Книги з теми "Repeated problems"
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1
Kenny, Sean P. Approximate analysis for repeated eigenvalue problems with applications to controls-structures integrated design. Hampton: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.
2
Thomas, Jonathan. Income fluctuation and asymmetric information: An example of a repeated principal-agent problem. Reading: University of Reading. Department of Economics, 1987.
3
Thomas, Jonathan. Income fluctuation and asymmetric information: An example of a repeated principal-agent problem. Reading: University of Reading, 1987.
4
Thomas, Jonathan. Income fluctuation and asymmetric information: An example of a repeated principal-agent problem. Reading: University of Reading Department of Economics, 1987.
5
Black, Claudia. Repeat after me. Denver, CO: M.A.C Printing & Publications, 1985.
6
Black, Claudia. Repeat after me. Denver, Colo: M.A.C. Printing & Publications, 1985.
7
Webster, A. J. Can a brief, three session intervention of play therapy help a school age child to explore feelings of being able to cope (or not) with the disruption of repeated hospital admissions caused by a chronic health problem? London: University of Surrey Roehampton, 2000.
8
United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Expressing the sense of the Congress that states should work more aggressively to attack the problem of violent crimes committed by repeat offenders and criminals serving abbreviated sentences: Report (to accompany H. Con. Res. 75). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
9
Judiciary, United States Congress House Committee on the. Expressing the sense of the Congress that states should work more aggressively to attack the problem of violent crimes committed by repeat offenders and criminals serving abbreviated sentences: Report (to accompany H. Con. Res. 75). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
10
Jan, Show-Li. Interdirection tests for repeated measures and one-sample multivariate location problems. 1991.
11
Approximate analysis for repeated Eigenvalue problems with applications to controls-structures integrated design. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.
12
Colin Duncan, W. Problems in early pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0032.
Анотація:
One in three women will present with problems, usually bleeding and/or pain, in early pregnancy prior to their planned maternity booking appointment at the end of the first trimester. The mainstay of investigation is pelvic ultrasonography. However, often the diagnosis is not clear and further ultrasound scans or repeated measurements of serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations are required. Most women with bleeding in early pregnancy will have an ongoing pregnancy and can be reassured. However, around 15% of pregnancies will miscarry in the first trimester. Management of miscarriage is often conservative but there are both surgical and medical, using misoprostol, management options. Importantly, approximately 1 in 80 pregnancies are ectopic pregnancies. These can be difficult to diagnose and are associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality. Management is usually by laparoscopic salpingectomy or systemic methotrexate administration. As ectopic pregnancy can present to disparate medical practitioners it is important to have an awareness and suspicion of this condition as well as considering the possibility of pregnancy in all women of reproductive age.
13
Schmitt, Stéphane. Serial Homology as a Challenge to Evolutionary Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0011.
Анотація:
The problem of the repeated parts of organisms was at the center of the biological sciences as early as the first decades of the 19th century. Some concepts and theories (e.g., serial homology, unity of plan, or colonial theory) introduced in order to explain the similarity as well as the differences between the repeated structures of an organism were reused throughout the 19th and the 20th century, in spite of the fundamental changes during this long period that saw the diffusion of the evolutionary theory, the rise of experimental approaches, and the emergence of new fields and disciplines. Interestingly, this conceptual heritage was at the core of any attempt to unify the problems of inheritance, development, and evolution, in particular in the last decades, with the rise of “evo-devo.” This chapter examines the conditions of this theoretical continuity and the challenges it brings out for the current evolutionary sciences.
14
Partridge, Brad, and Wayne Hall. Concussion, neuroethics, and sport: Policies of the past do not suffice for the future. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0026.
Анотація:
Concussion management policies have become a major priority worldwide for sports that involve frequent collisions between participants because repeated head trauma has been associated with long-term cognitive impairments, mental health problems, and some forms of neurological degeneration. A number of concussion management policies have been developed by professional bodies and subsequently adopted by various sporting leagues. These have offered little guidance on how to navigate ethical issues in identifying and managing concussion. This chapter discusses ethical issues that arise in the diagnosis of concussion, debates about the longer-term consequences of repeated concussion injuries, and the design and implementation of policies that aim to prevent and manage concussion injuries in sporting matches.
15
La Caze, Adam. Frequentism. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.17.
Анотація:
This chapter introduces the key frequentist interpretation of probability as developed by Venn, von Mises and Reichenbach. Frequentists identify probabilities with frequencies; but there are problems with this identification. Finite frequentism is beset with problems, including the problem of the single case. Hypothetical frequentism, identifying probability with limiting relative frequencies in infinitely repeated trials, provides a response to the problems of finite frequentism and is consistent with the interpretation of probability in many areas of science. But identifying probability with hypothetical frequencies raises new questions. The chapter focuses on the main criticisms leveled against frequentism. The problems of frequentism raise interesting questions for the role of frequentist probabilities in science. Throughout the chapter an attempt is made to identify the different criteria by which frequentism is assessed as an interpretation of probability in contrast to the instrumental focus of many frequentists in assessing the role of probabilities in science.
16
Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0053.
Анотація:
This article discusses two problems in the study of political behaviours that support collective action. It reviews recent behavioural experiments documenting the variety and extent of these so called social preferences, as well as the manner in which the existence of individuals — even a minority — can affect group behaviour dramatically. This article shows that repeated interactions and kin-based altruism do not provide an adequate account of the forms of cooperation detected in natural and experimental settings.
17
Larson, Rhett B. Just Add Water. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948009.001.0001.
Анотація:
Scientists have long been searching for a unified field theory—one answer to all of the questions about the physical universe. In Just Add Water: Solving the World’s Problems Using Its Most Precious Resource, I take a similar approach to social policy questions. What if we could find a unified social policy theory—the answer to every question, from how to prevent war to how to promote gender equality? Nearly all of our most serious global challenges are complex, multifaceted “wicked problems.” But perhaps the first step in solving wicked problems as seemingly distinct as racism and disease epidemics is the same: reform our laws, policies, and priorities to achieve global water security. Global water security means reasonable access for all people to water of acceptable quantity and quality with acceptable costs and risks. Just as the essential element to all life is water, so water is the essential element to solving life’s challenges. Virtually every major social challenge—including gender inequality, racial discrimination, terrorism, space exploration, global disease epidemics, mass migrations, and climate change—has a significant and underappreciated water component. Each chapter of this book takes one of these wicked problems, illustrates the role water plays in that problem, and proposes reforms to address the water aspect of that problem, with the aim of achieving global water security. My goal in this book is to convince the reader that the answer, or at least one part of the answer, to our most serious problems is the oft-repeated late-night infomercial exhortation: “Just add water.”
18
Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Difficult eating behaviour in the young child. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0016.
Анотація:
Appetite 114Common feeding problems in 1–5 year olds 116How to increase energy intake 117Food refusal is common in early life. During the first year infants will try food because they are hungry, or because they are using their mouths to explore the environment. Later on, there has to be motivation to try new foods, and this usually comes from imitation of other people eating. In early childhood it is the presentation of safe and socially appropriate foods and their repeated ingestion that leads to them being liked....
19
Brunsson, Nils. Organizational Reforms as Routines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198296706.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter argues that organizational reforms are driven by problems to be addressed, by solutions to be applied, and by forgetfulness. The greater the supply of any of these factors, the more likely it is that reforms will occur. Without problems, reforms are difficult to justify; without solutions they cannot be formulated; and without forgetfulness there is a risk that people will be discouraged by the fact that similar reforms have been tried and have failed in the past. In contemporary large organizations, problems tend to be easily found. Those interested in selling solutions often try to supply problems as well — problems that can be solved by their solutions. Forgetfulness can be promoted by the use of consultants with limited experience of the implementation and long-term effects of reforms. Reforms are also self-referential; they tend to cause new reforms. Thus, reforms can be considered as routines: they are likely to be repeated over and over again.
20
Mody, Ashoka. Three Leaps in the Dark, 1950–1982. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter describes the evolution of Europe's monetary union as a French initiative motivated by goal of achieving monetary and economic parity with Germany. The Schuman Declaration in 1950 brought European nations together in a spirit of reconciliation and laid the preparatory basis for post-War Europe. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome enabled the flowering of the European community—which, by the mid-1960s, had completed its primary task of establishing an institutional framework for cooperative coexistence and, by opening trade borders, had enhanced the material capabilities of the nation state. However, the European monetary union project in 1969 resulted in severe economic problems. Forcing one monetary policy on divergent nations made no logical or practical sense. Thus, repeated efforts to fix exchange rates predictably failed. Ultimately, the pursuit of monetary union created great risks and did little for Europe's real economic problem of generating long-term growth and reducing unemployment.
21
Golan, Amos. Rational Inference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0002.
Анотація:
In this chapter I present arguments for the use of info-metrics as a fundamental framework for rational inference. The chapter consists of two interdependent parts. In the first I provide the framework for rational inference, which involves the use of a specific decision function to achieve the desired inference. In the second part I summarize four sets of axioms to justify the decision function argued for in the first part. All axioms lead to the same decision function: the entropy function of Boltzmann, Gibbs, and Shannon. In this chapter I emphasize underdetermined problems and problems of insufficient information, but I also discuss inference based on information resulting from repeated independent experiments. The same entropy function is identified in each case, as well as the desired decision function.
22
Why the Navy Act should be repealed: Imperial problems. [Montréal?: s.n., 1994.
23
Pontes Filho, Raimundo Pereira. Desafios à segurança pública no Brasil. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-169-1.
Анотація:
The problems and themes dealt with in the course of this work constitute repeated challenges to public security in Brazil. There are several others, no doubt, but here is a simple sample of the main ones. The urgent need to review the concept and the model put into practice, predominantly, as a public security paradigm in Brazilian society is evident. It is a demanding task, it requires considerable effort, however, it is essential to the perspectives of life in society in the country, under penalty of making the social reality increasingly dramatic and violent. In this sense, without pretending to point out or constitute any conclusive character, this work aims to collaborate to understand, subsidize, encourage the search for new multidisciplinary solutions with a view to overcoming the serious scenarios of violence and crime in force in the country. It is important to recognize the existence of good practices, including with an interactive focus between disciplines that study or deal with the problem, although they are still far from the answers demanded by the problems arising from public insecurity. In short, “Challenges to public security” is a work that proposes dialogue, questioning and the effort to jointly build possible alternatives and solutions aimed at different socio-cultural contexts impacted adversely by the damages imposed by violence and the culture of crime in Brazil.
24
Olds, David D., and Fredric N. Busch. Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0017.
Анотація:
The psychoanalytic psychotherapies, which include brief psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy, transference focused psychotherapy, mentalization based treatment, and panic focused psychodynamic psychotherapy, are based on the underlying theory that symptoms stem from unconscious traumatic memories or conflicts about sexual and aggressive wishes as well as maladaptive or self-destructive behavior patterns that are unconsciously repeated. The cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies, which include cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy, are based on the assumption that symptoms arise from maladaptive patterns of cognition and behavior that are learned via behavioral conditioning. Interpersonal psychotherapy, family therapy, and group therapy can be regarded as multiple-person therapies that view symptoms as arising from problems in relations between and among people. Crisis intervention and other supportive psychotherapies provide patients with advice and education to enhance coping skills and ego functions.
25
Macartney, Huw. The Bank Culture Debate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843764.001.0001.
Анотація:
Following the global financial crisis and repeated scandals, US and UK state managers made substantial efforts to reform the culture of their banking sectors. This book argues though that they focused on an extremely narrow definition of bank culture. They did so for two reasons: firstly, because the structural pressures of financialization—which are a far more important driver of the problematic features of bank culture in Anglo-America—are harder to remedy; but secondly, state managers also used their bank culture response to tackle a legitimacy crisis facing their institutions of government. In so doing they abdicated responsibility for the real problems—of inequality and instability—associated with their respective financial systems. Drawing on interviews with over 150 bankers this book explains the strategies employed by state managers before then examining what has and has not changed in the culture of banking in the US and UK.
26
Sakauye, Kenneth, and James E. Nininger. Trauma in Late Life. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0009.
Анотація:
This chapter focuses on the prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic problems in the elderly and reviews information on resilience and suggested treatment approaches. While posttraumatic stress disorder in the elderly has been studied, less is known about other common trauma- and stressor-related disorders including adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, and traumatic grief. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) defines trauma as “exposure or actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.” It must be directly experienced, witnessed, or occur to a family member or friend, or it could be a repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event. No event is always traumatic, and, conversely, even a seemingly mild negative event can be traumatic to some individuals. Two presumed variables are (a) appraisal of the situation (whether a person feels in control) and (b) individual biological differences in responsiveness.
27
Freitag, Lisa. Competence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491789.003.0006.
Анотація:
Parents caring for children with special health care needs or long-term disabilities are called to a new level of competence as medical caregivers, often as soon as the child is discharged from the hospital. There is no accepted measure for success with this task, though failure can be met with repeated hospitalization or removal of the child from the home. This chapter evaluates, through parent narratives, how parents obtain and view their competence. Some parents perform in-depth research into their child’s medical problems and achieve a surprisingly high level of knowledge. This is often discounted by both the parents and health care providers. The moral work done in this area is significant. Parents must change their priorities and re-align their expectations for their child’s success. They must adapt to a slower developmental pace, and create for the child a safe haven where the child’s disability becomes the accepted norm.
28
Wijdicks, Eelco F. M. Brain Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190662493.001.0001.
Анотація:
The core of the text of this book combines the theory and practice of determining brain death. The history and development of clinical criteria of brain death is revisited. The complex neurological evaluation and its pitfalls are discussed in great detail. Moreover, the many facets of brain death determination as well as its communication to family members are examined. These include cultures beliefs, bioethical problems, discussion with family members, and many of the issues associated with organ procurement. The process of organ procurement, which is separate from brain death determination, is also outlined, along with the role of an organ procurement coordinator. This monograph is exhaustively researched and provides answers to pressing and often repeated questions, in a chapter focused on 30 issues commonly encountered by physicians in determining brain death, maintaining the body in intensive care for organ donation, and dealing compassionately with family members and effectively with the media. Legal issues are also addressed here. The book includes several video clips pertaining to the neurological evaluation of brain death and accompanying pitfalls.
29
Williams, Neil E. The Powers Metaphysic. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833574.001.0001.
Анотація:
Systematic metaphysics is defined by its task of solving metaphysical problems through the repeated application of a single, fundamental ontology. The dominant contemporary metaphysic is that of neo-Humeanism, built on a static ontology typified by its rejection of basic causal and modal features. This book offers and develops a radically distinct metaphysic, one that turns the status quo on its head. Starting with a foundational ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’, a metaphysic is developed that appeals to powers in explanations of causation, persistence, laws, and modality. Powers are properties that have their causal natures internal to them: they are responsible for the effects in the world. A unique account of powers is developed that understands this internal nature in terms of a blueprint of potential interaction types. After the presentation of the powers ontology, it is put to work in offering solutions to broad metaphysical puzzles, some of which take on different forms in light of the new tools that are available. The defence of the ontology comes from the virtues of metaphysic it can be used to develop. Particular attention is paid to the problems of causation and persistence, simultaneously solving them as it casts them in a new light. The resultant powers metaphysic is offered as a systematic alternative to neo-Humeanism.
30
Adleyba, Dzhulyetta. The stylistic and poetical-compositional system of a fairy tale. Volume 1 : Oral stylistic foundations of a fairy tale. Experimental study on the Abkhaz material. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1473.978-5-317-06459-4_v1.
Анотація:
In the present edition “The stylistic and poetical-compositional system of a fairy tale” in 2 volumes, the author's works in the field of the study of the stylistic system of a fairy tale, carried out within the framework of an experimental direction in folklore studies, are combined. The study of the problem in this direction was undertaken by the author on the initiative of the outstanding scientist V.M. Gatsak, Doctor of Philology, Corresponding Member RAS, and was conducted over a number of years. The monograph “Oral stylistic foundations of a fairy tale. Experimental study on the abkhaz material”, which constituted 1 volume of this edition “The stylistic and poetical-compositional system of a fairy tale”, is devoted to topical problems of folklore studies, dictated by the urgent need for a comprehensive audio-visual study of folklore style. The work was carried out according to a special methodology, providing for the study of samples of oral poetry in their living existence in the light of the requirements of the experimental direction in folklore with the obligatory use of repeated recordings of fairy texts at different times, as well as film and photo documents. The aim and task of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of the style of fairy tale narration in their conditionality by the laws of preservation and transmission of traditions. The section “Appendices” contains samples of tabular analysis and intonation recording of typed repetitions, a package of film and photographic documents, a disc with a recording of the text being executed and rhythmic segments.
31
Black, Claudia. Repeat After Me. Mac Publishing, 1991.
32
Black, Claudia. Repeat After Me. 2nd ed. Mac Publishing, 1995.
33
Moore, Scott M. Subnational Hydropolitics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864101.001.0001.
Анотація:
The prospect of international conflict over water has long been the subject of academic and popular concern, but subnational political conflict is considerably more common, and almost certainly imposes greater economic and environmental costs. Indeed, subnational hydropolitics are an important feature of several large countries, including the United States, India, and China. Moreover, disputes between water users in shared river basins have often persisted despite repeated attempts by central governments to resolve them through both persuasion and coercion. Yet despite the growing threat of water scarcity around the world, little research exists on sub-national politics of shared water resources. This book attempts to fill the gap by explaining how and why hydropolitics play out within countries, as well as between them. Subnational Hydropolitics re-examines the issue of water conflict by examining conflicts at the subnational rather than international level. By examining several in-depth case studies of both conflict and cooperation, Scott Moore argues that increasing sub-national water conflict is driven by two inter-linked forces, identity politics, which gives subnational politicians a reason to compete over shared water resources; and political decentralization, which provides them with the tools to do so. To understand politics at the subnational level, the book blends insights from both the environmental governance and comparative politics literatures. By examining the challenges many countries face in achieving cooperation over shared water resources, the book helps to shed light on different mechanisms and processes for solving cooperation problems at the regional scale lessons relevant to tackling a wide range of transboundary environmental problems, including air pollution, urbanization, and ecosystem protection. But at its core, this book promises a definitive contribution to the growing sub-field of environmental politics, centered on understanding how different countries attempt to solve the problems inherent in governing water resources in shared river basins.
34
Koch, Susanne, and Peter Weingart. The Delusion of Knowledge Transfer: The Impact of Foreign Aid Experts on Policy-making in South Africa and Tanzania. African Minds, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331391.
Анотація:
With the rise of the knowledge for development paradigm, expert advice has become a prime instrument of foreign aid. At the same time, it has been object of repeated criticism: the chronic failure of technical assistance a notion under which advice is commonly subsumed has been documented in a host of studies. Nonetheless, international organisations continue to send advisors, promising to increase the effectiveness of expert support if their technocratic recommendations are taken up. This book reveals fundamental problems of expert advice in the context of aid that concern issues of power and legitimacy rather than merely flaws of implementation. Based on empirical evidence from South Africa and Tanzania, the authors show that aid-related advisory processes are inevitably obstructed by colliding interests, political pressures and hierarchical relations that impede knowledge transfer and mutual learning. As a result, recipient governments find themselves caught in a perpetual cycle of dependency, continuously advised by experts who convey the shifting paradigms and agendas of their respective donor governments. For young democracies, the persistent presence of external actors is hazardous: ultimately, it poses a threat to the legitimacy of their governments if their policy-making becomes more responsive to foreign demands than to the preferences and needs of their citizens.
35
Revesz, Richard, and Jack Lienke. Struggling for Air. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190233112.001.0001.
Анотація:
Since the beginning of the Obama Administration, conservative politicians have railed against the President's "War on Coal." As evidence of this supposed siege, they point to a series of rules issued by the Environmental Protection Agency that aim to slash air pollution from the nation's power sector . Because coal produces far more pollution than any other major energy source, these rules are expected to further reduce its already shrinking share of the electricity market in favor of cleaner options like natural gas and solar power. But the EPA's policies are hardly the "unprecedented regulatory assault " that opponents make them out to be. Instead, they are merely the latest chapter in a multi-decade struggle to overcome a tragic flaw in our nation's most important environmental law. In 1970, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, which had the remarkably ambitious goal of eliminating essentially all air pollution that posed a threat to public health or welfare. But there was a problem: for some of the most common pollutants, Congress empowered the EPA to set emission limits only for newly constructed industrial facilities, most notably power plants. Existing plants, by contrast, would be largely exempt from direct federal regulation-a regulatory practice known as "grandfathering." What lawmakers didn't anticipate was that imposing costly requirements on new plants while giving existing ones a pass would simply encourage those old plants to stay in business much longer than originally planned. Since 1970, the core problems of U.S. environmental policy have flowed inexorably from the smokestacks of these coal-fired clunkers, which continue to pollute at far higher rates than their younger peers. In Struggling for Air, Richard L. Revesz and Jack Lienke chronicle the political compromises that gave rise to grandfathering, its deadly consequences, and the repeated attempts-by presidential administrations of both parties-to make things right.
36
Curwen, Tracey. Differentiating children with and without a history of repeated problematic sexual behaviours following adult reprimand. 2007.
37
Kolenda, Christopher D. Zero-Sum Victory. University Press of Kentucky, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813152769.001.0001.
Анотація:
Why have the major post-9/11 US military interventions turned into quagmires? Despite huge power imbalances in the United States' favor, significant capacity-building efforts, and repeated tactical victories by what many observers call the world's best military, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq turned intractable. The US government's fixation on zero-sum, decisive victory in these conflicts is a key reason why military operations to overthrow two developing-world regimes failed to successfully achieve favorable and durable outcomes. In Zero-Sum Victory, retired US Army colonel Christopher D. Kolenda identifies three interrelated problems that have emerged from the government's insistence on zero-sum victory. First, the US government has no organized way to measure successful outcomes other than a decisive military victory, and thus, selects strategies that overestimate the possibility of such an outcome. Second, the United States is slow to recognize and modify or abandon losing strategies; in both cases, US officials believe their strategies are working, even as the situation deteriorates. Third, once the United States decides to withdraw, bargaining asymmetries and disconnects in strategy undermine the prospects for a successful transition or negotiated outcome. Relying on historic examples and personal experience, Kolenda draws thought-provoking and actionable conclusions about the utility of American military power in the contemporary world—insights that serve as a starting point for future scholarship as well as for important national security reforms.
38
Roberts, Julian V., and Jan W. de Keijser. Sentencing the Multiple-Conviction Offender. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter focuses on the punishment of offenders sentenced for multiple offenses that have not been separated by independent prosecution and sentencing. Most scholars believe that the striking discrepancy between sentences imposed on multiple and repeat offenders cannot be justified in terms of retributivism. The existing solutions to the overpunishment of offenders convicted of multiple crimes invoke concurrent sentencing or the exercise of mercy by a sentencing court. Both approaches mitigate excessive punishment, but also create a number of problems. This chapter first considers the nature of the problem and the deficiencies of current approaches to multiple-offense sentencing before explaining how much of the gap between the repeat and the multiple offenders’ sentences can be accommodated within a retributive framework. It also describes culpability and harm as independent elements of deservedness and argues in favor of reduced sentences when the offenses are related to one another.
39
Vanderschraaf, Peter. A Limited Leviathan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199832194.003.0006.
Анотація:
The state social contract relationship between rulers and the ruled in civil society is fruitfully understood as a governing convention. This relationship is modeled with an indefinitely repeated Humean Sovereignty game, where subjects and their sovereign maintain a governing convention by respectively obeying and providing adequate government. The ruled and their rulers maintain an implicit contract that is self-enforcing rather than an explicit contract requiring third-party enforcement. This model is motivated by the Trust problem in game theory and dynamic programming models of employment search. The governing convention idea has roots in Hume’s discussions of government. The closely allied Leadership Selection problem has roots in Hobbes’ account of commonwealth by institution. Hobbes’ original analysis fails, but his general strategy of justifying government by identifying an isomorphism between an actual regime and the regime of hypothetical choice motivates justifying democratic government via the salience of a democratic leadership convention.
40
Black, Claudia. Repeat After Me: A Workbook for Adult Children Overcoming Dysfunctional Family Systems. Central Recovery Press, 2018.
41
Miyazaki, Hirokazu. Gifts and Exchange. Edited by Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0010.
Анотація:
A gift contains within itself a part of its giver: ‘to make a gift of something to someone is to make a present of some part of oneself’. This article traces the trajectories of debates in socio-cultural anthropology that have stemmed from Mauss' solution to the problem of reciprocity, with a view to stepping outside these trajectories. The first half of this article seeks to demonstrate that the succession of debates following Mauss' essay consists of repeated attempts to rework the relationship between Mauss' original problem and solution. This article draws upon the ideas of the French sociologist Marcel Mauss and his critique of Claude Levis Strauss. This article further traces Weiner's revision and renewal of Mauss' thesis of the inalienability of gifts which has had a significant impact on subsequent debates about gifts and exchange. A detailed analysis of aesthetic constraints related to gift and ideas of extension concludes this article.
42
Kurtz, Suzanne M., and Lara J. Cooke. Learner-centred communication training. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0011.
Анотація:
This chapter provides an overview of core principles and key strategies for teaching communication skills using a learner-centred approach. Goals of communication teaching are summarized. Attitudes are important to be developed as a foundation to the masterful use of skills crossing several different communication issues. Communication should focus on mutual understanding. Effective strategies for teaching communication include experiential, learner-centred small-group work that uses observation, feedback, and repeated practice. The Calgary–Cambridge Model is used as an example of a skills-based approach to teaching communication. Following on, agenda-led outcome-based analysis (ALOBA) is presented as a model to for giving feedback and facilitating experiential, learner-centred, problem-based sessions. The authors close with commentary on modelling and the informal curriculum.
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Ludwig, Kirk. Status Functions and Conventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0009.
Анотація:
Chapter 9 argues first that the assignment of a status function to an object or type of object for use on repeated occasions constitutes a convention. The relevant notion of convention is that of collective acceptance by a group of a solution to a coordination problem. This is contrasted with David Lewis’s account of convention. Next, it provides an analysis of collective acceptance as a matter of members of a group having either appropriately interlocking we-intentions directed at particular objects or appropriately interlocking conditional we-intentions directed at objects or types of objects. Finally, it explains, in light of this, in what sense a status function is an intention dependent function, that is, a function that cannot be performed by an object having it unintentionally.
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Wise, Elspeth. Primary care presentation. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0015.
Анотація:
For many patients their first presentation to a medical professional with a musculoskeletal complaint is in a primary care setting. They may have as little as 10 minutes to explain their problem, be examined, and have a management plan determined. Quite commonly the musculoskeletal problem may present as an aside—by the way doctor, while I'm here'. All of this presents a challenge to the assessing primary care physician, who may have had little specific training for what makes up a large part of their workload. What training they have had may be inappropriate for their day-to-day job, as it is often secondary care led. The conditions that are classically seen in a secondary care setting and that are emphasized in the medical school curriculum are rarely seen in primary care. Patients also may not necessarily present with the classical symptoms described in textbooks; often it is over time, and with repeated contact, that the diagnosis may become more obvious. This chapter looks at the prevalence data for primary care and discusses the routine workload of a primary care physician.
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Cicchetti, Dante, and Fred A. Rogosch. A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Substance Use. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0002.
Анотація:
In this chapter, a developmental psychopathology conceptualization of child maltreatment is presented as an overarching heuristic with relevance for understanding the development of alcohol and substance use and abuse. This chapter also provides illustrations from research on how child maltreatment contributes to problem substance use in adolescence. Child maltreatment represents an extreme failure of the caregiving environment to provide many of the expectable experiences necessary to facilitate normal developmental processes. Maltreatment ushers in a probabilistic epigenesis for children characterized by an increased likelihood of failure and disruption in the successful resolution of major developmental tasks. These repeated disruptions lead to compromised developmental organizations of diverse developmental systems that increase the probability of the emergence of maladaptation, psychopathology, and substance abuse as negative transactions between the child and the environment ensue. Person-centered personality organizations and genetic moderation of maltreatment risk on substance use outcomes are also highlighted.
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Thöni, Christian. Trust and Cooperation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0009.
Анотація:
Most of the empirical research on the role of trust as a determinant for economic prosperity relies on survey measured indicators for trust. In this chapter I discuss a number of studies providing micro-foundations of the link between survey measured trust and cooperative behavior in controlled experiments. The results suggest that the most frequently used survey item on trust correlates with a preference for making the trusting move. In contrast, a survey item on fairness is a strong predictor for a person's expectations about the other's trustworthiness. Applied to a cross-cultural perspective I discuss the radius of trust problem and investigate the role of in-group and out-group trust. In a repeated public goods game I find that out-group trust predicts cooperation in the first round of the game, whereas towards the end of the game in-group trust seems to gain importance.
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Hofer-Robinson, Joanna. Dickens and Demolition. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420983.001.0001.
Анотація:
Dickens and Demolition is the first study to trace and measure the material impact of Charles Dickens’s fiction in London’s built environment. The book analyses debates surrounding large-scale metropolitan demolitions, modernisation or reform projects in the mid-nineteenth century and tracks a Dickensian vocabulary in these discussions across multiple media and fora, including written commentaries, parliamentary debates, theatre and the visual arts. It argues that tropes, characters and extracts from his fiction were repeatedly remediated to articulate and negotiate contemporary anxieties about the urban environment and linked social problems. In so doing, it poses the questions: what cultural work is performed by literary afterlives? And can we trace their material effects in the spaces we inhabit?
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Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wall-Paper and Other Stories. Edited by Robert Shulman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199538843.001.0001.
Анотація:
Charlotte Perkins Gilman was America's leading feminist intellectual of the early twentieth century. The Yellow Wall-Paper and Other Stories makes available the fullest selection of her short fiction ever printed. In addition to her pioneering masterpiece, ‘The Yellow Wall-Paper’ (1890), which draws on her own experience of depression and insanity, this edition features her Impress ‘story studies’, works in the manner of writers such as James, Twain, and Kipling. These stories, together with other fiction from her neglected California period (1890-5), throw new light on Gilman as a practitioner of the art of fiction. In her Forerunner stories she repeatedly explores the situation of ‘the woman of fifty’ and inspires reform by imagining workable solutions to a range of personal and social problems.
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Stachowska-Pietka, Joanna, Jacek Waniewski, and Bengt Lindholm. Peritoneal dialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0264.
Анотація:
The principles of peritoneal dialysis are based on the physiological processes and their driving forces which permit the exchange of water (by ultrafiltration and fluid absorption) and solutes (by diffusion and convective transport) between the peritoneal microvasculature and the dialysate. In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneal transport system—mesenchymal cells, interstitium, microvasculature, and lymphatics—is repeatedly exposed to high concentrations of an osmotic agent, and a volume load, leading to increased intraperitoneal hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. This results in immediate as well as long-term structural and functional changes of the peritoneal transport system. Clinical tests supplemented with mathematical modelling have been developed to monitor the quantitative characteristics of the peritoneal transport system, allowing detection and diagnosis of various problems and guidance when predicting consequences of changes in prescription.
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Tobin, Martin J. Assessment and technique of weaning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0102.
Анотація:
Several studies suggest that most patients weaned successfully could have tolerated the weaning attempts had they been initiated a day or so earlier. Such data emphasize the need for the early use of screening tests. A screening test should have a high sensitivity. The ratio of respiratory frequency to tidal volume has been evaluated in more than 25 studies and its average sensitivity is 0.89. Weaning involves undertaking three diagnostic tests in sequence, measuring predictors, a weaning trial, and a trial of extubation. Of the techniques used for a weaning trial, intermittent mandatory ventilation has been repeatedly shown to be inferior to the use of T-tube trials or pressure support. Six randomized trials have evaluated the usefulness of protocols in the management of weaning. Three revealed no benefit—two had major methodological problems, leaving only one supporting the use of protocols.