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Книги з теми "Placebo interventions"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 19 червня 2021

Оновлено: 13 лютого 2022

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1

Karoly, Lynn A. Early childhood interventions: Proven results, future promise. Santa Monica: Rand, 2005.

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2

Kuball, Mischa. No-Place: Eine Intervention im Sprengel Museum Hannover, 31.8. bis 30.10.1994. Hannover: Sprengel Museum, 1994.

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3

Tiwari, Indra P. Employment creation and income generation in rural regions: Peoples, places, activities and interventions in Nepal. Lekhnath, Nepal: Center for Rural and Urban Studies and Transfiguration, 1998.

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4

Beregi, Jean-Paul. Urgences cardio-vasculaires: place de la radiologie interventionnelle. Paris: Springer Paris, 2009.

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5

Brehony, Eamonn G. Birds in different places do not speak one language: A study to determine a methodology for linking indigenous community practices in East Africa with outside development intervention strategies. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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6

Fitzgibbon, Marion. Birds in different places do not speak one language: A study to determine a methodology for linking indigenous community practices in East Africa with outside development intervention strategies. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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7

Carloni, Giovanna, Christopher Fotheringham, Anita Virga, and Brian Zuccala. Blended Learning and the Global South Virtual Exchanges in Higher Education. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-529-2.

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This volume collects a series of theoretical and practical interventions in the area of blended learning globally. It aims to present pedagogues working in higher education contexts in the developing world with models of successful blended learning initiatives designed and implemented by committed educators working with student bodies characterised by unequal access to technology and connectivity. The twelve individual chapters of this volume are an invaluable practical resource for educators but when taken as a whole the collection provides a counter to commonplace beliefs about blended learning originating within the institutions of wealthy countries. It offers theoretical, material and socially grounded currents for thinking about the place of blended learning in the Global South and is a work of resistance to pedagogical epistemologies with ‘first world’ and neoliberal biases.

8

Silk, Kenneth R. Pharmacological Interventions for Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0013.

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Although no medication is indicated to specifically treat symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), medications are used frequently in the treatment of patients with BPD. This chapter reviews a number of reasons why medications are frequently prescribed in this patient population, then goes on to discuss eight systematic reviews or meta-analyses of 23 double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trials of the psychopharmacologic treatment of patients with BPD. The author attempts to make some sense of these reviews, which at times come to different conclusions despite examining essentially the same dataset. The chapter also addresses how to proceed with and manage the psychopharmacologic treatment of patients with BPD.

9

Casey, Patricia. Treatment of adjustment disorders (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786214.003.0007.

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There are few randomized controlled studies of the treatment of AD. This is due to the transience of the symptoms, the difficulty obtaining a homogeneous population owing to the absence of diagnostic criteria, and the variable nature of the stressor, among others. Clinical guidelines specify that brief psychological interventions are preferred, and these incorporate elements from the many approaches now available on the assumption that their mechanism of action will also be effective in AD. Few have been tested specifically in AD. Low-intensity therapies specific to AD are being developed, such as biblio-therapy and online self-help. Pharmacological interventions have not been tested in quality trials, but despite this, antidepressants continue to be frequently prescribed. A few trials of anxiolytics have found some benefit for all the agents examined, but none used placebo. EMDR was found to be beneficial in a small pilot study and is worthy of further study.

10

Taylor, Joseph J., and Robert Ostroff. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0024.

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This chapter will summarize what is considered to be the first randomized controlled trial to directly compare psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions for unipolar nonpsychotic depression. More specifically, the authors were interested in the degree to which cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, imipramine and a placebo condition ameliorated symptoms of depression in patients from outpatient psychiatric clinics at three academic medical centers in the United States. The chapter will discuss the design and implementation of the study before focusing on the results and their implications. The last section of the chapter will list similar studies and present a hypothetical clinical case that requires the reader to apply basic concepts learned from the study.

11

Maltzman, Sara. A Multidisciplinary, Biopsychosocial Approach to Treatment. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.43.

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This concluding chapter of theOxford Handbook of Treatment Processes and Outcomes in Psychologydescribes the importance of breaking down research and practice silos in favor of a multidisciplinary and biopsychosocial approach regarding human physical and mental health. The chapter summarizes why we can have more confidence in treatments and interventions that “fit” within the context of converging lines of evidence across these multilevel systems. What multidisciplinary research tells us is that treatmentdoesmatter, as evidenced by multiple lines of research in animal models, particularly in fear-based and anxiety disorders. This research affirms that psychological/behavioral treatments are active and not reducible to nonspecific placebo effects. However, data indicate that placebo may prove valuable as a deliberately applied adjunct to psychological/behavioral and pharmacological treatments. Individual differences in self-regulation and temperament; genetic and epigenetic factors that influence resilience or maladaptive responses to adverse conditions; the buffering effects of social support; and how these factors may influence treatment process and outcomes are reviewed. Research evaluating pharmacological adjuncts to psychological/behavioral treatment underscores the complexity of delivering optimal treatment. Newer methodologies, such as neuroimaging, will assist in explicating the above complex interrelationships. This chapter also calls attention to research evaluating treatment outcomes, including dose response relationships and the importance of evaluating the therapist’s unique contribution to outcomes.

12

McKay, James R., Henry R. Kranzler, Kyle M. Kampman, Rebecca L. Ashare, and Robert A. Schnoll. Psychopharmacological Treatments for Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0024.

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The treatment of substance use disorders with medications is well established, although most experts agree that pharmacological interventions must be combined with psychosocial therapies. Many type 1 and type 2 controlled trials have shown that the use of nicotine replacement therapy significantly increases abstinence rates. Non-nicotine treatments, such as bupropion and varenicline, have been found in controlled trials to significantly increase abstinence rates. The treatment of alcohol use disorder can be enhanced by three approved medications with different mechanisms of action: disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate. Methadone maintenance treatment has consistently shown efficacy in the treatment of opioid dependence, and buprenorphine has substantially expanded the options for treating the disorder. Although double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of several medications have provided initial evidence of efficacy for cocaine use disorder, efficacy has not yet been shown in multisite trials.

13

Kennish, Steven. Interventional radiology. Edited by Michael Weston. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0135.

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Advances in imaging technology allow ever more complex yet minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to take place in the genitourinary tract. Imaging provides precise targeting for tissue biopsy to facilitate rapid and accurate diagnosis—the basis of all subsequent treatment regimes. Percutaneous renal intervention is invaluable in the treatment of complex stone disease and for renal preservation in the patient with malignant or benign urinary tract obstruction. Antegrade ureteric procedures allow strictures, stones, and tumours to be tackled, often with much greater ease than an alternative retrograde approach. Although interventional radiological procedures are generally safe, they do come with risks such as bleeding and sepsis, as well as the longer-term complications related to indwelling drains, catheters, and stents. It is important for the urological surgeon to be familiar with interventional uroradiological techniques so as to appropriately counsel and care for patients who require these procedures.

14

Bellamy, Alex J. Military Intervention. Edited by Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0030.

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This article examines the role that military intervention can play in ending genocide and the political, moral, and legal debates that surround it. The first section briefly examines how genocides have ended since the beginning of the twentieth century, and explores the place of military intervention by external powers. The second section examines whether there is a moral and/or legal duty to intervene to end genocide. The third section considers the reasons why states intervene only infrequently to put an end to genocide despite their rhetorical commitments. Historically, once started, genocides tend to end with either the military defeat of the perpetrators or the suppression of the victim groups. Only military force can directly prevent genocidal killing, stand between perpetrators and their intended victims, and protect the delivery of lifesaving aid. But its use entails risks for all parties and does not necessarily resolve the underlying conflict.

15

Jamison, David, Indy Wilkinson, and Steven P. Cohen. Facet Joint Interventions: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0019.

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This chapter reviews the diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain. Fluoroscopic guidance is commonly used to optimize treatment outcomes. The only reliable way to identify a painful facet joint is with image-guided blockade of either the medial branch innervating the joint or the joint itself. Although computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound have been shown to provide reliable landmarks for accurate needle placement, these modalities have limitations. The risks of CT include increased radiation exposure, cost, and an inability to perform real-time contrast injection. While ultrasound provides a convenient and inexpensive way to anesthetize the facet joints or medial branch nerves innervating them, it is unreliable in obese patients, is not as sensitive for detecting intravascular uptake as digital substraction or real-time contrast injection under fluoroscopy, and cannot be reliably used to place an electrode parallel to the course of the nerve, which has been shown to enhance lesion size.

16

Abhishek, Abhishek, and Michael Doherty. Placebo, nocebo, and contextual effects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0027.

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Placebo effect is an example of ‘contextual’ effect and is the symptomatic improvement experienced by patients who have unknowingly received a placebo (inactive treatment) instead of an active drug. It occurs due to patient-specific factors such as expectation of improvement and is influenced by the context in which the treatment is delivered. Nocebo effect is the opposite of placebo effect and includes worsening of symptoms or incident adverse effects due to expectancy or negative contextual or practitioner influence. Placebo effect has been demonstrated in a range of musculoskeletal conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA), as well as other conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and asthma. In OA, the placebo effect is strongest for subjective outcomes like pain. In fact, the effect size (ES) of placebo analgesia in OA clinical trials (0.51) is clinically significant and higher than the ES (defined by the additional improvement above placebo) obtained from non-pharmacological (0.25) and pharmacological (0.39) treatments. A number of patient- and intervention-specific and contextual factors influence the magnitude of placebo-induced improvements. Placebo analgesia is real, not a ‘trick of the mind’, and results from central mechanisms that increase descending inhibition of pain. Contextual effects are an integral part of everyday clinical practice. While patient- and intervention-specific determinants cannot be changed easily, healthcare practitioners should optimize the physician-specific factors that enhance positive contextual response and minimize nocebo response. Such a strategy that will increase the overall improvement is particularly relevant for OA where there is no ‘cure’ and a predominance of negative beliefs.

17

Banks, Sarah. Cognitive Interventions in Parkinson’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0005.

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People with Parkinson’s disease frequently demonstrate cognitive impairments, ranging from isolated cognitive impairments to frank dementia. Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease has a clear impact on quality of life and independence; hence, there is a need to develop treatments that will reliably improve this important nonmotor symptom. Executive functions are the most frequently impacted cognitive domain, and they have been shown in other populations to be amenable to cognitive interventions. This chapter reviews the literature on cognitive interventions in Parkinson’s disease, and it places the literature into the context of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. It also reviews studies of cognitive interventions for other conditions. Current gaps in our understanding are highlighted, and proposals for future directions of research in this field are provided.

18

Breitbart, William S., ed. Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy in the Cancer Setting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837229.001.0001.

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There is an evolution taking place regarding the nature and scope of the clinical goals of psychotherapeutic or counseling interventions in the palliative care setting. Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy in the Cancer Setting provides a theoretical context for meaning-centered psychotherapy (MCP), a nonpharmacologic intervention that has been shown to enhance meaning and spiritual well-being, increase hope, improve quality of life, and significantly decrease depression, anxiety, desire for hastened death, and symptom burden distress in the cancer setting. Based on the work of Viktor Frankl and his concept of logotherapy, MCP is an innovative intervention for clinicians practicing in fields of psycho-oncology, palliative care, bereavement, and cancer survivorship. This resource contains chapters on adapting MCP for different cancer-related populations and for different purposes and clinical problems, including interventions for cancer survivors, caregivers of cancer patients, adolescents and young adults with cancer, as a bereavement intervention, and cultural and linguistic applications in languages such as Mandarin, Spanish, and Hebrew.

19

Kumpfer, Karol L., and Cátia Magalhães. Prevention as Treatment. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.22.

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This chapter reviews the application of treatment methods in prevention, with an emphasis on family-based substance abuse, delinquency, and child maltreatment. The goal of prevention is to increase resilience in high-risk children. Considerable overlap exists between evidence-based prevention and treatment interventions, including their etiological and intervention theories, cognitive behavioral change methods and outcome objectives. Also included is the Institute of Medicinespectrum of treatment disorders, a review of prevention and treatment intervention theories, and methods used to design effective family interventions, with an emphasis on family systems, social ecology and resilience theories including the author’s Transactional Framework of Resilience model and the Strengthening Families Program. Lastly, this chapter covers the applications of clinical techniques to improve resilience characteristics and processes and places evidence-based prevention programs methods within this framework and details their similarity to treatment. Digital technology (e.g., DVDs, Web, smart phones, television, etc.) is recommended to reduce intervention costs and “go-to-scale” to have a greater public health impact in promoting resilience in children.

20

Sebastián, Sofía. Intervention and Peace Operations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0004.

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The hybrid and transnational nature of current conflicts poses one of today’s most pressing global security challenges, with crises ranging from western Africa to the Himalayas. This chapter evaluates the policies, strategies, and mechanisms in place in conflicts that encompass transnational security threats such as terrorism, organized crime, and cross-border sectarian insurgencies in the context of UN peace operations. International efforts aimed at addressing these threats have been ad hoc and piecemeal. Further work needs to focus on maximizing the use of existing regional initiatives and reinforcing the policy, operational, and political support for UN missions operating in these environments. The chapter draws from the Malian conflict to reflect on these issues.

21

Yancey, Antronette (Toni), Beth A. Glenn, Chandra L. Ford, and LaShawnta Bell-Lewis. Dissemination and Implementation Research among Racial/Ethnic Minority and Other Vulnerable Populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0027.

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The evidence base on dissemination and implementation of interventions for racial/ethnic minority communities is expanding rapidly. Although the strength of the evidence varies depending on the health outcome, some general trends are apparent. Key lessons include that cultural appropriateness enhances community “buy-in” of interventions. Interventions that reflect a community’s cultural values and that are implemented in ubiquitous settings are also associated with success. Efforts that account for place characteristics (e.g., neighborhood geography, intervention setting) can also improve the uptake of interventions. In conclusion, the importance of inclusivity and equity in public health efforts to prevent and control disease is paramount. The best way to achieve social justice and improve the health of the entire population is to ensure that the strategies most effective in preventing disease are disseminated within the populations at greatest risk.

22

Rodogno, Davide. Humanitarian Intervention in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.2.

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The purpose of this chapter is to show that a number of interventions took place from 1815 to 1914. The chapter avoids the fabrication of a fil rouge connecting nineteenth-century interventions to more recent ones, including the one in Libya. They are not identical phenomena. The historian’s perspective emphasizes continuities and ruptures in the concept of the responsibility to protect, a term that is historicized in the chapter, and examines whether or not the amount of intervention that occurs in the present-day international system, or the seemingly original network of contemporary transnational relations, is anything but original.

23

Hermanson, Chrisantha. Scrutinizing Intentions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812852.003.0008.

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Most humanitarian interventions are suspected of having secondary, non-humanitarian motives. This chapter interrogates whether, and when, the presence of some such secondary motive counts against an intervention morally. The problematic cases are those in which secondary motives lead the intervening power to take actions beyond what are necessary to achieve the stated humanitarian purpose of the intervention. While the intended beneficiaries of any humanitarian intervention can be assumed to consent to its primary aim of rescuing them, they cannot be assumed to consent to these additional actions taken in pursuit of secondary, non-altruistic ambitions. The chapter also considers abuses that might take place in the aftermath of intervention, during post-atrocity reconstruction. The central concern here is with offers of aid or loans for reconstruction that are conditional on imposed criteria.

24

Maltzman, Sara. Treatment Processes and Outcomes in Psychology. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.47.

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ThisOxford Handbook of Treatment Processes and Outcomes in Psychologyoffers a multidisciplinary, biopsychosocial approach to research and practice in psychology pertinent to applied settings. It is written for practitioners from varying disciplines and perspectives (e.g., counseling, clinical, school, and developmental psychology; social work), researchers in these areas, as well as oversight bodies (e.g., mental health clinics and government agencies) tasked with the oversight of mental health services provided to the communities they serve. Practitioners and researchers in various disciplines tend to be “siloed,” accessing a restricted literature that typically does not extend far beyond their area of study. The result is suboptimal exposure to an accurate science base that can inform practice and research. ThisHandbookpresents a multidisciplinary approach from experts in their respective fields to understanding clients and treatment across the life span. It includes detailed discussions in several chapters that expand on core areas of research and practice that already have a substantive research base, such as the therapeutic alliance, temperament, therapist variables, and career counseling. TheHandbookalso provides chapters in new areas of research (e.g., neuroimaging, the role of medications, and evaluating the placebo effect) to provide a data-based assessment of the current state of the research in these areas. ThisHandbookprovides “hands-on” guidance and suggestions, based on research, for identifying interventions that are effective, determining what factors can affect treatment effectiveness, and considerations for the evaluation of the provision of mental health services for children, adolescents, adults, and families at the case or aggregate level.

25

Kucinskas, Jaime. Interventions’ Transformation from the Inside Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881818.003.0006.

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This chapter examines what meditation is intended to do for practitioners at a micro-level in their “intervention” programs. Mindfulness educators carefully introduced meditation practices to new adopters through modeling and gradual exposure to religious ideology. Meditation practice was used to fundamentally change how participants construed themselves, their place in the world, and their interactions with others at work and in other parts of their lives. Participating in mindfulness programs changed many people’s individual worldviews, self-regulation, and interactions with others. However, there is not conclusive evidence suggesting that contemplative interventions have deep, lasting structural impacts on the organizations and institutional fields they are working in.

26

MacDonald, John, Charles Branas, and Robert Stokes. Changing Places. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195216.001.0001.

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The design of every aspect of the urban landscape—from streets and sidewalks to green spaces, mass transit, and housing—fundamentally influences the health and safety of the communities who live there. It can affect people's stress levels and determine whether they walk or drive, the quality of the air they breathe, and how free they are from crime. This book provides a compelling look at the new science and art of urban planning, showing how scientists, planners, and citizens can work together to reshape city life in measurably positive ways. It demonstrates how well-designed changes to place can significantly improve the well-being of large groups of people. The book argues that there is a disconnect between those who implement place-based changes, such as planners and developers, and the urban scientists who are now able to rigorously evaluate these changes through testing and experimentation. It covers a broad range of structural interventions, such as building and housing, land and open space, transportation and street environments, and entertainment and recreation centers. Science shows we can enhance people's health and safety by changing neighborhoods block-by-block. The book explains why planners and developers need to recognize the value of scientific testing, and why scientists need to embrace the indispensable know-how of planners and developers. It reveals how these professionals, working together and with urban residents, can create place-based interventions that are simple, affordable, and scalable to entire cities.

27

Smith, Peter Cookson. Urban Design of Intervention: Imposed and Adaptive Places in Asian Cities. MCCM Creations, 2015.

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28

Karoly, Lynn A. Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise. RAND Corporation, 2006.

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29

Tesón, Fernando R. Just Cause in Humanitarian Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0003.

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The chapter defines just cause as saving persons from rights violations by their rulers or other groups in their territory. It examines the requirement that only genocide or similar massacres justify intervention. And it concludes that this high threshold is usually required because military interventions commonly cause excessive damage. But, by the same token, rights violations short of genocide may justify proportionate (but only proportionate) intervention. The chapter examines in detail the concept of conditional cause. A conditional cause is a redress of rights that the intervener may pursue but is different from the just cause for intervention. The intervener may pursue these other goals provided he had a just cause to intervene in the first place. Particular attention is devoted to the conditions that make regime change permissible. A regime change is permissible when necessary to realize the just cause.

30

Martin, Colin J., and David G. Sutton. Interventional radiology and cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0016.

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Doses from interventional radiology and cardiology procedures have risen as techniques have developed and allowed more challenging procedures to be undertaken. The dose levels for individual procedures have increased with the complexity resulting in risks of tissue reactions such as erythema and epilation. The increase in numbers of procedures has resulted in risks of damage to the eyes of interventional staff. Factors affecting patient doses and optimization of patient protection are discussed. Methods of assessing doses to patients’ skin are described. The arrangements that should be in place to identify those patients at risk of tissue reactions through setting of dose trigger levels are explained, and the subsequent follow-up recommended is described. The potential protection that can be obtained through use of shielding devices by staff to reduce their dose is considered, and methods for monitoring staff doses reviewed.

31

Kuball, Mischa. No-Place: Eine Intervention im Sprengel Museum Hannover, 31.8. bis 30.10.1994. Sprengel Museum, 1994.

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32

The Answer Place (Reading Intervention for Early Success, LV 1/16B). Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

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33

Plotnik, Adam N., and Stephen Kee. Using a Glidewire Cheater and Flow Switch to Temporarily Secure Purse-String Sutures. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0052.

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Following completion of an arteriovenous graft or fistula intervention, various methods exist by which an interventionalist may achieve hemostasis. Manual compression is the simplest technique but often requires an extended period of time. Many interventionalists will place purse-string sutures at the site of vascular access to achieve hemostasis, with the sutures left in place when the patient leaves the angiography suite. Consequently, these sutures may stay in for an extended period of time and even be present at follow-up interventions many months later or, worse, may get infected. The glidewire cheater and flow switch technique is a method by which hemostasis can be achieved, and it obviates the need for the sutures to be left in place after the patient leaves the angiography suite.

34

Greenberg, Lyn R., Barbara J. Fidler, and Michael A. Saini, eds. Evidence-Informed Interventions for Court-Involved Families. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190693237.001.0001.

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Children at the center of high conflict divorce and/or child protection cases face increased risks to both current and future health and adjustment. There is a growing research base regarding these risks and the coping abilities skills that children need for successful adjustment, but training gaps and poorly structured services continue to be serious problems. The specific characteristics of these families, and risks faced by these children, underscore the importance of treatment, psychoeducation, and other services adapted to this population and directed to minimizing risks and promoting healthy functioning, autonomy, and resilience for these children. This book provides a critical, research-informed analysis of the core factors to include when developing child-centered approaches to therapy and other family interventions, both in the formal treatment setting and promoting healthy engagement with the other systems and activities critical to children’s daily lives. The book addresses common problems, obstacles, and the backdrop of support from other professionals or the court, which may be necessary for successful intervention. An international team of renowned authors provide chapters covering a variety of service models and drawing on a wide range of relevant research and literature, addressing the legal context, central issues for treatment and other services, and specialized issues such as trauma, family violence, parent–child contact problems, and children with special needs. The book assembles in one place the best of what is known about intervention for court-involved families, along with practical guidance for using relevant research, understanding its limitations, and matching service plans to families’ needs.

35

Lang, Elvira V. No pain no gain: A neuroethical place for hypnosis in invasive intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0011.

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Management of patients’ pain depends largely on the beliefs of healthcare providers and institutional cultures rather than evidence and rational considerations. Approaches that improve positive outcomes based on placebo effects elicit the call for guidance and regulations by medical societies and ethics boards. Oddly, the use of nocebo approaches seems to be a free-for-all: it is not as specifically limited as the training of front-line providers in positive language or hypnotic techniques, which is still labeled unethical by one of the major professional associations. The hope is that continued documentation of efficacy of nonpharmacologic calming and analgesic techniques in well-conducted clinical trials will overcome these hurdles, and that further stepwise integration in medical practice will facilitate the needed culture change of Western medical practice. The aim is to make gains for all concerned without unnecessary pains.

36

Narsinh, Kazim, Steven C. Rose, and Thomas Kinney. Portal Vein Tract Embolization After Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Interventions. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0087.

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Bleeding complications during percutaneous biliary intervention result from injury to the hepatic artery, hepatic vein, or portal vein. If bleeding originating from a hepatic artery branch is suspected, hepatic arteriography should be performed with and without the drainage catheter in place over a wire, and subselective embolization can be performed if a suitable target is identified. If a bleeding hepatic artery branch is not identified, bleeding from a portal vein branch is suspected. Treatment of portal vein injuries is challenging in this situation because obtaining direct percutaneous portal vein access is ill-advised. Although injuries to the hepatic artery or vein can often be treated by tract tamponade or arterial embolization, iatrogenic communication between the portal vein and biliary system can be difficult to treat effectively. This chapter presents a method to identify portal vein-to-biliary tract communications via cholangiography, with subsequent embolization via the transhepatic tract.

37

Habecker, Erin, and Tobias Wasser. Fluoxetine, Comprehensive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Placebo in Generalized Social Phobia. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0002.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on anxiety disorders. For generalized social phobia, are fluoxetine and comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy efficacious? How do their efficacies compare? And is there an advantage to combination therapy? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. Results of the study indicate that fluoxetine and comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy are superior to placebo for the treatment of generalized social phobia; neither treatment is superior to the other and there is no apparent advantage to combination therapy. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

38

Larry, Edelman, Colorado Early Childhood Initiatives, and JFK Partners, eds. A guidebook: Early intervention supports & services in everyday routines, activities, and places in Colorado. Denver, CO: Early Childhood Connections, Colorado Dept. of Education, 1999.

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39

Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Foundations in welfare economics and utility theory: what should be valued? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0003.

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This chapter examines what is to be valued in economic evaluation of health care interventions. It starts by reviewing economic theory on resource allocation through the market mechanism and applying this to the health care sector. It then presents the alternative of resource allocation by government intervention and the implications this has for the use of economic evaluation and the measure of benefit. This is followed by a consideration of the welfarist foundation for a measure of health such as the QALY, and finally some non-welfarist arguments for this. The aim of this chapter is to examine what is important for the purpose of economic evaluation and, specifically, the place of the QALY measure.

40

Mathematics Diagnosis and Intervention System (Booklet E, Place, Value, Addition, and Subtraction in Grades 4-6). Scott Foresman, 2000.

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41

Stringfellow, Kim. Greetings from the Salton Sea: Folly and Intervention in the Southern California Landscape, 1905-2005 (Center for American Places-Center Books on American Places). Center for American Places, 2005.

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42

Jupp, Eleanor, Sophie Bowlby, Jane Franklin, and Sarah Marie Hall. The New Politics of Home. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447351849.001.0001.

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With an innovative focus on home and care, this book is an intervention into debates about social policy and welfare at a time of crisis, with a particular focus on the UK. Such a crisis involves austerity, economic restructuring, worsening inequality and resulting issues of resources, rationing and affordability. The book illuminates how these economic and political changes are re-shaping experiences of home and care for many households. By bringing together a unique set of interdisciplinary perspectives to bear on the topics of home, care, austerity and welfare crisis, the book develops conceptual and methodological resources for exploring these often hidden yet crucial aspects of everyday lives. Topics covered include the changing place of the home within social care policy, housing and inequality, researching family lives under austerity, and the restructuring of children’s services. Ultimately the book argues that the home needs to be understood as a site of political and economic contestation, and that forms of feminist research and analysis can enable new interventions into this terrain.

43

Birk, Megan. “The hideous consequences”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039249.003.0004.

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This chapter details the problems of abuse, neglect, and overwork that some children had to endure once they entered placement homes. Family violence, overwork, and child neglect were not problems new to the late 1800s, but in previous generations, propriety limited intervention into immediate families, and apprenticed relationships between children and unrelated adults could be policed by the child's parents. In the Progressive Era, placers and child welfare workers came to realize that suffering for placed-out children happened not only as a result of abuse. Whether through isolation and dependence on the farm family or overwork and seasonal placements, the farm contributed to the hazards facing placed-out children. This chapter first explains how multiple placements led to child overwork and neglect before considering the physical abuse suffered by children in placement homes, along with the resistance shown by some children to their placement.

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Maksimowski, Michael, and Zheala Qayyum. Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0026.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on major depressive disorder. What are the drug–placebo differences among antidepressants when both published and unpublished data are analyzed? Does antidepressant efficacy depend on the severity of initial depression scores? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The main finding from this meta-analysis is that antidepressant-placebo differences are inconsequential for mildly-to-moderately depressed patients and minimal for severely depressed patients. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

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Burke, Rebecca, and Akhila Reddy. Duloxetine for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0015.

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This chapter discusses the Smith et al. randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial determining the effectiveness of duloxetine compared to placebo in reducing painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Patients were divided into the duloxetine-first or placebo-first group, then subsequently crossed over to the alternate group. The study particularly examined changes in pain severity, quality of life, interference with daily function, and adverse events. The study demonstrated that patients receiving duloxetine first reported a statistically significant decrease in pain, improvement in quality of life, and decreased pain interference with daily functioning. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

46

Terry D, Gill, and Tibori-Szabó Kinga. Part 2 The Post-Cold War Era (1990–2000), 40 The Intervention in Somalia—1992–95. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0040.

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This chapter examines the 1992-1995 intervention of the United Nations and the United States in Somalia. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the positions of the main protagonists (UN, US and Somalia) as well as the reactions of third states and international organisations. The chapter then discusses several questions regarding the legality of the intervention under the jus ad bellum. It first looks at the legal basis of the intervention under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and the place of peace enforcement operations within that framework. It then analyses the types of mandates and their execution in the Somalian operations and lastly, it draws conclusions on the precedential value of the intervention for future UN collective operations.

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Gerard, McMeel. Part III Particular Contractual Provisions, 21 Exemption Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0021.

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This chapter focuses on exemption clauses. Particular attention is placed on the detailed rules of construction still applicable to exemption clauses. Moreover, the chapter considers the statutory interventions in this field in the shape of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and Part 2 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (superseding the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999). Since these statutory interventions there has been a marked tendency to construe exemption clauses in commercial agreements in a more realistic way. This is especially prevalent where the parties are of relatively equal bargaining power and where the clause is perceived as giving effect to a sensible allocation of risk.

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Early intervention: "where are we now?" : issues arising from the impact upon early intervention programmes of the major changes in service delivery and funding that have taken place across Health, Social Services and Education. Oxford: Westminster College, 1994.

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49

Saunders, David, Andres Martin, and Jerome H. Taylor. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sertraline, or a Combination in Childhood Anxiety. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study evaluating the treatment of anxiety disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry. Is sertraline in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy more effective than monotherapy with either treatment alone in children with anxiety disorders? Also, how do these treatments compare with placebo therapy? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

50

Smith, Caroline. Skill Demands and Developments in the Advanced Economies. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.23.

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This chapter considers patterns of skills demand and policy developments in the advanced economies. Determining the actual and anticipated skills demands of employers and individuals are key challenges for policy makers and an area of ongoing interest for academics. This chapter considers academic debates about skills demand, including whether upskilling or deskilling is taking place, as well as the increasing focus on ‘soft’ skills rather than traditional technical skills. This discussion is followed by data on trends and forecasting of skills development. How and where policy and practice positions are formulated are considered for both Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs) and Liberal Market Economies (LMEs), as well as the shifting policy positions and policy interventions. The chapter concludes with a commentary on these debates, trends and interventions.