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1
Cassano, John J., Alice DuVivier, Andrew Roberts, Mimi Hughes, Mark Seefeldt, Michael Brunke, Anthony Craig, et al. "Development of the Regional Arctic System Model (RASM): Near-Surface Atmospheric Climate Sensitivity." Journal of Climate 30, no. 15 (August 2017): 5729–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0775.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The near-surface climate, including the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land state and fluxes, in the initial version of the Regional Arctic System Model (RASM) are presented. The sensitivity of the RASM near-surface climate to changes in atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice parameters and physics is evaluated in four simulations. The near-surface atmospheric circulation is well simulated in all four RASM simulations but biases in surface temperature are caused by biases in downward surface radiative fluxes. Errors in radiative fluxes are due to biases in simulated clouds with different versions of RASM simulating either too much or too little cloud radiative impact over open ocean regions and all versions simulating too little cloud radiative impact over land areas. Cold surface temperature biases in the central Arctic in winter are likely due to too few or too radiatively thin clouds. The precipitation simulated by RASM is sensitive to changes in evaporation that were linked to sea surface temperature biases. Future work will explore changes in model microphysics aimed at minimizing the cloud and radiation biases identified in this work.
2
Simon, Helge, Tim Sinsel, and Michael Bruse. "Advances in Simulating Radiative Transfer in Complex Environments." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 5449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accurate simulation of radiative transfer is a very important aspect in climate modeling. For microclimate models in particular, it is not only important to simulate primary but also secondary radiative fluxes in great detail, i.e., emitted longwave and reflected shortwave radiation. As there are always limitations regarding computational effort and memory, these radiative fluxes are commonly implemented using simplified approaches. To overcome these simplifications and, thus, increase modeling accuracy, a new radiation scheme called indexed view sphere was introduced into the microclimate model ENVI-met. This new scheme actually accounts for radiative contributions of objects that are seen by each grid cell. In order to evaluate the advantages of the new scheme, it is compared against the formerly used averaged view factor scheme. The comparison in a complex realistic urban environment demonstrated that the indexed view sphere scheme improved the accuracy and plausibility of modeling radiative fluxes. It, however, yields an increased demand of memory to store the view facets for each cell. The higher accuracy in simulating secondary radiative fluxes should, however, overturn this shortcoming for most studies, as more detailed knowledge of local microclimatic conditions in general and eventually thermal comfort can be gained.
3
Ma, Yingtao, Rachel T. Pinker, Margaret M. Wonsick, Chuan Li, and Laura M. Hinkelman. "Shortwave Radiative Fluxes on Slopes." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 7 (July 2016): 1513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0178.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSnow-covered mountain ranges are a major source of water supply for runoff and groundwater recharge. Snowmelt supplies as much as 75% of the surface water in basins of the western United States. Net radiative fluxes make up about 80% of the energy balance over snow-covered surfaces. Because of the large extent of snow cover and the scarcity of ground observations, use of remotely sensed data is an attractive option for estimating radiative fluxes. Most of the available methods have been applied to low-spatial-resolution satellite observations that do not capture the spatial variability of snow cover, clouds, or aerosols, all of which need to be accounted for to achieve accurate estimates of surface radiative fluxes. The objective of this study is to use high-spatial-resolution observations that are available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to derive surface shortwave (0.2–4.0 μm) downward radiative fluxes in complex terrain, with attention on the effect of topography (e.g., shadowing or limited sky view) on the amount of radiation received. The developed method has been applied to several typical melt seasons (January–July during 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2009) over the western part of the United States, and the available information was used to derive metrics on spatial and temporal variability of shortwave fluxes. Issues of scale in both the satellite and ground observations are also addressed to illuminate difficulties in the validation process of satellite-derived quantities. It is planned to apply the findings from this study to test improvements in estimation of snow water equivalent.
4
JHA, T. N. "Characteristics of radiative and non-radiative energy fluxes over monsoon trough zone." MAUSAM 52, no. 3 (January 11, 2022): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v52i3.1729.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to describe behaviour of radiative and non-radiative erergy fluxes in the surface layer, computation of net radiation, sensible, latent and heat soil flux has been done using hourly global radiation, slow response data of MONTBLEX-90 and surface observation of Varanasi and Jodhpur during rainy and non-rainy days in July 1990. Daily and hourly ground temperature is calculated solving one dimensional heat conduction equation and soil heat flux is computed using force restored method .Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) is calculated by Stefan-Boltzrnann law of radiation and the largest diurnal variability was found over dry convective zone. Results show that OLR from the ground lies in the range 473.0-537.6 Wm-2 at Jodhpur and 497.4 -548.4 Wm-2 at Varanasi during generally cloudy day. The dip in OLR is increascd by 10% with increase of relative humidity and cloudiness. Daily mean of the largest downward soil heat flux are found as 206.4 and 269.4 Wm-2 at Varanasi and Jodhpur respectively during cloudy day. About 40-50% of net radiation is imparted to soil heat flux at Varanasi and Jodhpur. Sum of the hourly non- radiative energy fluxes has not been balanced by net radiation while daily cumulative value of the fluxes balances the net radiation during non-rainy day.
5
Rodriguez-Puebla, C., R. T. Pinker, and S. Nigam. "Relationship between downwelling surface shortwave radiative fluxes and sea surface temperature over the tropical Pacific: AMIP II models versus satellite estimates." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 4 (May 13, 2008): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-785-2008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Incident shortwave radiation at the Earth's surface is the driving force of the climate system. Understanding the relationship between this forcing and the sea surface temperature, in particular, over the tropical Pacific Ocean is a topic of great interest because of possible climatic implications. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between downwelling shortwave radiative fluxes and sea surface temperature by using available data on radiative fluxes. We assess first the shortwave radiation from three General Circulation Models that participated in the second phase of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) against estimates of such fluxes from satellites. The shortwave radiation estimated from the satellite is based on observations from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project D1 data and the University of Maryland Shortwave Radiation Budget model (UMD/SRB). Model and satellite estimates of surface radiative fluxes are found to be in best agreement in the central equatorial Pacific, according to mean climatology and spatial correlations. We apply a Canonical Correlation Analysis to determine the interrelated areas where shortwave fluxes and sea surface temperature are most sensitive to climate forcing. Model simulations and satellite estimates of shortwave fluxes both capture well the interannual signal of El Niño-like variability. The tendency for an increase in shortwave radiation from the UMD/SRB model is not captured by the AMIP II models.
6
Remy, S., A. Benedetti, T. Haiden, L. Jones, M. Razinger, J. Flemming, R. J. Engelen, V. H. Peuch, and J. N. Thepaut. "Positive feedback of dust aerosol via its impact on atmospheric stability during dust storms in the Eastern Mediterranean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 20 (November 13, 2014): 28147–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-28147-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Aerosols affect the atmosphere through the aerosol-radiation and the aerosol-clouds interactions. In this paper we report on a new mechanism whereby the radiative effect of dust aerosol on surface fluxes acts to increase the dust loading of the atmosphere via modification of boundary-layer stability, thereby acting to enhance the radiative aerosol effect. This positive feedback between dust aerosol and boundary layer stability occurred during a series of dust storms in the Sahara and the Eastern Mediterranean in April 2012, which were studied using the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate – Interim Implementation (MACC-II) system. The radiative fluxes in the shortwave and long-wave spectra were both significantly affected by the prognostic aerosols-radiation interation, which strongly influenced the meteorological simulation. Reduced incoming solar radiation below the aerosol layers caused a decrease in maximum surface temperatures, and consequently a more stable thermal stratification of the lower atmosphere. The increased thermal stability led to decreased surface wind speeds and therefore to smaller amounts of dust aerosol emissions. Larger downwelling long-wave fluxes were associated with the opposite processes: less stable thermal stratification at night, brought mainly by higher minimum temperatures at the surface, caused stronger surface winds. Overall, the impact by the long-wave radiative forcing was more important than the short-wave contribution. This feedback was amplified when taken into account in the aerosol analysis of the MACC-II global system. It lead to a notable improvement in short term forecast of short and long-wave radiative fluxes, of surface temperature but also of the aerosol burden itself. Forecasts of radiative fluxes in the shortwave and long-wave spectrum were also improved. At a longer range the improvement were less important as the forecast error of the aerosol load increased, thereby highlighting the importance of accurate aerosol representation in the study of aerosol-radiation interaction.
7
McFarlane, Sally A., and K. Franklin Evans. "Clouds and Shortwave Fluxes at Nauru. Part II: Shortwave Flux Closure." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 2602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3299.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The datasets currently being collected by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program on the islands of Nauru and Manus represent the longest time series of ground-based cloud measurements in the tropical western Pacific region. In this series of papers, a shortwave flux closure study is presented using observations collected at the Nauru site between June 1999 and May 2000. The first paper presented frequency of occurrence of nonprecipitating clouds detected by the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) at Nauru and statistics of their retrieved microphysical properties. This paper presents estimates of the cloud radiative effect over the study period and results from a closure study in which retrieved cloud properties are input to a radiative transfer model and the modeled surface fluxes are compared to observations. The average surface shortwave cloud radiative forcing is 48.2 W m−2, which is significantly smaller than the cloud radiative forcing estimates found during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) field project. The difference in the estimates during the two periods is due to the variability in cloud amount over Nauru during different phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the closure study, modeled and observed surface fluxes show large differences at short time scales, due to the temporal and spatial variability of the clouds observed at Nauru. Averaging over 60 min reduces the average root-mean-square difference in total flux to 10% of the observed flux. Modeled total downwelling fluxes are unbiased with respect to the observed fluxes while direct fluxes are underestimated and diffuse fluxes are overestimated. Examination of the differences indicates that cloud amount derived from the ground-based measurements is an overestimate of the radiatively important cloud amount due to the anisotropy of the cloud field at Nauru, interpolation of the radar data, uncertainty in the microwave brightness temperature measurements for thin clouds, and the uncertainty in relating the sixth moment of the droplet size distribution observed by the radar to the more radiatively important moments.
8
Walsh, John E., William L. Chapman, and Diane H. Portis. "Arctic Cloud Fraction and Radiative Fluxes in Atmospheric Reanalyses." Journal of Climate 22, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 2316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2213.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Arctic radiative fluxes, cloud fraction, and cloud radiative forcing are evaluated from four currently available reanalysis models using data from the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Barrow site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM). A primary objective of the ARM–NSA program is to provide a high-resolution dataset of direct measurements of Arctic clouds and radiation so that global climate models can better parameterize high-latitude cloud radiative processes. The four reanalysis models used in this study are the 1) NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis, 2) 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), 3) NCEP–NCAR North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and 4) Japan Meteorological Agency and Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA25). The reanalysis models simulate the radiative fluxes well if/when the cloud fraction is simulated correctly. However, the systematic errors of climatological reanalysis cloud fractions are substantial. Cloud fraction and radiation biases show considerable scatter, both in the annual mean and over a seasonal cycle, when compared to those observed at the ARM–NSA. Large seasonal cloud fraction biases have significant impacts on the surface energy budget. Detailed comparisons of ARM and reanalysis products reveal that the persistent low-level cloud fraction in summer is particularly difficult for the reanalysis models to capture creating biases in the shortwave radiation flux that can exceed 160 W m−2. ERA-40 is the best performer in both shortwave and longwave flux seasonal representations at Barrow, largely because its simulation of the cloud coverage is the most realistic of the four reanalyses. Only two reanalyses (ERA-40 and NARR) capture the observed transition from positive to negative surface net cloud radiative forcing during a 2–3-month period in summer, while the remaining reanalyses indicate a net warming impact of Arctic clouds on the surface energy budget throughout the entire year. The authors present a variable cloud radiative forcing metric to diagnose the erroneous impact of reanalysis cloud fraction on the surface energy balance. The misrepresentations of cloud radiative forcing in some of the reanalyses are attributable to errors in both simulated cloud amounts and the models’ radiative response to partly cloudy conditions.
9
Chervet, P., H. Isaka, and T. Nakajima. "Influence of crystal shapes on radiative fluxes in visible wavelength: ice crystals randomly oriented in space." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 8 (August 31, 1996): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0837-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Radiative properties of cirrus clouds are one of the major unsolved problems in climate studies and global radiation budget. These clouds are generally composed of various ice-crystal shapes, so we tried to evaluate effects of the ice-crystal shape on radiative fluxes. We calculated radiative fluxes of cirrus clouds with a constant geometrical depth, composed of ice crystals with different shapes (hexagonal columns, bullets, bullet-rosettes), sizes and various concentrations. We considered ice particles randomly oriented in space (3D case) and their scattering phase functions were calculated by a ray-tracing method. We calculated radiative fluxes for cirrus layers for different microphysical characteristics by using a discrete-ordinate radiative code. Results showed that the foremost effect of the ice-crystal shape on radiative properties of cirrus clouds was that on the optical thickness, while the variation of the scattering phase function with the ice shape remained less than 3% for our computations. The ice-water content may be a better choice to parameterize the optical properties of cirrus, but the shape effect must be included.
10
Wang, H., R. T. Pinker, P. Minnis, and M. M. Khaiyer. "Experiments with Cloud Properties: Impact on Surface Radiative Fluxes." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1034–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecho546.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface provides the primary forcing of the climate system, and thus, information on this parameter is needed at a global scale. Several satellite-based estimates of surface radiative fluxes are available, but they differ from each other in many aspects. The focus of this study is to highlight one aspect of such differences, namely, the way satellite-observed radiances are used to derive information on cloud optical properties and the impact this has on derived parameters such as surface radiative fluxes. Frequently, satellite visible radiance in a single channel is used to infer cloud transmission; at times, several spectral channels are utilized to derive cloud optical properties and use these to infer cloud transmission. In this study, an evaluation of these two approaches will be performed in terms of impact on the accuracy in surface radiative fluxes. The University of Maryland Satellite Radiation Budget (UMD/SRB) model is used as a tool to perform such an evaluation over the central United States. The estimated shortwave fluxes are evaluated against ground observations at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Central Facility and at four ARM extended sites. It is shown that the largest differences between these two approaches occur during the winter season when snow is on the ground.
11
Krishnamoorthy, Gautham, and Caitlyn Wolf. "Assessing the Role of Particles in Radiative Heat Transfer during Oxy-Combustion of Coal and Biomass Blends." Journal of Combustion 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/793683.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study assesses the required fidelities in modeling particle radiative properties and particle size distributions (PSDs) of combusting particles in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigations of radiative heat transfer during oxy-combustion of coal and biomass blends. Simulations of air and oxy-combustion of coal/biomass blends in a 0.5 MW combustion test facility were carried out and compared against recent measurements of incident radiative fluxes. The prediction variations to the combusting particle radiative properties, particle swelling during devolatilization, scattering phase function, biomass devolatilization models, and the resolution (diameter intervals) employed in the fuel PSD were assessed. While the wall incident radiative flux predictions compared reasonably well with the experimental measurements, accounting for the variations in the fuel, char and ash radiative properties were deemed to be important as they strongly influenced the incident radiative fluxes and the temperature predictions in these strongly radiating flames. In addition, particle swelling and the diameter intervals also influenced the incident radiative fluxes primarily by impacting the particle extinction coefficients. This study highlights the necessity for careful selection of particle radiative property, and diameter interval parameters and the need for fuel fragmentation models to adequately predict the fly ash PSD in CFD simulations of coal/biomass combustion.
12
Niu, Xiaolei, Rachel T. Pinker, and Meghan F. Cronin. "Radiative fluxes at high latitudes." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 20 (October 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044606.
Повний текст джерела
13
Wild, Martin, and Erich Roeckner. "Radiative Fluxes in the ECHAM5 General Circulation Model." Journal of Climate 19, no. 16 (August 15, 2006): 3792–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3823.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Radiative fluxes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model (GCM) are evaluated using both surface and satellite-based observations. The fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) are generally in good agreement with the satellite data. Larger deviations in simulated cloud forcing are found especially at lower latitudes where the shortwave component within the intertropical convergence zone is overestimated during boreal summer and underestimated in the marine stratocumulus regimes, especially during boreal winter. At the surface the biases in the radiative fluxes are significantly smaller than in earlier versions of the same model and in other GCMs. The shortwave clear-sky fluxes are shown to be in good agreement with newly derived observational estimates. Compared to the preceding model version, ECHAM4, the spurious absorption of solar radiation in the cloudy atmosphere disappears due to the higher resolution in the near-infrared bands of the shortwave radiation code. This reduces the biases with respect to collocated surface and TOA observations. It is illustrated that remaining biases in atmospheric absorption may be related to the crude aerosol climatology, which does not account for high loadings of absorbing aerosol such as from biomass burning, whereas the biases disappear in areas and seasons where aerosol effects are less important. In the longwave, the introduction of the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) radiation code leads to an increase in the longwave downward flux at the surface at high latitudes, thereby reducing biases typically found in GCMs. The considerable skill in the simulation of the fluxes at the earth’s surface underlines the suitability of ECHAM5 as an atmospheric component of an integrated earth system model.
14
Chen, Qiying, Xin-Zhong Liang, Min Xu, Tiejun Ling, and Julian X. L. Wang. "Improvement of Cloud Radiative Forcing and Its Impact on Weather Forecasts." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501307010001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The global numerical weather prediction model GRAPES at the National Meteorological Center of the China Meteorological Administration is subject to substantial systematic discrepancies from satellite-retrieved cloud cover, cloud water contents, and radiative fluxes. In particular, GRAPES produces insufficient total cloud cover and liquid water amounts and, consequently, greatly underestimates cloud radiative forcings and causes substantial radiation budget errors. Along with updates of several physics components, new parameterization schemes are incorporated in this study to more realistically represent cloud-radiation interactions. These schemes include predictions for cloud cover, liquid water, and effective radius as well as radiative effects of partial clouds and in-cloud inhomogeneity. As a result, radiation fluxes and cloud radiative forcings at both the surface and top of the atmosphere agree much better with the best available satellite data. The global mean model biases in most radiation fluxes using the new physics are approximately three times smaller than using the original physics. These improvements enhance the model weather forecast skills for key surface variables, including precipitation and 2 m temperature, and for height and temperature in the lower troposphere. Although nontrivial biases still exist, this study nonetheless represents the first essential step toward correcting the radiation imbalance before tackling other formulation deficiencies so that significantly enhanced GRAPES weather forecast skills can eventually be achieved.
15
Thorsen, Tyler J., Seiji Kato, Norman G. Loeb, and Fred G. Rose. "Observation-Based Decomposition of Radiative Perturbations and Radiative Kernels." Journal of Climate 31, no. 24 (December 2018): 10039–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0045.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES)–partial radiative perturbation [PRP (CERES-PRP)] methodology applies partial-radiative-perturbation-like calculations to observational datasets to directly isolate the individual cloud, atmospheric, and surface property contributions to the variability of the radiation budget. The results of these calculations can further be used to construct radiative kernels. A suite of monthly mean observation-based inputs are used for the radiative transfer, including cloud properties from either the diurnally resolved passive-sensor-based CERES synoptic (SYN) data or the combination of the CloudSat cloud radar and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations ( CALIPSO) lidar. The CloudSat/ CALIPSO cloud profiles are incorporated via a clustering method that obtains monthly mean cloud properties suitable for accurate radiative transfer calculations. The computed fluxes are validated using the TOA fluxes observed by CERES. Applications of the CERES-PRP methodology are demonstrated by computing the individual contributions to the variability of the radiation budget over multiple years and by deriving water vapor radiative kernels. The calculations for the former are used to show that an approximately linear decomposition of the total flux anomalies is achieved. The observation-based water vapor kernels were used to investigate the accuracy of the GCM-based NCAR CAM3.0 water vapor kernel. Differences between our observation-based kernel and the NCAR one are marginally larger than those inferred by previous comparisons among different GCM kernels.
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Rémy, S., A. Benedetti, A. Bozzo, T. Haiden, L. Jones, M. Razinger, J. Flemming, R. J. Engelen, V. H. Peuch, and J. N. Thepaut. "Feedbacks of dust and boundary layer meteorology during a dust storm in the eastern Mediterranean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 22 (November 20, 2015): 12909–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12909-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Aerosols affect the atmosphere through direct interaction with short-wave and long-wave radiation and the microphysical properties of clouds. In this paper we report in detail on several mechanisms by which the short-term impact of dust on surface radiative fluxes can affect the dust loading of the atmosphere via modification of boundary-layer meteorology. This in turn affects the aerosol radiative forcing itself. Examples of these feedbacks between dust and boundary layer meteorology were observed during a series of dust storms in the Sahara and the eastern Mediterranean in April 2012. These case studies have been analysed using the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate – Interim Implementation (MACC-II) system. The radiative fluxes in the short-wave and long-wave spectra were both significantly affected by the prognostic aerosol–radiation interaction, which in turn impacted the meteorological simulation. Reduced incoming solar radiation below the aerosol layers led to a decrease in maximum surface temperatures and to a more stable thermal stratification of the lower atmosphere. This in turn forced weaker surface wind speeds and eventually smaller dust emissions. Moreover, we also observed a secondary impact of the aerosol radiative forcing, whereby horizontal gradients of surface temperature were increased at the edge of the dust plume, which led to local increases of surface wind speeds due to the thermal wind effect. The differentiated impact of the aerosol layer on surface pressure also contributed to the increase in surface wind speed and dust production in the same area. Enhanced long-wave radiative fluxes by the dust mass were associated with opposite processes. Less stable thermal stratification at night, brought mainly by higher minimum temperatures at the surface, caused stronger surface winds. At the edge of the dust storm, weaker horizontal temperature and pressure gradients forced lower winds and reduced dust production. Regarding dust emissions, short-wave radiative forcing had a larger impact than long-wave radiative forcing, corroborating several previous studies. For surface temperature, short-wave and long-wave contribution were close in intensity. These feedbacks were amplified when using data assimilation to build the aerosol analysis of the MACC-II global system. This led to an improvement in the short-term forecasts of thermal radiative fluxes and surface temperatures.
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Barrientos-Velasco, Carola, Hartwig Deneke, Anja Hünerbein, Hannes J. Griesche, Patric Seifert, and Andreas Macke. "Radiative closure and cloud effects on the radiation budget based on satellite and shipborne observations during the Arctic summer research cruise, PS106." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 9313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9313-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. For understanding Arctic climate change, it is critical to quantify and address uncertainties in climate data records on clouds and radiative fluxes derived from long-term passive satellite observations. A unique set of observations collected during the PS106 expedition of the research vessel Polarstern (28 May to 16 July 2017) by the OCEANET facility, is exploited here for this purpose and compared with the CERES SYN1deg ed. 4.1 satellite remote-sensing products. Mean cloud fraction (CF) of 86.7 % for CERES SYN1deg and 76.1 % for OCEANET were found for the entire cruise. The difference of CF between both data sets is due to different spatial resolution and momentary data gaps, which are a result of technical limitations of the set of shipborne instruments. A comparison of radiative fluxes during clear-sky (CS) conditions enables radiative closure (RC) for CERES SYN1deg products by means of independent radiative transfer simulations. Several challenges were encountered to accurately represent clouds in radiative transfer under cloudy conditions, especially for ice-containing clouds and low-level stratus (LLS) clouds. During LLS conditions, the OCEANET retrievals were particularly compromised by the altitude detection limit of 155 m of the cloud radar. Radiative fluxes from CERES SYN1deg show a good agreement with ship observations, having a bias (standard deviation) of −6.0 (14.6) and 23.1 (59.3) W m−2 for the downward longwave (LWD) and shortwave (SWD) fluxes, respectively. Based on CERES SYN1deg products, mean values of the radiation budget and the cloud radiative effect (CRE) were determined for the PS106 cruise track and the central Arctic region (70–90∘ N). For the period of study, the results indicate a strong influence of the SW flux in the radiation budget, which is reduced by clouds leading to a net surface CRE of −8.8 and −9.3 W m−2 along the PS106 cruise and for the entire Arctic, respectively. The similarity of local and regional CRE supports the consideration that the PS106 cloud observations can be representative of Arctic cloudiness during early summer.
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Xu, Kuan-Man. "The Sensitivity of Diagnostic Radiative Properties to Cloud Microphysics among Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 1241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3401.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study examines the sensitivity of diagnosed radiative fluxes and heating rates to different treatments of cloud microphysics among cloud-resolving models (CRMs). The domain-averaged CRM outputs are used in this calculation. The impacts of the cloud overlap and uniform hydrometeor assumptions are examined using outputs having spatially varying cloud fields from a single CRM. It is found that the cloud overlap assumption impacts the diagnosis more significantly than the uniform hydrometeor assumption for all radiative fluxes. This is also the case for the longwave radiative cooling rate except for a layer above 7 km where it is more significantly impacted by the uniform hydrometeor assumption. The radiative cooling above upper-tropospheric anvils and the warming below these clouds are overestimated by about 0.5 K day−1 using the domain-averaged outputs. These results are used to further quantify intermodel differences in radiative properties due to different treatments of cloud microphysics among 10 CRMs. The magnitudes of the intermodel differences, as measured by the deviations from the consensus of 10 CRMs, are found to be smaller than those due to the cloud overlap assumption and comparable to those due to the uniform hydrometeor assumption for most shortwave radiative fluxes and the net radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface. For all longwave radiative fluxes, they are smaller than those due to cloud overlap and uniform hydrometeor assumptions. The consensus of all diagnosed radiative fluxes except for the surface downward shortwave flux agrees with observations to a degree that is close to the uncertainties of satellite- and ground-based measurements.
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Wu, Xiaoqing, Xin-Zhong Liang, and Sunwook Park. "Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations over the ARM SGP." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3438.1.
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Abstract This study aims to combine the cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations with the Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) observations to provide long-term comprehensive and physically consistent data that facilitate quantifying the effects of subgrid cloud–radiation interactions and ultimately to develop physically based parameterization of these interactions in general circulation models. The CRM is applied here to simulate the midlatitude cloud systems observed at the ARM southern Great Plains (SGP) site during the 1997 intensive observation period. As in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE), the CRM-simulated ensemble mean quantities such as cloud liquid water, cloud fraction, precipitation, and radiative fluxes are generally in line with the surface measurements, satellite, and radar retrievals. The CRM differences from the ARM estimates, when averaged over the entire period, are less than 5 W m−2 in both longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and surface. Because of the different large-scale forcing and surface heat fluxes in ARM and TOGA COARE, the CRM produces different cloud distributions over the midlatitude continent and tropical ocean. However, diagnostic analyses show that the subgrid cloud variability has similar impact on the domain-averaged radiative fluxes and heating rates in ARM as in TOGA COARE.
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Rontu, Laura, Emily Gleeson, Daniel Martin Perez, Kristian Pagh Nielsen, and Velle Toll. "Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes to Aerosols in the ALADIN-HIRLAM Numerical Weather Prediction System." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020205.
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The direct radiative effect of aerosols is taken into account in many limited-area numerical weather prediction models using wavelength-dependent aerosol optical depths of a range of aerosol species. We studied the impact of aerosol distribution and optical properties on radiative transfer, based on climatological and more realistic near real-time aerosol data. Sensitivity tests were carried out using the single-column version of the ALADIN-HIRLAM numerical weather prediction system, set up to use the HLRADIA simple broadband radiation scheme. The tests were restricted to clear-sky cases to avoid the complication of cloud–radiation–aerosol interactions. The largest differences in radiative fluxes and heating rates were found to be due to different aerosol loads. When the loads are large, the radiative fluxes and heating rates are sensitive to the aerosol inherent optical properties and the vertical distribution of the aerosol species. In such cases, regional weather models should use external real-time aerosol data for radiation parametrizations. Impacts of aerosols on shortwave radiation dominate longwave impacts. Sensitivity experiments indicated the important effects of highly absorbing black carbon aerosols and strongly scattering desert dust.
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Stanelle, T., B. Vogel, H. Vogel, D. Bäumer, and Ch Kottmeier. "Feedback between dust particles and atmospheric processes over West Africa in March 2006 and June 2007." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2010): 7553–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-7553-2010.
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Abstract. We used the comprehensive model system COSMO-ART to quantify the impact of mineral dust on the radiative fluxes, the temperature and the feedback between dust particles and their emissions. We simulated two dust storms over West Africa in March 2006 and in June 2007. Simulations with and without coupling of the actual dust concentration with the radiative fluxes and the thermodynamics were carried out for each case. The model results for the 2006 case were compared with observations of the AMMA campaign. At the surface the shortwave radiative effect of mineral dust can be described by a linear relation between the changes in net surface radiation and the aerosol optical depth. For an aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 450 nm of 1 the average shortwave radiation reduction amounts −130 W m−2 during noon. The longwave radiative effect of mineral dust is nonlinear, with an average increase of +70 W m−2 for an AOD (450 nm) of 1. At the top of the atmosphere the effect of the dust layer with an AOD of 1 on radiative fluxes is not as significant as at the surface. It is slightly positive for the shortwave and approximately 26 W m−2 for the longwave radiation. The height range and the extension of the dust layer determine the effect of dust particles on the 2 m temperature. When the dust layer is attached to the surface and lasts for several days it leads to an increase of the surface temperature even during daytime. In case of an elevated dust layer there is a decrease in 2 m temperature of up to 4 K during noon. It is shown, that the temperature changes caused by mineral dust may result in horizontal temperature gradients which also modify near surface winds. Since surface wind thresholds decide the uptake of dust from the surface, a feedback on total emission fluxes is established. The coupled model provides an increase in the total emission fluxes of dust particles by about 16% during the dust storm in March 2006 and 25% during the dust episode in June 2007.
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Stanelle, T., B. Vogel, H. Vogel, D. Bäumer, and C. Kottmeier. "Feedback between dust particles and atmospheric processes over West Africa during dust episodes in March 2006 and June 2007." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (November 17, 2010): 10771–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10771-2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. We used the comprehensive model system COSMO-ART to quantify the impact of mineral dust on the radiative fluxes, the temperature and the feedback between dust particles and their emissions. We simulated two dust storms over West Africa in March 2006 and in June 2007. Simulations with and without coupling of the actual dust concentration with the radiative fluxes and the thermodynamics were carried out for each case. The model results for the 2006 case were compared with observations of the AMMA campaign. At the surface the shortwave radiative effect of mineral dust can be described by a linear relation between the changes in net surface radiation and the aerosol optical depth (AOD). For an AOD at 450 nm of 1 the average shortwave radiation reduction amounts −140 W m−2 during noon. The longwave radiative effect of mineral dust is nonlinear, with an average increase of +70 W m−2 for an AOD (450 nm) of 1. At the top of the atmosphere the effect of the dust layer with an AOD of 1 on radiative fluxes is not as significant as at the surface. It is slightly positive for the shortwave and approximately 26 W m−2 for the longwave radiation. The height range and the extension of the dust layer determine the effect of dust particles on the 2 m temperature. When the dust layer is attached to the surface and lasts for several days it leads to an increase of the surface temperature even during daytime. In case of an elevated dust layer there is a decrease in 2 m temperature of up to 4 K during noon. It is shown, that the temperature changes caused by mineral dust may result in horizontal temperature gradients which also modify near surface winds. Since surface wind thresholds decide the uptake of dust from the surface, a feedback on total emission fluxes is established. The coupled model provides an increase in the total emission fluxes of dust particles by about 16% during the dust storm in March 2006 and 25% during the dust episode in June 2007.
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Kratz, David P., Shashi K. Gupta, Anne C. Wilber, and Victor E. Sothcott. "Validation of the CERES Edition-4A Surface-Only Flux Algorithms." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 2 (February 2020): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0068.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSurface radiative fluxes have been derived with the objective of supplementing top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes being measured under NASA’s Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project. This has been accomplished by using combinations of CERES TOA measurements, parameterized radiative transfer algorithms, and high-quality meteorological datasets available from reanalysis projects. Current CERES footprint-level products include surface fluxes derived from two shortwave (SW) and three longwave (LW) algorithms designated as SW models A and B and LW models A, B, and C. The SW and LW models A work for clear conditions only; the other models work for both clear and cloudy conditions. The current CERES Edition-4A computed surface fluxes from all models are validated against ground-based flux measurements from high-quality surface networks like the Baseline Surface Radiation Network and NOAA’s Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD). Validation results as systematic and random errors are provided for all models, separately for five different surface types and combined for all surface types as tables and scatterplots. Validation of surface fluxes is now a part of CERES processing and is used to continually improve the above algorithms. Since both models B work for clear and cloudy conditions alike and meet the accuracy requirement, their results are considered to be the most reliable and most likely to be retained for future work. Both models A have limited use given that they work for clear skies only. Models B will continue to undergo further improvement as more validation results become available.
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Schlimme, I., A. Macke, and J. Reichardt. "The Impact of Ice Crystal Shapes, Size Distributions, and Spatial Structures of Cirrus Clouds on Solar Radiative Fluxes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 2274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3459.1.
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Abstract The solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds depend on ice particle shape, size, and orientation, as well as on the spatial cloud structure. Radiation schemes in atmospheric circulation models rely on estimates of cloud optical thickness only. In the present work, a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code is applied to various cirrus cloud scenarios to obtain the radiative response of uncertainties in the above-mentioned microphysical and spatial cloud properties (except orientation). First, plane-parallel homogeneous (0D) clouds with different crystal shapes (hexagonal columns, irregular polycrystals) and 114 different size distributions have been considered. The resulting variabilities in the solar radiative fluxes are in the order of a few percent for the reflected and about 1% for the diffusely transmitted fluxes. Largest variabilities in the order of 10% to 30% are found for the solar broadband absorptance. However, these variabilities are smaller than the flux differences caused by the choice of ice particle geometries. The influence of cloud inhomogeneities on the radiative fluxes has been examined with the help of time series of Raman lidar extinction coefficient profiles as input for the radiative transfer calculations. Significant differences between results for inhomogeneous and plane-parallel clouds were found. These differences are in the same order of magnitude as those arising from using extremely different crystal shapes for the radiative transfer calculations. From this sensitivity study, the ranking of cirrus cloud properties according to their importance in solar broadband radiative transfer is optical thickness, ice crystal shape, ice particle size, and spatial structure.
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Ma, Y., and R. T. Pinker. "Modeling shortwave radiative fluxes from satellites." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117, no. D23 (December 4, 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018332.
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Wehrse, Rainer, and Guido Kanschat. "Radiative Fluxes and Forces in Non-spherical Winds." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 169 (1999): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100071906.
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AbstractFor the modelling of the radiation fields in stellar winds and the resulting forces new efficient algorithms are presented. In the first one, the radiative transfer equation for moving 3D media is solved analytically with the assumption that the source function is known, eg. from the solution of the NLTE rate equations. For a wind with inhomogeneities an a-posteriori error controlled finite element code is described that takes scattering explicitly into account. Finally, we present possibilities for the accurate inclusion of an arbitrary number of spectral lines in a deterministic and in a stochastic way.
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de Boer, G., W. D. Collins, S. Menon, and C. N. Long. "Using surface remote sensors to derive mixed-phase cloud radiative forcing: an example from M-PACE." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2011): 12487–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-12487-2011.
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Abstract. A suite of ground-based measurements are used in conjunction with a column version of the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTMG) to derive the cloud radiative forcing of mixed-phase stratiform clouds observed during the United States Department of Energy (US DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mixed-Phase Arctic Clouds Experiment (M-PACE) between September and November of 2004. In total, sixteen half hour time periods are reviewed due to their coincidence with radiosonde launches. Cloud liquid (ice) water paths are found to range between 11.0–366.4 (0.5–114.1) gm−2, and cloud physical thicknesses fall between 286–2075 m. Combined with temperature and hydrometeor size estimates, this information is used to calculate surface radiative fluxes using RRTMG, which are demonstrated to generally agree with measured fluxes from surface-based radiometric instrumentation. Errors in longwave flux estimates are found to be largest for thin clouds, while shortwave flux errors are generally largest for thicker clouds. Cloud radiative forcing is calculated for all profiles, and illustrates the dominance of the longwave component during this time of year, with net cloud forcing generally between 50 and 90 Wm−2. Finally, sensitivity of calculated surface fluxes to droplet effective radius, surface albedo and surface temperature are tested, with changes in minimum droplet size between 3.5 and 10 μm altering the surface shortwave flux by up to 50 Wm−2, and changes in surface albedo between 0.5 and 0.95 altering surface shortwave fluxes by up to 85 Wm−2.
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Steiner, Jakob F., Francesca Pellicciotti, Pascal Buri, Evan S. Miles, Walter W. Immerzeel, and Tim D. Reid. "Modelling ice-cliff backwasting on a debris-covered glacier in the Nepalese Himalaya." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 229 (2015): 889–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j194.
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AbstractIce cliffs have been identified as a reason for higher ablation rates on debris-covered glaciers than are implied by the insulation effects of the debris. This study aims to improve our understanding of cliff backwasting, and the role of radiative fluxes in particular. An energy-balance model is forced with new data gathered in May and October 2013 on Lirung Glacier, Nepalese Himalaya. Observations show substantial variability in melt between cliffs, between locations on any cliff and between seasons. Using a high-resolution digital elevation model we calculate longwave fluxes incident to the cliff from surrounding terrain and include the effect of local shading on shortwave radiation. This is an advance over previous studies, that made simplified assumptions on cliff geometry and radiative fluxes. Measured melt rates varied between 3.25 and 8.6 cm d−1 in May and 0.18 and 1.34 cm d−1 in October. Model results reproduce the strong variability in space and time, suggesting considerable differences in radiative fluxes over one cliff. In October the model fails to reproduce stake readings, probably due to the lack of a refreezing component. Disregarding local topography can lead to overestimation of melt at the point scale by up to ∼9%.
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van der Tol, C., W. Verhoef, J. Timmermans, A. Verhoef, and Z. Su. "An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiance observations, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 23, 2009): 6025–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6025-2009.
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Abstract. This paper presents the model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes), which is a vertical (1-D) integrated radiative transfer and energy balance model. It calculates the radiation and the energy balance of a vegetated land surface at the level of single leaves as well as at canopy level, and the spectrum of the outgoing radiation in the viewing direction, at a high spectral resolution over the range from 0.4 to 50 μm, thus including the visible, near and shortwave infrared, as well as the thermal domain. A special routine is dedicated to the calculation of chlorophyll fluorescence. The calculation of radiative transfer and the energy balance is fully integrated, allowing for feedback between surface temperatures, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and radiative fluxes. Model simulations were evaluated against observations reported in the literature. The model may serve as a theoretical ground truth to derive relationships between observed spectra and physical processes at the land surface.
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Wing, Allison A., Suzana J. Camargo, and Adam H. Sobel. "Role of Radiative–Convective Feedbacks in Spontaneous Tropical Cyclogenesis in Idealized Numerical Simulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 7 (June 24, 2016): 2633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0380.1.
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Abstract The authors perform 3D cloud-resolving simulations of radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) in a rotating framework, with interactive radiation and surface fluxes and fixed sea surface temperature. A tropical cyclone is allowed to develop spontaneously from a homogeneous environment, rather than initializing the circulation with a weak vortex or moist bubble (as is often done in numerical simulations of tropical cyclones). The resulting tropical cyclogenesis is compared to the self-aggregation of convection that occurs in nonrotating RCE simulations. The feedbacks leading to cyclogenesis are quantified using a variance budget equation for the column-integrated frozen moist static energy. In the initial development of a broad circulation, feedbacks involving longwave radiation and surface enthalpy fluxes dominate, which is similar to the initial phase of nonrotating self-aggregation. Mechanism denial experiments are also performed to determine the extent to which the radiative feedbacks that are essential to nonrotating self-aggregation are important for tropical cyclogenesis. Results show that radiative feedbacks aid cyclogenesis but are not strictly necessary.
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Verlinden, Kathryn L., and Simon P. de Szoeke. "Simulating Radiative Fluxes through Southeastern Pacific Stratocumulus Clouds during VOCALS-REx." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 4 (April 2018): 821–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0169.1.
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ABSTRACTTime series of solar and thermal infrared radiative flux profiles are simulated with the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) using a hierarchy of constraints from radar reflectivity and passive microwave cloud remote sensing measurements collected over a ship in the southeastern tropical Pacific Ocean (20°S) during the second leg of the Variability of American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx). Incorporating additional constraints results in simulations of physically consistent radiative profiles throughout the atmosphere, especially within the cloud, where they are difficult to observe precisely. Simulated surface radiative fluxes are compared with those observed on the ship and by aircraft.Due to the strong Rayleigh scattering of drizzle drops compared to cloud droplets that absorb, emit, and scatter natural radiation, cloud radar reflectivity overestimates cloud liquid water content (LWC). As a result, clouds are optically too thick and transmission ratios are too low in simulations using radar LWC. Imposing a triangular (increasing linearly with height from zero at cloud base) LWC profile in agreement with microwave liquid water path (LWP) improves the simulation of the transmission ratio. Constraining the corresponding microphysical cloud effective radius to that retrieved from optical depth, LWP, and cloud thickness results in additional improvements to the simulations. Time series, averages, and composite diurnal cycles of radiative fluxes, heating rates, and cloud radiative forcing are presented.
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Huang, Yiyi, Xiquan Dong, Baike Xi, Erica K. Dolinar, Ryan E. Stanfield, and Shaoyue Qiu. "Quantifying the Uncertainties of Reanalyzed Arctic Cloud and Radiation Properties Using Satellite Surface Observations." Journal of Climate 30, no. 19 (September 6, 2017): 8007–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0722.1.
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Abstract Reanalyses have proven to be convenient tools for studying the Arctic climate system, but their uncertainties should first be identified. In this study, five reanalyses (JRA-55, 20CRv2c, CFSR, ERA-Interim, and MERRA-2) are compared with NASA CERES–MODIS (CM)-derived cloud fractions (CFs), cloud water paths (CWPs), top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and surface longwave (LW) and shortwave (SW) radiative fluxes over the Arctic (70°–90°N) over the period of 2000–12, and CloudSat–CALIPSO (CC)-derived CFs from 2006 to 2010. The monthly mean CFs in all reanalyses except JRA-55 are close to or slightly higher than the CC-derived CFs from May to September. However, wintertime CF cannot be confidently evaluated until instrument simulators are implemented in reanalysis products. The comparison between CM and CC CFs indicates that CM-derived CFs are reliable in summer but not in winter. Although the reanalysis CWPs follow the general seasonal variations of CM CWPs, their annual means are only half or even less than the CM-retrieved CWPs (126 g m−2). The annual mean differences in TOA and surface SW and LW fluxes between CERES EBAF and reanalyses are less than 6 W m−2 for TOA radiative fluxes and 16 W m−2 for surface radiative fluxes. All reanalyses show positive biases along the northern and eastern coasts of Greenland as a result of model elevation biases or possible CM clear-sky retrieval issues. The correlations between the reanalyses and CERES satellite retrievals indicate that all five reanalyses estimate radiative fluxes better than cloud properties, and MERRA-2 and JRA-55 exhibit comparatively higher correlations for Arctic cloud and radiation properties.
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Wang, Xuanji, and Jeffrey R. Key. "Aggregate-area radiative flux biases." Annals of Glaciology 34 (2002): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817455.
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AbstractMost climate models treat surface and atmospheric properties as being horizontally homogeneous and compute surface radiative fluxes with average gridcell properties. In this study it is found that large biases can occur if sub-gridcell variability is ignored, where bias is defined as the difference between the average of fluxes computed at high resolution within a model cell and the flux computed with the average surface and cloud properties within the cell. Data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer for the year-long Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment are used to determine biases in aggregate-area fluxes. A simple regression approach to correct for biases that result from horizontal variability was found to reduce the average radiative flux bias to near zero. The correction can be easily implemented in numerical models.
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van der Tol, C., W. Verhoef, J. Timmermans, A. Verhoef, and Z. Su. "An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiances, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance." Biogeosciences 6, no. 12 (December 18, 2009): 3109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3109-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. This paper presents the model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes), which is a vertical (1-D) integrated radiative transfer and energy balance model. The model links visible to thermal infrared radiance spectra (0.4 to 50 μm) as observed above the canopy to the fluxes of water, heat and carbon dioxide, as a function of vegetation structure, and the vertical profiles of temperature. Output of the model is the spectrum of outgoing radiation in the viewing direction and the turbulent heat fluxes, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. A special routine is dedicated to the calculation of photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll fluorescence at the leaf level as a function of net radiation and leaf temperature. The fluorescence contributions from individual leaves are integrated over the canopy layer to calculate top-of-canopy fluorescence. The calculation of radiative transfer and the energy balance is fully integrated, allowing for feedback between leaf temperatures, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and radiative fluxes. Leaf temperatures are calculated on the basis of energy balance closure. Model simulations were evaluated against observations reported in the literature and against data collected during field campaigns. These evaluations showed that SCOPE is able to reproduce realistic radiance spectra, directional radiance and energy balance fluxes. The model may be applied for the design of algorithms for the retrieval of evapotranspiration from optical and thermal earth observation data, for validation of existing methods to monitor vegetation functioning, to help interpret canopy fluorescence measurements, and to study the relationships between synoptic observations with diurnally integrated quantities. The model has been implemented in Matlab and has a modular design, thus allowing for great flexibility and scalability.
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Istomin, Vladimir A., Elena V. Kustova, and Kirill A. Prutko. "Heat and radiative fluxes in strongly nonequilibrium flows behind shock waves." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Mathematics. Mechanics. Astronomy 9, no. 4 (2022): 705–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu01.2022.412.
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State-to-state and two-temperature theoretical models for high-temperature strongly nonequilibrium reacting and radiating air flows are developed in the framework of the generalized Chapman - Enskog method. In the theoretical approach, the sets of governing equations for coupled fluid dynamics, chemical kinetics, internal energy transitions and radiation are derived; the algorithms for the calculation of state-resolved transport coefficients are developed and implemented. The proposed models are applied for 1-D simulations of shock waves in air under high-temperature conditions observed in flight experiments. Nonequilibrium mixture composition, temperatures and pressure profiles are obtained and compared for various models of chemical reaction rate coefficients. Flow variables strongly depend on both the kinetic-theory approach and chemical reaction model; species molar fractions and temperature show significantly different behaviour for the state-to-state and two-temperature simulations. Transport properties and radiative fluxes are calculated as functions of the distance from the shock front. It is found that diffusion provides a major contribution to the total energy flux whereas the role of heat conduction is weak due to the compensation effects. It is shown that under considered conditions, two-temperature models are not applicable for correct predictions of radiative heating.
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Wu, Xiaoqing, and Xin-Zhong Liang. "Radiative Effects of Cloud Horizontal Inhomogeneity and Vertical Overlap Identified from a Monthlong Cloud-Resolving Model Simulation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 4105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3565.1.
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Abstract The representation of subgrid horizontal and vertical variability of clouds in radiation schemes remains a major challenge for general circulation models (GCMs) due to the lack of cloud-scale observations and incomplete physical understanding. The development of cloud-resolving models (CRMs) in the last decade provides a unique opportunity to make progress in this area of research. This paper extends the study of Wu and Moncrieff to quantify separately the impacts of cloud horizontal inhomogeneity (optical property) and vertical overlap (geometry) on the domain-averaged shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and the surface, and the radiative heating profiles. The diagnostic radiation calculations using the monthlong CRM-simulated tropical cloud optical properties and cloud fraction show that both horizontal inhomogeneity and vertical overlap of clouds are equally important for obtaining accurate radiative fluxes and heating rates. This study illustrates an objective approach to use long-term CRM simulations to separate cloud overlap and inhomogeneity effects, based on which GCM representation (such as mosaic treatment) of subgrid cloud–radiation interactions can be evaluated and improved.
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Kleidon, Axel, and Maik Renner. "Diurnal land surface energy balance partitioning estimated from the thermodynamic limit of a cold heat engine." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 1127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1127-2018.
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Abstract. Turbulent fluxes strongly shape the conditions at the land surface, yet they are typically formulated in terms of semiempirical parameterizations that make it difficult to derive theoretical estimates of how global change impacts land surface functioning. Here, we describe these turbulent fluxes as the result of a thermodynamic process that generates work to sustain convective motion and thus maintains the turbulent exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. We first derive a limit from the second law of thermodynamics that is equivalent to the Carnot limit but which explicitly accounts for diurnal heat storage changes in the lower atmosphere. We call this the limit of a “cold” heat engine and use it together with the surface energy balance to infer the maximum power that can be derived from the turbulent fluxes for a given solar radiative forcing. The surface energy balance partitioning estimated from this thermodynamic limit requires no empirical parameters and compares very well with the observed partitioning of absorbed solar radiation into radiative and turbulent heat fluxes across a range of climates, with correlation coefficients r2≥95 % and slopes near 1. These results suggest that turbulent heat fluxes on land operate near their thermodynamic limit on how much convection can be generated from the local radiative forcing. It implies that this type of approach can be used to derive general estimates of global change that are solely based on physical principles.
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Miller, Nathaniel B., Matthew D. Shupe, Christopher J. Cox, David Noone, P. Ola G. Persson, and Konrad Steffen. "Surface energy budget responses to radiative forcing at Summit, Greenland." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 497–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-497-2017.
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Abstract. Greenland Ice Sheet surface temperatures are controlled by an exchange of energy at the surface, which includes radiative, turbulent, and ground heat fluxes. Data collected by multiple projects are leveraged to calculate all surface energy budget (SEB) terms at Summit, Greenland, for the full annual cycle from July 2013 to June 2014 and extend to longer periods for the radiative and turbulent SEB terms. Radiative fluxes are measured directly by a suite of broadband radiometers. Turbulent sensible heat flux is estimated via the bulk aerodynamic and eddy correlation methods, and the turbulent latent heat flux is calculated via a two-level approach using measurements at 10 and 2 m. The subsurface heat flux is calculated using a string of thermistors buried in the snow pack. Extensive quality-control data processing produced a data set in which all terms of the SEB are present 75 % of the full annual cycle, despite the harsh conditions. By including a storage term for a near-surface layer, the SEB is balanced in this data set to within the aggregated uncertainties for the individual terms. November and August case studies illustrate that surface radiative forcing is driven by synoptically forced cloud characteristics, especially by low-level, liquid-bearing clouds. The annual cycle and seasonal diurnal cycles of all SEB components indicate that the non-radiative terms are anticorrelated to changes in the total radiative flux and are hence responding to cloud radiative forcing. Generally, the non-radiative SEB terms and the upwelling longwave radiation component compensate for changes in downwelling radiation, although exact partitioning of energy in the response terms varies with season and near-surface characteristics such as stability and moisture availability. Substantial surface warming from low-level clouds typically leads to a change from a very stable to a weakly stable near-surface regime with no solar radiation or from a weakly stable to neutral/unstable regime with solar radiation. Relationships between forcing terms and responding surface fluxes show that the upwelling longwave radiation produces 65–85 % (50–60 %) of the total response in the winter (summer) and the non-radiative terms compensate for the remaining change in the combined downwelling longwave and net shortwave radiation. Because melt conditions are rarely reached at Summit, these relationships are documented for conditions of surface temperature below 0 °C, with and without solar radiation. This is the first time that forcing and response term relationships have been investigated in detail for the Greenland SEB. These results should both advance understanding of process relationships over the Greenland Ice Sheet and be useful for model validation.
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Zhang, Banglin, Rachel T. Pinker, and Paul W. Stackhouse. "An Empirical Orthogonal Function Iteration Approach for Obtaining Homogeneous Radiative Fluxes from Satellite Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2478.1.
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Abstract Conventional observations of climate parameters are sparse in space and/or time, and the representativeness of such information needs to be optimized. Observations from satellites provide improved spatial coverage over point observations; however, they pose new challenges for obtaining homogeneous coverage. Surface radiative fluxes, the forcing functions of the hydrologic cycle and biogeophysical processes, are now becoming available from global-scale satellite observations. They are derived from independent satellite platforms and sensors that differ in temporal and spatial resolution and in the size of the footprint from which information is derived. Data gaps, degraded spatial resolution near boundaries of geostationary satellites, and different viewing geometries in areas of satellite overlap could result in biased estimates of radiative fluxes. In this study will be discussed issues related to the sources of inhomogeneity in surface radiative fluxes as derived from satellites, development of an approach to obtain homogeneous datasets, and application of the method to the widely used International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data that currently serve as a source of information for deriving estimates of surface and top-of-the-atmosphere radiative fluxes. Introduced is an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) iteration scheme for homogenizing the fluxes. The scheme is evaluated in several ways, including comparison of the inferred radiative fluxes with ground observations, both before and after the EOF approach is applied. On the average, the latter reduces the RMS error by about 2–3 W m−2.
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Roth, I., R. Millan, and R. P. Lin. "Variations in planetary radiation belt fluxes and their radiative observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, no. 5-6 (March 2002): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(02)00020-2.
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Protat, A., S. A. Young, S. A. McFarlane, T. L’Ecuyer, G. G. Mace, J. M. Comstock, C. N. Long, E. Berry, and J. Delanoë. "Reconciling Ground-Based and Space-Based Estimates of the Frequency of Occurrence and Radiative Effect of Clouds around Darwin, Australia." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 2 (February 2014): 456–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-072.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe objective of this paper is to investigate whether estimates of the cloud frequency of occurrence and associated cloud radiative forcing as derived from ground-based and satellite active remote sensing and radiative transfer calculations can be reconciled over a well-instrumented active remote sensing site located in Darwin, Australia, despite the very different viewing geometry and instrument characteristics. It is found that the ground-based radar–lidar combination at Darwin does not detect most of the cirrus clouds above 10 km (because of limited lidar detection capability and signal obscuration by low-level clouds) and that the CloudSat radar–Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) combination underreports the hydrometeor frequency of occurrence below 2-km height because of instrument limitations at these heights. The radiative impact associated with these differences in cloud frequency of occurrence is large on the surface downwelling shortwave fluxes (ground and satellite) and the top-of-atmosphere upwelling shortwave and longwave fluxes (ground). Good agreement is found for other radiative fluxes. Large differences in radiative heating rate as derived from ground and satellite radar–lidar instruments and radiative transfer calculations are also found above 10 km (up to 0.35 K day−1 for the shortwave and 0.8 K day−1 for the longwave). Given that the ground-based and satellite estimates of cloud frequency of occurrence and radiative impact cannot be fully reconciled over Darwin, caution should be exercised when evaluating the representation of clouds and cloud–radiation interactions in large-scale models, and limitations of each set of instrumentation should be considered when interpreting model–observation differences.
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Anber, Usama, Shuguang Wang, and Adam Sobel. "Effect of Surface Fluxes versus Radiative Heating on Tropical Deep Convection." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 3378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0253.1.
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Abstract The effects of turbulent surface fluxes and radiative heating on tropical deep convection are compared in a series of idealized cloud-system-resolving simulations with parameterized large-scale dynamics. Two methods of parameterizing the large-scale dynamics are used: the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation and the damped gravity wave (DGW) method. Both surface fluxes and radiative heating are specified, with radiative heating taken as constant in the vertical in the troposphere. All simulations are run to statistical equilibrium. In the precipitating equilibria, which result from sufficiently moist initial conditions, an increment in surface fluxes produces more precipitation than an equal increment of column-integrated radiative heating. This is straightforwardly understood in terms of the column-integrated moist static energy budget with constant normalized gross moist stability. Under both large-scale parameterizations, the gross moist stability does in fact remain close to constant over a wide range of forcings, and the small variations that occur are similar for equal increments of surface flux and radiative heating. With completely dry initial conditions, the WTG simulations exhibit hysteresis, maintaining a dry state with no precipitation for a wide range of net energy inputs to the atmospheric column. The same boundary conditions and forcings admit a rainy state also (for moist initial conditions), and thus multiple equilibria exist under WTG. When the net forcing (surface fluxes minus radiative heating) is increased enough that simulations that begin dry eventually develop precipitation, the dry state persists longer after initialization when the surface fluxes are increased than when radiative heating is increased. The DGW method, however, shows no multiple equilibria in any of the simulations.
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Solomon, Amy, Matthew D. Shupe, and Nathaniel B. Miller. "Cloud–Atmospheric Boundary Layer–Surface Interactions on the Greenland Ice Sheet during the July 2012 Extreme Melt Event." Journal of Climate 30, no. 9 (May 2017): 3237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0071.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Regional model simulations of the 10–13 July 2012 extreme melt event over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) are used to investigate how low-level liquid-bearing clouds impact surface energy fluxes, and therefore the energy available for melt. A sensitivity study in which the radiation code is modified so that cloud liquid and ice do not emit, absorb, or reflect radiation is used to identify cloud impacts beyond the cloud radiative effect. It is found that Arctic mixed-phase stratocumuli are not produced in the sensitivity experiment, highlighting that cloud radiative fluxes are required to maintain the clouds. A number of feedbacks are found that damp the warming effect of the clouds. Thin mixed-phase clouds increase the downward longwave fluxes by 100 W m−2, but upward daytime surface longwave fluxes increase by 20 W m−2 (60 W m−2 at night) and net shortwave fluxes decrease by 40 W m−2 (partially due to a 0.05 increase in surface albedo), leaving only 40 W m−2 available for melt. This 40 W m−2 is distributed between the turbulent and conductive ground fluxes, so it is only at times of weak turbulent fluxes (i.e., at night or during melt) that this energy goes into the conductive ground flux, providing energy for melt. From these results it is concluded that it is the integrated impact of the clouds over the diurnal cycle (the preconditioning of the snowpack by the clouds at night) that made melt possible during this 3-day period. These findings are extended to understand the pattern of melt observed over the GIS.
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Schneider, Tapio, and Junjun Liu. "Formation of Jets and Equatorial Superrotation on Jupiter." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 579–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2798.1.
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Abstract The zonal flow in Jupiter’s upper troposphere is organized into alternating retrograde and prograde jets, with a prograde (superrotating) jet at the equator. Existing models posit as the driver of the flow either differential radiative heating of the atmosphere or intrinsic heat fluxes emanating from the deep interior; however, they do not reproduce all large-scale features of Jupiter’s jets and thermal structure. Here it is shown that the difficulties in accounting for Jupiter’s jets and thermal structure resolve if the effects of differential radiative heating and intrinsic heat fluxes are considered together, and if upper-tropospheric dynamics are linked to a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drag that acts deep in the atmosphere and affects the zonal flow away from but not near the equator. Baroclinic eddies generated by differential radiative heating can account for the off-equatorial jets; meridionally propagating equatorial Rossby waves generated by intrinsic convective heat fluxes can account for the equatorial superrotation. The zonal flow extends deeply into the atmosphere, with its speed changing with depth, away from the equator up to depths at which the MHD drag acts. The theory is supported by simulations with an energetically consistent general circulation model of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere. A simulation that incorporates differential radiative heating and intrinsic heat fluxes reproduces Jupiter’s observed jets and thermal structure and makes testable predictions about as yet unobserved aspects thereof. A control simulation that incorporates only differential radiative heating but not intrinsic heat fluxes produces off-equatorial jets but no equatorial superrotation; another control simulation that incorporates only intrinsic heat fluxes but not differential radiative heating produces equatorial superrotation but no off-equatorial jets. The proposed mechanisms for the formation of jets and equatorial superrotation likely act in the atmospheres of all giant planets.
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Su, Z., H. Pelgrum, and M. Menenti. "Aggregation effects of surface heterogeneity in land surface processes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-549-1999.
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Abstract. In order to investigate the aggregation effects of surface heterogeneity in land surface processes we have adapted a theory of aggregation. Two strategies have been adopted: 1) Aggregation of radiative fluxes. The aggregated radiative fluxes are used to derive input parameters that are then used to calculate the aerodynamic fluxes at different aggregation levels. This is equivalent to observing the same area at different resolutions using a certain remote sensor, and then calculating the aerodynamic fluxes correspondingly. 2) Aggregation of aerodynamic fluxes calculated at the original observation scale to different aggregation levels. A case study has been conducted to identify the effects of aggregation on areal estimates of sensible and latent heat fluxes. The length scales of surface variables in heterogeneous landscapes are estimated by means of wavelet analysis.
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Niu, Xiaolei, and Rachel T. Pinker. "Radiative Fluxes at Barrow, Alaska: A Satellite View." Journal of Climate 24, no. 21 (November 1, 2011): 5494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00062.1.
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Abstract Satellite estimates of surface shortwave radiation (SWR) at high latitudes agree less with ground observations than at other locations; moreover, ground observations at such latitudes are scarce. The comprehensive observations of radiative fluxes made since 1977 by the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program at the Barrow North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site are unique. They provide an opportunity to revisit accuracy estimates of remote sensing products at these latitudes, which are problematic because the melting of snow/ice and lower solar elevation make the satellite retrievals more difficult. A newly developed inference scheme for deriving SWR from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; Terra and Aqua) that utilizes updated information on surface properties over snow and sea ice will be evaluated against these ground measurements and compared with other satellite and model products. Results show that the MODIS-based estimates are in good agreement with observations, with a bias of −5.3 W m−2 (−4% of mean observations) for the downward SWR, a bias of −5.3 W m−2 (−7%) for upward SWR, a bias of 1 (1%) for net SWR, and a bias of −0.001 (0%) for surface albedo. As such, the MODIS estimates of SWR can be useful for numerical model evaluations and for estimating the energy budgets at high latitudes.
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Cole, Jason, Howard W. Barker, Norman G. Loeb, and Knut von Salzen. "Assessing Simulated Clouds and Radiative Fluxes Using Properties of Clouds Whose Tops are Exposed to Space." Journal of Climate 24, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3652.1.
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Abstract Coincident top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes and cloud optical properties for portions of clouds whose tops are exposed to space within several pressure ranges are used to evaluate how a GCM realizes its all-sky radiative fluxes and vertical structure. In particular, observations of cloud properties and radiative fluxes from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Science Team are used to assess the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis atmospheric global climate model (CanAM4). Through comparison of CanAM4 with CERES observations it was found that, while the July-mean all-sky TOA shortwave and longwave fluxes simulated by CanAM4 agree well with those observed, this agreement rests on compensating biases in simulated cloud properties and radiative fluxes for low, middle, and high clouds. Namely, low and middle cloud albedos simulated by CanAM4 are larger than those observed by CERES attributable to CanAM4 simulating cloud optical depths via large liquid water paths that are too large but are partly compensated by too small cloud fractions. It was also found that CanAM4 produces 2D histograms of cloud fraction and cloud albedo for low, middle, and high clouds that are significantly different than generated using the CERES observations.
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Wang, Xuanji, and Jeffrey R. Key. "Spatial variability of the sea-ice radiation budget and its effect on aggregate-area fluxes." Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818130.
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AbstractThe spatial and temporal variability of surface, cloud and radiative properties of sea ice are examined using new satellite-derived products. Downwelling short- and longwave fluxes exhibit temporal correlation over about 180 days, but cloud optical depth and cloud fraction show almost no correlation over time. The spatial variance of surface properties is shown to increase much less rapidly than that of cloud properties. The effect of small-scale inhomogeneity in surface and cloud properties on the calculation of radiative fluxes at ice- and climate-model gridscales is also investigated. Annual mean differences between gridcell fluxes computed from average surface and cloud properties and averages of pixel-by-pixel fluxes are 9.46% for the downwelling shortwave flux and −7.04% for the longwave flux. Therefore, using mean surface and cloud properties to compute surface radiative fluxes in a gridcell results in an overestimate of the shortwave flux and an underestimate of the longwave flux. Model sensitivity studies show that such biases may result in substantial errors in modeled ice thickness. Clearly, the sub-gridscale inhomogeneity of surface and atmospheric properties must be considered when estimating aggregate-area fluxes in sea-ice and climate models.
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Egerer, Ulrike, Matthias Gottschalk, Holger Siebert, André Ehrlich, and Manfred Wendisch. "The new BELUGA setup for collocated turbulence and radiation measurements using a tethered balloon: first applications in the cloudy Arctic boundary layer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 4019–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4019-2019.
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Abstract. The new BELUGA (Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere) tethered balloon system is introduced. It combines a set of instruments to measure turbulent and radiative parameters and energy fluxes. BELUGA enables collocated measurements either at a constant altitude or as vertical profiles up to 1.5 km in height. In particular, the instrument payload of BELUGA comprises three modular instrument packages for high-resolution meteorological, wind vector and broadband radiation measurements. Collocated data acquisition allows for estimates of the driving parameters in the energy balance at various heights. Heating rates and net irradiances can be related to turbulent fluxes and local turbulence parameters such as dissipation rates. In this paper the technical setup, the instrument performance, and the measurement strategy of BELUGA are explained. Furthermore, the high vertical resolution due to the slow ascent speed is highlighted as a major advantage of tethered balloon-borne observations. Three illustrative case studies of the first application of BELUGA in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer are presented. As a first example, measurements of a single-layer stratocumulus are discussed. They show a pronounced cloud top radiative cooling of up to 6 K h−1. To put this into context, a second case elaborates respective measurements with BELUGA in a cloudless situation. In a third example, a multilayer stratocumulus was probed, revealing reduced turbulence and negligible cloud top radiative cooling for the lower cloud layer. In all three cases the net radiative fluxes are much higher than turbulent fluxes. Altogether, BELUGA has proven its robust performance in cloudy conditions of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer.
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Sun, Moguo, David R. Doelling, Norman G. Loeb, Ryan C. Scott, Joshua Wilkins, Le Trang Nguyen, and Pamela Mlynczak. "Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) FluxByCldTyp Edition 4 Data Product." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39, no. 3 (March 2022): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0029.1.
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Abstract The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project has provided the climate community 20 years of globally observed top of the atmosphere (TOA) fluxes critical for climate and cloud feedback studies. The CERES Flux By Cloud Type (FBCT) product contains radiative fluxes by cloud type, which can provide more stringent constraints when validating models and also reveal more insight into the interactions between clouds and climate. The FBCT product provides 1° regional daily and monthly shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) cloud-type fluxes and cloud properties sorted by seven pressure layers and six optical depth bins. Historically, cloud-type fluxes have been computed using radiative transfer models based on observed cloud properties. Instead of relying on radiative transfer models, the FBCT product utilizes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiances partitioned by cloud type within a CERES footprint to estimate the cloud-type broadband fluxes. The MODIS multichannel derived broadband fluxes were compared with the CERES observed footprint fluxes and were found to be within 1% and 2.5% for LW and SW, respectively, as well as being mostly free of cloud property dependencies. These biases are mitigated by constraining the cloud-type fluxes within each footprint with the CERES Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) observed flux. The FBCT all-sky and clear-sky monthly averaged fluxes were found to be consistent with the CERES SSF1deg product. Several examples of FBCT data are presented to highlight its utility for scientific applications.