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Дисертації з теми "Représentation mentale – Aspect physiologique":
Li, Tianyi. "Vision, mutlisensory integration and aging in an integrated computational model of spatial memory." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS612.
An ever growing body of neuroscientific data is becoming available from various animal species, including humans, due to technological advances in capturing brain signals and behavior linked with them. These increasing amounts of data, together with an unprecedented power and memory capacity of present day computers calls for large scale computational models with the objective of unifying, storing and analysing these data. Moreover, such models allow crosslinking computational studies from various domains and in various levels of neural hierarchy to provide a deeper understanding of neuronal mechanisms underlying various cognitive phenomena and their link with behavior. The objective of this thesis is to develop an integrated model of human behavior in the context of spatial orientation and its deterioration with age. The problem of spatial cognition is considered as a problem of combining external sensory cues coming from the environment and internal sensory cues coming from self-motion information, with the objective to build a mental representation of surrounding space. A large body of experimental research suggests that this representation is constructed within an intricate network of brain areas residing in the medial temporal lobe, with external sensory input arriving via a ``dorsal'' visual path originating in early visual areas and passing via the parietal cortex. Aging has been shown to strongly affect medial temporal lobe networks and associated memory-based behaviors, and in particular the creation of mental representations of space. In this thesis we develop an integrated neural network model of spatial memory by based on anatomical and functional experimental evidence of sensory information processing in the dorsal visual path and medial temporal lobe networks. We use this model to simulate a number of experiments linking human visual functions with spatial orientation behaviors, and propose how visual cues are combined with self-motion input during the construction of mental maps of space. We then test the hypothesis that aging exerts its deteriorating effects on spatial memory via acting on neuromodulatory action in the brain and is linked with reduced novelty processing in the medial temporal lobe. Overall, the work performed during this doctoral thesis provides a first step towards building an integrated computer platform for human behavior simulation and contributes to a better understanding of how spatial representations are built from sensory signals and are affected by aging
Watier, Christian. "Caractéristiques de la représentation mentale dans une tâche d'identification absolue." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/63872.
Parent, Mark, and Mark Parent. "Diagnosticité des mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33770.
La charge mentale est un concept très utile dans les domaines dont l’objet d’étude et d’analyse est le travail et la performance humaine. Typiquement, la charge mentale est mesurée à l’aide des mesures subjectives (c.-à-d. des questionnaires) ou par des mesures comportementales (c.-à-d. les actions des individus). La charge mentale peut également être mesurée à l’aide de l’activité physiologique périphérique (p.ex. l’activité cardiaque). Il est cependant difficile de déterminer la source de la charge mentale à l’aide des mesures physiologiques périphérique. En effet, les sous-dimensions de la charge mentale, comme l’exigence, l’effort, le stress et la fatigue, provoquent souvent des manifestations physiologiques similaires. En plus de cette problématique, les mesures physiologiques de la charge mentale sont trop souvent étudiées dans des contextes de laboratoire et trop rarement étudiées dans des milieux de travail réels. Il est donc crucial d’investiguer leur potentiel dans des contextes réels. Cette thèse vise donc à investiguer le potentiel diagnostique (le potentiel à déterminer la source) des mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale. Pour y arriver, une méthode combinant l’approches cognitive traditionnelle et l’apprentissage automatique est utilisée. La thèse rapporte les résultats de deux expériences : une première menée en contexte de laboratoire et une seconde menée dans une simulation de commandement et contrôle reproduisant un milieu de travail réel. Les résultats montrent que les mesures physiologiques périphériques peuvent prédire, avec une bonne précision, la sousdimension qui est à l’origine de la charge mentale en contexte de tâche simple. Bien que moins précise, il reste possible de faire cette prédiction dans des contextes de tâche réelle. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse apporte plusieurs contributions essentielles afin de rendre possible les mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale dans les milieux de travail réels.
Mental workload stands out as a key concept as soon as human work and human performance is discussed. Mental workload is often measured using subjective questionnaires or behavioral cues. Peripheral physiological measures (e.g. heart rate) can also be used to measure workload. However, it is particularly difficult to determine the source of workload using peripheral physiological measures. Sub-divisions of mental workload, such as task load, mental effort, stress and fatigue, often trigger similar physiological reactions, blurring the diagnostic potential of physiological measures. Furthermore, physiological measures are too often investigated in laboratory settings, making it hazardous to determine their performance in real world settings. This thesis aims at investigating the diagnostic potential of peripheral physiological measures. A mixed methodology, combining traditional cognitive approach as well as machine learning techniques, is used. This thesis presents results of both a laboratory setting experimental as well as an ecological command and control simulation. Results show that peripheral measures can be used to predict, with high accuracy, the source of workload in laboratory settings. While not as accurate, results also show that it is possible to perform a diagnostic measure of workload in an ecological work simulation. This thesis contribute to improve the potential of peripheral physiological measures in real work settings.
Mental workload stands out as a key concept as soon as human work and human performance is discussed. Mental workload is often measured using subjective questionnaires or behavioral cues. Peripheral physiological measures (e.g. heart rate) can also be used to measure workload. However, it is particularly difficult to determine the source of workload using peripheral physiological measures. Sub-divisions of mental workload, such as task load, mental effort, stress and fatigue, often trigger similar physiological reactions, blurring the diagnostic potential of physiological measures. Furthermore, physiological measures are too often investigated in laboratory settings, making it hazardous to determine their performance in real world settings. This thesis aims at investigating the diagnostic potential of peripheral physiological measures. A mixed methodology, combining traditional cognitive approach as well as machine learning techniques, is used. This thesis presents results of both a laboratory setting experimental as well as an ecological command and control simulation. Results show that peripheral measures can be used to predict, with high accuracy, the source of workload in laboratory settings. While not as accurate, results also show that it is possible to perform a diagnostic measure of workload in an ecological work simulation. This thesis contribute to improve the potential of peripheral physiological measures in real work settings.
Lacroix, Natasha. "Elaboration et organisation macrostructurales lors du traitement de textes documentaires." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT5006.
This study iwas designed to investigate the mecanisms of macrostructural construction when readin documentary texts. We consider two levels in the macrostructural processing : the macrostructural drawing-up level (selection of information), the macrostructural organization level (ideas structuring). We used a method that could account for the buildings producted at the 2 levels. The experiments produced aim at studing the effect of textuel and conceptual factors on macrostructural construction in a particular situation of reading : the hypertext reading. The results show that the macrostructural construction is more of less constraint according to the facilitation degree of drawing-up and-or organisation level. It seems that the macrostuctural studying can be understood considering the two levels. These levels were independant or interractive according to the reading situation
Palomèque, Christina. "Didactique de l'espagnol dans l'enseignement supérieur : analyse d'un dispositif et évaluation des résultats : l'enseignement/apprentissage entre déterminisme et liberté." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL12015.
What are the means that need be put in place for the leaming of Spanish for beginner adults in higher education who receive 12, 15 or 20 hours of face-to-face teaching and who will be evaluated at a B2 level of the Common European Framework of Referencefor Languages ? Within the field of Education Sciences, our approach provides a novel insight into knowledge domains and related disciplines that contribute to the empirical dimensions of the dldactIc sItuatIon. The ensuing theoretical joumey of integrating language lessons into an anthropologIcal. perspectIve, fed by phllosophlcal and neurological science principles, opens up the posslblhtIes for pragmatlc practlces. These include the construction of a language "theory" with empirical aims that incorporates a "probabilist model" of the theory. ln so doing, it constitutes a model of reference for leamers / teachers wanting to establish identifiable strategies for actors in the didactic situation. The linguistic dimension of our research is based on the hypothesis that personal meaning produced by a locutor is an integral part of the individual' s vital Space-Time experience. Based on this common vital experience, we put forward a didactic framework, we cali LA.S.T.R.A.S. (LAnguage, Space, Time, Representation, Autonomy, Strategy). The three initial sequences of LA.S.T.R.A.S. set up the link between the new conventions of a foreign language and its target contexts. Our study evaluated this framework. ln encouraging the construction of foreign language leaming, leamers are offered an explicit representation of constraints that constitutes the knowledge domain they seek to acquire in an authentic awareness of their essential freedom as locutors. This "existential paradox of language production" is a lived situation within an institution concemed with the "knowledge domain of living languages"
Grasso, Francesco. "La représentation de l'enfant handicapé : clinique du suivi des enfants handicapés et approfondissement théorique du concept de représentation." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070066.
This work is based on different studies, psychoanalytical and not, to demonstrate that the parental representations of his handicapped child, concerning a similar traumatic experience, regard the functioning of different levels of mental Systems, the hierarchical organization of mind and the social significance of handicap. The complexity of the relation between the parents and their children depends on many types of psychic representations that need "to follow" in clinical practice. First chapter: the phenomenological aspects of handicap (evaluation and classification, social and politic values, legislative references) and clinic aspects (parental, familial and couple topics) Second chapter - three sections a) The structural theories of the mind and the multiplicity of representational systems in the humans (and in the complex animals) b)Comparing the development of human and animal behavioural systems. The effects of the child's impairments on parental representational systems. The author discuss the observations regarding the phylogenetic level by the ethological studies and the ontogenetic level, by a critical revision of the Bowlby's Attachment Theory. C)the synthesis of theoretic and clinics aspects presented on the other two sections of this chapter by an explanatory hypothesis of the traumatic parenthood experience of the birth of an handicapped child. Third Chapter The concept of parenthood in handicap experience. The analysis of parents' psychic representations explained by clinical histories of the infants and parents
Quintana, Marie-Pilar. "Influence des forces de connexion causale sur la construction d'une représentation en mémoire sous forme de réseau : étude de la nécessité et de la suffisance." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/quintana_mp.
The studies presented here focus on the nature of mental representations individuals construct during narrative reading, as well as on the influence of causal strngths differences on the construction of those representations and on the storage and retrieval of information contained in those representations. As a matter of fact, we consider text comprehension as a problem solving task. To understand a text requires to indentify the relations beween text units as well as the ones between the text and the reader's knowledge. A text is then perceived and represented in memory as a coherent structure using the causal reasoning. Our studies allowed us to evidence for the psychological pertinence of the representation of the narrative causal structure as a network in which multiple connections are allowed towards one text unit. On another hand, we evidenced that the strength and the nature of a causal relation depend on the philosophical critera of necessity and sufficiency, in the circumstances, of the cause for its consequence. Moreover, the causal strengh (mainly determined by sufficiency) prevails on the number of connections an event has with others. At last, we showed the influence of sufficiency on the generation of forward causal inferences as well as the influence of distance between statements in the text surface structure on the cognitive representation of causal events varying according to their connection strength. Thus, the reader uses his knowledge and his causal reasoning to construct a coherent representation of textual information as a network
Tartari, Manuela. "Les representations du corps dans la pratique funeraire de cremation, de l'antiquite au monde moderne." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0083.
This work deals with the modifications in the images of the body during the funeral rite of cremation, all along the centuries from the ancient times to nowadays. It is studied starting from the indian pattern certified by the veda, it is explored in the ancient greek world, it is seen through the primitive christian wooden metaphors, and through the alchemy ones, till the illusions of positivism. The starting point is a research on the recent motivation of the cremation choice, which has given the evidence of the re-proposal of the 19th century cremation, being a secular and modern rite. This work wants to explore the two main images of the body, which are playing a basic role in the western funeral rite, concise named: the mirror body and the prison body
Taschereau-Dumouchel, Vincent. "Les fondements génétiques de la représentation des actions d'autrui." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26551.
Many questions were raised by the discovery of the mirror neuron system (MNS), a neural system involves in the transformation of visual representations of action into fined-grained changes in the motor system during action observation. Notably, how does this system acquire this property and what is its function? Contemporary perspectives propose that the MNS might be regulated both by genetics and associative learning in order to facilitate higher-order social cognitive processes, such as empathy. Although, so far, no genetic variant was directly or indirectly associated to the development or to the function of this system. This dissertation aims at determining the influence of a specific genetic variant, the polymorphism Val66Met of the Brain-derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF), on the activity and the function of the system. This genetic variant has previously been associated to motor learning and to visuomotor adaptation in regions of the mirror system. The results indicate that the BDNF val66Met polymorphism influences the response of the MNS during action observation. More precisely, this effect might be confered throught the action of the polymorphism on visuomotor associative learning (Article 1). Moreover, the results indicate an association between this polymorphism and self-reported empathy that cannot be explained by two other genetic variants commonly associated with this measure (Article 2). These observations led to the propostion of a new psychophysical conceptualisation of the effect of genetic variants in genetic neuroimaging that could facilitate the study of the complex gene-by-gene and gene-by-environement interactions in the field (Article 3). These results represent the first empirical evidence suggesting an influence of a specific genetic variant on the activity and function of the MNS. Our results do not indicate a direct link between the MNS and self-reported empathy, but indicate independent influences of the BDNF Val66Met on both phenotypes. This scientific contribution furthers our understanding of the mirror neuron system, a system widely studied for its role in psychopathologies linked to social cognitive symptoms such as schizophrenia.
Dompnier, Lucille. "Le jugement de qualité d'un objet manufacturé : le réseau conceptuel sous-jacent." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT5013.
Quality has become an absolute necessity for a product's manufacture. Therefore, knowing what representation a person has of that quality has became an important goal. Conceptual representation of objects and of their properties is analyzable in semantic features. The theories known as "theory-based" theories (Ahn, 1998 ; Rehder & Hastie, 2001) postulate on the existence of a network of causal relations between features. The goal of our study is to highlight these causal relations for two objects (a car and a computer) in the context of quality judgment and to determine the effect of the knowledge of the participants on this network. Our results point out that the feature's nature determines its causal status and this feature's causal status determines its relief and its verbalization. The level of knowledge of the participants has an impact on the establishment of relations between features' values. The results are discussed using the models of "theory-based" theories
Книги з теми "Représentation mentale – Aspect physiologique":
Dejours, Christophe. L' évaluation du travail à l'épreuve du réel: Critique des fondements de l'évaluation : une conférence-débat organisée par le groupe Sciences en questions, Paris, INRA, 20 mars 2003. Paris: INRA, 2003.
Duparc, François. L' image sur le divan: Comment l'image vient au psychanalyste. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.
Bhanji, S. Medical aspects of anorexia nervosa. London: Wright, 1988.
Vinet, Alain. Travail, organisation et santé: Le défi de la productivité dans le respect des personnes. [Québec]: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004.
Dotto, Lydia. Losing sleep: How your sleeping habits affect your life. New York: Morrow, 1990.
Dotto, Lydia. Losing sleep: How your sleeping habits affect your life. New York: Quill/William Morrow, 1990.
Damasio, Antonio-R. L'erreur de Descartes : La raison des émotions. Editions Odile Jacob, 2006.
The Psychobiology of bulimia nervosa. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Dotto, Lydia. Losing Sleep: How Your Sleeping Habits Affect Your Life. Quill, 1992.