin film was formed.
12

Mughal, Maqsood Ali, M. Jason Newell, Joshua Vangilder, Shyam Thapa, Kayla Wood, Robert Engelken, B. Ross Carroll, and J. Bruce Johnson. "Optimization of the Electrodeposition Parameters to Improve the Stoichiometry ofIn2S3Films for Solar Applications Using the Taguchi Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/302159.

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Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of the electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3films was analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the largest impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stoichiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In: 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition parameters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried out according to Taguchi orthogonal array L27(3^4) design of experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm thick In2S3films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3·5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were, respectively, used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3films.
13

Zhang, Jing Yao, Zhou Yu, and Dang Sheng Xiong. "Improved Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-P Electroless Deposited Coating with RE Added." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1982.

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Effect of three kinds of RE ion (Y3+, Nd3+, La3+), which added separately in the Ni-P electroless deposition bath, on coating micro-structure and property such as microhardness, wear and corrosion resistance was investigated. Optimization of organization structure and property of coating attributed to RE-added was analysed by means of ICPM, XRD, SEM and micro-sclerometer, wear testing machine. The results show that the coating has still amorphous structure but higher of phosphorus content due to RE, which added in the bath can make coating grains smaller and more compact. At the same time, improved microhardness, wear and corrosion resistance of coating are observed with RE-added properly. The effect of Y3+ is most remarkable among three RE ions. When the concentration of Y3+ in the bath is 0.04g.L-1, the microhardness, wear loss and corrosion rate in 10% H2SO4 solution of coating is 606HV, 4.9572mg and 0.0064mg.cm-2.h-1, respectively.
14

Zhang, Xiao Meng, Li Bin Niu, Xiao Cui Wei, Xiao Gang Wang та Xiao Hu Hua. "Preparation and Properties of Electroless Ni-P-β-SiC Composition Coating". Materials Science Forum 809-810 (грудень 2014): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.621.

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Through orthogonal test of Ni-P chemical plating process optimization to determine the optimum process recipe, the Ni-P-β-SiC composite coating were prepared by chemical plating method. The deposition rate, microhardness, composition and organization of Ni-P-β-SiC composite coating are observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vivtorinox microhardness tester, X ray diffraction (XRD) and energy spectrum analysis (EDS). The influences of β-SiC particle concentration in bath on the solution of composite coating deposition rate and microhardness. The results show that the influence of composite coating deposition rate and microhardness are NiSO4•6H2O, NaH2PO2•H2O, C3H6O3, and PH. The optimum process conditions: NiSO4•6H2O 25 g/L, NaH2PO2•H2O 27 g/L, C3H6O327 ml/L, PH 5.2. It was found that the Ni-P-β-SiC composite coating with 5g/Lβ-SiC particles exhibited a maximum deposition rate and microhardness, the deposition rate of composite coating is 12.32μm/h, microhardness is 567.93HV0.05.
15

Jiang, Bo Quan, and Zheng Qiang Xiao. "Optimization, Characterization and Kinetic Model of Electroless Ni-P Deposition on Quartz Optical Fiber Surface." Advanced Materials Research 322 (August 2011): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.322.428.

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Electroless plating was used to deposit Ni-P films on quartz optical fiber surface. The optimal bath compositions and operation conditions were determined by orthogonal experiment: nickel sulfate 0.133 mol/L, sodium hypophosphite 0.30 mol/L, propionic acid 0.268 mol/L, boric acid 0.452 mol/L, pH 5.0 and temperature 84°C. Stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, energy spectrometer and thermal shock test were used to characterize the morphologies, structures, compositions and adhesion of the Ni-P films. The results showed that a Ni-P film with good smoothness and adhesion as well as low resistivity was fabricated. The kinetic model was established and proven by the experiments.
16

Syrrokostas, George, Katerina Govatsi, and Spyros N. Yannopoulos. "High-Quality, Reproducible ZnO Nanowire Arrays Obtained by a Multiparameter Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposition Growth." Crystal Growth & Design 16, no. 4 (March 21, 2016): 2140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01812.

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17

Sarkar, Subhasish, Arghya Mukherjee, Rishav Kumar Baranwal, Jhumpa De, Chanchal Biswas, and Gautam Majumdar. "Prediction and parametric optimization of surface roughness of electroless Ni-Co-P coating using Box-Behnken design." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 28, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2019-0017.

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AbstractThe current study focuses on the parametric optimization of electroless Ni-Co-P coating considering surface roughness as a response using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of experiment. The two bath parameters namely the concentration of cobalt sulphate and sodium hypophosphite were varied along with the bath temperature to predict the variation in surface roughness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method has been applied to determine the interactions of the substantial factors which dominate the surface roughness of the coating. The process parameters for surface roughness of the coating were optimized by successfully utilizing the statistical model of Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of experiment. From the BBD model, the optimum condition for the deposition of the coating has been evaluated. In that specific condition, the surface roughness of the as-deposited coating is found to be 0.913μm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) study have been utilized to characterize the electroless Ni-Co-P coating deposited in optimized condition.
18

Battaglia, Mirko, Carmelo Sunseri, Salvatore Piazza, and Rosalinda Inguanta. "CuZnSnSe Nanotubes and Nanowires by Template Electrosynthesis." Advances in Science and Technology 93 (October 2014): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.93.241.

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In this work we present some results of an extensive investigation aimed to find suitable conditions to grow CuZnSnSe (CZTSe) nanostructures through single-step electrodeposition into the channels of polycarbonate membranes. After the optimization of several electrodeposition parameters, we have found that pulsed current deposition, between 0 and -1 mA cm-2, is the best way to obtain CZTSe nanostructures mechanically attached to the support. An interesting result concerns the effect of supporting electrolyte in the deposition bath. In fact, changing its concentration it is possible to vary morphology of nanostructures from nanotubes to nanowires. In both case uniform arrays of ordered nanostructures were obtained on a Ni current collector that are very stable also after thermal treatment at 550°C.
19

Kundu, Sanjib, Prasanta Sahoo, and Suman Kalyan Das. "Optimization Studies on Electroless Nickel Coatings." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 4 (October 2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2014100101.

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Electroless nickel coating is a novel method of coating which can be developed in various combinations of alloys and composites each having its unique set of characteristics. Electroless nickel coatings are mainly used for wear and corrosion resistant properties. However, additional characteristics like smoothness of deposit, low friction, descent plating rate, electrical and magnetic properties also make them suitable for a host of applications. The properties of electroless nickel coatings depend mainly on the electroless solution ingredients as well as deposition conditions. Important deposition parameters include bath temperature, concentration of nickel source, concentration of reducing agent, pH of the solution, concentration of surfactants, and so on. Moreover, heat treatment is found to modify the microstructure of the coating and influence certain properties viz. hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. A large number of works have been published by the researchers on the evaluation of electroless nickel coating performance on the basis of hardness, roughness, corrosion resistance, friction and wear resistance for various types of coatings and substrates. Several approaches are proposed in the literatures to solve the problems related with optimization of these parameters. It is felt that a review of the various approaches developed would help to compare their main features and their relative advantages or limitations which will enable to choose the most suitable approach for a particular application and also throw light on aspects that needs further attention. In this regard, the present paper presents a review on the developments done on the optimization of electroless nickel coatings to increase its efficiency.
20

Yücel, Ersin, Yasin Yücel, and Buse Beleli. "Optimization of synthesis conditions of PbS thin films grown by chemical bath deposition using response surface methodology." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 642 (September 2015): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.03.267.

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21

Zhang, Shuo, Shanguo Zhang, Jianyong Li, Jianfeng Li, Xin Zhou, Liming Wang, Fangyi Li, Jia Man, Xiujie Jia, and Shuaishuai Yao. "Carbon deposition mechanism of molten salt cleaning and optimization of multicomponent molten salt formula for remanufacturing." Science Progress 104, no. 3 (July 2021): 003685042110310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211031078.

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In remanufacturing engineering, cleaning is the key factor for subsequent blank inspection and parts repair. Molten salt has the characteristics of low viscosity, good fluidity, and strong chemical stability. Salt bath cleaning can be comprehensively applied to remove various organic pollutants. Molten salt has the function of self-cleaning. The dirt in the cleaning pool can be decomposed and reused. Moreover, the waste molten salt is massive, and the waste residue is easy to treat. The formation and adsorption mechanism of carbon deposition was explored, and the formation mechanism of carbon deposition was verified by experiments. Then, the existing formula was improved by mixing experiment and compared with the current cleaning method; the cleaning effect was excellent. A new molten salt formula is proposed on the basis of the research on solar thermal storage medium. The composition percentage and the optimal process parameters of the new molten salt formula were determined on the basis of the experimental design of mixture. The cleaning effect of the new formula is good.
22

Ennaoui, A. "Chemical bath process for highly efficient Cd-free chalcopyrite thin-film-based solar cells." Canadian Journal of Physics 77, no. 9 (February 1, 2000): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p99-030.

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The highest efficiency for Cu(Ga,In)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film-based solar cells has been achieved with CdS buffer layers prepared by a solution growth method known as the chemical bath deposition (CBD). With the aim of developing Cd-free chalcopyrite-based thin-film solar cells, we describe the basic concepts involved in the CBD technique. The recipes developed in our laboratory for the heterogeneous deposition of good-quality thin films of ZnO, ZnSe, and MnS are presented. In view of device optimization, the initial formation of chemical-bath-deposited ZnSe thin films on Cu(Ga,In)(S,Se)2 (CIGSS) and the subsequent development of the ZnSe/CIGSS heterojunctions were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The good surface coverage was controlled by measuring changes in the valence-band electronic structure as well as changes in the In4d, Zn3d core lines. From these measurements, the growth rate was found to be around 3.6 nm/min. The valence band and the conduction band-offsets ΔEV and ΔEC between the layers were determined to be 0.60 and 1.27 eV, respectively for the CIGSS/ZnSe interface. The energy-band diagram is discussed in connection with the band-offsets detemined from XPS data. A ZnSe thickness below 10 nm has been found to be optimum for achieving a homogeneous and compact buffer layer on CIGSS with a total area efficiency of 13.7%.PACS No.: 42.70
23

Adelkhani, H., M. Ghaemi, and S. M. Jafari. "Cycle life improvement of alkaline batteries via optimization of pulse current deposition of manganese dioxide under low bath temperatures." Journal of Power Sources 163, no. 2 (January 2007): 1091–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.008.

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24

Lugo, S., Y. Sánchez, M. Espíndola, F. Oliva, V. Izquierdo-Roca, Y. Peña, and E. Saucedo. "Cationic compositional optimization of CuIn(S 1-y Se y ) 2 ultra-thin layers obtained by chemical bath deposition." Applied Surface Science 404 (May 2017): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.217.

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25

Salmeri, Mario, Giulia Ognibene, Lorena Saitta, Cinzia Lombardo, Carlo Genovese, Matteo Barcellona, Alessandro D’Urso, et al. "Optimization of ZnO Nanorods Growth on Polyetheresulfone Electrospun Mats to Promote Antibacterial Properties." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071696.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) on the surface of polyetheresulfone (PES) electrospun fibers confer antimicrobial properties to the obtained hybrid inorganic–polymeric PES/ZnO mats. In particular, a decrement of bacteria colony forming units (CFU) is observed for both negative (Escherichia coli) and positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) Grams. Since antimicrobial action is strictly related to the quantity of ZnO present on surface, a CBD process optimization is performed to achieve the best results in terms of coverage uniformity and reproducibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provide morphological and compositional analysis of PES/ZnO mats while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is useful to assess the best process conditions to guarantee the higher amount of ZnO with respect to PES scaffold. Biocidal action is associated to Zn2+ ion leaching in solution, easily indicated by UV–Vis measurement of metallation of free porphyrin layers deposited on glass.
26

Patel, Biren, Indrajit Mukhopadhyay, and Abhijit Ray. "Inexpensive Cu2SnS3 grown by room-temperature aqueous bath electrodeposition for thin film solar cells." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 19 (July 18, 2018): 1840071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400714.

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We report the growth of Cu2SnS3 (CTS) thin films on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glass substrates at room-temperature by low-cost electrodeposition technique using an aqueous medium without the evolution of hydrogen. Electrolyte concentration and deposition potential were optimized under the limits of water hydrolysis. As-deposited films are post-annealed in the presence of the sulphur flakes to establish the stoichiometry. The annealed films were found to contain high phase purity and favorable optical properties to be useful for the photovoltaic applications. Optical data reveal that the CTS films have direct optical bandgap of 1.25 eV with an absorption coefficient of the order of 104 cm[Formula: see text]. A photovoltaic cell architecture of Glass/FTO (back contact)/CTS/CdS/Al:ZnO/Al (front contact) exhibited an open circuit voltage of 28 mV, a short circuit current density of 8.4 [Formula: see text]A/cm2 and the fill factor of 25%. The absorber thickness optimization and the use of Mo-coated glass as a back contact improve the solar cell parameters. A further study in this aspect is under way.
27

Hyun, Jiyeon, Kyung Mun Yeom, Ha Eun Lee, Donghwan Kim, Hae-Seok Lee, Jun Hong Noh, and Yoonmook Kang. "Efficient n-i-p Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with Tin Oxide via a Chemical Bath Deposition Method." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 7614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227614.

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Tandem solar cells, based on perovskite and crystalline silicon absorbers, are promising candidates for commercial applications. Tin oxide (SnO2), applied via the spin-coating method, has been among the most used electron transfer layers in normal (n-i-p) perovskite/silicon tandem cells. SnO2 synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) has not yet been applied in tandem devices. This method shows improved efficiency in perovskite single cells and allows for deposition over a larger area. Our study is the first to apply low-temperature processed SnO2 via CBD to a homojunction silicon solar cell without additional deposition of a recombination layer. By controlling the reaction time, a tandem efficiency of 16.9% was achieved. This study shows that tandem implementation is possible through the CBD method, and demonstrates the potential of this method in commercial application to textured silicon surfaces with large areas.
28

Jeon, Dong-Hwan, Dae-Kue Hwang, Dae-Hwan Kim, Jin-Kyu Kang, and Chang-Seop Lee. "Optimization of the ZnS Buffer Layer by Chemical Bath Deposition for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 5398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12217.

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29

Wang, Jau-Kai, and Jir-Ming Char. "Optimization study on hardness of gold film through supercritical electroplating process by response surface methodology." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 21, no. 2 (2015): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq131216030w.

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A non-cyanide gold bath has been used to deposit gold film on a brass substrate through electroplating process using supercritical carbon dioxide emulsion. The hardness of deposited gold film was considered as a response variable to optimize the process parameters of electroplating operation by statistical experimental methods. Effects of current density, pressure temperature, and chemical composition of the solution were investigated to select the optimal operation factors. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-hardness tester were applied to determine the characteristics of metallic film. The screening of significant variables was examined by a 25-1 fractional factorial design with V resolution method. The experimental result showed that the significant variables affecting the deposition of gold film were current density, pressure and temperature. Based on Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM), a regression model was built by fitting the experimental results with a polynomial equation. The optimal operating variable conditions can be searched at a specified hardness for industrial hard and soft gold application ranged from 83.8 to 157.7 HV.
30

McPeak, Kevin M., Borirak Opasanont, Tomohiro Shibata, Dong-Kyun Ko, Matthew A. Becker, Soma Chattopadhyay, Holt P. Bui, et al. "Microreactor Chemical Bath Deposition of Laterally Graded Cd1–xZnxS Thin Films: A Route to High-Throughput Optimization for Photovoltaic Buffer Layers." Chemistry of Materials 25, no. 3 (January 24, 2013): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm3023506.

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31

Hernández-Calderón, V., O. Vigil-Galán, F. A. Pulgarín-Agudelo, Maykel Courel, Antonio Arce-Plaza, F. Cruz-Gandarilla, F. J. Sánchez-Rodríguez, and J. Roque-De la Puente. "Optimization of CdxZn1-xS compound from CdS/ZnS bi-layers deposited by chemical bath deposition for thin film solar cells application." Thin Solid Films 676 (April 2019): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2019.03.003.

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32

Cheng, Ta Chih, Chen Yu Chang, Kuo Shan Yao, Yung Hsu Hsieh, Ling Ling Hsieh, and Pin Syuan Wang. "Optimization of Preparation of the TiO2 Photocatalytic Reactor Using the Taguchi Method." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.351.

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In this study, titanium dioxide thin film was prepared using the modified chemical vapor deposition. The parameters employed to control the preparation of the catalyst include the temperature of water bath, the Ti(OC3H7)4/H2O ratio, the flow rate of carrier gas, the oxidation temperature, the oxidation time, the calcination temperature, the rotating speed of furnace, and the speed of geared motor. The orthogonal arrays in the design of experimental method proposed by Taguchi were adopted to conduct the multiple-factor experiment. The conversion rate of salicylic acid in the aqueous or heterogeneous phase photocatalysis experiment was employed to identify the optimal conditions for assembly. The results indicated that a higher conversion ratio of the organic substance could be achieved under catalytic oxidation temperature of 400°C, calcination temperature of 550°C, and spraying speed of 30 rpm and the optimal experimental conditions obtained in this study were irradiation with intensity of 2.9 mW cm-2 on salicylic acid at concentration of 250 mg L-1 by both agitation and aeration processes (dissolved oxygen level = 8.2mg O2 L-1) at pH 5, which could achieve optimal hydroxyl radical yield of 5.1 ×10-17 M.
33

Lakhdari, Meriem, Farid Habelhames, Belkacem Nessark, Mihaela Girtan, Hassina Derbal-Habak, Yvan Bonnassieux, Denis Tondelier, and Jean Michel Nunzi. "Effects of pulsed electrodeposition parameters on the properties of zinc oxide thin films to improve the photoelectrochemical and photoelectrodegradation efficiency." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 84, no. 3 (December 2018): 30102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2018180227.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were synthesized on ITO glass substrates by electrochemical deposition from a nitrate solution. The deposition potential, bath temperature and annealing temperature were fixed at −1.1 V versus SCE, 80 and 400 °C, respectively. Firstly, we prepared the ZnO thin films by two different electrochemical methods: direct (DE) and pulsed electrodeposition (PE). The results indicate that pulse electrodeposition improves the properties of ZnO thin films compared to direct electrodeposition technique. Secondly, we chose the PE method for the elaboration of ZnO thin films and we varied the time-On (ton) from 7 to 1 s. Deposited ZnO thin films were characterized using XRD, SEM, optical and photocurrent measurement. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the synthesized ZnO has a pure hexagonal wurtzite structure with a marked preferential orientation along the (002) plane perpendicular to the substrate. SEM analysis reveals that the electrodeposited nanosheets at time-On of 7 s are only hexagonal. A remarkable change in ZnO morphology from nanosheets to nanosheets/nanorods and decrease in gap energy is observed with the decrease in electrodeposition time-On. After optimization in electrodeposition time (ton), a significant improvement in photocurrent and Methylene Blue (MB) photoelectrocatalytical degradation were observed.
34

Rocca, Marco, Alessio Fragasso, Wanjun Liu, Marcel A. Heinrich, and Yu Shrike Zhang. "Embedded Multimaterial Extrusion Bioprinting." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 23, no. 2 (November 13, 2017): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630317742071.

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Embedded extrusion bioprinting allows for the generation of complex structures that otherwise cannot be achieved with conventional layer-by-layer deposition from the bottom, by overcoming the limits imposed by gravitational force. By taking advantage of a hydrogel bath, serving as a sacrificial printing environment, it is feasible to extrude a bioink in freeform until the entire structure is deposited and crosslinked. The bioprinted structure can be subsequently released from the supporting hydrogel and used for further applications. Combining this advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique with a multimaterial extrusion printhead setup enables the fabrication of complex volumetric structures built from multiple bioinks. The work described in this paper focuses on the optimization of the experimental setup and proposes a workflow to automate the bioprinting process, resulting in a fast and efficient conversion of a virtual 3D model into a physical, extruded structure in freeform using the multimaterial embedded bioprinting system. It is anticipated that further development of this technology will likely lead to widespread applications in areas such as tissue engineering, pharmaceutical testing, and organs-on-chips.
35

Wasim, Muhammad Faisal, Shahzadi Tayyaba, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf, and Zubair Ahmad. "Modeling and Piezoelectric Analysis of Nano Energy Harvesters." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143931.

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The expedient way for the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based devices are based on two key steps. First, perform the simulation for the optimization of various parameters by using different simulation tools that lead to cost reduction. Second, develop the devices with accurate fabrication steps using optimized parameters. Here, authors have performed a piezoelectric analysis of an array of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures that have been created on both sides of aluminum sheets. Various quantities like swerve, stress, strain, electric flux, energy distribution, and electric potential have been studied during the piezo analysis. Then actual controlled growth of ZnO nanorods (NRs) arrays was done on both sides of the etched aluminum rod at low-temperature using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method for the development of a MEMS energy harvester. Micro creaks on the substrate acted as an alternative to the seed layer. The testing was performed by applying ambient range force on the nanostructure. It was found that the voltage range on topside was 0.59 to 0.62 mV, and the bottom side was 0.52 to 0.55 mV. These kinds of devices are useful in low power micro-devices, nanoelectromechanical systems, and smart wearable systems.
36

Kathavate, Vaibhav S., Nilesh S. Bagal, and Pravin P. Deshpande. "Corrosion protection performance of nano-TiO2-containing phosphate coatings obtained by anodic electrochemical treatment." Corrosion Reviews 37, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2018-0094.

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AbstractThe efficacy of nano-TiO2-containing zinc phosphate coatings on low-carbon steel is investigated. Zinc phosphate coatings are electrodeposited on low-carbon steel (AISI 1015) keeping current density, deposition time and wt % nano-TiO2 at their respective levels. Corrosion protection performance of these coatings was assessed using potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5% NaCl electrolyte. The morphology, the composition and the growth process of the zinc phosphate coating is investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical measurements. The XRD study reveals that the obtained phosphate layer contains traces of hopeite and phosphophylite. The formed zinc phosphate coating offers high corrosion protection in 3.5% NaCl solution, which is well supported by EIS studies. The presence of nano-TiO2 in the phosphate bath anticipated to offer a better surface coverage and reduction in porosity and forms more homogeneous coating, which is in agreement with the SEM studies. The optimization of the electrodeposition phosphating process for achieving better responses in terms of corrosion rate and coating resistance is addressed in this paper.
37

Zhang, Xiaoting, Jose Villafuerte, Vincent Consonni, Eirini Sarigiannidou, Jean-Fabien Capsal, Alexis Bruhat, Daniel Grinberg, Lionel Petit, Pierre-Jean Cottinet, and Minh-Quyen Le. "Optimization Strategies Used for Boosting Piezoelectric Response of Biosensor Based on Flexible Micro-ZnO Composites." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040245.

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Piezoelectric ZnO-based composites have been explored as a flexible and compact sensor for the implantable biomedical systems used in cardio surgery. In this work, a progressive development route was investigated to enhance the performance of piezoelectric composites incorporated with different shape, concentration and connectivity of ZnO fillers. ZnO microrods (MRs) have been successfully synthesized homogeneously in aqueous solution using a novel process-based on chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The morphological analysis along with Raman scattering and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of ZnO MRs confirm their high crystalline quality, their orientation along the polar c-axis and the presence of hydrogen-related defects acting as shallow donors in their center. The experimental characterizations highlight that ZnO MR-based composites, with a higher aspect ratio (AR), lead to a significant improvement in the mechanical, dielectric and piezoelectric properties as opposed to the ZnO microparticles (MP) counterparts. The dielectrophoretic (DEP) process is then subjected to both ZnO MP- and MR-based composites, whose performance is expected to be improved as compared to the randomly dispersed composites, thanks to the creation of chain-like structures along the electric field direction. Furthermore, a numerical simulation using COMSOL software is developed to evaluate the influence of the material structuration as well as the filler’s shape on the electric field distribution within different phases (filler, matrix and interface) of the composites. Finally, the aligned MR piezoelectric composites are revealed to be high potential in the development of innovative compact and biocompatible force-sensing devices. Such a technological breakthrough allows the achievement of a real-time precise characterization of mitral valve (MV) coaptation to assist surgeons during MV repair surgery.
38

Johal, Kuldip, and Rick Nichols. "ENEPIG Reliability - Enhancement by Simple Drop in Process Changes." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (January 1, 2019): 000531–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_tp3_004.

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Soldering on ball grid arrays (BGAs) and dense circuit features is standard practice in the microelectronics industry. Key to the success of this operation is solder joint reliability (SJR). The evaluation of solder joint reliability can be satisfied by high speed shear testing (HSS). HSS testing in combination with representative test vehicles are tools that can be used to gain statistical data in order to evaluate the impact of controlled testing. During such a round of controlled testing in the context of a palladium phosphor ENEPIG process, it was observed that the palladium initiation speed and IMC may be related to HSS results. The focus of this paper is not targeting all the optimizations that can lead to high end reliability performance for solderability. This paper will strive to convey steps that are available to all fabricators to maximize High Speed Shear results (HSS). In this paper, it will be shown that soldermask related pinholes can be overcome by implementing a reduction assisted immersion gold bath. This section will also culminate in SJR improvements and stability. The prevention of pin holes is a complicated multifaceted problem. This paper will address the notion that, if pinholes are evident, an enhanced immersion gold bath can be used to overcome serious corrosion. Disturbances in the nickel deposit can be weaknesses that are open for unusual locally aggressive atom exchange between the gold and the nickel that will result is hyper-corrosion. A reduction assisted gold bath is able to mask such areas with controlled deposition. This paper will demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimized, purpose designed, gold bath in overcoming pinhole related corrosion whilst simultaneously scrutinizing the ability of the reduction assisted gold bath to maintain or enhance the reliability expectations that are benchmarked by traditional immersion gold alternatives. During studies it has also been observed that processing is also instrumental in assuring maximum soldering reliability. Whilst rinsing is an accepted procedure, the degree and method of rinsing is often a controversial topic. This is especially true of vertical processes where fluid exchange is replaced by soaking, or in other words agitation neutral, volume related dilution. Environmentally aware practices err on the side of minimal water consumption. This is a requirement that is influenced or selectively amplified by geographical locations. This technical paper will demonstrate that the palladium initiation is crucial if maximum SJR is to be achieved. This experience was gained in association with a significant OEM. Electrochemical and advanced optical techniques will be used to demonstrate that the SJR in terms of HSS can be correlated to palladium initiation and resultant IMC formations. In summary process adjustments can be employed to improve soldering performance and repetition. An optimized reduction assisted gold bath will come together with processing optimizations to provide a data driven overview to convince fabricators that enhancements to their everyday processes exist and can be implemented by drop in solutions. The data that is included should be as interesting to the automotive industry as it is to the emerging substrate like panel industry (SLP).
39

Punjungsari, Tyas Nyonita. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA FROM BIOFILM SULFATE REDUCTION AND CU PRECIPITATION BIOREACTOR (BATCH CULTURE)." JARES (Journal of Academic Research and Sciences) 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/jares.v2i2.400.

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The biofilm is a microbial community structure formed on the zeolite surface in a sulfate reduction bioreactor and Cu deposition using a SRB consortium . The biofilm soluble microbial solvent is expected to have the capability in sulfate reduction and Cu deposition. Characterization of isolates is required for the optimization of pure culture . The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize the biofilm sulfate reducing bacteria in the sulfate reduction bioreactor and the precipitation of Cu in Batch Culture by a consortium of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria. The method used in this study cultivation was done by using postgate B medium, isolation was done by diluting biofilm on NaCl salt, bacteria grown on NB and postgate B media, characterization done by morphology and biochemistry. There were 3 isolates of B1 (Metylobacterium ), B3 ( Desulfucoccus ), and B2 ( Desulfobacter ). B3 ( Desulfococcus) has the best ability to reduce sulfate and Cu precipitation.Keywords : Sulfur Reducing Bacteria (SRB), Biofilm, Sulfate, Cu. Received: 26 August, 2017; Accepter: 10 September, 2017
40

Punjungsari, Tyas Nyonita. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA FROM BIOFILM SULFATE REDUCTION AND CU PRECIPITATION BIOREACTOR (BATCH CULTURE)." Journal of Academic Research and Sciences (JARES) 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/jares.v2i2.400.

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The biofilm is a microbial community structure formed on the zeolite surface in a sulfate reduction bioreactor and Cu deposition using a SRB consortium . The biofilm soluble microbial solvent is expected to have the capability in sulfate reduction and Cu deposition. Characterization of isolates is required for the optimization of pure culture . The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize the biofilm sulfate reducing bacteria in the sulfate reduction bioreactor and the precipitation of Cu in Batch Culture by a consortium of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria. The method used in this study cultivation was done by using postgate B medium, isolation was done by diluting biofilm on NaCl salt, bacteria grown on NB and postgate B media, characterization done by morphology and biochemistry. There were 3 isolates of B1 (Metylobacterium ), B3 ( Desulfucoccus ), and B2 ( Desulfobacter ). B3 ( Desulfococcus) has the best ability to reduce sulfate and Cu precipitation.Keywords : Sulfur Reducing Bacteria (SRB), Biofilm, Sulfate, Cu. Received: 26 August, 2017; Accepter: 10 September, 2017
41

Zhou, Bing Hai. "PSO and WCR-Based Scheduling Algorithm for Non-Identical Semiconductor Batch Processing Devices." Advanced Materials Research 186 (January 2011): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.186.46.

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In semiconductor fabrications, batch processing devices (BPD) are mainly used for oxidation, diffusion, deposition and performance test operations. To optimize scheduling solutions of non-identical semiconductor BPDs where existing multi-products and different due dates, a heuristic scheduling method based on Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and weighted cost rate (WCR) is proposed for minimizing the objective of the earliness/tardiness(E/T) penalties. The two-level heuristic scheduling algorithm is developed. Experiment results indicate that the proposed algorithm is valid and practical. Compared with the previous heuristic scheduling algorithms, it is more efficient in improving the weighted earliness/tardiness performance.
42

Becker, René, Katharina Weber, Tobias V. Pfeiffer, Jan van Kranendonk, and Klaas Jan Schouten. "A Scalable High-Throughput Deposition and Screening Setup Relevant to Industrial Electrocatalysis." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101165.

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The identification and optimization of electrode materials is of great importance in the study of (flow and solid state) batteries, industrial electrocatalysis and analytical devices such as sensors. To identify useful materials from a virtually unbound set of metals, alloys and semiconductors, high-throughput techniques are of vital importance. In this paper we present a high-throughput setup that consists of 64 parallel plate electrochemical flow cells, with the anode and cathode compartments separated by a membrane. These cells can be operated sequentially or batch-wise in parallel, using a matrix-addressing approach that allows for scaling up to larger electrode matrices with minimal instrumentation cost. The setup was validated for the preparation and screening of electrode materials under hydrodynamic conditions at industrially relevant current densities, which showed that it could be used to identify optimal catalysts and the robustness of catalyst preparation. The results of the small scale experiments followed theoretical predictions and were used to optimize larger scale experiments.
43

Vazquez, Oscar, Gill Ross, Myles M. Jordan, Dionysius Angga Baskoro, Eric Mackay, Clare Johnston, and Alistair Strachan. "Automatic Optimization of Oilfield-Scale-Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments Delivered by Diving-Support Vessel." SPE Journal 24, no. 01 (August 30, 2018): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/184535-pa.

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Summary Oilfield-scale deposition is one of the important flow-assurance challenges facing the oil industry. There are a number of methods to mitigate oilfield scale, such as reducing sulfates in the injected brine, reducing water flow, removing damage by using dissolvers or physically by milling or reperforating, and inhibition, which is particularly recommended if a severe risk of sulfate-scale deposition is present. Inhibition consists of injecting a chemical that prevents the deposition of scale, either by stopping nucleation or by retarding crystal growth. The inhibiting chemicals are either injected in a dedicated continuous line or bullheaded as a batch treatment into the formation, commonly known as a scale-squeeze treatment. In general, scale-squeeze treatments consist of the following stages: preflush to condition the formation or act as a buffer to displace tubing fluids; the main treatment, where the main pill of chemical is injected; overflush to displace the chemical deep into the reservoir; a shut-in stage to allow further chemical retention; and placing the well back in production. The well will be protected as long as the concentration of the chemical in the produced brine is greater than a certain threshold, commonly known as minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC). This value is usually between 1 and 20 ppm. The most important factor in a squeeze-treatment design is the squeeze lifetime, which is determined by the volume of water or days of production where the chemical-return concentration is greater than the MIC. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the automatic optimization of squeeze-treatment designs using an optimization algorithm, in particular particle-swarm optimization (PSO). The algorithm provides a number of optimal designs, which result in squeeze lifetimes close to the target. To determine the most efficient design of the optimal designs identified by the algorithm, the following objectives were considered: operational-deployment costs, chemical cost, total-injected-water volume, and squeeze-treatment lifetime. Operational-deployment costs include the support vessel, pump, and tank hire. There might not be a single design optimizing all objectives, and thus the problem becomes a multiobjective optimization. Therefore, a number of Pareto optimal solutions exist. These designs are not dominated by any other design and cannot be bettered. Calculating the Pareto is essential to identify the most efficient design (i.e., the most cost-effective design.)
44

Perlikowski, Igor, Eunika Zielony, Teoman Özdal, and Hamide Kavak. "Structural Properties and Electrical Characteristics of p-n Junctions Based on Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 Layers for Thin-Film Solar Cells." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 5182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165182.

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In the present study, we provide useful data related to one of the most promising materials in thin-film solar cell technologies: Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) kesterite structures. Sol-gel spin coating and chemical bath deposition methods were used to fabricate and further investigate Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/AZO heterostructures. In order to examine the crystal structure of the samples, Raman scattering measurements using two excitation wavelengths (514.5 nm and 785 nm) were performed. Three Raman bands related to CZTS were found, as well as one that had its origin in CdS. By using laser ablation and performing Raman spectroscopy on these modified samples, it was shown that during the manufacturing process a MoS2 interlayer was formed between the CZTS and Mo layers. Our method proved that the CZTS layer in a multilayer device structure fabricated by solution-based methods can be decomposed, and thus a detailed analysis of the layer can be performed. Subsequently, current-voltage curves were investigated in terms of the essential electrical properties of glass/Mo/p-CZTS/n-CdS/ZnO/AZO junctions and occurring current transport mechanisms. Finally, AFM data were acquired to study the surface topography of the studied samples. The images showed that these surfaces had a uniform grain structure.
45

Ismail, M. Mohamed, Zhong-Yun Hong, M. Arivanandhan, Thomas Chung-Kuang Yang, Guan-Ting Pan, and Chao-Ming Huang. "In Situ Binder-Free and Hydrothermal Growth of Nanostructured NiCo2S4/Ni Electrodes for Solid-State Hybrid Supercapacitors." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 7114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217114.

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Herein, we report a comparison of the electrochemical performance of two kinds of NiCo2S4-based electrodes for solid-state hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). For the binder-free electrode, NiCo2S4 was grown on Ni foam by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. For the binder-using electrode, NiCo2S4 powder was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. FESEM images depicted the hierarchical nanostructure of NiCo2S4 synthesized by the hydrothermal method and uniform distribution of nanostructured NiCo2S4 grown on Ni foam by the CBD method. Half-cell studies of both NiCo2S4 electrodes showed them exhibiting battery-type charge storage behavior. To assemble HSCs, NiCo2S4 and activated carbon were used as a positive and negative electrode, respectively. Electrochemical studies of the HSCs showed that the accessible potential window was wide, up to 2.6 V, through cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. Chronopotentiometry (CP) studies revealed that the energy and power densities of binder-using HSC were 51.24 Wh/kg and 13 kW/kg at 1 Ag−1, respectively, which were relatively higher than those of the binder-free HSC. The binder-free HSC showed 52% cyclic stability, relatively higher than that of the binder-using HSC. Both HSCs, with unique benefits and burdens on energy storage performance, are discussed in this work.
46

Petrů, Michal, Ondřej Novák, Ladislav Ševčík, and Petr Lepšík. "Numerical and Experimental Research of Design Optimization of Baths for the Production of Nanofibers by the Electrospinning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 486 (December 2013): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.486.157.

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A study and analysis showed that the increase in production and the quantity of nanofibers obtained from electrospinning may be provided by not only increasing the potential gradient between the electrodes, but also by the suitable distribution of the intensity of the electrostatic field. Through a numerical simulation using the finite element method, it was found that the intensity distribution of the electrostatic field is influenced not only by the potential gradient, type and shape of the electrodes, polymer properties and its concentration, humidity, ambient temperature, but also by other parameters, such as relative permittivity of the material and shape of the construction geometry. Experiments have been done with the functional baths for polymer solution deposition with a different geometry and relative permittivity. By using the proposed changes in design and relative permittivity for the experiment with the polymer PVP with TiO2 at 23.2 ± 3 °C and humidity of 14.4 ± 3 % and a potential gradient of 60 kV, the production of nanofibers can be increased by about 50 ± 3%. Key words: Electrospinning, optimization, nanofibers, FEM, reservoir
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Wendeln, Christian, Edith Steinhäuser, Lutz Stamp, Bexy Dosse-Gomez, Elisa Langhammer, Sebastian Reiber, Sebastian Dünnebeil, Sandra Röseler, and Roger Massey. "Novel Formaldehyde-Free Electroless Copper for Plating on Next Generation Substrates." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (January 1, 2019): 000977–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_wp2_038.

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The deposition of electroless Copper on dielectric substrates and the subsequent electrolytic build-up of a thicker Copper layer are widely used steps within the production of modern Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), and while there have been numerous developments within PCB production, the current manufacturing technologies continue to be reliant on the autocatalytic deposition of Copper from a solution containing formaldehyde as the reducing agent, even though the chemistry is known to pose a risk to human health. Further, as the high volatility of formaldehyde generally increases the exposure to the hazard, it is understood that critical air concentrations can easily be exceeded. With this in mind it is clear that the development of environmental and user friendly electroless Copper baths has become a subject of importance. Nevertheless, the introduction of “green” plating chemistry into the market remains a challenge due to high industrial standards in terms of performance and cost-efficiency, which have been established by the conventional plating products and limit their replacement. In the case of the electroless Copper baths, formaldehyde-free alternatives have to show excellent substrate coverage with metal, provide coatings with high conductivity and uniformity and should lead to very good reliability results. Moreover, the solution, and final Copper layer have to function with the diverse range of dielectric materials that are currently employed. Due to application needs, there has been a shift within PCB design towards the use of very smooth substrate materials with low coefficients of thermal expansion. Such materials offer the opportunity for further miniaturization of circuits and are optimal for adoption within packaged die components (IC substrates). However, smooth substrate topographies typically lead to a limited adhesion of the electroless Copper layer, and increases the risk of delamination or blister formation. To prevent this, the properties of the metal film itself, as well as the chemical properties of the Copper bath, from which it is deposited, are critical, with a key factor being that the deposited layer is generated under internal tensile stress, as this has been shown to be of importance in reducing blister occurrence. While formaldehyde based plating solutions have been modified to satisfy this requirement through the adoption of additives and organic substances, there is still very little experience available regarding chemical approaches utilizing other reducing agents. Changing the reducing agent generally requires a complete redesign of the electroless system, including careful selection of the complexing agents and additives, readjustment of the chemical concentrations and optimization of the baths physical operating conditions. In this work we describe a new type of formaldehyde-free electroless Copper solution suitable for a broad set of applications and materials, and specifically the processing of next-generation substrates. This new plating solution has been successfully applied in both laboratory and production-scale environments, with its performance being evaluated and benchmarked against an existing formaldehyde-containing reference. The obtained metal layer has been characterized through a number of analytical techniques, including microscopy, XRF, SEM, adhesion tests as well as non-blister performance. Based on the data obtained we believe that the newly developed solution utilizing a non-formaldehyde reducing agent provides a suitable technology for PCB production without a loss of process performance, and thus provide a sustainable “green” alternative to the industry.
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BUHL, Johannes, Rameez ISRAR, and Markus BAMBACH. "MODELING AND CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS OF DIRECTED ENERGY DEPOSITION SIMULATIONS WITH HYBRID IMPLICIT / EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT SOLUTIONS." Journal of Machine Engineering 19, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4086.

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Conventional metal manufacturing techniques are suitable for mass production. However, cheaper and faster alternatives are preferred for small batch sizes and individualized components. Directed energy deposition (DED) processes allow depositing metallic material in almost arbitrary shapes. They are characterized by cyclic heat input, hence heating and cooling every point in the workpiece several times. This temperature history leads to distribution of mechanical properties, distortions, residual stresses or even fatigue properties in the part. To avoid experimental trial-and-error optimization, different methods are available to simulate DED processes. Currently, the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is the most competitive DED process. In this work, a simulation method for the WAAM process is established and validated, which should be capable to calculate global effects (e.g. distortions, residual stresses) of real WAAM-processes with duration of hours and thousands of weld beads. The addition of beads and layers is simulated by the element birth and death technique. The elements are activated according to the movements of the heat source (arc). In this paper, the influence of the time step, the mesh size and the material properties of the inactive elements in hybrid implicit / explicit and fully implicit solutions are evaluated with respect to the computation time and stability. This investigation concludes several recommendations for AM-modelling. For example, a low Young’s modulus (100 N/mm²) for the inactive elements show nearly no influences on the welding simulation, but introduces numerical instabilities in case of multiple welding beads. The Young’s modulus should be increased to 1.000 N/mm² for small mesh-sizes, small step-sizes and many beads, even when it introduces unwanted stresses.
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Alhijjaj, Muqdad, Jehad Nasereddin, Peter Belton, and Sheng Qi. "Impact of Processing Parameters on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120633.

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing is being increasingly explored as a direct manufacturing method to product pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Despite its many advantages as a pharmaceutical formulation tool, it remains restricted to proof-of-concept formulations. The optimization of the printing process in order to achieve adequate precision and printing quality remains to be investigated. Demonstrating a thorough understanding of the process parameters of FDM and their impact on the quality of printed dosage forms is undoubtedly necessary should FDM advance from a proof-of-concept stage to an adapted pharmaceutical manufacturing tool. This article describes the findings of an investigation into a number of critical process parameters of FDM and their impact on quantifiable, pharmaceutically-relevant measures of quality. Polycaprolactone, one of the few polymers which is both suitable for FDM and is a GRAS (generally regarded as safe) material, was used to print internally-exposed grids, allowing examination of both their macroscopic and microstructural reproducibility of FDM. Of the measured quality parameters, dimensional authenticity of the grids was found to poorly match the target dimensions. Weights of the grids were found to significantly vary upon altering printing speed. Printing temperature showed little effect on weight. Weight uniformity per batch was found to lie within acceptable pharmaceutical quality limits. Furthermore, we report observing a microstructural distortion relating to printing temperature which we dub The First Layer Effect (FLE). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to study factor interactions and revealed, among others, the existence of an interaction between weight/dosing accuracy and dimensional authenticity dictating a compromise between the two quality parameters. The Summed Standard Deviation (SSD) is proposed as a method to extract the optimum printing parameters given all the perceived quality parameters and the necessary compromises among them.
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Neves, Márcia C., and Tito Trindade. "Chemical bath deposition of BiVO4." Thin Solid Films 406, no. 1-2 (March 2002): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01787-4.

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