Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pregnancy Nutritional aspects"

Introduction: Malnutrition is a health problem worldwide. The implications of this situation on maternal and child health are very serious because insufficient weight gain during pregnancy and anemia bring about Low Birth Weight, and it means an increase of morbimortality in the first year of life. Objective: To reflect basic aspects of nutrition and pregnancy for their correct handling in the health primary care. Material and Methods: A bibliographical revision was carried out by means of the consultation of databases, as MEDLINE, IBECS, Scielo, Who with the use of describers like nutrition, maternal-infantile health, anemia, under weight. Conclusion: Concrete data of great importance on the nutrition of the pregnant and their influence in the health of the same ones and the product of the gestation were given.

Maternal health problems are one of the main indicators of health status, namely maternal mortality. Maternal mortality is still a major public health challenge around the world, including in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to explore aspects of nutritional knowledge related to healthy food, balanced nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding and care during teenage pregnancy for Javanese ethnicity in Ponorogo, East Java. This type of research is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. This research was conducted in June - July 2020. The main informants in this study were pregnant women aged 10-19 years in the working area of ​​the Balong Community Health Center, Ponorogo Regency. The source of the informants was determined by snowball sampling. The snowball sampling technique is a form of judgment sampling. Data collection is more emphasized through in-depth interviews (in-depth interviews), namely individual dialogue with informants obtained directly from pregnant women. The results of the study of 6 informants who were teenage pregnant women in the Balong PKM work area, Ponorogo Regency, all informants had underweight nutritional status (BMI / age) and Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK). The knowledge explored in the form of: food for pregnant women, balanced nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding, risk of teenage pregnancy and pregnancy care. Based on the results of the interview, the informant said that foods that are good for pregnant women to consume are fruits, vegetables, milk and vitamins. Regarding balanced nutrition, all informants did not know at all what balanced nutrition for care during pregnancy, the informant said there was no difference in pregnancy care except health checks at health services, treatments such as maintaining cleanliness and regular exercise.

Evidence from women working night shifts during pregnancy indicates that circadian rhythm disruption has the potential to adversely influence pregnancy outcomes. In the general population, chronodisruption with the potential to affect pregnancy outcomes may also be seen in those with high energy intakes in the evening or at night. However, maternal night eating during pregnancy remains understudied. This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence, contributing factors, nutritional aspects and health implications of night eating during pregnancy. We derived evidence based on cross-sectional studies and longitudinal cohorts. Overall, night eating is common during pregnancy, with the estimated prevalence in different populations ranging from 15% to 45%. The modern lifestyle and the presence of pregnancy symptoms contribute to night eating during pregnancy, which is likely to coexist and may interact with multiple undesirable lifestyle behaviors. Unfavorable nutritional characteristics associated with night eating have the potential to induce aberrant circadian rhythms in pregnant women, resulting in adverse metabolic and pregnancy outcomes. More research, particularly intervention studies, are needed to provide more definite information on the implications of night eating for mother-offspring health.

Pregnancy in women affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become more common in recent years, probably as a consequence of increased CKD prevalence and improvements in the care provided to these patients. Management of this condition requires careful attention since many clinical aspects have to be taken into consideration, including the reciprocal influence of the renal disease and pregnancy, the need for adjustment of the medical treatments and the high risk of maternal and obstetric complications. Nutrition assessment and management is a crucial step in this process, since nutritional status may affect both maternal and fetal health, with potential effects also on the future development of adult diseases in the offspring. Nevertheless, few data are available on the nutritional management of pregnant women with CKD and the main clinical indications are based on small case series or are extrapolated from the general recommendations for non-pregnant CKD patients. In this review, we discuss the main issues regarding the nutritional management of pregnant women with renal diseases, including CKD patients on conservative treatment, patients on dialysis and kidney transplant patients, focusing on their relevance on fetal outcomes and considering the peculiarities of this population and the approaches that could be implemented into clinical practice.

In recent years there has been a deterioration in demographic indicators: a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in adult mortality, etc., due to numerous causes. In this context, the article addresses demographic issues related to subcultures and ideologies, such as childfree. The main characteristics of people classified as rejecters, aficionados, refusers, and postponers are discussed. We present the first results of a study conducted at the Khimki regional hospital. The study included 25 pregnant women. The survey results showed that most were planning a pregnancy before 30. A survey of expectant mothers indicated a positive attitude towards breastfeeding. The article discusses the issues of breastfeeding as an essential stage in forming a child's immunity and the factors of breastfeeding success. Women's nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be diverse and rich in vitamins and micronutrients. Special maternal drinks, such as Amalthea, based on New Zealand goat milk, can benefit breastfeeding. In the absence of breast milk, the selection of formula for the baby is one of the most challenging issues. It is important that the infant formula meet the child's nutritional needs to the maximum extent possible, including the functional milk components. For instance, the Nanny formula is based on New Zealand goat milk, using a single heat treatment process without separating milk into fractions, which preserves the native functional components of goat milk (oligosaccharides, nucleotides, milk fat).

It is very truth the "knowledge/education cannot be divided, theft, not a burden, increase with sharing and usages". To perform active role in any activity, information being understood play an important role. Knowledge of any individual increases his/ her awareness, mental alertness makes him/her familiar or acquaint with facts, objects, concepts or practices. Knowledge about nutrition of a respondent was measured by some selected questions regarding different aspects of nutritional value of farm products. Selected farm women were middle age group (65.83%), all were married, and living in joint family (51%). Television (51.33%) and mobile (40%) were the most favorite source information among the nutritional requirement and supplementary food. Among the knowledge bout nutritional requirement they believed Consume more nutritive food in maximum quantity during pregnancy (rank first) (69%) followed by Papaya, mango and other yellow colour fruit & vegetable are the source of vitamin-A (63.67%); Seasonal fruits having sufficient and natural nutritional amount instead of off seasonal fruit (63.67%); Consume whole grains and sprouted pulses in daily diet (63%); Daily consumption of different millets (Bajari, sorghum, maize, oat, ragi, rice with husk) reduce the risk of diabetes, heart attack, obesity etc.(60.67%) and Amla and guava and other sour(Acidic) fruits are the rich sources of Vitamin C (60%) were chronologically decline the rank.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and parental nutritional status have profound effects on embryonic/fetal and placental development, which are probably mediated via “programming” of gene expression, as reflected by changes in their epigenetic landscape. Such epigenetic changes may underlie programming of growth, development, and function of fetal organs later in pregnancy and the offspring postnatally, and potentially lead to long-term changes in organ structure and function in the offspring as adults. This latter concept has been termed developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), or simply developmental programming, which has emerged as a major health issue in animals and humans because it is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases in the offspring, including metabolic, behavioral, and reproductive dysfunction. In this review, we will briefly introduce the concept of developmental programming and its relationship to epigenetics. We will then discuss evidence that ART and periconceptual maternal and paternal nutrition may lead to epigenetic alterations very early in pregnancy, and how each pregnancy experiences developmental programming based on signals received by and from the dam. Lastly, we will discuss current research on strategies designed to overcome or minimize the negative consequences or, conversely, to maximize the positive aspects of developmental programming.

In the U.S., preterm birth disproportionately impacts certain racial/ethnic groups, with Black women experiencing preterm birth at a rate 50% higher than other groups. Among the numerous factors that likely contribute to these increased rates are neighborhood characteristics, such as food environment. In this mixed-methods case study, we evaluated how pregnant women living in a predominately minority, lower income community with high preterm birth rates navigate and perceive their food environment. Qualitative interviews were performed to assess perceptions of food environment (n = 7) along with geographic and observational assessments of their food environment. Participants traveled an average of 2.10 miles (SD = 1.16) and shopped at an average of 3 stores. They emphasized the importance of pricing and convenience when considering where to shop and asserted that they sought out healthier foods they thought would enhance their pregnancy health. Observational assessments of stores’ nutrition environment showed that stores with lower nutritional scores were in neighborhoods with greater poverty and a higher percent Black population. Future policies and programmatic efforts should focus on improving nutrition during pregnancy for women living in communities with high rates of poor birth outcomes. Availability, affordability, and accessibility are key aspects of the food environment to consider when attempting to achieve birth equity.

Thesis (MVoeding)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is teratogenic.49-51 A woman’s nutritional requirements increase during pregnancy.4 The dangers of heavy drinking in the presence of malnutrition may put the fetus at a further disadvantage to normal development and life. Objectives: To determine the nutritional status of pregnant women in relation to alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome. To relate the combined effect of maternal alcohol consumption and nutritional status to pregnancy outcome. Study design: Prospective, longitudinal and cohort. Study population: Pregnant women attending Hanover Park MOU for pre-natal care. They were classified as subjects (heavy drinkers) or controls (light drinkers or abstainers), and 15 pairs were matched according to race, parity and gestational age at the onset of their participation in the study. Methodology: A skilled FARR worker determined the alcohol consumption of the individuals through a validated questionnaire, whilst the investigator gathered the study data blinded to the participants’ alcohol consumption status. The investigator conducted three interviews with the pregnant individuals. Anthropometrical, clinical and biochemical investigations were done and questionnaires completed to determine dietary intake, sociodemographics, health and eating habits. An experienced FARR paediatrician examined the newborns, assessing their anthropometric status, health and the presence of any alcohol-related signs. Results: The nutritional status of the matched subjects and controls did not differ significantly in terms of dietary intake, anthropometric or clinical assessment. There were significant differences between the 2 groups’ serum vitamin A values (p<0.0097). Significant associations were found between the mother and newborn data; specifically energy intake and gestational age at birth (p<0.0083), MUAC and birth weight (p<0.04), and weight gain and weight for age (p<0.0056). The participants’ energy intake also had a significant correlation with their weight gain during pregnancy (r=0.0389, p<0.01). The prevalence of FAS in the total population was 6.67%; a finding that confirms previously reported data in nearby Wellington, Western Cape.49 Conclusion: Some mothers’ good nutritional status did not protect their offspring against alcohol’s teratogenic effects. Nutritional status did have a few statistical significant effects on pregnancy. However, the investigator is of the opinion that the few significant findings were not enough to accept or reject the hypothesis; therefore, making the results inconclusive.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Swaar alkoholgebruik tydens swangerskap is teratogenies.49-51 Vroue se voedingsbehoeftes verhoog met swangerskap.4 Die gevare van swaar alkoholgebruik in die teenwoordigheid van wanvoeding mag die fetus verhoed om normal te ontwikkel en groei. Doelwitte: Om die voedingstatus van swanger vroue te bepaal in verhouding met alkoholgebruik tydens swangerskap, en die swangerskapsuitkoms. Asook om die gekombineerde effek van die moeder se voedingstatus en alkoholgebruik op haar swangerskapsuitkoms te bepaal. Studie-ontwerp: Prospektief, longitudinaal en kohort. Studiepopulasie: Swanger vroue wat Hanover Park MOU besoek vir voorgeboorte sorg. Hulle is of as toetslinge (swaar drinkers) of as kontroles (ligte drinkers of geheelonthouers) geklassifiseer, en 15 pare is gepaar na aanleiding van ras, pariteit en gestasionele ouderdom by die aanvang van deelname aan die studie. Metodologie: ‘n Ervare SAVN lid het die individue se alkoholgebruik bepaal deur middel van ‘n gevalideerde vraelys. Die navorser was geblind vir die individue se alkoholgebruik. Die navorser het drie onderhoude gevoer met elke individu. Antropometriese, kliniese en biochemiese ondersoeke is gedoen. Vraelyste is voltooi om dieetinname, gesondheid, sosiodemografiese en eetgewoonte- inligting te versamel. ‘n Ervare SAVN pediater het alle pasgeborenes ondersoek om hulle antropometriese status, gesondheid en die teenwoordigheid van enige alkohol-verwante tekens te bepaal. Resultate: Die voedingstatus van die gepaarde toets-en kontrolegroepe het nie beduidend verskil in terme van dieetinname, antropometriese of kliniese evaluering nie. Daar was ‘n beduidende verskil tussen die 2 groepe se serum vitamien A vlakke (p<0.0097). Beduidende assosiasies is gevind tussen die moeder en pasgebore se data; naamlike tussen energie-inname en gestasionele ouderdom by geboorte (p<0.0083), bo-armomtrek en geboortegewig (p<0.0056), en gewigstoename tydens swangerskap en die baba se gewig vir ouderdom (p<0.0056). Die deelnemers se energie-inname het ook ‘n beduidende positiewe korrelasie met hul gewigstoename tydens swangerskap gehad (r=0.0389, p<0.01). Die prevalensie van FAS in die totale populasie was 6.67%; wat ook gevind is onlangs in die nabygeleë Wellington, Weskaap.49 Gevolgtrekking: Sommige moeders se goeie voedingstatus het nie hul kinders teen alkohol se teratogeniese effekte beskerm nie. Voedingstatus se effek op swangerskapsuitkoms was statisties beduidend in ‘n paar gevalle. Tog is die navorser van mening dat daar nie genoeg beduidende bewyse is om die nulhipotese te aanvaar of verwerp nie; dus is die gevolgtrekking onopgelos.

Background A well-balanced nutritious diet is important for the pregnant woman and the growing fetus, as well as for their future health. Poor nutrition results from both over-consumption of energy-rich foods which can lead to a higher weight gain than is healthy and under-nutrition of essential nutrients. Food intake is regulated in complex biological systems by many factors, where steroid hormone is one factor involved. The overall aim of this thesis is to describe dietary intake, vitamin D levels, dietary information and dietary changes, and to study the relation between allopregnanolone and weight gain during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods Study I was a qualitative study with focus group interviews with 23 pregnant women. The text was analysed with content analysis. Study II was a quantitative cross-sectional study conducted in early pregnancy (n=209) with a reference group (n=206). Self-reported dietary data from a questionnaire was analysed using descriptive comparative statistics and a cluster analysis model (Partial Least Squares modelling). Study III had a quantitative longitudinal design. Vitamin D concentrations were analysed in 184 women, collected on five occasions during pregnancy and postpartum. Descriptive comparative statistics and a linear mixed model were used. Study IV was a quantitative longitudinal study with 60 women. Concentrations of allopregnanolone were analysed in gestational week 12 and 35. Descriptive and comparative statistics as well as Spearman’s correlation (rho) were used to describe the relationship between weight gain and allopregnanolone concentrations.   Results The focus group interviews showed that women wanted to know more about different foods to reduce any risk for their child but the information about foods was partly up to themselves to find out. They expressedfeelingsof insecurityand guiltif they accidentallyate something“forbidden”. The recommendationswere followedas best as possiblealong withcommon sense todeal with dietchanges. The main themes were “Finding out by oneself”, “Getting professional advice when health problems occur”, “Being uncertain” and “Being responsible with a pinch of salt”. Some differences in the dietary patterns were found among the pregnant women compared to references, with less, vegetables (47 g/day), potatoes/rice/pasta (31 g/day), meat/fish (24 g/day) and intake of alcohol and tobacco/snuff but a higher intake of supplements. Bothpregnant women and referenceshad intakes offolatethrough diet45% (pregnant) and 22% (references) lower than current recommendations(500vs400g/day). Vitamin Dintake was34% lower than the recommendationsof 10mg/day. At least a third of the participants had insufficient plasma levels below 50 nmol/L of vitamin D. Season was a strong factor influencing the longitudinal pattern. Gestational week, season, total energy intake, dietary intake of vitamin D, and multivitamin supplementation over the previous 14 days were factors related to vitamin D levels. A correlation betweenallopregnanoloneconcentrations ingestationalweek 35and weight gainin weeks12–35was seen (p = 0.016). Therewas alsoa correlation betweenthe increase inallopregnanolone(weeks12–35) andweight gain(see above) (p = 0.028).   Conclusions Dietary recommendations were described as contradictory and confusing and the dietary advice felt inadequate. The women faced their diet changes and sought information on their own but would have wished for more extensive advice from the midwife. The intake of vitamins essential for pregnancy was lower than recommended, which is also confirmed by low plasma levels of vitamin D in at least one third of the pregnant women. Vitamin D levels peaked in late pregnancy. Aside from gestational week and season which were related to plasma levels, intake from foods and supplements also affected the levels. Reasons for weight gain are complex and depend on many factors. Allopregnanolone is a factor that was seen to relate to the weight gain of the studied pregnant women.
Bakgrund En välbalanserad näringsrik kost är viktig för den gravida kvinnan och det växande fostret, så även för deras framtida hälsa. En bristfällig kost kan utgöras av både överförbrukning av energirika livsmedel vilket kan leda till högre viktuppgång än vad som är hälsosamt och bristande intag av viktiga näringsämnen. Kostintag regleras av komplexa biologiska system där flera faktorer är inblandade däribland steroidhormonet allopregnanolon. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att under och efter graviditet beskriva kostintag, vitamin D-nivåer, kostinformation och kostförändringar och att studera allopregnanolons relation till viktökning. Metod Studie I var en kvalitativ studie med fokusgruppsintervjuer med 23 gravida kvinnor. Texten analyserades med innehållsanalys. Studie II var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie som genomfördes i tidig graviditet (n = 209) och med en grupp icke-gravida kvinnor (kontrollgrupp) (n=206). Självrapporterade kostdata från ett frågeformulär analyserades med beskrivande, jämförande statistik och en klusteranalysmodell (Partial Least Squares modellering). Studie III hade en kvantitativ longitudinell design. Vitamin D-koncentrationer analyserades hos 184 kvinnor, vid fem tillfällen under graviditeten och efter förlossningen. Beskrivande, jämförande statistik och en linjär mixad regressionsmodell användes. Studie IV var en kvantitativ longitudinell studie med 60 kvinnor. Koncentrationerna av allopregnanolon analyserades vid graviditetsvecka 12 och 35. Beskrivande och jämförande statistik samt Spearman’s korrelation användes för att beskriva samband mellan viktökning och koncentrationer av allopregnanolon. Resultat Intervjuerna i studie I visade att kvinnor ville veta mer om olika typer av mat för att minska en eventuell risk för sina barn men kostinformation var delvis upp till dem själva att ta reda på. De VIII uttryckte känslor av osäkerhet och skuld om de råkat äta något ”förbjudet”. Rekommendationerna följdes så väl som möjligt, tillsammans med sunt förnuft för att hantera kostförändringar. Huvudteman var ”Söka information på egen hand”, ”Få professionell rådgivning när problem uppstår”, ”Känna sig osäker” och ”Ta ansvar med en nypa salt”. I studie II kunde man se vissa skillnader i kostmönster bland de gravida kvinnorna jämfört med kontrollgruppen: mindre intag av grönsaker (47 g/dag), potatis/ris/pasta (31 g/dag), kött/fisk (24 g/dag) och alkohol och tobak/snus och ett högre intag av kosttillskott. Både gravida kvinnor och kontrollgruppen hade lägre intag av folsyra via kosten med 45 % (gravida) och 22 % (kontrollgruppen) än de gällande rekommendationer som är (500 resp 400 g/dag). I studie III såg man att inta et av vitamin D var 34 % lägre än rekommendationen på 10 µg/dag. Minst en tredjedel av deltagarna hade otillräckliga plasma nivåer av vitamin D, under 50 nmol/L. Årstid var en stark faktor som påverkar det longitudinella mönstret. Graviditetsvecka, säsong, totala energiintaget, intaget av vitamin D och multivitamintillskott under de senaste 14 dagarna var faktorer som relaterade till Dvitaminnivåer. I studie IV sågs ett samband mellan allopregnanolon-koncentrationer vid graviditetsvecka 35 och viktökning från vecka 12 till 35 (p = 0,016). Det sågs också ett samband mellan ökningen av allopregnanolon (vecka 12–35) och viktökningen (se ovan) (p = 0,028). Slutsatser Kostrekommendationer beskrevs som motsägelsefulla och förvirrande och kostråden de fick uppfattades som otillräckliga. Kvinnorna tog itu med sina kostförändringar och sökte information på egen hand men hade önskat mer omfattande råd från barnmorskan. Intaget av vitaminer viktiga för graviditeten var lägre än rekommendationerna, vilket också bekräftas av låga plasmanivåer av D-vitamin hos cirka en tredjedel av de gravida kvinnorna. D-vitaminnivåerna nådde en topp i slutet av graviditeten. Graviditetsvecka och säsong på året påverkade D vitaminnivåer, så även intag via mat och kosttillskott. Orsakertill viktökning är komplexa och beror på många faktorer. Allopregnanolon är en faktor som sågs relatera till viktökningen hos de undersökta gravida kvinnorna.

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A gravidez é uma fase do ciclo de vida em que a nutrição desempenha um papel muito importante, uma vez que esta influência o produto da concepção. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o estado nutricional de gestantes do município de Botucatu que se localiza na região centro sul do estado de São Paulo, distando aproximadamente 230km da Capital. A população é predominantemente urbana. Foram estudadas 496 gestantes com idade de 13-43 anos submetidas a entrevista para obtenção de dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e dietéticos, e coleta de sangue. Dentre as mulheres 83% eram brancas. 30,5% de adolescente, a renda mostrou que 69% estava abaixo da linha de pobreza, a escolaridade mostrou 63% era baixa, 79% casada, 25% eram fumantes, 41% eram primigestas e 12% apresentaram positividade para o exame parasitológico. As medianas para as variáveis antropométricas (percentagem de gestantes abaixo do ponto de corte) foram para: peso pré gestacional-56,0 kg;(20), peso gestacional-58,1 kg (15); estatura -158 cm(9), índice de massa corpórea pré gestacional-22,0 kg/m2 (18,7), circunferência do braço-270 mm (8,0), prega tricipital-8,6 mm (4,0).O IMC, ainda detectou 17,5% acima da normalidade. O ganho de peso semanal foi 180 g, mostrando valores maiores nas gestantes com IMC abaixo da normalidade. As medianas da ingestão de nutrientes (percentagem de gestantes que ingerem menos que 100% do RDA) foram para : energia 2186 Kcal (73), proteína 64,5 g (42), vitamina A 647,6 mg (56), a tocoferol 4,3 mg (100), vitamina C 106,0 mg (30) e ferro 11,0 mg (99). Os exames bioquímicos mostraram as medianas (percentagem abaixo do ponto de corte): hemoglobina 13,0 g/dL (3),ferro 92mg/dL (13), saturação da transferrina...
Pregnancy is a life cycle where nutrition plays an important role once it influences the product of conception. This study aimed to describe nutritional status of pregnant women in Botucatu located in the southern part of the State of São Paulo, 230 km far from the capital (São Paulo City). Population is predominantly an urban one. Pregnant women (496) between 13 and 43 years old were studied and subjected to interviews to obtain social, economic, demographic, dietetic data a well as blood sampling. Within the women 83% were white, 30.5% adolescents and the income showed that 69% were down poverty line, education was low 63%; 79% were married, 25% were smokers, 41% were pregnant for the first time, and 12% were positive for parasitological exam. Medians and anthropometric variables (percentage of pregnant women below cut point) were: pre-gestational weight – 56.0 kg (20) gestational weight - 58.1 kg (15) height 158 cm (9) ; pre-gestational body mass index 22.0 kg/m2 (15.o); arm circumference 270 mm (8.0); tricipital fold 18.6 mm (4.0) . BMI also detected 15.5% above normality. Weekly weight gain was 180g, with higher values on below normal BMI pregnant women. Nutrients intake medians (percentage of pregnant women who intake less than 100 % of RDA) was: energy 2186 Kcal (73), protein 64.5g (42) , vitamin A 647.mg (56), a- tocopherol 4.3 mg (100), vitamin C 106.0 mg (30) and iron 11.0 mg (99). Biochemical examinations showed medians (percentage below cut point) : hemoglobin 13.0 g/dL (3), iron 92 μ/dL (13), transferrin saturation 30.0% (8), ferritine... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This study was designed to measure the prevalence and nutritional impact of dairy product restriction in both pregnant and lactating women. Dairy product (DP) restriction was assessed in 2091 prenatal class attendees. Subsamples of 279 healthy pregnant and 175 exclusively breastfeeding women provided repeat 24-hour dietary recalls which were used to estimate nutrient intake and to assess dietary adequacy using adjusted nutrient distributions. Pregnancy outcome was recorded. Pregnancy. DP restriction was reported by 13.2% (95% CI: 12.7%,14.1%) of pregnant women. Significant differences were found in the proportion of restrictors (Rs, 20.8%) below the calculated EAR for adjusted protein intakes vs. nonrestrictors (NRs, 9.2%, chi 2 = 6.78, p = 0.009). Intake distributions of calcium and vitamin D were compared to their respective Als for descriptive purposes and were lower for Rs vs. NRs but dietary inadequacy could not be assessed. Infants of NRs weighed on average 120 g +/- 468.9 g more than those of Rs but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). However, in multiple regression analysis where maternal weight gain, age, education and pregravid weight were controlled for, restriction predicted a comparable loss in birthweight of 122.5 g's (p = 0.048) and vitamin D intakes were positively associated with fetal growth. Lactation. Restriction (≤250 ml milk/day) was reported by 23% (95% CI; 16%--29%) of exclusively lactating women. Protein was lower than the EAR for 60% of Rs and 37.8% of NRs (chi 2 = 6.22, p = 0.025). The proportion of Rs and NRs < EAR from diet differed for thiamin (15% vs. 0%, chi2 = 0.97, p < 0.001), riboflavin (15% vs. 1.5%, chi2 = 12.93, p < 0.001) and zinc (65.0% vs. 34.8%, chi2 = 11.6, p < 0.041). From diet and supplement intake vitamin D and calcium remained lower for Rs compared to NRs but inadequacy could not be assessed or compared. DP restriction was not associated with greater weight loss amo

This paper attempted to determine the effect that gastrointestinal discomforts, socioeconomic status, dietary knowledge and beliefs about foods to omit during pregnancy had on the nutritional status of pregnant women. Hemoglobin, upper arm muscle circumference, weight for height and eating patterns measured nutritional status. Twenty women in their second trimester of pregnancy, active duty or the dependent wife of an Air Force E-4 and below, were surveyed. Questionnaires and anthropometric measures were used. Pearson Product Moment Correlations and a canonical correlation were accomplished. Data analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between eating patterns and gastrointestinal discomfort. There was a significant positive correlation between beliefs about foods to omit and eating patterns. Significant negative correlations existed between dietary knowledge and military status, monthly grocery bill, and number of people fed.

Orientador: Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva
Resumo: A gravidez é uma fase do ciclo de vida em que a nutrição desempenha um papel muito importante, uma vez que esta influência o produto da concepção. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o estado nutricional de gestantes do município de Botucatu que se localiza na região centro sul do estado de São Paulo, distando aproximadamente 230km da Capital. A população é predominantemente urbana. Foram estudadas 496 gestantes com idade de 13-43 anos submetidas a entrevista para obtenção de dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e dietéticos, e coleta de sangue. Dentre as mulheres 83% eram brancas. 30,5% de adolescente, a renda mostrou que 69% estava abaixo da linha de pobreza, a escolaridade mostrou 63% era baixa, 79% casada, 25% eram fumantes, 41% eram primigestas e 12% apresentaram positividade para o exame parasitológico. As medianas para as variáveis antropométricas (percentagem de gestantes abaixo do ponto de corte) foram para: peso pré gestacional-56,0 kg;(20), peso gestacional-58,1 kg (15); estatura -158 cm(9), índice de massa corpórea pré gestacional-22,0 kg/m2 (18,7), circunferência do braço-270 mm (8,0), prega tricipital-8,6 mm (4,0).O IMC, ainda detectou 17,5% acima da normalidade. O ganho de peso semanal foi 180 g, mostrando valores maiores nas gestantes com IMC abaixo da normalidade. As medianas da ingestão de nutrientes (percentagem de gestantes que ingerem menos que 100% do RDA) foram para : energia 2186 Kcal (73), proteína 64,5 g (42), vitamina A 647,6 mg (56), a tocoferol 4,3 mg (100), vitamina C 106,0 mg (30) e ferro 11,0 mg (99). Os exames bioquímicos mostraram as medianas (percentagem abaixo do ponto de corte): hemoglobina 13,0 g/dL (3),ferro 92mg/dL (13), saturação da transferrina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Pregnancy is a life cycle where nutrition plays an important role once it influences the product of conception. This study aimed to describe nutritional status of pregnant women in Botucatu located in the southern part of the State of São Paulo, 230 km far from the capital (São Paulo City). Population is predominantly an urban one. Pregnant women (496) between 13 and 43 years old were studied and subjected to interviews to obtain social, economic, demographic, dietetic data a well as blood sampling. Within the women 83% were white, 30.5% adolescents and the income showed that 69% were down poverty line, education was low 63%; 79% were married, 25% were smokers, 41% were pregnant for the first time, and 12% were positive for parasitological exam. Medians and anthropometric variables (percentage of pregnant women below cut point) were: pre-gestational weight - 56.0 kg (20) gestational weight - 58.1 kg (15) height 158 cm (9) ; pre-gestational body mass index 22.0 kg/m2 (15.o); arm circumference 270 mm (8.0); tricipital fold 18.6 mm (4.0) . BMI also detected 15.5% above normality. Weekly weight gain was 180g, with higher values on below normal BMI pregnant women. Nutrients intake medians (percentage of pregnant women who intake less than 100 % of RDA) was: energy 2186 Kcal (73), protein 64.5g (42) , vitamin A 647.mg (56), a- tocopherol 4.3 mg (100), vitamin C 106.0 mg (30) and iron 11.0 mg (99). Biochemical examinations showed medians (percentage below cut point) : hemoglobin 13.0 g/dL (3), iron 92 μ/dL (13), transferrin saturation 30.0% (8), ferritine... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

The nutritional status of 78 women was assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy. The study was conducted in military barracks in Sierra Leone with 39 adolescent women (<20 years) and 39 adult women (>20 years).Twenty-four hour dietary recall interviews and anthropometric measures were collected. Laboratory, clinical and physiological data were obtained from the subjects' medical records. The dietary analysis of the diets consumed by adolescent and adult women showed differences in the intakes of only calcium, phosphorous, potassium, selenium and sodium. The average diet consumed by the women was <2/3 the recommended guidelines for carbohydrate and <2/3 the Recommended Dietary Allowances for persons in the U.S. for kilocalories, protein, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folacin, pantothenic acid, cholesterol, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium and zinc. The women consumed diets that were >100 percent of the RDA for vitamins A, C, E, niacin and selenium. Differences occurred in the infant birthweights and Apgar scores at 1, 5 and 10 minutes between women who had abnormal measures for hemoglobin, hematocrit, ketonuria, albuminuria, glycosuria and/or malaria parasites and the women who were healthy.Maternal weight gain, age and infant health status did not correlate. The average weight gain for all the women was 17.85 kg which is within the acceptable range recommended for pregnancy. Maternal weight-at-term, gestational age, triceps skinfolds, arm circumference, hemoglobin, hematocrit were correlated with infant birthweight, length and head circumference. Maternal hemoglobin and hematocrit further correlated with infant Apgar scores at 1, 5 and 10 minutes.Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were very low for the average women in the study (X 9.7 g/dl and 29.7 percent respectively). The malaria reduced the infant birthweight by 431 g. Albuminuria and ketonuria were associated with reduced infant birthweight while modest glycosuria was associated with increased birthweight.
Department of Home Economics

‘Cellular metabolism’ addresses the major biochemical pathways and processes of the cells of the body. These include the central metabolic pathways involved in energy production: the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle, and ATP synthesis through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmotic theory). Metabolism of each of the major fuel sources is considered: lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, including energy storage as fat and glycogen, and excretion of nitrogen via the urea cycle. The different cellular compartments for metabolism are explored, as is the integration and regulation of the metabolic processes in a number of conditions such as fasting and starvation, exercise, pregnancy, and diabetes. Finally in this chapter the clinical aspects of metabolism are discussed, including energy balance and nutrition, obesity, and inborn errors of metabolism.

Various unicellular algae produce omega-3 (w3) very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), which are rarely found in higher plants. In this research and other studies from our laboratories, it has been demonstrated that the marine unicellular alga Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) can be used as a reliable and high quality source for the w3 VLC-PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This alga is widely used in mariculture systems as the primary component of the artificial food chain in fish larvae production, mainly due to its high EPA content. Furthermore, w3 fatty acids are essential for humans as dietary supplements and may have therapeutic benefits. The goal of this research proposal was to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms which regulate the synthesis and accumulation of glycerolipids enriched with w3 VLC-PUFA in Nannochloropsis. The results of our studies demonstrate various aspects of lipid synthesis and its regulation in the alga: 1. Variations in lipid class composition imposed by various environmental conditions were determined with special emphasis on the relative abundance of the molecular species of triacylglycerol (TAG) and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG). 2. The relationships between the cellular content of major glycerolipids (TAG and MGDG) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis were studied. The results suggested the importance of UDP-galactose diacylglycerol galactosyl (UDGT) in regulation of the cellular level of MGDG. In a current effort we have purified UDGT several hundredfold from Nannochloropsis. It is our aim to purify this enzyme to near homogeneity and to produce antibodies against this enzyme in order to provide the tools for elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate this enzyme and carbon allocation into galactolipids. 3. Our in vitro and in vivo labeling studies indicated the possibility that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are associated with desaturation of the structural lipids, whereas shorter chain saturated fatty acids are more likely to be incorporated into TAG. 4. Isolation of several putative mutants of Nannochloropsis which appear to have different lipid and fatty acid compositions than the wild type; a mutant of a special importance that is devoid of EPA was fully characterized. In addition, we could demonstrate the feasibility of Nannochloropsis biomass production for aquaculture and human health: 1) We demonstrated in semi-industrial scale the feasibility of mass production of Nannochloropsis biomass in collaboration with the algae plant NBT in Eilat; 2) Nutritional studies verified the importance algal w3 fatty acids for the development of rats and demonstrated that Nannochloropsis biomass fed to pregnant and lactating rats can benefit their offspring.