Дисертації з теми "Sintasa de ácidos grasos"
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Vilà, Brau Anna. "Anàlisi del fenotip resultant de la modificació de l’expressió del gen 3-Hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-CoA sintasa mitocondrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32118.
Ketogenesis is a mitochodrial pathway by which ketone bodies (acetoacetat, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) are syntesized from the acetyl- CoA comming from fatty acid oxidation. The key enzyme of this pathway is mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS2). The regulation of HMGCS2 has been widely studied: it is known that hormones (glucagon, insulin, dexamethasone), metabolic situations (dietary fat, fastfeeding, lactation, prolonged exercise) or pathologies (diabetes) regulate its expression. During the last decade, evidence is emerging that ketone bodies could act as signaling molecules. To further study this role, in this thesis we studied the consequences of the modification of HMGCS2 gene expression. To this end, we performed experiments in HepG2 cells by overexpression and down regulation of HMGCS2 gene, which allowed us to demonstrate that HMGCS2 is necessary for the induction of fatty acid oxidation mediated by PPARα. We have also shown that HMGCS2 positively regulates the expression of FGF21, a PPARα target gene involved in energy homeostasis by a mechanism that involves sirtuin SIRT1. On the other hand, we have down regulated HMGCS2 acutely in mice by injection of adenovirus encoding for shRNAs and we have analysed the phenotype of these mice. Through a massive analysis of gene expression, we have identified Fat specific protein 27 (Fsp27/CIDEC), a protein involved in the formation of lipid droplets, as a potential target of HMGCS2. Finally, we explored the mechanisms of Fsp27/CIDEC gene regulation demonstrating that it is strongly induced during fasting in liver.
Blancafort, Jorquera Adriana. "Fatty acid synthase expression and inhibition in cancer." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671774.
En aquesta tesi s’estudia la relació entre l’expressió de FASN (sintasa d'àcids grassos) i les característiques clinicopatològiques i antropomètriques en pacients amb càncer de mama, per esbrinar el paper de FASN com a pronòstic de càncer de mama d’estadis primerencs. També s'estudia l’expressió de FASN i la seva inhibició (sola o en combinació amb la inhibició de la ruta EGFR/HER/ErbB) en models cel·lulars i animals (xenografts i ortoxenopatients) de càncer de pulmó HER1+/FASN+, i en càncer de mama HER2+/FASN+. Finalment, s’han desenvolupat models pre-clínics de càncer de mama HER2+ resistents a teràpies anti-HER2 (trastuzumab i lapatinib) per estudiar l’expressió de FASN i altres proteïnes involucrades en la resistència i també, l’eficàcia anti-tumoral in vivo dels inhibidors de FASN, sols o en combinació. Com a conclusió, es descriu FASN com a possible nova diana anti-tumoral (sola o en combinació) per futurs estudis pre-clínics i clínics en models tumorals FASN+
Doctorat en Ciències Experimentals i Sostenibilitat
Oliveras, Serrat Glòria. "Derivats del (-)3-galat d'epigalocatequina com a nous inhibidors de la sintasa d'àcids grassos amb efectes antitumorals en models cel•lulars i animals de càncer de mama." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/91282.
Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN), an enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids is overly manifested in certain types of cancer, especially in breast cancer, and it is associated with a poor diagnosis. Its regulation is associated with the signalling of HER2, a cellular receptor belonging to the human epidermal growth receptors family. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with this relationship are not well understood. FASN inhibitors, such as cerulenin or C75, offers low levels of stability and present side effects, like anorexia and weight loss, since they activate Carnitina Palmitoil Transferasa 1 (CPT1), a regulator enzyme of fatty acids’ β-oxidation. Previously our research group has proven that epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol present in green tea, inhibits FASN, has anti-tumoral effects and since it does not affect CPT1, is more selective than both cerulenin and C75. The therapeutic use of EGCG as an anti-tumoral agent is limited by its high IC50 value, as well as by its instability in physiological conditions. Following these results, a family of polyphenol compounds structurally related to EGCG has been designed with the goal of enhancing its anti-tumoral activity, its biodistribution and its stability. In vitro, we evaluated the biological and molecular activity of these compounds to assessing their specificity, their FASN-specific inhibiting capacity and their cytotoxic activity in different models of breast cancer. G28UCM shows a 90% inhibition of FASN activity and a high cytotoxicity levels in breast cancer cells (IC50= 30 9M). Also, G28UCM were analyzed in combination with already existing anti-HER therapies (trastuzumab, lapatinib, erlotinib, and cetuximab) in a cellular model of FASN/HER2- positive breast cancer. G28UCM shows synergysm with trastuzumab, lapatinib, and erlotinib, as opposed to EGCG, which only shows additivism with trastuzumab. Further, we also developed cellular models of breast cancer, which were resistant to trastuzumab, and lapatinib, and assessed whether G28UCM presents anti-tumoral activity in said cellular models. G28UCM presents cytotoxic activity with anti-HER2 drug resistant cells. In vivo, the tumoral activity and the toxicity profile of G28UCM were characterized in the murine model of FASN and HER2+ breast carcinoma. The results showed an inhibition of tumor growth in mice treated with a third G28UCM and any toxicity or weight loss. In summary, our findings provide the basis for the pre-clinical development of G28UCM.
Hoffmann, Meg Schwarcz. "Enzima ácido graxo sintase e sua relação com o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar : um retrato de portadoras de câncer de mama atendidas no Hospital Universitário de Brasília." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2011. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/11523.
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A enzima ácido graxo sintase (FASN) é a principal enzima na biossíntese de ácidos graxos. Sua atividade baseia-se na oferta de fosfolipídeos estruturais para as membranas celulares, favorecendo a sua multiplicação. As pacientes de câncer de mama costumam cursar a doença em sobrepeso ou obesidade, além de apresentarem uma ingestão alimentar inadequada, situações que, acredita-se, podem interferir na atividade da enzima em estudo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a concentração da enzima ácido graxo sintase (FASN) circulante no plasma de pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama e identificar a sua associação com o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar em comparação a um grupo de mulheres controles livres de neoplasias. Estudo transversal, caso controle, com 18 pacientes de câncer de mama (GM) recém-diagnosticadas e “virgens” de tratamento e 29 controles( GC ) livres de neoplasias. Para a avaliação do estado nutricional foram utilizados dados do IMC, da circunferência da cintura, do percentual de gordura corporal e bioquímica sanguínea. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pela média de dois recordatórios de 24 horas de dias não consecutivos usando o método de 5 passos e várias passagens (USDA). Foi medida a concentração plasmática do antígeno da FASN nas participantes através do kit FASN- detect tm ELISA (FASNgen, Baltimore, USA). A idade média das participantes foi de 46,8 ± 9,7 anos (GM) e 44,4 ± 8,6 anos (GC). A média do IMC foi de 28,2 ± 4,9 kg/m2(GM) e 29,4 ± 6,9 kg/m2 (GC). Houve diferença significativa na escolaridade e renda entre os grupos (GC > GM, p < 0,005). Observou-se uma concentração aumentada da FASN no GM (132,51 ± 95,05 ng/dL) em comparação às controles (36,88 ± 20,87 ng/dL) (p< 0,0001). A concentração da FASN entre as pacientes não se associou ao estadiamento clínico e nem ao IMC. As portadoras em período pré-menopausa apresentaram maior concentração plasmática da FASN que as em pós-menopausa. As portadoras apresentaram maior consumo de carboidratos e menor consumo de lipídeos do que as controles. Não foi observada diferença qualitativa no consumo dos ácidos graxos entre os grupos. Foi observada uma correlação negativa entre a FASN e o DHA consumido pelo GC (p= - 0,503; p= 0,03). A FASN teve sua concentração plasmática aumentada nas mulheres com câncer de mama e não apresentou associação com o estado nutricional e nem com o estadiamento da doença. Houve uma tendência das portadoras em pré-menopausa em apresentarem maiores concentrações sanguíneas da FASN. Entre as mulheres sem alterações cancerígenas, o DHA dietético pareceu conferir uma diminuição na concentração da FASN circulante. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the key-enzyme for the fatty acids biosynthesis. It provides structural phospholipids to the new cell membranes favoring neoplastic cells multiplication. Breast cancer patients usually present overweight or obesity and inadequate food intake which may alter FASN tumor-cell synthesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate (FASN) serum concentration and establish its relationship with nutritional status and food consumption compared to a tumor free control group. Case control, cross-sectional study with 18 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and 29 cancer free controls. Nutritional status was assessed with BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage and blood tests. Mean food intake was obtained with two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls using 5-step multiple pass method (USDA). Plasma FASN antigen was measured with FASN-detect FASNgen, Baltimore, USA. Statistical analyses were carried out by using parametric and nonparametric tests. were 46.8 ± 9.7 years (BG) and 44.4 ± 8.6 years (CG), the mean BMI were 28.2 ± 4.9 kg/m2 (BG) and 29.4 ± 6.9 kg/m2 (CG). Educational level and income were significantly different between groups (CG > BG, p < 0.005). There was an increased FASN concentration in BG (132.51 ± 95.05 ng/dL) compared to controls (36.88 ± 20.87 ng/dL) (p <0.0001). This increased FASN associated with clinical staging or BMI in the groups. Surprisingly, BC premenopausal women had higher plasma FASN concentration than BC postmenopausal women. BG showed a higher carbohydrate consumption and lower of fat. There was no qualitative improvement in fatty acids intake. A negative correlation between FASN and DHA intake by CG ( = -0.503, p = 0.03) was observed. FASN serum concentration showed increased activity in breast cancer cases, but no correlation with nutritional status and disease stage. There was a trend of higher FASN blood concentrations between BG pre-menopause women. Among healthy women, dietary DHA seemed to decrease FASN serum concentration.
González, Morales Leoncio, Morales Leoncio González, and Carrillo Beatriz E. Martínez. "Relación del consumo habitual de ácidos grasos y depresión en pacientes geriátricos del Hospital Regional Nicolás Bravo Bicentenario del ISSEMYM." Tesis de Licenciatura, Medicina-Quimica, 2013. http://ri.uaemex.mx/handle/20.500.11799/13818.
Juárez, Dávila Luis Enrique. "IMPACTO DEL SISTEMA DE ALIMENTACIÓN SOBRE EL PERFIL DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS DE LA LECHE." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/80043.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar el impacto del sistema de alimentación sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche de vacas en Sistemas de Producción de leche en Pequeña Escala (SPLPE) del Altiplano Central de México. Se evaluaron diez unidades de producción a través del enfoque de investigación participativa rural; cinco unidades basan la alimentación de las vacas en lactación en pastoreo con un mínimo de 7 horas y un máximo de 14 horas, además de la suplementación en corral de 3 a 6 kg de concentrado comercial BH por vaca por día; producciones de leche promedio de 12 kg por vaca por día; en comparación con cinco unidades de producción donde el manejo de la alimentación se realiza en estabulación con corte y acarreo de pradera Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne y Trifolium repens, además de la suplementación con 4 a 8 kg de concentrado comercial BH por vaca por día; producción promedio de leche de 14 kg por vaca por día. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P>0.05) para la mayoría de los ácidos grasos a excepción de Linolénico (C18:3 n-3), (P<0.05) que presentó niveles significativamente más altos en la leche de las vacas en pastoreo en comparación con la leche de las vacas en estabulación. Se concluye que el pastoreo puede ser una alternativa capaz de mejorar el contenido de ácido graso C18:3 n-3 con cualidades benéficas para la salud humana.
Hernández, Cortés Brenda Verónica. "PERFIL DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS DE ALIMENTOS BALANCEADOS COMERCIALES PARA CANIDOS ADULTOS." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/109945.
Elizondo, Muñoz Alejandra Noelia. "Perfil de los ácidos grasos de la membrana de eritrocitos como reflejo del perfil de los ácidos grasos de los fósfolípidos hepáticos en hígado graso no alcohólico." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/110544.
Limón, Hernández Daniel. "Producción in vitro de intermediarios de la biohidrogenación del ensilado de canola (Brassica napus) en sustitución del ensilado de maíz." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/99254.
Instituciones que financiaron los proyectos de investigación (UAEM4372/2017/CI y UAM-PTC-490) para la realización de este trabajo.
Guerendiain, Margni Marcela Esther. "Obesidad en embarazo y adolescencia: Estudio de ácidos grasos y vitaminas antioxidantes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/130986.
Aim: The main objective of this thesis was to explore the relationships between fatty acids (FA) and antioxidant lipo-soluble vitamins and carotenoids plasma levels and the obesity during pregnancy and adolescence. Moreover, the improvement of the analytical methodology to analyze vitamins and carotenoids in plasma samples was addressed. Methods: Two different populations were studied. On the one hand, 165 pregnant women (obese, overweight and normal weight) and their newborns were included. FA of plasmatic phospholipids were determined in maternal plasma at 24 and 34 weeks of gestation and at delivery, as well as in cord blood by gas chromatography (GC). On the other hand, 127 adolescents (obese and overweight) involved in a weight-loss program were recruited. Samples of plasma were obtained during the intervention, at baseline, 2 and 6 months. Vitamins A and E, β-carotene and lycopene were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and total plasmatic FA by GC. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of some enzymes involved in FA metabolism was estimated using the respective product:substrate ratio. Results: Obese pregnant women presented lower levels of C18:1 n-9, C17:0 and C18:3 n-3 than normal weight ones, and the newborns from obese women had lower levels of C20:5 n-3. Maternal plasmatic levels of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:3 n-9, C22:5 n-3, C18:2 n-6 and cord blood levels of C20:2 n-6 and C22:5 n-3 were related to anthropometric indicators of fetal growth. In adolescents, the observed increase of α-tocopherol, retinol and β-carotene during the treatment was related with the decrease in anthropometric indicators of adiposity, weight loss and with an improvement in the cardiometabolic risk markers. Additionally, plasmatic variations during treatment of C14:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:1 n-9 and some of the studied enzymatic activities were also related with anthropometric indicators of adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers. Conclusions: A reliable, sensitive and low-time consuming method for the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol, retinol, β-carotene and lycopene by UHPLC was developed. The maternal and umbilical cord plasma FA composition was associated with maternal obesity. Some maternal and cord blood FA were related to fetal growth. In obese adolescents, the changes in plasmatic FA and vitamins levels during the intervention were associated with weight loss and an improvement in adiposity and cardiometabolic profile.
Chisaguano, Tonato Aida Maribel. "Papel de los ácidos grasos trans (AGT) y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) en el desarrollo de enfermedades atópicas en la primera etapa de la vida." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/272661.
This thesis has been focused on the study of the TFA [elaidic (ELA), t-vaccenic (VA) and rumenic acid (RA)] and LC-PUFAS plasmatic composition, during fetal and postnatal life and its relation with the development of atopic diseases during childhood. An efficient fast gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of EA, VA and RA contents in human plasma phospholipids and human milk was optimized and validated. The study of the plasmatic levels of specific TFA in maternal plasma shows that EA correlated negatively with n-3 LC-PUFAs (EPA and DHA) and RA positively with both n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs in maternal plasma. Regarding to atopic diseases, high VA concentrations in maternal plasma may protect offspring against atopic eczema in infancy. Thus the FA status of the fetus during pregnancy has an important role in the development of atopic eczema in early childhood. The prevalence of this atopic disorder is related to lower cord blood plasma levels of FA belonging to n-3 series, especially DHA. The conversion of essential fatty acids to longer chain, biological active metabolites is regulated by the enzymes desaturases [5-desaturase (D5D) and 6-desaturase (D6D) encoded by genes FADS1 and FADS2, respectively] and elongases (Elongase 2 and Elongase5 encoded by genes ELOVL2 and ELOVL5, respectively). In this study we have verified that mother and child genetic variation in FADS and ELOVL genes determines FA composition at birth and is associated with the risk of developing atopic eczema and wheeze in early childhood. Moreover, we observed that changes in the mRNA-expression levels of FADS1 and 2 directly affect blood DGLA levels and D6D activity. Finally, this study suggests that low mRNA-expressions of FADS2 and ELOVL5 are associated with high risk of atopic eczema in childhood. In summary, the results presented in this thesis support the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between plasma fatty acids composition of the mother and child and the development of atopic diseases such as atopic eczema, and additionally, that genetic variants of both mother and child play a crucial role in the evolution of the disease.
Caquilpan, Parra José Miguel. "Efecto de la composición en ácidos grasos de la dieta, sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos w-3 y w-6 en el filete de trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112280.
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El objetivo general de este ensayo fue evaluar el efecto de la modificación de la composición en ácidos grasos de la dieta, sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos ω-3 eicosapentaenoico (EPA), docosahexaenoico (DHA), ácidos grasos ω-6 Linoleico y Araquidónico; comportamiento productivo y características de calidad de canal, en trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Para modificar la composición en ácidos grasos de la dieta el aceite de soja, que es la principal fuente de grasas vegetales en las dietas comerciales actuales, fue reemplazado parcialmente por aceite de lino. Los peces con un peso vivo promedio inicial de 1126 g fueron alimentados por 10 semanas, mientras permanecían en 6 balsas-jaula en condiciones comerciales. Los peces fueron muestreados al azar cada 5 semanas para medir peso vivo, longitud horquilla, peso canal, peso vísceras, peso hígado y se identificó el sexo. Al mismo tiempo, se tomaron 9 filetes por cada tratamiento los que se mantuvieron congelados a -20°C hasta su análisis. El incremento de ácido α-linolénico en la dieta, resultó en un incremento significativo (P<0,05) de este ácido graso en el filete (0,74 vs. 0,60 control); sin embargo, no se observó diferencias significativas (P>0,05) en el contenido de EPA (0,41 vs. 0,43 control) ni DHA (0,49 vs. 0,55 control). Existió un menor contenido (P<0,05) de ácido linoleico en los filetes del grupo control (4,44 vs. 5,00 control), valores expresados como g de cada ácido graso en 100 g de filete Se concluye que la adición de un 20 % de aceite de lino en reemplazo de aceite de soja en la dieta de trucha arcoíris, disminuye significativamente el contenido de ácido linoleico y aumenta significativamente el contenido de ácido α-linolénico en el filete luego de 10 semanas de alimentación; determinando una mayor relación ω-3/ω-6 (P<0,05) en el grupo con aceite de lino (0,44±0,06 vs 0,37±0,05), sin modificar significativamente el contenido de EPA y DHA.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of changing the proportions of dietary fatty acids ω-3 EPA, DHA and ω-6 linoleic, arachidonic acid over rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fatty acid profile, productive performance and fillet composition. Soybean oil, the main source of vegetable fat in current commercial diets, was partially replaced for linseed oil to modify the fatty acid profile of the diet. Fish were kept in sea-cages and reared under regular commercial conditions; initial fish live weight was 1126 g and the experimental diets were supplied during 10 weeks. Fish samples were randomly taken from each cage every 5 weeks to measure live weight, fork length, carcass weight, guts and liver weight, sex was identified, at the same time 9 fish fillets were collected and frozen (-20ºC) until further analysis. The increase in dietary α-linolenic acid generated a significant (p<0.05) elevation of this fatty acid in fish fillet (0.74 vs 0.60); however, EPA and DHA levels were not affected by treatment and showed similar values when compared to the control (0.41 vs. 0.43 and 0.49 vs. 0.55). A minor contents (P < 0.05) of linoleic acid in the fillet existed of the control (4.44 vs. 5.00 control), when expressed as grams of fatty acid per 100 grams of fillet. In conclusion, replacing 20% soybean oil by linseed oil in rainbow trout diet, significantly decreased linolenic acid and significantly increased α-linolenic acid concentrations in fish fillets after 10 weeks of feeding; determining a higher ω-3 / ω-6 proportion in the fillet of fish fed linseed oil (0,44±0,06 vs 0,37±0,05), with no significant effect on EPA and DHA content.
González, Mañán Daniel Alonso. "Cambios en el perfil hepático de ácidos grasos en ratones alimentados con dieta alta en grasa : efecto de la suplementación con ácidos eicosapentaenoico y docosahexaenoico." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111120.
Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga omega-3 (AGPICL ω-3) son compuestos que están asociados a múltiples funciones fisiológicas, lo que sugiere que su administración puede prevenir varias enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con AGPICL ω-3 en la prevención de la esteatosis hepática, resistencia a la insulina e inflamación sistémicas, en ratones alimentados con una dieta enriquecida en grasa. Para tales propósitos, ratones C57BL/6J machos recibieron (a) dieta control (10% grasa, 20% proteína, 70% carbohidrato), (b) dieta control más AGPICL ω-3 (108 mg/kg/día de ácido eicosapentaenoico más 92 mg/kg/día de ácido docosahexaenoico), (c) dieta alta en grasa (60% grasa, 20% proteína, 20% carbohidrato) y (d) dieta alta en grasa más AGPICL ω-3, durante períodos de 8 y 12 semanas. Se determinaron parámetros de peso corporal, resistencia a la insulina, inflamación sistémica, esteatosis hepática y composición hepática de ácidos grasos. La alimentación con dieta alta en grasa aumentó significativamente el peso corporal e indujo esteatosis hepática del tipo macrovesicular, junto con elevar los niveles plasmáticos de insulina y glucosa en ayuno, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment) y los niveles plasmáticos de TNF-α. También se observó disminución en los niveles hepáticos de AGPICL ω-3 y un aumento en la relación ω-6/ω-3 al comparar con el grupo control. Estas alteraciones fueron reducidas o normalizadas a valores control en animales alimentados con dieta alta en grasa y suplementados con AGPICL ω-3, junto con aumentos significativos en los niveles hepáticos de AGPICL ω-3 y disminución en la relación de ácidos grasos ω-6/ω-3. Por lo tanto, el restablecimiento de los niveles de AGPICL ω-3 en ratones alimentados con dieta alta en grasa y suplementados con EPA y DHA reduce el contenido lipídico hepático, disminuye la inflamación sistémica y mejora la sensibilidad a la insulina.
Omega-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) are associated with several physiological functions, suggesting that their administration may prevent many non transmissible chronic diseases. Therefore, prevention of liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation by LCPUFA supplementation in mice fed a high fat diet were evaluated. For these purposes, male C57BL/6J mice received (a) control diet (10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrate), (b) control diet plus ω-3 LCPUFA (108 mg/kg/day eicosapentaenoic acid plus 92 mg/kg/day docosahexaenoic acid), (c) high fat diet (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrate), or (d) high fat diet plus ω-3 LCPUFA for 8 and 12 weeks. Parameters of body weight, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, liver steatosis and fatty acid analysis were determined. High fat diet significantly increased body weight and induced macrovesicular steatosis, concomitantly with higher fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment), and plasmatic TNF- levels. Hepatic ω-3 LCPUFA depletion and elevated ω-6/ω-3 ratio over control values were also observed. These changes were either reduced or normalized to control values in animals subjected to high fat diet and ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation, with significant increased hepatic total ω-3 LCPUFA content and reduced ω-6/ω-3 ratio. So, repletion of liver ω-3 LCPUFA levels by ω-3 LCPUFA dietary supplementation in high fat diet mice reduces hepatic lipid content, systemic inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity.
Fondecyt
Allca, Castillo Yenny Maribel. "Evaluación de la estabilidad del EPA contenido en el aceite extraído de la microalga Nannochloropsis Oceánica." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6796.
Tesis
Geldsetzer, Mendoza Carolina Luisa. "Caracterización del perfil de ácidos grasos en quesos gouda, chanco y mantecoso comercializados en la provincia de Santiago." Tesis, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151142.
En Chile los quesos Gouda, Chanco y Mantecoso son los de mayor importancia económica. Existe poca información sobre el perfil de AG en los quesos producidos en la provincia de Santiago, así como tampoco hay conocimiento sobre la oferta de estos. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el perfil de AG de los quesos Gouda, Chanco y Mantecoso comercializados en la provincia de Santiago mediante cromatografía de gases. Se visitaron las cadenas de supermercados presentes en 5 comunas, donde se identificaron las marcas de quesos comercializadas y se obtuvo una muestra de cada marca, se realizó cromatografía de gases y se compararon los perfiles de AG. Se observaron 74 marcas de queso, de los cuales Gouda (n=23), Chanco (n=14) y Mantecoso (n=37), se presentan mayormente en la comuna del sector oriente de la provincia. Los principales formatos de venta son envasados, laminado de 250 y 500grs, sólo 3 quesos son “light” y 2 bajo en sodio. En promedio, presentan 71g/100g de AG saturados, 24g/100g de AG monoinsaturados y 3,5g/100g de AG poliinsaturados, siendo el AG predominante el C16:0 registrándose sobre 30g/100g de AG, seguido por C18:1n9c promediando 20g/100g de AG. Como conclusión, la variedad de los quesos comercializados está relacionada con el estrato socioeconómico predominante en cada sector. No se presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre perfiles de AG. Existe poca claridad a nivel reglamentario sobre las características que diferencien el queso Chanco del Mantecoso. La información puede ser usada como base para estudios a futuro.
In Chile the Gouda, Chanco and Mantecoso cheeses have the most economic importance. There is limited information about the fatty acid profile of the cheeses produced in Santiago province, nor is there any knowledge about the offer of these. The aim of this study was to characterize the fatty acid profile of the Gouda, Chanco and Mantecoso cheeses commercialized in the Santiago province. The supermarket chains were visited in 5 districts of the province. Once the commercialized brands were identified, a sample of each brand was obtained, which were analyzed by gas chromatography and the profiles were compared. 74 brands of cheese were observed, which are Gouda (n=23), Chanco (n=14) and Mantecoso (n=37), presenting mostly in the district of the eastern sector of the province. The main forms of sale are packaged, laminated, 250 and 500gr, only 3 cheeses are “light” and 2 are reduced in sodium. On the average, 71g/100g of saturated FA, 24g/100g of monounsaturated FA and 3.5g/100g of polyunsaturated FA, with the predominant FA being C16:0 being recorded on 30g/100g FA, followed by C18:1n9c with 20g/100g FA. In conclusion, the variety of the marketed cheeses its related to socioeconomic status predominant in each sector. there were no statistical differences between them. There is no clarity at the regulatory level in the differences between Chanco and Mantecoso cheeses. The information can be used in the future as a basis for future studies.
Martorell, Pons Miquel. "Acción de alimentos funcionales ricos en ácidos grasos esenciales sobre el estrés oxidativo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128937.
Ríos, Zuñiga Alma Zuri. "Metabolismo de ácidos grasos en Maca (Lepidium meyenii) durante el secado en horno." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/11914.
Tesis
Soto, Pascual Melissa. "Asociación del consumo de frutas, verduras y los ácidos grasos omega 3 con el síndrome metabólico en los trabajadores del centro materno infantil Miguel Grau, distrito de Chaclacayo, 2012." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4557.
--- OBJECTIVE. To determine the association of intake of fruits, vegetables and fatty acids Ω3 with metabolic syndrome in workers of maternal and child center "Miguel Grau" Chaclacayo, 2012. METHODOLOGY. Analytical, observational and cross-sectional study in which 108 workers of Maternal and Child Center (MCC) "Miguel Grau" DISA IV Lima Este participated. To all who gave informed consent were surveyed them to collect sociodemographic data also they were measured: weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure and in a sample of 5 ml venous fasting blood glucose and lipid profile was determined lipid. Finally, it was applied the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, the t test student, ANOVA and Chi 2 tests with a confidence level of 95% was performed. RESULTS. 35.2% of workers had metabolic syndrome. It is observed that 73, 7% have an inadequate intake of fruits, a 97, 4% of vegetables, and 39.8% of omega 3 fatty acids. Found no association between consumption of fruits and vegetables with MS (p <0.05). However inverse association between consumption of omega 3 with MS (p <0.05) was found. CONCLUSION. A third of workers from MCC “Miguel Grau” have MS, above the value of the peruvian population, no association with the consumption of fruits and vegetables was found, but was inversely related to the consumption of omega 3 fatty acids. Keywords: metabolic syndrome, health workers, fruits, vegetables, omega 3 fatty acids.
Tesis
Rossato, Franco Aparecido 1984. "Efeitos dos inibidores da enzima ácido graxo sintase sobre apoptose e função mitocondrial de células não tumorigênicas." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312446.
Texto em português e inglês
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Recentemente mostramos que os inibidores da enzima ácido graxo sintase (FASN - EC 2.3.1.85), cerulenina e orlistat, reduzem a proliferação e induzem apoptose em células B16-F10 de melanoma murino via mecanismos mitocondriais. Neste presente estudo investigamos os efeitos desses inibidores de FASN em linhagem celular não-tumorigênica derivada de melanoblastos de camundongos (melan-a). O tratamento in vitro de células melan-a com 5 µg/mL de cerulenina ou com 30 µM de orlistat inibiu a proliferação celular, com acúmulo da proteína supressora de tumor p21WAF1/Cip1, assim como induziu a via intrínseca da apoptose com liberação de citocromo c e ativação de caspases-3 e -9, sem ativação da caspase-8. Os inibidores de FASN não alteram o conteúdo de ácidos graxos livres nas células melan-a, verificados por espectrometria de massas, sugerindo que o tratamento com cerulenina ou orlistat induz apoptose independente da inibição desta enzima. Análise das funções da bioenergética mitocondrial das células melan-a mostraram inibição da respiração, seguido por aumento da produção de superóxido. A inibição da respiração, promovida pelo tratamento com cerulenina ou orlistat, foi restrita à oxidação de substratos ligados a NADH (39,9% DMSO x cerulenina; ou 60,8% EtOH x orlistat) e succinato (45,8% DMSO x cerulenina; ou 51,8% EtOH x orlistat), e não foi significativa quando as mitocôndrias estavam respirando com substrato do complexo IV, N,N,N',N'-tetrametil-p-fenilenodiamina. A proteção conferida pelo sequestrador de radicais livres N-acetil cisteína (NAC) sugere que a disfunção mitocondrial provocada por estes compostos está associada a estresse oxidativo e é provável que seja mediada pela ação de superóxido na cadeia respiratória nos níveis de complexos de I e II. Análise proteômica de mitocôndria dessas células também mostra alterações ligadas ao estresse oxidativo. Nossos dados em conjunto sugerem que cerulenina e orlistat induzem apoptose em células não tumorais como resultado de uma disfunção mitocondrial e de maneira independente de FASN
Abstract: We have previously reported that the fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitors, cerulenin or orlistat, induce apoptosis in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells mediated by mitochondria. Here we investigate the effects of these inhibitors on the non-tumorigenic mouse cell line melan-a. Cerulenin or orlistat treatment decreased cells proliferation, accompanied by increased amounts of the tumor suppressor protein p21WAF1/Cip1, as well as induced apoptosis, but not necrosis, in melan-a cell line. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release and activation of caspases-9 and -3 were detected in melan-a-treated cells. siRNAi for FASN did not culminate in apoptosis, and FASN inhibitors treatment did not alter free fatty acids content in the non-tumorigenic cells, as verified by mass spectrometry, suggesting that cerulenin or orlistat induces apoptosis independent on FASN inhibition. Analysis of energy-linked functions of melan-a mitochondria showed inhibition of respiration followed by large stimulation of superoxide production. Respiratory inhibition after cerulenin or orlistat treatment, respectively, was restricted to the oxidation of NADH-linked substrates (39.9 or 60,8%) and succinate (45.8 or 51.8%) and was not significant when mitochondria were respiring on the complex IV substrate, N,N,N?,N?-tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamine. The protection conferred by the free radical scavenger NAC suggests that the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by these compounds is associated with oxidative stress and is mediated by the action of superoxide on the respiratory chain at the levels of complexes-I and II. Proteomic analysis of mitochondria melan-a cells also indicate major changes linked to oxidative stress. Taken together, the present results show that cerulenin or orlistat induces apoptosis in non-tumorigenic cells via mitochondrial dysfunction, independent on FASN inhibition
Doutorado
Fisiopatologia Médica
Doutor em Ciências
Oliveira, Ana Carolina de Morais. "Avaliação da ácido graxo sintase no sangue periférico de pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama suplementadas com óleo de peixe rico em ácido graxo n-3." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/15701.
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Objetivo: Dentre os inúmeros distúrbios metabólicos que acompanham a carcinogênese, a hiper ativação da enzima ácido graxo sintase (FASN), responsável pela síntese de novo de ácidos endógenos tem sido relatado em certos tipos de cânceres, incluindo câncer de mama. Sua atividade poderia favorecer a oferta de fosfolipídios estruturais para as membranas celulares e consequentemente a multiplicação das células cancerígenas. Tem sido demonstrado que a ingestão de ácidos graxos poli-insaturado diminui a expressão de genes do metabolismo lipídicos, incluindo a transcrição da FASN. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do consumo de óleo de peixe rico em ácido graxo n-3 na enzima ácido graxo sintase (FASN) do soro e no nível de seu transcrito nas células mononucleadas do sangue periférico, em mulheres com diagnóstico recente de câncer de mama, correlacionando os resultados encontrados com variáveis clínicas e nutricionais das pacientes. Metodologia: Estudo de intervenção, randomizado, placebo controlado, duplo-cego, conduzido com 38 voluntárias distribuídas em dois grupos (grupo óleo de peixe – GO e grupo placebo – GP). As pacientes do GO receberam 2 g de concentrado de óleo de peixe contendo 1,8g dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 eicosapentaenóico (EPA) e docosahexaenóico (DHA). O grupo placebo recebeu 2 cápsulas de 1g cada de óleo mineral com igual aparência do óleo de peixe. Todas as pacientes foram suplementadas por 4 semanas durante o período anterior ao tratamento cirúrgico. Antes e ao final da suplementação, foram coletados dados de consumo, antropometria e amostras sanguíneas para análise do perfil de ácidos graxos do fosfolipídio e da enzima FASN do soro. Analisou-se também o transcrito (mRNA) do gene da FASN das células mononucleadas do sangue periférico. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando testes paramétricos e não paramétricos para comparar os resultados dos dois grupos e foi gerado um modelo de análise de covariância (ANCOVA) para avaliar a interação de algumas variáveis selecionadas com a FASN (variável dependente). Resultados: O GO foi constituído de 18 pacientes e o GP 20. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na idade, anos de estudos, renda, estado civil, consumo de tabaco, presença de outras doenças, estado de menopausa e prática de atividade física entre os grupos. A maioria das pacientes apresentou carcinoma ductal infiltrante e 33,3% e 50% do grupo óleo de peixe e placebo, respectivamente, apresentaram tumor HER2 negativo. A maioria apresentou excesso de peso e não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao consumo dietético. No momento basal, se observou diferença na composição de ácidos graxos séricos, sendo 16:0 e 18:0/18:1 significativamente maiores e total de poli-insaturados, n-6 e n-6/n-3 menores no grupo óleo de peixe em relação ao placebo. Após a intervenção, houve aumento significativo na quantidade de 22:6 n-3, 20:5 n-3, total de n-3, e redução da razão n-6/n-3, no GO. No início do estudo, a proteína da FASN no soro das pacientes foi de 118,79±76,71ng/ml, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos. Também não foi observada diferença nos níveis de mRNA da FASN entre os grupos. Com a intervenção não foi observada diferença significativa intra e entre grupos nos valores de mRNA e proteína da FASN. De acordo com análise de covariância, o IMC apresentou interação, negativa, com o trancrito da FASN. Os grupos de estudo, estado de menopausa e expressão de HER2 não apresentaram interação com a FASN. Não foi observada interação das covariáveis com os resultados da FASN no soro. Conclusão: No presente estudo, a intervenção realizada com o suplemento de óleo de peixe rico em ácido graxo n-3 não resultou em mudança da FASN, em seu transcrito e respectiva proteína. Entretanto, foi observada interação negativa entre o IMC e a resposta de mRNA da FASN. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Objectives: Among the numerous metabolic disturbances that accompany carcinogenesis, hyper activation of the enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN), responsible for de novo synthesis of endogenous acids has been reported in certain types of cancers, including breast cancer. Its activity could promote the availability of structural phospholipids for cell membranes and consequently the multiplication of cancer cells. The ingestion of polyunsaturated fatty acids has shown to reduce the expression of lipid metabolism genes, including the transcription of FASN. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the intake of fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acid in the fatty acid synthase (FASN) and serum level of its transcript in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in women diagnosed with breast cancer, correlating the results with clinical and nutritional variables of patients. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical intervention study was conducted with 38 volunteers divided into two groups (group of fish oil - GO and placebo group - GP). The GO patients received 2 g of fish oil concentrate containing 1.8 g of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The PG received 2 capsules of 1g mineral oil each with the similar appearance to fish oil. All patients were supplemented for 4 weeks during the pre-surgical period. Before and at the end of supplementation, consumption data, anthropometry and blood samples were collected for analysis of the serum phospholipid fatty acid profile and FASN. The FASN gene transcript (mRNA) from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests to compare the results of the two groups and an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model was built to analyze the interaction of selected variables with the FASN as dependent variable. Results. There were 18 participants in the fish oil group and 20 in the placebo group. No significant differences were observed in age, years of education, income, marital status, smoking, presence of other diseases, menopausal status and physical activity between groups. Most patients had infiltrating ductal carcinoma and 33.3% and 50% of the fish oil and placebo group, respectively, had HER2 negative tumor. The majority was were overweight and no difference in the dietary intake between groups was seen. At baseline, serum fatty acids were different between groups, with 16:0 and 18:0 / 18:1 being significantly higher, and total polyunsaturated n-6 and n-6/n-3 lower in the fish oil group compared to placebo. After the intervention, there was a significant increase in the amount of 22:6 n-3, 20:5 n-3, total n-3, and reduction of the ratio n-6/n-3 in GO. At baseline, the FASN protein in serum of patients was 118.79 ± 76.71 ng / ml, with no significant difference between groups. No difference was observed in mRNA levels of FASN between groups. After de intervention, no intra or inter group difference were observed in mRNA or serum protein levels of FASN. According to covariance analysis, BMI showed a negative interaction with the response of FASN mRNA. Study groups, menopausal status and HER2 expression showed no interaction with the FASN. No interaction of covariates with the results of FASN in serum was observed. ix Conclusion: In this study, the intervention performed with the supplement of fish oil rich in n3 fatty acid resulted in no change of FASN transcript and corresponding protein. However, negative interaction between BMI and FASN mRNA response was observed.
Cerezo, Bastida Javier. "Caracterización teórica de la acción de ácidos grasos y carotenoides en membranas y fotosistemas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128618.
In this Thesis, we perform the characterization of both fatty acids and carotenoids within relevant biological systems as cell membranes and photosystems. To that end, we apply computational techniques, both at quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics levels, which provide a detailed atomistic description of the chemical phenomena that take place within such environments. Concretely, in this work, models are constructed to characterize the antioxidant activity of carotenoids based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, and empiric force fields are also developed in order to describe the conformation and intermolecular interactions of fatty acids and carotenoids within the complex biological environments, thus allowing their simulations by means of molecular dynamics techniques. The structural perturbations produced by the fatty acids cis double bonds play a key role in the therapeutic mechanisms of these molecules, and our results show, specifically, the effect of oleic acid and 2-hydroxyoleic acid, highlighting the differences between them that eventually lead to their distinct therapeutic activity. In the case of carotenoids, however, the perturbations that the complex environment of the lipid bilayer or the photosystem induce on their conjugated chain reveals more important. The conformation of such hydrocarbon chain actually dictates the antioxidant and spectroscopic properties of these molecules, which, in turn, are related with their therapeutic activity. The spectroscopic properties of carotenoids are extremely important for their biological activity within photosystems and, therefore, they have been evaluated more in detail for two carotenoids: beta-carotene and violaxanthin. We have characterized, through DFT and Time Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) computations and using harmonic models, the potential energy surfaces of the low lying electronic states between which the allowed dipole transition in these molecules occur, also simulating the corresponding vibrationally resolved electronic spectrum by means of computational spectroscopic techniques, both adopting time independent and time dependent approaches. Our results provide the spectra at both cryogenic and room temperature, directly comparable with the experimental ones.
Godoy, Tapia Ivannia Paz. "Evaluación del rendimiento reproductivo de cerdas suplementadas con ácidos grasos poli-insaturados ω-3". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136308.
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de suplementar con Ácidos Grasos Poliinsaturados omega 3 (AGPI -3) la dieta de cerdas reproductoras sobre su rendimiento reproductivo, reflejado en su futura camada. Por 30 días a partir de 3 días previos al parto, 90 cerdas, 45 del Grupo Control (GC) fueron alimentadas con una dieta de lactancia y otras 45, Grupo Tratamiento (GT), con la dieta control más 5 g/kg de AGPI -3 (Crandon S.A., Chile). Registrándose consumo de alimento diario y el rendimiento reproductivo de las cerdas en el parto siguiente. El consumo de alimento fue menor en GT durante la primera semana (P = 0,002). En cerdas jóvenes (< 4 partos), GT presentó mayor número de lechones nacidos totales (P = 0,002) y nacidos vivos (P = 0,001) que GC. No hubo diferencias (P > 0,05) en el número de fetos momificados ni de ballicos entre grupos. En cerdas viejas (> 5 partos), se obtuvo un menor número de ballicos en GT en comparación a GC (P = 0,021). Sin embargo, el número de nacidos muertos fue mayor en GT que en GC (P = 0,026). Posteriormente, GT presentó una elevada mortalidad nacimiento-destete, no existiendo diferencias en el número de kilos destetados entre grupos, sin obtenerse un beneficio económico para GT. Los resultados demuestran que la suplementación con AGPI -3 tuvo efecto sobre los parámetros productivos de las cerdas jóvenes; siendo necesario esclarecer dicho aspecto en futuros estudios en el tema.
González, Hernández Angélica, and Ramos Roxana Valdes. "“CONSUMO DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS OMEGA 3 Y OMEGA 6 Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE GLUCOSA SÉRICA EN PACIENTES CON DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2”." Tesis de Licenciatura, Medicina-Quimica, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/14349.
López, Jiménez José Ángel. "Influencia de distintos glúcidos y lípidos en la dieta sobre aspectos del metabolismo lipídico en la rata." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/95941.
Flores, Lima Artemio. "Síntesis y caracterización de resinas alquídicas a partir del ácido graso vegetal proveniente del sacha inchi (plukenetia volubilis)." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9861.
Tesis
Araya, Bustos Gonzalo Gabriel. "Perfil de ácidos grasos de la carne de ovinos provenientes del secano costero central y clasificados en pie con el estándar Fundación Chile-Universidad de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144028.
A partir del perfil de ácidos grasos de 60 muestras de carne proveniente de ovinos criados a pastoreo y seleccionados en pié con el estándar de clasificación FCh-UCh, desde donde además se calcularon indicadores de salud humana, se compararon las variables categoría de clasificación, sexo, origen predial y tipo racial. Las muestras provenían del musculo Longissimus dorsi de la hemicanal izquierda y fueron analizadas mediante cromatografía de gases. Los resultados describen diferencias en la concentración de ácidos grasos e indicadores de salud humana favorables a las categorías Cordero y Primera consecutivamente (p≤0.05), por otro lado, el tipo racial Corriedale destacó una mayor concentración de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) y el tipo racial Suffolk Down una mayor concentración de ácido vaccénico, precursor de ácido linoleico conjugado, y la relación más favorable de n6/n3, mientras que el tipo racial Merino Precoz obtuvo las mayores concentraciones de ácidos grasos saturados y menores concentraciones de AGPI, en comparación a los otros tipos raciales, reflejándose esto en los indicadores de salud. En relación a las variables sexo y origen predial estas se vieron influenciadas por la variable tipo racial. En suma, la generalidad de los datos se encuentran dentro de los parámetros saludables establecidos, destacando la relación n6/n3 que se espera no sea mayor a 4, obteniendo el predio B un resultado levemente superior y cuyas muestras provienen en su totalidad del tipo racial Merino Precoz. Además, a diferencia de los indicadores Indice Aterogénico, Indice Trombogénico y razón AG-Hipercolesterolémicos/AG- hipocolesterolémicos, la relación n6/n3 permitió observar una clara diferenciación en cuanto a tipo racial resultando en orden de AG benéficos e indicadores de salud: Suffolk Down, Mestizo, Corriedale, Merino Precoz, desde el más favorable al menos favorable, coincidiendo también con la formación de la raza en relación a su fin productivo.
From the fatty acid profile of 60 meat samples from sheep raised to grazing and selected in vivo with the FCh-UCh classification standard, from which human health indicators were also calculated, it was compared the classification category, sex , sheep-farm origin and racial type. The samples came from the Longissimus dorsi muscle of the left hemicanal and were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results described differences in the fatty acid concentration and human health indicators favorable to the Cordero and Primera categories consecutively (p≤0.05), on the other hand, the Corriedale emphasized a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and Suffolk Down a higher concentration of vaccenic acid, precursor conjugated linoleic acid, and the most favorable ratio of n6 / n3, while the Merino Precoz racial type obtained the highest concentrations of saturated fatty acids and lower concentrations of PUFAs, compared to the other racial types, reflecting this in the health indicators. In relation to the variables sex and sheep-farm origin, these variables were influenced by the racial type variable. In sum, the generality of the data is within the established healthy parameters, highlighting the relation n6 / n3 which is expected be lower than 4, obtaining the sheep-farm B a slightly superior result and whose samples come entirely from the racial type Early Merino. In addition, unlike the indicators Atherogenic Index, Thrombogenic Index and AG-Hypercholesterolemic / AG- hypocholesterolemic ratio, the n6 / n3 ratio allowed to better observe the differences in the study variables, in this way, a clear differentiation was observed in as for racial type resulting in the order of beneficial AG and health indicators: Suffolk Down, Mestizo, Corriedale, Merino Precoz, from the most favorable to least favorable, coinciding also with the formation of the breed in relation to its productive purpose.
Encina, Acosta Cristián Rodrigo. "Determinación indirecta de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga EPA y DHA en posición sn-2 en triacilgliceroles mediante un método alternativo al método oficial AOCS Ch 3-91, utilizando la lipasa Rhizomucor miehei." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/150221.
La literatura describe métodos para el análisis posicional sn-2 en triacilgliceroles. El más usado se basa en la ruptura de los ácidos grasos en las posiciones sn-1 y sn-3 utilizando una lipasa pancreática, sin embargo, es un método laborioso y caro. De ahí, nace la necesidad de desarrollar un método más simple para el análisis de rutina. El objetivo de esta tesis es determinar indirectamente los ácidos grasos ubicados en la posición sn-2, con especial énfasis en los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga mediante un método enzimático alternativo utilizando la lipasa Rhizomucor miehei. En el desarrollo de la optimización del método se seleccionó el proceso más adecuado para purificar los triacilgliceroles utilizando una columna cromatográfica de vidrio, donde el óxido de aluminio actuó como compuesto adsorbente y el dietil éter como eluyente. Por otro lado, se optimizaron las condiciones de reacción enzimática con la lipasa del Rhizomucor miehei en manteca de cacao dada su composición de ácidos grasos (25,3; 36,8 y 33,4 g/100g para el ácido palmítico, esteárico y oleico, respectivamente) y su conocida distribución SOS, donde el ácido oleico insaturado ocupa preferentemente la posición sn-2. La optimización se realizó mediante un diseño estadístico donde las variables independientes fueron la temperatura, tiempo de reacción y cantidad de enzima, mientras que la dependiente fue la capacidad de desesterificación, expresada como porcentaje de corte de los ácidos grasos en posición sn-1 y sn-3. Los resultados indicaron que las condiciones óptimas para la actividad de la enzima fueron una temperatura de reacción de 61 °C, tiempo 10 min y la máxima cantidad de enzima que fue de 150 mg. Posteriormente, una muestra patrón de aceite de girasol enriquecida con trieicosapentanoina y tridocosahexanoina y un triacilglicerol estructurado con ácido caprílico y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de origen marino fueron analizados en las condiciones de reacción óptimas previamente determinadas para la lipasa del Rhizomucor miehei. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la lipasa es capaz de cortar ácidos grasos en las posiciones sn-1 y sn-3, sin embargo, la velocidad de desesterificación está altamente influenciada por la composición en ácidos grasos de la matriz lipídica evaluada y por el posible efecto de equilibrio que provocan los productos que se generan en el transcurso de la reacción. En las matrices manteca de cacao y triacilglicerol estructurado fue posible determinar los ácidos grasos presentes en la posición sn-2 en forma indirecta, a partir de la determinación de los ácidos grasos presentes en las posiciones sn-1 y sn-3, mediante un método enzimático menos tóxico, simple y más rápido que el método oficial AOCS Ch 3-91
The literature describes methods for positional analysis sn-2 triacylglycerols. The most used is based on the breakdown of fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions using a pancreatic lipase, according to the official AOCS method Ch 3-91, however, is a laborious and expensive. Hence, it comes the need to develop a simpler method for routine analysis. The aim of this thesis is indirectly determining fatty acids located at the sn-2 position, with special emphasis on the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by alternative enzymatic method using Rhizomucor miehei lipase. In the development of the optimization method the most suitable process to purify selected triacylglycerols using a glass chromatography column, where the aluminum oxide was the adsorbent and the eluent was diethyl ether. Furthermore, the enzyme reaction conditions were optimized with Rhizomucor miehei lipase cocoa butter given its fatty acid composition (25.3, 36.8 and 33.4 g / 100g for palmitic acid, stearic and oleic respectively) and known distribution SOS where unsaturated oleic acid preferably occupies the sn-2 position. The optimization was performed using a statistical design in which the independent variables were temperature, reaction time and amount of enzyme, while the dependent variable was the ability to des-esterification, expressed as a percentage cut of fatty acids in position sn-1 and sn -3. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for enzyme activity were a reaction temperature of 61 °C, time 10 min and the maximum amount of enzyme was 150 mg. Subsequently, a standard sample of sunflower oil and enriched with tri-eicosapentanoic and tri-docosahexanoic and a structured triacylglycerol with caprylic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin were analyzed in the optimal reaction conditions previously determined for the Rhizomucor miehei lipase. The results showed that the lipase is able to cut fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, however, the rate of des-esterification is highly influenced by the fatty acid composition of the lipid matrix and evaluated for the potential effect causing equilibrium products generated during the reaction. In cocoa butter and structured triacylglycerol it was possible to determine the fatty acids present in the sn-2 position indirectly from the determination of the fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, by an enzymatic method less toxic, simple and faster than the AOCS Official Method Ch 3-91
Fondecyt
González, Périz Ana. "Efectos protectores de los Ácidos grasos Omega-3 en el hígado y el tejido adiposo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2278.
Tanto la enfermedad hepática crónica, como la obesidad y sus complicaciones hepáticas presentan un componente inflamatorio clave para su desarrollo, de manera que los ácidos grasos omega-3 podrían tener efectos protectores en estas patologías.
Los objetivos del trabajo fueron investigar los efectos de los omega-3:
i-) en la inflamación hepática
ii-) sobre el tejido adiposo y las complicaciones hepáticas asociadas a la obesidad.
Para nuestro primer objetivo investigamos los efectos hepatoprotectores de los omega-3 sobre el daño genotóxico y el estrés oxidativo, sobre la necroinflamación hepática inducida por CCl4 en ratón, la generación hepática de mediadores lipídicos bioactivos derivados de los omega-3 y, por último, los efectos biológicos de los mediadores lipídicos bioactivos derivados de los omega-3 en eventos clave de la necroinflamación hepática.
Los resultados del primer estudio indican que la administración de una dieta enriquecida con omega-3 induce la formación hepática de 17-HDHA y PD1, que reducen el daño genotóxico y el estrés oxidativo en lo hepatocitos, así como marcadores clave de inflamación en los macrófagos.
Para el segundo objetivo investigamos los efectos de los omega-3 sobre la esteatosis hepática, sus efectos sensibilizadores a la insulina y sobre la expresión de adipoquinas, el perfil de eicosanoides y derivados bioactivos de los omega-3 en el tejido adiposo, y la contribución de RvE1 y PD1 en los efectos de los omega-3 sobre la esteatosis hepática y la resistencia a la insulina.
Los resultados del segundo estudio indican que los omega-3 atenúan la esteatosis hepática, mejoran la tolerancia a la insulina, inducen genes sensibilizadores a la insulina en tejido adiposo e hígado, aumentan la expresión de adiponectina, activan AMPK e incrementan la formación de resolvinas y protectinas en el tejido adiposo. Además, RvE1 y PD1 reproducen los efectos beneficiosos de sus precursores omega-3 sobre la esteatosis hepática y la resistencia a la insulina.
Las conclusiones de esta tesis son las siguientes:
Los omega-3 protegen a los hepatocitos del daño genotóxico y del estrés oxidativo; disminuyen la necroinflamación y la degeneración hidrópica de los hepatocitos inducidas por CCl4; inhiben la expresión de COX-2 y 5-LO, así como la formación de PGE2; atenúan la esteatosis hepática en ratones obesos; mejoran la tolerancia a la insulina e inducen genes sensibilizadores a la insulina en el tejido adiposo y el hígado de ratones obesos; inducen la expresión génica y proteica de la adiponectina, sin modular las adipoquinas proinflamatorias resistina, MCP-1, TNF- e IL-6; activan AMPK en tejido adiposo y músculo en ratones obesos; son transformados a los mediadores lipídicos bioactivos 17-HDHA y PD1 en el hígado, y 17-HDHA, RvD1 y PD1 en el tejido adiposo de ratón.
El 17-HDHA protege a los hepatocitos del daño genotóxico, del estrés oxidativo, reduce la liberación de TNF- en macrófagos y activa PPAR.
RvE1 reduce la esteatosis hepática y los macrófagos en el hígado y aumenta la expresión génica de adiponectina y otros factores sensibilizadores a la insulina en el tejido adiposo de ratones obesos.
PD1 induce la expresión de adiponectina en explantes de tejido adiposo de ratón obeso a niveles similares a los de la rosiglitazona.
Estos resultados indican que los ácidos grasos omega-3 ejercen efectos protectores en la inflamación hepática y las complicaciones asociadas a la obesidad. Estos efectos beneficiosos están mediados, en parte, por la síntesis de resolvinas y protectinas.
Recently, omega-3 PUFA beneficial effects have been well-established in a number of pathologies. Among the mechanisms responsible for those protective effects, two novel families of bioactive lipid mediators termed resolvins and protectins, are thought to play a key role.
Inflammation is a key factor for chronic liver disease, as well as obesity and obesity-induced alterations development. Thus, omega-3 PUFA might display important protective actions on these pathologies.
The aim of the current study was to investigate omega-3 PUFA effects on:
i-) hepatic inflammation.
ii-) adipose tissue and obesity-induced alterations.
First, we examined hepatoprotective actions of omega-3 PUFA on genotoxic damage and oxidative stress, CCl4-induced hepatic necroinflammation in mice, hepatic generation of omega-3 PUFA-derived bioactive lipid mediators, and their biological effects in key events for the pathophysiology of hepatic necroinflammation.
The results of our first study indicate that an omega-3 PUFA-enriched diet induces 17-HDHA and PD1 hepatic formation, which are able to reduce genotoxic damage and oxidative stress in hepatocytes, as well as key inflammatory markers in macrophages.
Second, we examined omega-3 PUFA actions on hepatic steatosis, insulin sensitivity and adipokines expression, eicosanoid and omega-3 PUFA-derived bioactive lipid mediators profile in adipose tissue, as well as RvE1 and PD1 contribution to omega-3 PUFA actions on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance.
The results of our second study indicate that omega-3 PUFA ameliorate hepatic steatosis and insulin tolerance, induce insulin-sensitizing genes in adipose and liver tissue, increase adiponectin expression, activate AMPK and induce resolvins and protectins formation in adipose tissue. Moreover, RvE1 y PD1 reproduce omega-3 PUFA beneficial effects on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance.
Taken together, these results indicate that omega-3 PUFA display potent protective actions on hepatic inflamation and obesity-induced alterations. These beneficial effects are mediated, at least in part, by resolvins and protectins synthesis from their omega-3 PUFA precursors.
Contreras, Martínez Miriam. "Evaluación de las propiedades encapsulantes de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados microencapsulados en diferentes matrices proteínicas." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/104808.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer una metodología para desarrollar sistemas microencapsulantes de mezclas de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados (Omega 3 y Omega-6) empleando como agentes encapsulantes matrices de origen animal (proteína de suero de leche) y de origen vegetal (proteína de chícharo), evaluando su funcionalidad como posibles agentes encapsulantes. La primera parte del trabajo consistió en la obtención de dos tipos de emulsiones del tipo aceite en agua utilizando proteína de suero de leche (PSL) y proteína de chícharo (PC) como agente emulsionante, y una mezcla de aceites esenciales de chía y ajonjolí como material encapsulante con una fracción volumétrica dispersa ( O/W) de 0.066, con una relación de material de pared respecto al material encapsulado (Wa:Co) de 2:1 teniendo un contenido de sólidos totales de 20%. Se obtuvieron microcápsulas a partir de las emulsiones deshidratadas mediante la técnica de secado por aspersión. Estas microcápsulas fueron objeto de análisis de propiedades de flujo, se determinó el contenido de humedad (obteniendo 3.64% para las microcápsulas con PSL y 5.14% para las microcápsulas con PC), ángulo de reposo (con un valor de 41.75° para los polvos con PSL y 50.07° para los polvos con PC), densidad empacada (registrando 0.322 g/mL para la formulación con PSL y 0.333 g/mL para la formulación con PC), densidad aparente (obteniendo un resultado de 0.268 g/mL para las microcápsulas con PSL y 0.278 g/mL para las microcápsulas con PC), radio de Hausner (con un valor de 1.2 en ambas formulaciones) y compresibilidad de Carr (obteniendo un valor de 16.66% en ambos casos); encontrando resultados homólogos a excepción de un mayor contenido de humedad y ángulo de reposo en las microcápsulas con PC. Se evaluaron las propiedades encapsulantes de las microcápsulas por medio de la eficiencia de encapsulamiento y su estabilidad oxidativa. Los resultados de la formación de peróxidos destacaron el hecho de que ambos polímeros son aptos para la protección de los aceites lábiles ante factores ambientales, retardando la oxidación de la mezcla de aceites y prolongando la vida útil de los microencapsulados de manera análoga a través del tiempo (seis semanas). Sin embargo, la formulación compuesta con PSL tiene una mayor capacidad para retener la mezcla de aceites en el núcleo esto en base a una eficiencia de encapsulamiento mayor (86.85%) respecto a la eficiencia de encapsulamiento de la formulación compuesta con PC (64.12%). Finalmente, se obtuvieron imágenes de la estructura externa de las microcápsulas de ambos sistemas, por medio de un análisis de microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés). Las microcápsulas con PSL tuvieron una morfología esférica y estructurada, mientras que las microcápsulas con PC fueron semiesféricas amorfas. A pesar de las características anteriormente descritas, se obtuvieron sistemas con microcápsulas semejantes, ya que no presentaron ruptura o aglomeración, lo cual ayudó a retardar fenómenos de difusión al interior y al exterior de las microcápsulas.
Rossato, Franco Aparecido 1984. "Avaliação da morte celular induzida por inibidores da enzima acido graxo sintase em linhagem celular derivada de melanoblastos não tumorigenicos de camundongos." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308207.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Ácido graxo sintase (FASN - EC 2.3.1.85) é a enzima responsável pela síntese endógena de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa a partir dos precursores acetil-CoA e malonil-CoA. Diversos estudos mostram que a FASN é altamente expressa em vários tipos de neoplasias malignas humanas, tais como de próstata, mama, melanoma e, em alguns destes tumores, a alta expressão de FASN está associada a um pior prognóstico. O tratamento com inibidores específicos de FASN, como cerulenina, C75 e orlistat, diminui a capacidade de proliferação e induz apoptose em linhagens celulares derivadas de neoplasias malignas de próstata, mama e cólon, porém pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos desses inibidores em células não tumorais. Recentemente mostramos que a inibição de FASN com orlistat reduz a proliferação e induz apoptose em células B16-F10 de melanoma murino (Carvalho et al. 2008). Considerando que (1) pouco é conhecido sobre os efeitos de inibidores de FASN em células "normais", inclusive melanócitos e (2) dados iniciais mostram que o tratamento com orlistat ou cerulenina também induz elevados níveis de apoptose em células "normais", este estudo teve por objetivo principal verificar os mecanismos envolvidos na morte induzida pela inibição da FASN em linhagem celular não-tumorigênica derivada de melanoblastos de camundongos (melan-a). O tratamento in vitro de células melan-a com 5 µg/mL de cerulenina ou com 30 µM de orlistat induziu expressiva porcentagem de apoptose, mas não necrose. As células tratadas também apresentaram redução da proliferação, além de discretas ativação de caspase-3 e liberação de citocromo c. Como o silenciamento de FASN através de RNA de interferência (RNAi) não resultou em apoptose, investigamos o possível envolvimento mitocondrial na morte induzida pelos inibidores de FASN. De fato, o tratamento com cerulenina ou orlistat resultou em diminuição do ??m, além de mais de 50% de inibição da velocidade de respiração das melana no estado de repouso. Paralelamente também foi constatado que esses mesmos inibidores de FASN induzem apoptose e reduzem a proliferação de células derivadas de queratinócitos não tumorigênicos, HaCaT. O presente trabalho mostra, portanto, que os inibidores de FASN, cerulenina e orlistat, apresentam efeitos nocivos sobre células não tumorais, conseqüência da ação sobre a respiração mitocondrial.
Abstract: Fatty acid synthase (FASN - EC 2.3.1.85) is the enzyme responsible for endogenous synthesis of long chain fatty acid palmitate derivate from precursors acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Studies have shown that FASN is highly expressed in several types of human malignancies, such as prostate, breast, melanoma, and in some of these tumors, high expression of FASN is associated with a poor prognosis. FASN inhibitors, such as cerulenin, C75, and orlistat, decrease cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in prostate, breast, and colon tumor cells lines. Recently we demonstrated that inhibition of FASN with orlistat reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis in cells B16-F10 murine melanoma (Carvalho et al. 2008). Consider that (1) little is known about the effects of FASN inhibitors in normal cells, including melanocytes and (2) previous data show that treatment with orlistat or cerulenin also induces high levels of apoptosis in normal cells, the aim of this study was to analyze the mechanisms involved in FASN inhibitioninduced cell death in cell line derived from non-tumorigenic mice melanoblasts (melana). In vitro treatment of melan-a cells with 5 µg/mL cerulenin or 30 µM orlistat induced a significant percentage of apoptosis, but not necrosis. Treated cells also showed reduced proliferation, and moderate activation of caspase-3 and release of cytochrome c. As FASN silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) did not result in apoptosis, we investigated the possible involvement of mitochondria in FASN inhibition-induced cell death. Cerulenin or orlistat treatment of melan-a cells decreased ?? m and inhibited more than 50% the respiration rate in rest state. We also detected significant apoptosis and reduced proliferation in cells derived from non-tumorigenic keratinocyte, HaCaT, after incubation with the same FASN inhibitors. In conclusion, this study shows that FASN inhibitors, cerulenin and orlistat, have adverse effects on non-tumor cells, as a consequence of direct action on mitochondrial respiration.
Mestrado
Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento
Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica
Toledo, Rodríguez de Meléndez Claudia Mercedes. "Síntesis y caracterización de resinas alquídicas de alto contenido de sólidos a partir del aceite de sacha inchi." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16138.
Tesis
Madrid, Gajardo Valentina Paz. "Implementación de una metodología analítica para valorar ácidos grasos omega-3 en una emulsión inyectable para nutrición parenteral." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/133064.
Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo implementar una metodología analítica para cuantificar dos ácidos grasos de cadena larga omega-3, ácido eicosapentanoico C20:5 (EPA) y ácido docosahexanoico C22:6 (DHA) en una emulsión para infusión intravenosa, Omegaven®, mediante la técnica de cromatografía de gas (GC) acoplada a detector de ionización por llama (FID). Para conseguir el propósito de este trabajo se comenzó por buscar pruebas anteriores de análisis realizados en el laboratorio y bibliografía que permitiera respaldar la metodología a implementar. En base a ello se eligió modificar las condiciones de temperatura del horno del cromatógrafo. La técnica nueva se basó en una ya implementada y en la realizada por el laboratorio de origen del producto (Fresenius-Kabi Alemania), que consideraba ácidos grasos de hasta 18 carbonos. La nueva metodología que se implementó contempló ácidos grasos de hasta 22 átomos de carbono, por lo que las condiciones debieron ser modificadas. Se ajustaron los tiempos en que el horno permaneció a cada temperatura, la duración de las transiciones de aumento de temperatura y el tiempo de duración de la lectura; previo a ello, se observó en pruebas con el producto analizado preliminarmente derivatizado, que tenía peaks detectables hasta alrededor de los 37 minutos, por lo que se adecuó una rampa de temperatura que alcanzara los 45 minutos de lectura para asegurar un cromatograma completo con todos los componentes detectables bajo la técnica en el producto. Se utilizaron 6 estándares de ácidos grasos, 5 de ellos estándares individuales siendo el sexto una mezcla estándar de ácidos grasos esterificados (certificados de análisis se encuentran en Anexo N° 1). Todos los estándares utilizados se adquirieron en forma de éster metílico. Con la inyección de cada estándar en 3 repeticiones para los volúmenes de inyección 2, 3, 4 y 5 μL se pudieron obtener datos de tiempos de retención de cada uno para identificar los mismos en el cromatograma del producto. Para cuantificar estos ácidos grasos se inyectó una mezcla estándar de los mismos con concentraciones conocidas, con lo cual fue posible obtener factores de respuesta de cada peak de interés, (previamente identificado con la inyección individual), respecto de un estándar interno utilizado en la metodología y presente en la mezcla estándar. Los ácidos grasos de interés en el producto Omegaven® son EPA y DHA. Con los factores de respuesta obtenidos y la determinación de los tiempos de retención fue posible identificar y cuantificar estos ácidos grasos presentes en la muestra de producto Omegaven®
Gil, Sánchez Alfonso. "Investigación in vivo de la transferencia placentaria de ácidos grasos marcados con carbono 13 en humanos." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/37470.
Sandoval, Villarroel Lorena Soledad. "Implementación de un método analítico para la determinación de ácidos grasos trans por cromatografía gas-líquido." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105676.
Pariona, Mendoza Nancy. "Obtención de los ácidos grasos del aceite de la Plukenetia volubilis L. "Sacha Inchi" para la utilización en la industria y estudio fitoquímico cualitativo de la almendra." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2115.
Tesis
Jofré, Rebolledo Viviana Rosario. "Validación de la metodología analítica para la determinación de ácidos grasos en aceites de oliva extra virgen." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105319.
El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo validar e implementar una metodología analítica por cromatografía de gases para la composición en ácidos grasos de un aceite de oliva extra virgen, variedad arbequina. Se determinó la linealidad del método de detección para los principales ácidos grasos presentes en el aceite de oliva extra virgen, utilizando ésteres metílicos de los ácidos palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), oleico (C18:1) y linoleico (C18:2) en contenidos similares a los del aceite. Las curvas de calibración obtenidas presentaron un coeficiente de correlación superior a 0,99. Se determinó el límite de detección y de cuantificación para los ácidos grasos minoritarios presentes en el aceite de oliva extra virgen, utilizando ésteres metílicos de los ácidos palmitoleico (C16:1), linolénico (C18:3), araquídico (C20:0), eicosenoico (C20:1) y behénico (C22:0) en contenidos similares a los del aceite. Las concentraciones del límite de cuantificación (0,017-0,154 mg/ml) fueron superiores al límite de detección (0,005-0,046 mg/ml), cercanas al último punto de la curva de calibración. La precisión se determinó por medio de la repetibilidad y la replicabilidad. La repetibilidad se evaluó con 10 muestras de aceite de oliva extra virgen en un mismo día, por un mismo analista y en el mismo instrumento. La replicabilidad se evaluó en 10 días diferentes. Los coeficientes de variación obtenidos en repetibilidad y replicabilidad para los ácidos grasos se ajustaron a la norma de la AOCS, excepto el ácido esteárico, que superó el CV máximo permitido de 4%. La exactitud se evaluó a través de la determinación de la recuperación en una muestra de aceite sin y con (fortificación) la adición de los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos palmítico, esteárico, oleico y linoleico. Se obtuvieron valores de recuperación entre 77 y 109%. Se analizaron 26 muestras de aceites de oliva de las variedades arbequina, picual y frantoio, encontrando diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de ésteres metílicos de algunos ácidos grasos. La variedad arbequina presentó valores significativamente mayores (p<0.05) en C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, C17:1 con respecto a las variedades picual y frantoio. La variedad picual presento valores significativamente mayores (p<0,05) en C18:0 y C18:1 y significativamente menores (p<0,05) de C18:2 y C18:3, con respecto a las variedades de arbequina y frantoio. Para los ácidos 20:0, 20:1 y 22:0 no se encontraron diferencias significativas.
Cánovas, Zambudio Elisa. "Influencia del consumo de ácidos grasos sobre la expresión génica en pollo de carne determinado por microarray." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129076.
The general aim of this PhD thesis is to assess the effects that diets rich in different fatty acid families (saturated, poly-unsaturated omega-6, or omega-3) have on the transcriptome of adipose tissue, liver, and skeletical muscle in broiler chickens, using GeneChip microarrays. In particular, this work wants to describe differences in gene/pathway expression in broiler chickens fed diets differing in their unsaturation degree, and want to verify those differences in genes/pathways expression previously described in literature. In a second part of this PhD Thesis, we describe the time-evolution of the expression of genes selected from those found important in the microarray data and in literature on broiler chickens. In this work, broiler chickens were fed 4 different experimental diets, a low-fat diet (0.5% added fat) and 3 diets supplemented with 10% of three different fats: tallow, rich in saturated fatty acids, a mixture of n3 oils (70% linseed oil + 30% fih oil) rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, and sunflower oil rich in poly-unsaturated omega-6 fatty acids. This work includes two experiments that were developed parallel in time. First experiment studies the effects of the experimental diets on transcriptomes of abdominal fat, liver, and skeletical muscle in 50 days old broiler chicken; second experiment describes time-evolution of the expression of selected genes depending on the diets. Abdominal fat, liver, and skeletical muscle were sampled in broiler chickens on days 0, 10, 21, 35, and 45 after experimental feeds were introduced to the animals on day 14 of age. Phenotype changes. Productive performance was registered as a pre-requisite before we could proceed to run microarray analysis. Chickens fed the diet rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids showed lower deposition of abdominal compared to those fed the diet rich in saturated fatty acids. The different studied tissues also showed the expected changes in composition mimicking fatty acid profile of the respective diets. Broiler chickens fed low fat diet, and so with lower energy levels, showed productive performance records completely different to all other treatments, as expected. Study of transcriptome. Diet rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids induced most of the important observed changes in expression, especially in abdominal fat and skeletical muscle. For abdominal fat, diet rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids induced changes compared to all other diets, affecting several unspecific pathways related to metabolism of different molecules. For skeletical muscle, differential expression was mainly found between the diet rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and diet rich in saturated fatty acids. Most of the pathways affected in this case were related to immune response. Study of selected genes. A group of genes were selected based on results obtained from the microarray experiment and previous results available on literature. Not all selected genes were differentially expressed among diets or time points. Genes ITGB2, FABP7, LIPA, GSTA3, LITAF showed differences on expression in abdominal fat of broiler chickens fed the diet rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids compared to those fed diets rich in poly-unsaturated omega-6 or saturated fatty acids. Gene CYP2C18 showed increased expression levels in liver of broiler chickens fed diets rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids compared to those fed saturated fatty acids. Genes CLU and ITGB2, in abdominal fat, genes CYP2C18, PCK1, PPARa, PPARg and FASN in liver and genes ITGB2 and FABP4 in skeletical muscle were affected by the age of the broiler chicken. As conclusions, we can say the transcriptome of the adipose tissue is more sensible to changes in the composition of the fat included in the diet than liver or muscle transcriptomes. Moreover, diets rich in poly-unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids resulted in very different transcriptomes when compared to diets rich in saturated or poly-unsaturated omega-6 fatty acids, or even when compared to low fat diet. Genes differencialy expressed among diets or sampling days were mainly related to metabolism of different molecules and to immune response. These are genes of interest for future studies related to lipid metabolism or development in broiler chickens.
Villalta, Compte Mireia. "Requerimientos en ácidos grasos esenciales y organogénesis de la larva del lenguado senegalés, Solea senegalensis (Kaup 1858)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3694.
Para alcanzar el primer objetivo se comparó la pauta alimentaria utilizada habitualmente en el cultivo larvario del lenguado, basada en el uso de rotíferos y nauplios de Artemia, con el uso de nauplios de Artemia como única fuente de alimento. Para el segundo objetivo se llevaron a cabo diversos estudios dosis-respuesta que permitieron establecer las relaciones entre los contenidos en la dieta de 20:4n-6,22:6n-3,20:5n-3 y 20:4n-6/20:5n-3 y el efecto de los mism os sobre las larvas, tanto a nivel de crecimiento com o tasa de metamorfosis, supervivencia, pigmentación y concentración de estos ácidos grasos en distintos tejidos. En el último trabajo realizado dentro de este bloque también se evaluó el efecto del aceite Echium sobre las larvas y se estudió el efecto de la congelación sobre la composición en ácidos grasos de los nauplios de Artemia. Para el último objetivo las larvas fueron individualizadas y clasificadas, según sus características morfológicas, en distintos estadios de desarrollo, que sirvieron como base para establecer las pautas de desarrollo de los distintos órganos y tejidos mediante técnicas histológicas, tanto en parafina como en m etacrilato.
De esta tesis se puede concluir, por un lado que las larvas de lenguado senegalés son capaces de alimentarse de nauplios de Artemia desde el momento de la apertura de la boca. Por otro, que contenidos elevados de 20:4n-6 en la dieta provocan retrasos en la metamorfosis e inducen mala pigmentación en las larvas. Respecto al 22:6n-3, las larvas de esta especie tienen un nulo o muy bajo requerimiento nutricional por este ácido graso. El 20:5n-3 no afecta al crecimiento de las larvas, pero si la cantidad ingerida no es suficiente provocará anomalías pigmentarias. Del último capítulo se puede concluir que el rápido desarrollo de los órganos de los sentidos provoca la temprana iniciación de la alimentación exógena y esta a su vez, un adelanto de la metamorfosis y un inicio de la vida bentónica muy precoz en el desarrollo.
The Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) is a flatfish found along the Mediterranean and South Atlantic coast, and is a prime candidate for aquaculture in Spain and Portugal. The rearing methods for Senegal sole have been well documented but little is known about the larval nutritional requirem ents and histological development.
This study was designed with three main objectives.The first was to evaluate the use of Artemia nauplii as the only food source during the larval period. The second was designed to investigate the role ofthe dietary essential fatty acids (20:4n6, 22:6n-3, and 20:5n-3) on larval development, and to study the use of a new vegetable oil, extracted from the seeds of Echium plantagineum, for live preyenrichment and its effects on flatfish pigmentation. The last objective was to study the main morphological and histological events that take place during the larval development.
To achieve the first objective, the technique usually em ployed in larval culture with rotifers and Artemia as live prey was compared w ith the use of Artemia naupliias the only food source. To reach the second objective dose-response designs was carried out to try to identify the correlations between 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3 and 20:4n-6/20:5n-3 dietary content w ith the growth, survival, pigmentation and tissue com position of Senegal sole larvae. In addition, the Echium oil effect on larvae was also evaluated. For the last objective, larvae were individually classified and the developmental stage was determined on the basis of the main external morphological features, which serve as the basis for the ontogenical events description.
The results of the first work showed that Senegal sole larvae were able to capture Artemia nauplii after mouth opening. For the second objective we can conclude that increasing dietary 20:4n-6 slow ed the metamorphic events and generated abnormally pigmented larvae. W ith regard to 22:6n-3, the results indicate a low or negligible requirement for this fatty acid. Larval growth was not affected by dietary 20:5n-3 amount, but abnormal pigmentation can be produced by a deficient ingest. For the last work it's possible to conclude that the early larval stages are characterized by a rapid development of senses and organs in charge of feeding or use ofendogenous reserves in orderto accelerate at maximum the larval grow th and initiates as soon as possible metamorphosis.
Lluís, Rodríguez Laura. "Efecto de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de origen marino sobre el estrés oxidativo en ratas con síndrome metabólico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96313.
The incidence of metabolic syndrome increases in developed countries. Oxidative stress has a potential role in the pathology of metabolic syndrome. It mediates various risk factors such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance. Polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 (PUFA n3) reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in part by improving the lipid profile, hypertension, oxidative stress and inflammation. We conducted a nutritional study in Wistar rats (controls) and SHROB rats (model of metabolic syndrome). For three months were administered five different treatments: three with different proportions of PUFA n3, EPA: DHA (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2), and two controls soy and flax. Different parameters were studied as body weight, glucose, blood pressure, insulin and HOMA index. We analyzed the lipid profile, cardiovascular risk biomarkers, oxidative stress and an analysis of histological damage. We want demonstrate beneficial effects of PUFA n3, clarifying turn which of the three ratios EPA: DHA is the most suitable in improving the studied parameters.
Gonzales, Uscamayta Miki. "Determinación de ácidos grasos, compuestos fenólicos y efecto gastroprotector de semillas de uva (Vitis vinífera) variedad Malbec, subproducto de la industria vitivinícola, Ica-Perú." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/12826.
Tesis
Blanco, Carnero José Eliseo. "Influencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en la transferencia placentaria de ácidos grasos en gestantes con diabetes gestacional." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119327.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of overweight and obesity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes in their fatty acid profile in maternal serum and fetal transplacental intake, compared with normal weight pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes Overweight and obesity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus did not alter the total concentration of fatty acids or their percentage in maternal serum or placental tissue. However, in the umbilical vein serum with or without obesity gestational diabetes mellitus decreased total fatty acid concentration and the percentage of fetal essential fatty acids and conditionally essential. We can affirm that gestational diabetes mellitus, with or without overweight or obesity, reduces polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in cord blood, which might be due to impaired placental transport of these nutrients.
Molinar, Toribio Eunice María. "Estudio del efecto de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, polifenoles e iminociclitoles sobre marcadores relacionados con el síndrome metabólico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285962.
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is rapidly increasing worldwide to the point that it is becoming a global health problem. The SM is known as a set of risk factors to health, including obesity (central obesity), insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension. These alterations have been associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes type 2 (DM2) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). All this has stimulated the study of its causes and search for preventive strategies. Rodents have been used as models of human diseases, to improve the understanding of the causes, progression of symptoms and to test new therapeutic or preventive interventions. In the case of studies related to SM three models are the most used: genetic, dietary and pharmacological models. In this memory we focused on the genetic and dietary models. The genetic model used consisted of obese spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHROB) Koletsky rats. The SHROB rats have a mutation (fak/fak) nonsense gene for the leptin receptor, which is a hormone produced primarily in adipose tissue whose main function is signaling to the central nervous system (CNS) to conserve energy balance and body weight stable. In rats SHROB this signaling is truncated because the receiver is inactive, the animal does not regulate the intake and accumulates as lipids. The dietary model used consisted of female Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) healthy and Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) healthy which were given a diet high in fat and high sucrose (HFHS) that mimics human dietary habits which are recognized as inadequate (high fat and refined sugar). For decades, certain natural compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polyphenols and more recently iminocyclitols, have been proposed as agents prevention of some of the factors of MS. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of different mixtures PUFAs, the possible synergistic effect or collaboration between PUFAs and polyphenols, and explore an iminocyclitol present in the diet (D- fagomine) as a novel preventive agent for SM In the genetic model (SHROB rats) the supplementation whit mixtures PUFAs EPA/DHA in different proportions offset changes in the lipid profile; decreased triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, total lipids; increased the amount of n-3 PUFAs in plasma and erythrocyte membrane; and decreased FAs the amount of n-6 into erythrocytes. Mixtures of EPA/DHA in the ratios 1:1 and 2:1 decreased significantly the inflammation (CRP level) and increased significantly amount of monounsaturated fatty acid (MIFAs) and PUFAs in plasma. Supplementations reduced the level of urinary isoprostanes (mainly EPA/DHA mixture, 1:2), and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD in erythrocytes, liver, abdominal fat, kidney, heart and brain (especially EPA/DHA, 1:1); SOD, CAT, GR, GPx in the kidneys (EPA/DHA, 2:1). The concentration of oxidized LDL (LDL-ox) increased in all cases. These results are consistent with stimulation of antioxidant defenses by mixtures of EPA/DHA which induce reduction of oxidative stress (OS) coupled with a reduction in CVD risk factors (LDL-c and inflammation). Taken together, our results indicate that EPA is especially relevant for reducing hyperlipidemia and inflammation as well as in the activation of endogenous antioxidant systems while DHA is more effective in reducing isoprostanes. In the dietary model (HFHS) changes in body weight were observed, lipid profile, insulin and OS. The combined supplementation of EPA/DHA (1:1) and grape seed extract (GSE) had a protective effect collaborative against SM: reduction of body weight increase, the accumulation of abdominal fat, TG, cholesterol total and insulin. In addition, co-administration of EPA/DHA (1:1) and GSE increased significantly excretion of conjugated metabolites of EC and EGC, and its metabolites microbial. The results suggest that EPA and DHA increased the amount of polyphenols available because they contribute to the reduction of OS. The thesis examines for first, the possible preventive action iminocyclitol D-fagomina on adiposity, dyslipidemia; glucose homeostasis, IR, OS and inflammation in the model of diet-induced SM (HFHS). For the little information that was available was necessary in vitro studies to explore their mechanisms of action and in vivo postprandial to establish the effective dose. D-Fagomine reduced the concentration of plasma glucose after ingestion of sucrose and starch dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, this new activity described iminocyclitol: selective inhibition of adhesion bacterial intestinal mucosa, which opens the door to new applications of the molecule and the explanation of its in vivo activity. The model of diet- induced SM HFHS and supplemented with D-fagomina reduced body weight gain, improved lipid profile, attenuated the effects of diet on OS HFHS glucose levels and ghrelin, leptin, glucagon and insulin. In this work we have evaluated different animal models of MS and have examined the effects of PUFAs, polyphenols and iminocyclitol D-fagomine. The results show that different nutritional supplements can have different effects on factors of MS and that their actions can be complementary, as has been seen with PUFAs and polyphenols grape seed. The thesis also opens the way for the use of D- fagomina as a complementary to other supplements available to the consumer. In the future, further studies on collaborative effects as described herein could offer new nutritional options for prevention of metabolic disorders related to diet.
Alegret, i. Jordà Marta. "Efecto "in vivo" de los derivados fíbricos sobre enzimas microsomales implicados en la síntesis hepática de ácidos grasos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1643.
El mecanismo por el cual los fibratos ejercen la acción hipolipemiante, así como las bases bioquímicas de esta acción, no están totalmente clarificados. Se sabe que la composición en ácidos grasos de las lipoproteínas plasmáticas puede afectar enormemente el metabolismo de las mismas, de modo que cualquier modificación en los enzimas de síntesis y modificación de los ácidos grasos podría estar relacionada con el efecto hipolipemiante de estos farmacos. Por ello, resulta de gran interés el estudio de la acción de los fibratos sobre dichos enzimas. En concreto, en este trabajo se ha estudiado el efecto de la administración de clofibrato (CFB), bezafibrato (BFB) y gemfibrozilo (GFB) en rata sobre los siguientes enzimas: palmitoil-CoA sintetasa, palmitoil-CoA hidrolasa, elongasas microsomales, desaturasas microsomales y cadenas de transporte electrónico microsomal.
Por otro lado, no debe olvidarse que los fibratos son fármacos cuya administración produce, principalmente en roedores, proliferación peroxisómica. Por ello, se ha realizado un estudio temporal de cada una de las actividades enzimáticas antes nombradas, junta con la beta-oxidación peroxisómica, marcador de la proliferación de este orgánulo. Asimismo, se ha realizado un estudio paralelo en cobayas, especie refractaria a la inducción peroxisómica.
El tratamiento de los animales se ha realizado administrando los fármacos conjuntamente con la dieta a dosis equimolares calculadas en función de la dosis habitual de CFB (0.3 % p/p).
El tratamiento de ratas con CFB, BFB y GFB produce un marcado incremento en la actividad beta-oxidación peroxisómica y en el tamaño relativo del hígado, hechos que indican la acción proliferadora peroxisómica de los fibratos, que se manifiesta con un orden de potencia BFB>CFB>GFB. Se ha encontrado una correlación positiva entre ambos fenómenos en rata. En cobayas, especie refractaria, ninguno de los dos parámetros se incrementa.
La evolución ponderal de las ratas control y tratadas es prácticamente idéntica durante la primera semana de tratamiento, mientras que a partir del día 7 (BFB) o 8-9 (CFB y GFB) de tratamiento, se observa un peso superior en el grupo control respecto a los grupos tratados con CFB, BFB y GFB. Ello contrasta con un mayor consumo diario de alimento en los grupos tratados con BFB y GFB.
Los tres fármacos estudiados se han mostrado efectivos en cuanto a la reducción de los niveles de colesterol y triglicéridos plasmáticos en ratas y en cobayas normolipidémicos. Se han encontrado correlaciones inversas entre la actividad beta-oxidación peroxisómica y los niveles de colesterol o triglicéridos plasmáticos, cuyos coeficientes de determinación indican que la proliferación peroxisómica únicamente contribuiría alrededor de un 30 % al efecto hipolipemiante.
Antes de iniciar la determinación de las actividades enzimáticas en animales control y tratados, se comprobó que el tratamiento con fibratos ni alteraba el patrón de distribución celular hepático ni afectaba la concentración proteica en el hígado.
Si bien las actividades palmitoil-CoA hidrolasa de localización mitocondrial no resultaron significativamente modificadas, el tratamiento con fibratos produce un marcado incremento en la actividad palmitoil-CoA hidrolasa microsomal y, sobre todo, citosólica. El tratamiento de cobayas con GFB no ha modificado ninguna de estas actividades. Existe una correlación positiva entre las actividades S-oxidación peroxisómica y palmitoil-CoA hidrolasa citosólica que refleja una contribución alrededor de un 50 % de la proliferación peroxisómica al incremento de actividad hidrolasa.
La actividad palmitoil-CoA sintetasa microsomal resulta enormemente inducida has la administración de fibratos a ratas, con un orden de potencia BFB>CFB>GFB. Se ha encontrado una correlación positiva entre las actividades de beta-oxidación peroxisómica y palmitoil-CoA sintetasa que permite suponer que alrededor de un 50 % del incremento de esta actividad enzimática es consecuencia del fenómeno de inducción peroxisómica, dependencia que resulta confirmada por el hecho de que no se produce incremento de la actividad sintetasa en cobayas tratados con GFB. El incremento en la actividad sintetasa parece constituir una respuesta compensatoria del organismo al aumento de la actividad hidrolasa, con el fin de mantener un equilibrio entre ambas.
El tratamiento de ratas con fibratos produce un marcado incremento en la actividad de elongación de ácidos grasos saturados, mientras que únicamente el GFB es capaz de incrementar la de substratos saturados, y ninguna de ellos resulta efectivo respecto al incremento de la elongación de substratos poliinsaturados; ello apoya la hipótesis acerca de la existencia de tres sistemas de elongación distintos para cada uno de estos substratos. En cambio, la elongación de ácidos grasos experimenta un incremento en cobayas tratados con GFB sea cual sea el substrato utilizado. Los incrementos detectados en las actividades de elongación parecen ser prácticamente independientes de la proliferación peroxisómica, y podrían explicarse como una respuesta compensatoria del organismo a la inhibición "in situ" de los enzimas, o bien como consecuencia de una mayor demanda de substrato para la delta·9 desaturación.
El tratamiento de ratas con fibratos produce un apreciable incremento en las actividades delta-9 desturasa y delta-5 desaturasa, bien correlacionado con la proliferación peroxisómica, y con un orden de potencia BFB>CFB=GFB. Al menos en parte, la sobrecarga de substrato producida por el incremento en la elongaci6n de ácidos grasos saturados puede contribuir al efecto sobre la delta-9 desaturasa. A diferencia de los casos anteriores, el incremento en la actividad delta-6 desaturasa es independiente de la proliferación peroxisómica, y es máximo en las ratas tratadas con GFB. Es posible que la disminución en la actividad producida por los fármacos "in situ" provoque una respuesta compensatoria del animal, responsable del incremento detectado "in vivo".
Respecto a las cadenas de transporte electrónico, cabe destacar que la actividad NADH citocromo b(s) reductasa no resulta modificada tras el tratamiento de ratas con ninguno de los fibratos estudiados. En cambio, la actividad NADH citocromo c reductasa sufre una notable disminución, tanto en rata como en cobaya, que es independiente de la proliferación peroxisómica. La reducci6n en la actividad NADH citocromo c reductasa podría ser debida al predominio del impedimento del transporte electrónico desde la reductasa al citocromo b(s).
Por último, la actividad NADPH citocromo e reductasa resulta incrementada en ratas tratadas con fibratos, con un orden de potencia paralelo al descrito para la proliferación peroxisómica (BFB>CFB>GFB), mientras que no se produce modificaci6n en esta actividad tras el tratamiento de cobayas con GFB. Sin embargo, la inducción peroxisómica contribuye únicamente alrededor de un 30 % al incremento en la actividad NADPH citocromo e reductasa, ya que éste estaría ligado a la inducción del citocromo P450 y, por tanto la relación con el fenómeno de la proliferación peroxisómica seria indirecta.
Como conclusiones derivadas de los resultados expuestos, puede destacarse:
- De los parámetros no enzimáticos, únicamente la hepatomegalia depende mayoritariamente del fenómeno de la inducción peroxisómica, por lo que no se produce en la especie humana. Tampoco parecen producirse en el hombre los efectos detectados en rata sobre la evolución ponderal y el consumo de alimentos, aunque parecen ser independientes de la inducción peroxisómica. Los efectos sobre los lípidos plasmáticos tampoco dependen de la proliferación peroxisómica, por lo que se producen en especies refractarias como los humanos.
- Ninguna de las actividades enzimáticas cuya modificación depende en gran medida de la proliferación peroxisómica es esperable en humanos ni parece estar relacionada con el efecto hipolipemiante de los fibratos. En cambio, las modificaciones en la actividad NADH citocromo c reductasa, palmitoi]-CoA hidrolasa microsomal, delta-6 desaturasa, y elongasa, al ser mayoritariamente independientes de la proliferaci6n peroxisómica, pueden producirse también en especies refractarias a este fen6meno, y, por tanto podrían contribuir en alguna medida al efecto hipolipemiante de los fibratos en humanos.
The effect in vivo of c10fibrate (CFB), bezafibrate (BFB) and gemfibrozil (GFB) on some hepatic enzyme activities related to fatty acid biosynthesis in rats and guinea-pig has been studied. The animals were distributed randomly into four groups, which were fed, respectively, a control diet or a diet containing 0.3 % CFB, 0.45 % BFB and 0.3 % GFB (equimolar doses).
A 15-days treatment of rats with CFB, BFB, and CFB caused a significant reduction in the increase of body weight accompanied with an increase in food intake in groups treated with BFB and GFB. The administration of the three drugs produced gross hepatomegaly and increase in peroxisomal beta-oxidation, being both parameters strongly correlated.
Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced in treated animals. There is an inverse correlation between these parameters and peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
The enzyme activities studied could be distributed in three groups:
1. Those non-modified after treatment of rats with fibrates: mitochondrial palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, NADH cytochrome b(s) reductase and elongation or polyunsaturated fatty acids.
2. Those whose activity was modified in treated rats in correlation with peroxisomal proliferation: cytosolic palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, microsomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase, delta-9 and delta-5 desaturation of ratty acids, and NADPH cytochrome c reductase. Due to the relation with peroxisomal induction, none of these activities was modified in CFB-treated guinea-pigs, and no modification is expected in humans after fibrate therapy.
3. Activities modified by fibrate treatment in rats independently from peroxisomal induction: microsomal palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, elongation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, NADH cytochrome c reductase and delta-6 desaturase. Elongation and NADH cytocrome c reductase activities are also modified in a species refractary to peroxisomal proliferation, as guinea-pig, after GFB treatment. According to the absence or correlation with the proliferation of peroxisomes, one could expect modifications in these activities in humans treated with fibrates; for this reason they could be related to the hypolipidemic effect of these drugs in man.
Suárez, Ramírez Carlos Emilio. "Cultivo larvario de dentón (Dentex dentex L.): contribución al establecimiento de las necesidades nutricionales en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/55730.
Aguilar, Castro María del Carmen. "SÍNTESIS DE PLÁSTICOS BIO-BASADOS A PARTIR DE MONÓMEROS BI-FUNCIONALES OBTENIDOS DE COMPUESTOS DERIVADOS DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67368.
Torres, Castillo José Carlos. "Evaluación de ácidos grasos y actividad antioxidante in vitro del aceite de la semilla de Annona muricata (Guanábana)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10829.
Tesis
Lazo, Andrade Jorge Luis. "Variación espacio-temporal en la composición bioquímica, energética y perfil de ácidos grasos de los principales recursos pesqueros bentónicos: Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) y Fissurella cumingi (Reeve, 1849) (Mollusca: Gastropoda), en Chile Central." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10305.
Tesis
García, Richardson Ashley Berenice. "RELACIÓN ENTRE EL CONSUMO DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS POLIINSATURADOS Y LAS CONCENTRACIONES DE INTERLEUCINA 1β EN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2". Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Licenciatura en Nutrición, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/65247.
Introducción. La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica caracterizada por hiperglucemia crónica y trastornos en el metabolismo de hidratos de carbono, lípidos y proteínas. La diabetes tipo 2 representa el 90% de los casos mundiales. La familia de la interleucina 1 está asociada con la inflamación, por ello la IL-1β se presenta en enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas de bajo grado como la diabetes tipo 2. En estudios epidemiológicos se ha demostrado que los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados como el ω-3 pueden modular la inflamación. Objetivo Determinar la relación entre el consumo de ω-3 y las concentraciones plasmáticas de IL-1β en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 del Estado de México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal con una muestra de 120 pacientes de 25 a 60 años diagnosticados con DM2, a quienes se les realizó historia clínica, evaluación antropométrica y evaluación dietética para determinar la cantidad de ácidos grasos consumidos en 24 horas. Además se determinó IL-1β en suero y los datos obtenidos se analizaron con una correlación de Pearson. Resultados. Las concentraciones de IL-1β en la población estudiada presentaron una media de 19.1 ± 134.6 pg/ml. El consumo de ácidos grasos ω-3 presentó una media de 0.68g/día. Mediante correlación de Pearson se obtuvo una correlación 0.214 positiva con una p=0.019. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 cursan con un proceso inflamatorio por el bajo consumo de ω-3 por lo que no se evidencia la modulación del proceso inmuno-inflamatorio.
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México CONACyT. Proyecto para la Atención de Problemas Prioritarios Nacionales 2013.
CASTRO, HERNANDEZ HORACIO 210380, and HERNANDEZ HORACIO CASTRO. "Efecto de la estrategia de alimentación y del genotipo sobre la producción, composición y perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche de vacas en pastoreo en el valle de Toluca." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/58799.
Pace, Luiz Wanderley Bratfisch. "Estudo da sintese de esteres de poliglicois utilizando lipases e esterases como biocatalisadores." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256720.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A síntese de ésteres utilizando biocatalisadores está se tornando técnica e economicamente viável, devido aos benefícios apresentados pelo uso destes catalisadores, aos constantes investimentos no desenvolvimento de enzimas com maior rendimento, estabilidade e atividade enzimática e ao surgimento de enzimas imobilizadas que possibilitam o reuso várias vezes. Considerando o grande potencial das enzimas como biocatalisadores e apesar de já existerem no mercado algumas aplicações definidas, existe necessidade de estudo e aprimoramento dos processos enzimáticos nesta área, principalmente para estabelecer os processos em escala industrial. Neste trabalho foi estudada a síntese de quatro ésteres de poliglicóis, com propriedade surfactante e antiespumante, utilizando lipases e esterases como biocatalisadores. Foram avaliadas nove enzimas comerciais de diferentes fornecedores e selecionado três; as quais se apresentaram mais adequadas para os ésteres a serem obtidos e nas condições de processo que possibilitem a produção dos mesmos em escala industrial. A seleção das enzimas e condições reacionais foram baseadas nos resultados obtidos das 227 reações realizadas em laboratório e 2 reações em escala piloto. Três ésteres foram obtidos com sucesso por biocatálise, sendo dois com propriedades de surfactante e um com propriedades de antiespumante, igual ou superior aos produtos obtidos por processo químico. Todos os produtos obtidos por biocatálise apresentaram coloração mais clara, indicando menor oxidação, quando comparados com os produtos obtidos pelo processo químico, no qual é utilizado catalisador ácido e altas temperaturas. Nos estudos realizados foi possível comprovar a seletividade da esterase avaliada como biocatalisador, ao alterar um dos componentes do substrato. As esterificações foram realizadas em diferentes temperaturas, concentrações de enzimas e tempos de reação, visando obter condições de processo que permitam a produção dos ésteres em escala industrial. O acompanhamento das reações foi realizado através de análise titulométrica e espectrometria no infravermelho. A identidade dos ésteres obtidos por biocatálise frente aos ésteres obtidos por processo químico, foi realizada através das técnicas de espectrometria no infravermelho, cromatografia em camada delgada e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A faixa de temperatura ideal para a obtenção dos ésteres estudados foi de 70 ¿ 75º C, com tempo de reação entre 8 e 10 horas e porcentagem de esterificação de até 95%. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que lipases e esterases podem ser utilizadas, na síntese de ésteres de poliglicóis, em substituição aos catalisadores utilizados nos processos químicos, permitindo a redução da temperatura e pressão do processo. Com isso, aumenta a segurança do processo e reduz os impactos ambientais, pela redução do consumo de energia e uso de catalisadores menos agressivos ao meio ambiente. Salientamos que as enzimas são produzidas com insumos renováveis e processos que causam mínimos impactos ao meio ambiente
Abstract: The ester biocatalyst synthesis is becoming technical and economically viable, based on the associated benefits by the use of these catalyst, the constant investiments in enzymes development with high yield, stability, enzymatic activity and new immobilized enzymes that allow multiple uses of the same material. Considering the great potential of enzymes as biocatalysts and although there is already in the market some defined applications, there is still the need to study and improve the enzymatic processes in this area, mainly to establish processes on industrial scale. In this paper, the synthesis of four polyglycol esters with defoamer and surfactant properties, using lipases and esterases as biocalyst, were studied. Nine commercial enzymes coming from different suppliers were evaluated and three were selected; which showed to be more adequate for the esters to be obtained and for the conditions of the process to allow their use on industrial scale. The selection of enzymes and the reacting conditions were based on the results obtained from the 227 reactions runned in the laboratory and 2 reactions in pilot scale. Three esters were successfully obtained by biocatalysis, two with surfactant properties and one with defoamer properties, with the same or better performance than the products obtained by the chemical process. All products obtained by biocatalyst process presented light color, indicating less oxidation, when compared with products obtained by chemical process, where an acid catalyst and high temperatures are used. Esterase biocatalyst selectivity was demonstrated when one component of the substrate was changed. Esterification was carried out in different temperatures, enzymes concentrations, and reaction times, in order to obtain adequate process conditions that allowed the production of esters on industrial scale. Reaction tracking was done using titration analysis and infrared spectrometry. The identity of esters obtained by biocatalysis in relation to esters obtained by chemical process was established through infrared spectrometry techniques, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The ideal temperature range to obtain the esters studied was 70 ¿ 75º C, with a reaction time between 8 to 10 hours and esterification percentage up to 95%. The results obtained prove that lipases and esterases can be used in the synthesis of polyglycol esters in substitution to catalysts used in chemical processes, allowing temperature and pressure reduction in the process. Thus, the process safety increases and environmental impacts are reduced, by the reduction of energy consumption and the use of less aggressive catalyst to the environment. It is important to point out that the enzymes are produced with renewable materials and processes that cause minimum impact to the environment
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos