Книги з теми "Recipient language"
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1
Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Official Languages. The impact of approval and payment delays on Department of Canadian Heritage recipient organizations: Report of the Standing Committee on Official Languages. Ottawa]: Standing Committee on Official Languages, 2009.
2
Krinsky, John. Free labor: Workfare and the contested language of neoliberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
3
Krinsky, John. Free labor: Workfare and the contested language of neoliberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
4
Krinsky, John. Free labor: Workfare and the contested language of neoliberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
5
Poplack, Shana. Confirmation through replication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter reviews a series of replications of the studies reported in previous chapters on eight typologically distinct language pairs, making use of a wide array of phonological, morphological, and syntactic diagnostics (e.g., vowel harmony, word order, case-marking, adjectival expression, nominal determination patterns, verb incorporation strategies). Wherever a conflict site between donor and recipient languages could be determined, lone items were systematically shown to behave like the latter, often to the point of assuming the fine details of its variable quantitative conditioning. Results confirm that the integration process and its outcome—grammatical identity of donor-language items with recipient-language counterparts—are universal.
6
Poplack, Shana. The bare facts of borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter addresses the problem of classifying formally ambiguous bare forms. It illustrates with analysis of three typologically distinct language pairs involving isolating recipients (Wolof, Fongbe, and Igbo) that feature virtually no overt morphology on the noun, obviating the morphological criterion for loanword integration. Here the appeal is to the syntax of nouns and noun phrases, focusing on their variable distribution across different types of modification structure. This expands and systematizes the comparisons of chapters 4 and 5 by considering in greater detail not just the rates of occurrence of a diagnostic but also its variable structure. Regardless of language pair, the overwhelming majority of lone donor-language nouns display quantitative parallels to their relevant recipient-language counterparts in ways far too specific to be random. At the same time, they pattern differently from nouns in unmixed donor-language contexts. This reveals that the donor-language nouns have been borrowed and integrated into different recipients.
7
Poplack, Shana. Dealing with variability in loanword integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter tests a strong loanword integration hypothesis: that donor-language material that has been borrowed will display variability in morphosyntactic integration paralleling that of the recipient language. This requires explicitly marshalling the recipient language as the benchmark for comparison, an innovation implemented here for the first time. Illustrating with the typologically different Tamil-English language pair, word order and case-marking of English-origin objects of Tamil verbs are analyzed. English indirect objects are overwhelmingly inflected with Tamil dative markers, but direct objects tend not to be marked for the accusative. Comparison reveals that this patterning reflects the case-marking variability inherent in the recipient-language benchmark, compelling us to recognize even these apparently bare forms as borrowed, and supporting the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. This demonstrates that the facts of variability must be taken into account to identify which forms have been borrowed and which have been code-switched.
8
Poplack, Shana. Distinguishing borrowing and code-switching. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0009.
Анотація:
This chapter confronts the structure of borrowed items explicitly with that of multiword code-switches produced by the same French-English bilinguals. Speakers are shown to imbue switches with the morphosyntactic structure of the donor language while integrating borrowings into that of the recipient language, to the extent of mirroring its variable patterning. Also measured is speakers’ relative propensity to engage in these mixing types, to determine whether those who make copious use of one are equally likely to use the other. No such correlation could be established, further attesting to the distinction among these strategies. Corroborating evidence comes from three additional language pairs and one triplet, in which, regardless of diagnostic or language, lone donor-language items, nonce and more frequent, are seen to behave in parallel in their adoption of recipient-language structure, and differently from multiword code-switches, which retain donor-language structure.
9
Poplack, Shana. Rationale. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0001.
Анотація:
This chapter identifies the rationale behind this volume: the enduring controversy over how to theorize language-mixing strategies. Relating this controversy to discrepancies in the conceptualization and treatment of the data of language mixing, it outlines a method to distinguish among other-language phenomena based on spontaneous bilingual performance, quantitative analysis, and rigorous standards of proof. It justifies the focus on the three quantitatively predominant manifestations of language mixing: nonce borrowing, lexical retrieval of previously borrowed words and code-switching. It introduces and defines integration, the major tool in characterizing language-mixing types. Ensuing chapters identify and illustrate an array of integration strategies, whereby the vast majority of lone other-language items are adapted to the morphological and syntactic patterns of a recipient language, in a variety of language pairs.
10
Poplack, Shana. The role of phonetics in borrowing and integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter revisits the question of whether speakers marshal phonetic integration as a strategy to distinguish code-switching, nonce borrowing, and established loanwords. Systematic comparison of the behavior of individuals, diagnostics, and language-mixing types reveals variability at every level of the phonetic adaptation process, providing strong confirmation that individuals do not phonetically integrate other-language words, whether nonce or dictionary-attested, into the recipient language in a systematic way. Nor do they share a phonetic strategy for handling any of their language-mixing types. This is in striking contrast to the morphosyntactic treatment they afford this same material when borrowing it: immediate, quasi-categorical, and consistent adaptation community-wide. This confirms that phonetic and morphosyntactic integration are independent. Only the latter is a reliable metric for distinguishing language-mixing types.
11
Hansen-Schirra, Silvia, Katja Abels, Sarah Signer, and Christiane Maaß,, eds. The Dictionary of Accessible Communication. Frank & Timme, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26530/20.500.12657/52603.
Анотація:
Terminology on Accessible Communication has primarily evolved and been published within the borders of a given country with no or only little exchange across these borders. Since English can be regarded as the „lingua franca“ of science, this first German–English dictionary of Accessible Communication will help to promote international exchange and an international discourse on this topic by attempting to define concepts that go beyond the scope of a single-country centered approach. The terminological work for this dictionary is based on the German Handbook of Accessible Communication. Most of the handbook’s contents are language-independent and applicable to other recipient communities. On the basis of the German terminology, the English equivalents, definitions and explanations were researched. The dictionary contributes to the development of a standardised terminology across languages and cultures.
12
Tanaka, Shin’ichi. The relation between L2 perception and L1 phonology in Japanese loanwords. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter examines how geminates in words from a donor language are borrowed by a recipient language that already has a geminate/singleton contrast. It analyses the loanword adaptation of Italian geminates in Japanese and its relationship to Japanese speakers’ perception of geminates. A corpus study and a perception experiment show that both phonological and phonetic factors affect adaptation patterns. Although Japanese speakers are essentially capable of perceiving geminates in Italian, their adaptation of geminates in actual loanwords is affected by the class of the consonant and the phonological environments in which it appears. Specifically, geminate consonants are more likely to be perceived as geminates by native Japanese listeners the further they appear towards the end of the source words.
13
Kim, Hyunsoon. Korean speakers’ perception of Japanese geminates. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0015.
Анотація:
This chapter investigates whether the grammar of a recipient language (L1) plays a role in borrowing words of a donor language (L2), by exploring Korean (L1) speakers’ perception of Japanese (L2) geminates. Eighty Seoul Korean subjects were asked to listen to Japanese words with the voiceless geminates [p:, t:, k:, s:], which are grouped as frequently and infrequently used in Korea. It was found that the Japanese geminates were mainly perceived either as the coda fricative /s/ and an onset fortis consonant or as an onset fortis with no coda. The results provide empirical evidence for an L1 grammar-driven borrowing process with the three intermediate steps of L1 perception, L1 lexicon, and L1 phonology between L2 acoustic input (= L1 input) and L1 output.
14
Tomasello, Michael. Commentary on Philip Pettit’s The Birth of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904913.003.0011.
Анотація:
Philip Pettit begins his account of the evolution of morality with early human individuals reporting their experiences to others linguistically, and he maintains that language is a crucial and necessary part of the process throughout. The key is that there were social pressures on early humans to be honest in their reporting in order to maintain a good reputation. But informing others of things truthfully and helpfully is a cooperative social action that may be effected non-linguistically, for example, by pointing to relevant referential situations. And the reputation one creates by engaging in such behavior is not as a skillful language user but as a cooperative one: telling the truth only matters if it either helps or hinders the recipient in her behavioral decision-making. And so, Tomasello’s claim is that what is actually doing the work in Pettit's account is not language per se, but rather the cooperative intentions and social actions that underlie certain kinds of speech acts. This suggests the possibility of an account of the evolution of morality based not on language but on cooperation more generally.
15
Poplack, Shana. How nonce borrowings become loanwords. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0008.
Анотація:
Making use of a unique series of speech corpora collected between the 1940s and 2007, this chapter traces for the first time the diachronic trajectory of nonce forms in bilingual production over a real-time period of 61 years and nearly a century and a half in apparent time. It tests and refutes two standard assumptions about nonce borrowings: (1) they increase in frequency and diffusion, and (2) they originate as code-switches and are gradually converted to loanwords. Results show that nonce forms generally do not go on to become established loanwords: few persist, let alone increase over time. Based on several diagnostics, analysis of the linguistic trajectory of those that diffuse and increase in frequency shows that they are not integrated gradually; instead they assume recipient-language grammatical structure abruptly. Code-switches are not converted into borrowings; the decision to code-switch or borrow is made at the moment the other-language item is accessed.
16
Poplack, Shana. Borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.001.0001.
Анотація:
In virtually every bilingual situation empirically studied, borrowed items make up the overwhelming majority of other-language material, but short shrift has been given to this major manifestation of language contact. As a result, scholars have long been divided over whether borrowing is a process distinct from code-switching, leading to long-standing controversy over how best to theorize language mixing strategies. This volume focuses on lexical borrowing as it actually occurs in the discourse of bilingual speakers, building on more than three decades of original research. Based on vast quantities of spontaneous performance data and a highly ramified analytical apparatus, it characterizes the phenomenon in the speech community and in the grammar, both synchronically and diachronically. In contrast to most other treatments, which deal with the product of borrowing, this work examines the process: How speakers incorporate foreign items into their bilingual discourse, how they adapt them to recipient-language grammatical structure, how these forms diffuse across speakers and communities, how long they persist in real time, and whether they change over the duration. It proposes falsifiable hypotheses about established loanwords and nonce borrowings and tests them empirically on a wealth of unique datasets on a wide variety of typologically similar and distinct language pairs. A major focus is the detailed analysis of integration, the principal mechanism underlying the borrowing process. Though the shape the borrowed form assumes may be colored by community convention, we show that the act of transforming donor-language elements into native material is universal.
17
Webber, David M. A Matter of Life and Debt. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423564.003.0005.
Анотація:
The first of these case study chapters in chapter 5 draws parallels between the economic framework designed by Treasury officials at home and ‘the new international economic architecture’ that Gordon Brown was keen to pursue abroad. This would provide the basis for a new approach to debt relief to reform the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. The new Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative would be conditional upon recipient countries meeting their obligations towards this new economic architecture, designed by Brown and based upon the principles of the ‘post-Washington Consensus’. This approach however, ran counter to many within civil society who viewed the issue of debt relief in ‘moral’ rather than simply ‘economic’ terms. In meeting with these different faith groups, NGOs and other debt activists, Brown certainly appeared sympathetic to such claims but the biblical language of forgiveness, justice and redemption that he used in speaking to these audiences differed from when he spoke in altogether more punitive terms to the international financial institutions. Here Brown spoke of the need for greater stability, demanded that indebted countries recognise their financial obligations, and urged greater surveillance by the International Monetary Fund of these countries national accounts.
18
Ramirez-Valles, Jesus. Getting Involved. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036446.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter addresses how Latino GBT activists actually became part of the AIDS and gay movements. A significant number of compañeros became active in the AIDS and gay movement as a result of approaching organizations searching for social services. They first were “clients,” in the language of many of these organizations. Afterward, they became volunteers and activists. The transformation from client to volunteer or activist is partly due to reciprocity. Recipients of services frequently feel obligated to work on behalf of the organization, because of the benefits they have received from the organization or because they do not want to be passive recipients of services. Two types of services are notable here: those related to LGBT issues and those related to HIV and AIDS.
19
Baaij, C. J. W. The Mixed Approach of Current EU Translation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680787.003.0004.
Анотація:
The current EU Translation practices prove to be internally inconsistent and thus less than fully effective. The most important methods of EU Translation, using neologisms for EU legal terminology and maintaining close textual homogeny, are not incompatible as such. Rather, the aims that these methods seek to satisfy turn out to be inconsistent. In terms of Friedrich Schleiermacher’s essay on translation, EU Translation is at once both “receiver-oriented” and “source-oriented.” In view of the contradictory philosophical concepts of language underpinning these translation orientations, EU Translation thus aims to both “foreignize” and “familiarize” the recipients of language versions. The principles of legal integration and language diversity require absolute concordance among the 24 language versions of EU legislation. Yet, different theoretical approaches to translation provide different answers as to what such concordance entails. Improving EU Translation thus lies in settling for either a receiver- or source-oriented approach.
20
Krinsky, John. Free Labor: Workfare and the Contested Language of Neoliberalism. University Of Chicago Press, 2008.
21
Krinsky, John. Free Labor: Workfare and the Contested Language of Neoliberalism. University Of Chicago Press, 2008.
22
Lee, Ji-Young. China's Hegemony. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231179744.001.0001.
Анотація:
Many have viewed the tribute system as China's tool for projecting its power and influence in East Asia, treating other actors as passive recipients of Chinese domination. China's Hegemony sheds new light on this system and shows that the international order of Asia's past was not as Sinocentric as conventional wisdom suggests. Instead, throughout the early modern period, Chinese hegemony was accepted, defied, and challenged by its East Asian neighbors at different times, depending on these leaders' strategies for legitimacy among their populations. Focusing on China-Korea-Japan dynamics of East Asian international politics during the Ming and High Qing periods, Ji-Young Lee draws on extensive research of East Asian language sources, including records written by Chinese and Korean tributary envoys. She offers fascinating and rich details of war and peace in Asian international relations, addressing questions such as: why Japan invaded Korea and fought a major war against the Sino-Korean coalition in the late sixteenth century; why Korea attempted to strike at the Ming empire militarily in the late fourteenth century; and how Japan created a miniature tributary order posing as the center of Asia in lieu of the Qing empire in the seventeenth century.