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Готові списки джерел за темами / Sub-critical water

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Sub-critical water"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Sub-critical water":

1

Sherrit, Stewart, Aaron C. Noell, Anita Fisher, Mike C. Lee, Nobuyuki Takano, Xiaoqi Bao, Thomas C. Kutzer, and Frank Grunthaner. "A microfluidic sub-critical water extraction instrument." Review of Scientific Instruments 88, no. 11 (November 2017): 114101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4999932.

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2

LIU, Shixi, Zhiyan PAN, Xia ZOU, Chunmian LIN, and Zanfang JIN. "DEPOLYMERIZATION OF POLYCARBONATE IN SUB-CRITICAL WATER." Acta Polymerica Sinica 011, no. 3 (March 23, 2011): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2011.10042.

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3

Demirbas, A. "Sub- and Super-critical Water Depolymerization of Biomass." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 32, no. 12 (April 15, 2010): 1100–1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030802606111.

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4

ETOH, Hideo. "New Food Technology with Sub-critical Water Extraction." KAGAKU TO SEIBUTSU 51, no. 7 (2013): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu.51.457.

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5

Liao, Shu Qiong, Xiao Yu Peng, Xue Wang Zhang, Ke Lin Huang, Ben Wang, Ji Wen Gan, Qing Ruo Xie, Wei Jian Nong, and Ke Xian Li. "The Preparation of Micro-Molecular Dextran in Sub-Critical Water/CO₂." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.502.

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Micro-molecular dextran was prepared in sub-critical water/CO2 by hydrolysis of dextran20. The obtained products were mainly characterized by FT-IR and GPC. Furthermore, the reaction temperature, reaction time, reaction pressure, solid-liquid radio and stirring speed were systematically investigated during the work. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the reaction temperature was 160°C; the reaction time was 60 min; the reaction pressure was 2.5MPa; the solid-liquid ratio was 0.6 and the stirring speed was 300r/min.

6

Liang, Xiaoxia, and Qiaojia Fan. "Application of Sub-Critical Water Extraction in Pharmaceutical Industry." Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 01, no. 05 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msce.2013.15001.

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7

Tanaka, Masatoshi. "Reclaiming of Food Wastes by Sub-critical Water Technology." RESOURCES PROCESSING 50, no. 4 (2003): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj.50.200.

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8

Suyama, Kanji, Masafumi Kubota, Masamitsu Shirai, and Hiroyuki Yoshida. "Degradation of crosslinked unsaturated polyesters in sub-critical water." Polymer Degradation and Stability 92, no. 2 (February 2007): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.10.008.

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9

Deguchi, Seiichi, Muneaki Ogawa, Wojciech Nowak, Marta Wesolowska, Saeko Miwa, Keisuke Sawada, Junki Tsuge, et al. "Development of super- and sub-critical water annealing processes." Powder Technology 249 (November 2013): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2013.08.013.

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10

Helden, Laurent, Timo Knippenberg, Li Tian, Aubin Archambault, Felix Ginot, and Clemens Bechinger. "Critical Casimir interactions of colloids in micellar critical solutions." Soft Matter 17, no. 10 (2021): 2737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm02021d.

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Дисертації з теми "Sub-critical water":

1

Gong, ShiYi 1970. "Hydrodechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in sub-critical water." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98711.

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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), a plastic polymer composed of ∼43% hydrocarbon by weight and ~57% chlorine has become extensively used in our daily lives. However, the disposal of waste PVC plastics presents serious problems. The increased awareness of these problems requires the development of a reliable technique to dispose of these wastes in a safe and environmentally benign way that is devoid of the formation/release of organo-chlorine compounds. Chemical degradation of PVC is a technology that transforms PVC waste into completely new chemical products that don't contain chlorine. Sub-critical water (SCW) treatment is one of the most reliable technologies since SCW as a chemical reaction medium having adjustable physico-chemical properties. Hydrodechlorination (HDC), a reaction that replaces organically bound chlorine by hydrogen, can be accelerated by the presence of metal oxide catalysts (alumina supported palladium, Pd0/Al2O3) or raney nickel. When combined with SCW treatment, HDC offers a disposal process that is free from unwanted by-products. The rate of borohydride decomposition is accelerated by raney nickel. The HDC efficiency of virgin and formulated PVC in SCW under various reaction conditions of time and temperature was evaluated systematically. The time of reaction was varied from 1 to 4.5 hours and the temperature was varied from 150 to 280°C in the presence of palladium on alumina (Pd/Al2O3) or raney nickel. The efficiency of HDC varied from ~3% up to a completed dechlorination. Thus, organically bound chlorine in PVC in a water phase can be converted, virtually quantitatively, to chloride ion.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for experimental design and data analysis. The computer output from the Design-Expert software was used to optimize a model for the dechlorination as a function of time and temperature. A subsequent analysis of variance associated with the fitted model indicated a good fit between observed and predicted HDC efficiencies.

2

Powell, Thomas. "Understanding sub-critical water hydrolysis of proteins by mass : applications in proteomics and biorefining." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8697/.

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Sub-critical water (SCW) hydrolysis has previously been used in the extraction of antioxidant compounds from a variety of food wastes, in-particular those which are rich in protein. The brewing industry generates high volumes of waste. The most abundant component, brewers' spent grain (BSG), is high in protein content. The work presented in this thesis aimed to investigate the SCW extraction of antioxidant compounds from BSG. Whilst SCW hydrolysis has proved effective in the extraction of antioxidants from a range of compounds its mechanism of action has not been thoroughly investigated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to analyse peptide production from the SCW hydrolysis of proteins. Sites of cleavage were identified and a mechanism of action of SCW on proteins was postulated. The results from this analysis raised the possibility of using SCW as a proteolytic reagent during proteomics experiments. Approaches for SCW-based proteomics were further explored by investigating SCW induced amino acid side chain modifications to aid peptide identification. To assess the antioxidant capacity of mixtures generated via SCW hydrolysis oxygen radical absorbance capacity, reducing power and comet assays were used. The decomposition products responsible for antioxidant capacity were characterised using MS/MS.

3

Jadav, Niten B. "Novel Technology for Crystal Engineering of Pharmaceutical Solids." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18177.

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The research work described in this thesis, the environmentally friendly novel "Microwave Assisted Sub-Critical water (MASCW)" technology for particle engineering of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients was developed. The present novel technology MASCW process is described as green technology as water is used as the solvent medium and microwave energy as external source of heat energy for generation of a particle with different morphological and chemical properties. In MASCW process supersaturated solution of APIs is prepared by dissolving solute in water at high temperature and pressure conditions. Upon rapid and controlled cooling, based on the aqueous solubility of solute, solute/solvent concentration and dielectric constant of water rapid precipitation of API with narrow particle size distribution occurs. Using paracetamol (pca) as API moiety understanding of the mechanism of MASCW crystallisation process was investigated. The effect of different process and experimental parameters on crystallisation pathway and end product attributes were analysed. Correlation between the degree of supersaturation concentration of pca solution against temperature and pressure parameters was explained by generating binary phase diagram. Determination of polymorphic transformation pathway of pca from form I (stable) to form II metastable polymorphs in solution was analysed using Raman spectroscopy. The difference between conventional heating and subcritical treatment was explored by determining the change in the solvent dielectric constant and solubility of hydrophobic API molecule. Based on the process understanding results, this technology was further implemented to explore its application in generating phase pure stable and metastable cocrystal phase. Based on the solubility of API and cocrystal former congruent (CBZ/SAC, SMT/SAC, SMZ/SAC) and incongruent (CAF/4HBA) cocrystal pairs were selected. For the first time generation of anhydrous phase of CAF: 4HBA cocrystal in 1:1 stoichiometric ration was reported and generation of metastable cocrystal phase of CA CBZ: SAC form II was reported. The application of this technology was explored in generating phase pure metastable polymorph of paracetamol which retain higher compressibility and dissolution rate. The potential of MASCW micronisation process, theophylline is used as the model component to produce micro sized particles for pulmonary drug delivery system via dry powder inhaler (Foradil inhaler). The results demonstrate that the THF particles generated using MASCW process displayed greater aerodynamic performance compared to conventional spray-dried THF sample. In the final chapter, synthesis of inorganic biomaterial (nano crystalline hydroxyapatite) was reported for the first time and the prospects of combining API like ibuprofen (IBU) with a biologically active component like nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) through hydrogen bonding was mechanistically explained using X-ray diffractometer and spectroscopic techniques.
The full text will be available at the end of the embargo: 16th May 2021

4

Barbosa, Priscila Maia. "Avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais e metodologia para determinação de bacias críticas em áreas do cerrado: exemplo da região das nascentes do rio Araguaia, GO." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4751.

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Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-23T13:31:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Priscila Maia Barbosa - 2015.pdf: 4811109 bytes, checksum: 6c067a03ee922c9f5e6eabdc33a977d7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-23T13:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Priscila Maia Barbosa - 2015.pdf: 4811109 bytes, checksum: 6c067a03ee922c9f5e6eabdc33a977d7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The water is an essential resource for the existence of life. The multiple uses of this resource, as well as the type of land use present in areas drained by rivers can affect the quality of its waters. The establishment of a framework on water in Brazil occurred in 1934 with the creation of the Water Code, later the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the National Water Resources Policy 1997 contributed to the standardization of water uses. Classification and use of water based on law allowed the establishment of physical, chemical and biological acceptable quality, according to their class and use. Indicators and Water Quality Indices are important tools for identifying pollution and/or contamination of the water, so present themselves as instruments in the management of water resources. In view of the pressure that water resources are suffering and the intensification of land use for agricultural activities in areas of Cerrado, this research aimed to identify critical sub-basins as the quality of surface waters in Goias sector of basis waters of the Araguaia river. Therefore, the research methodology is based on a literature review on the topic Water Quality, Environmental Processes in River Basin, Water Quality Indicators and Critical Areas; thematic maps, land use, the Water Quality Index - IQA and critical sub-basins were prepared in a GIS environment, through ArcGIS 10 program; Two field work to collect samples were carried out in eleven sub-basins at the beginning and end of the rainy season with multiparameter equipment; reading the temperature parameters, total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential (Eh) were performed in the field, and the analysis of nitrate and phosphorus parameters performed in laboratory; to get the results was performed the analysis of water quality and comparison with land use sub-basin; application of the IQA, statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and identification of critical sub-basins. The sub-basins studied exhibited high rates of anthropic use in your area as a whole and in the riparian zone. All subbasins had values above the established by CONAMA to match. The results pointed to the interference of land use, climate seasonality and the physical and natural attributes on water quality. It was noticed that the sub-basins with more expressive use of pasture also showed the worst water quality and sub-basins with more training in forest riparian areas tended to have better water quality. Overall, the methodological procedures used were presented to support efficient research on the quality of water and allowed to verify different levels of impairment of water quality of the sources of the Araguaia river. In this sense, the identification of critical sub-basins, based on the understanding of the interrelationship between the different variables that make up the open system of a watershed is an important mechanism for planning, management, and monitoring of water resources.
A água se constitui em um recurso essencial para a existência da vida. Os usos múltiplos desse recurso, assim como o tipo de uso do solo presente nas áreas drenadas por rios podem afetar a qualidade de suas águas. O estabelecimento de um regime jurídico sobre águas no Brasil ocorreu em 1934, com a criação do Código de Águas, posteriormente, a Constituição Federal de 1988 e a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos de 1997 contribuíram para a normatização dos usos da água. A classificação e utilização da água fundamentada em lei possibilitou estabelecer parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos de qualidade aceitáveis, de acordo com sua classe e uso. Indicadores e Índices de Qualidade da Água são importantes ferramentas para identificação de poluição e/ou contaminação da água, por isso se apresentam como instrumentos na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Tendo em vista a pressão que os recursos hídricos vêm sofrendo e a intensificação do uso do solo por atividades agropecuárias em áreas de Cerrado, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar sub-bacias críticas quanto a qualidade das águas superficiais no setor goiano das nascentes do rio Araguaia. Para tanto, a metodologia da pesquisa é fundamentada por uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da temática Qualidade da Água, Processos Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas, Indicadores de Qualidade da Água e Áreas Críticas; os mapas temáticos, de uso do solo, do Índice de Qualidade da Água - IQA e de subbacias críticas foram elaborados em ambiente SIG, por meio do programa ArcGis 10; foram realizados dois trabalhos de campo para coleta de amostras em onze sub-bacias, no início e final da estação chuvosa, com equipamento multiparâmetros; a leitura dos parâmetros temperatura, total de sólidos dissolvidos (TDS), potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e potencial redox (Eh) foram realizadas em campo, enquanto a análise dos parâmetros nitrato e fósforo realizadas em laboratório; para se alcançar os resultados foi realizada a análise da qualidade da água e comparação com o uso do solo das sub-bacias; aplicação do IQA, análise estatística por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, e identificação de sub-bacias críticas. As sub-bacias estudadas exibiram altas taxas de uso antrópico em sua área como um todo e nas zonas ripárias. Todas as sub-bacias apresentaram valores acima do estabelecido pelo CONAMA para fósforo. Os resultados apontaram para a interferência do uso do solo, da sazonalidade climática e dos atributos físico-naturais na qualidade da água. Percebeu-se que as sub-bacias com uso mais expressivo de pastagem também foram as que apresentaram pior qualidade de água, enquanto as sub-bacias com mais formação florestal nas zonas ripárias tenderam a apresentar melhor qualidade da água. De modo geral, os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados se apresentaram eficientes para embasar pesquisas sobre a qualidade da água e permitiram verificar diferentes níveis de comprometimento da qualidade da água das nascentes do rio Araguaia. Nesse sentido, a identificação de sub-bacias críticas, a partir do entendimento da inter-relação entre as diversas variáveis que compõem o sistema aberto de uma bacia hidrográfica constitui importante mecanismo para planejamento, gestão e monitoramento de recursos hídricos.

5

O'Brien, Emmett P. "Durability of Adhesive Joints Subjected to Environemntal Stress." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29139.

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Environmental stresses arising from temperature and moisture changes, and/or other aggressive fluid ingressions can degrade the mechanical properties of the adhesive, as well as the integrity of an adhesive interface with a substrate. Therefore such disruptions can significantly reduce the lifetime and durability of an adhesive joint.1-4 In this research, the durability of certain epoxy adhesive joints and coatings were characterized using a fracture mechanics approach and also by constant frequency impedance spectroscopy. The shaft-loaded blister test (SLBT) was utilized to measure the strain energy release rate (G) or adhesive fracture energy of a pressure sensitive adhesive tape. In this study, support for the value of the SLBT fracture mechanics approach was obtained. The SLBT was then used to investigate the effects of relative humidity on a model epoxy bonded to silicon oxide. Lastly, the effects of water and temperature on the adhesion of a commercial filled epoxy bonded to silicon oxide was characterized and interpreted. A novel impedance sensor for investigating adhesion was developed in a collaborative effort between Virginia Tech and Hewlett-Packard. Utilizing the technique of constant frequency impedance spectroscopy, the distribution and transport of fluids at the interface of adhesive joints was measured. A broad spectrum of adhesives was tested. In addition, the effects of hygroscopic cycling on the durability of adhesive coatings were measured for the commercial filled epoxy using the device. Lastly, recommended modifications of the experimental set-up with the new sensor are proposed to improve the technique.
Ph. D.

6

Yalgin, Hasret. "Vers la synthèse éco-compatible de dérivés de quinoléine biosourcés en flux continu." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2256.

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Les composés incorporant un motif quinoléine occupent une place privilégiée parmi les substances pharmaceutiques, et possèdent également une large variété d’applications dans des domaines comme la cosmétique ou l’agro-alimentaire. Cependant, malgré l’intérêt de ces dérivés hétérocycliques, les synthèses classiques de quinoléines décrites dans la littérature sont peu respectueuses de l’environnement. Pour pallier à ce problème, nous avons envisagé une approche éco-compatibles usant de matières premières bio-sourcées qui serait applicable à l’échelle industrielle. Plus particulièrement, ce projet présente deux enjeux majeurs : 1) effectuer la synthèse de dérivés de quinoléine à partir de matières premières issues de la biomasse tout en respectant les principes de la chimie vertes, et 2) adapter ce procédé en flux continu, en vue d’une potentielle application industrielle. Au cours de ce travail, nous rapportons notre étude sur la transposition de la réaction de Skraup en flux continu. En particulier, nous avons développé une synthèse de quinoléines en flux continu valorisant le glycérol – sous-produit principal de la réaction de transestérification des triglycérides – comme précurseur d’acroléine, et ayant lieu dans l’eau. Ces travaux de thèse permettent de franchir une étape vers la production éco-compatibles de composés hétérocycliques
The quinoline motif is present in numerous pharmaceutically relevant drugs as well as in a wide range of active ingredients used in cosmetic and food-processing industries. Despite its prevalence, typical quinoline synthesis reported in the literature are not scalable, and do not involve green protocols that take advantage of renewable resources. To address both limitations, we envisioned a green and industrially applicable approach using abundant resources. Specifically, we faced two main challenges: 1) to develop a sustainable synthesis of quinolines and 2) to apply this synthesis in a flow apparatus for potential industrial application. Throughout this dissertation, we disclose our studies toward the sustainable Skraup reaction. In particular, we developed a flow-synthesis of quinolines proceeding from glycerol - the main byproduct of biofuel production - as a building block and water as a green solvent. This innovative method marks a step toward the green production of heterocyclic compounds

7

Bose, Sweta. "Dissolution Kinetics of Sulfate Minerals: Linking Environmental Significance of Mineral-Water Interface Reactions to the Retention of Aqueous CrO₄^2- in Natural Waters." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1207285064.

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8

Hall, Kurt V., Frances D. Cleaver, Tom R. Franks, and F. Maganga. "Capturing Critical Institutionalism: A Synthesis of Key Themes and Debates." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9863.

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No
The article aims to provide a synthesis of key discussions within scholarship that is critical of Mainstream Institutionalism. It adopts a thematic approach to chart debate and areas of convergence about key issues. The first section of the article briefly charts the rise to prominence of the mainstream 'collective action' school. Each of the themes identified as central to the alternative critical approach is then examined in turn. These are the 'homogenous community' critique, the avoidance of politics critique (further divided into ideational politics and politics of local empowerment) and the sociological critique. The article concludes by reflecting on the challenge of 'making complexity legible' that faces the nascent critical tradition in institutional analysis.

Книги з теми "Sub-critical water":

1

2030 Agenda for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look from the Human Rights Perspective. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121115.

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This document was inspired by the need to promote comprehensive actions in the management of water and sanitation services with a human rights focus within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean; in addition, it ratifies the results reported in a PAHO study (2016) on the profound inequalities between urban and rural areas in access to water and sewage services, and the correlation with characteristics such as gender, age, income, education, among others. This report assumed this challenge using a methodology based on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (HRWS) analytical framework. This report seeks to provide the most up-to-date overview of the SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Besides outlining the general situation of countries, it presents some elements regarding human rights and the targets 6.1 and 6.2 that have been neglected in the initial monitoring of the 2030 Agenda, above all, the dimensions of inequality and affordability. This report presents four case studies, one per sub-regional block, with a more detailed characterization of the national and subnational situations of Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. The results of this study show that a significant proportion of the Latin American and Caribbean population still lacks adequate access to water and sanitation services. Only 65% of the population has access to safely managed water services, a percentage lower than that reported worldwide, which is 71%. With regard to safely managed sanitation services, the situation is even more critical, with an access level of 39% worldwide being reported, compared to 22% in our Region.

Частини книг з теми "Sub-critical water":

1

Šajgalík, Pavol, Dagmar Galusková, Miroslav Hnatko, and Dušan Galusek. "Interactions of Si3N4-Based Ceramics in Water Environment under Sub-Critical Conditions." In Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials V, 45–57. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118095379.ch5.

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2

Mupambwa, Hupenyu A., Martha K. Hausiku, Andreas S. Namwoonde, Gadaffi M. Liswaniso, Mayday Haulofu, and Samuel K. Mafwila. "Climate Change Implications and Mitigation in a Hyperarid Country: A Case of Namibia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2247–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_225.

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AbstractNamibia is the most arid country in sub-Saharan Africa characterized by the existence of two deserts, the Namib and the Kalahari. However, though being arid, agriculture still plays a critical role in Namibia’s economy, which includes both crop and animal production. Furthermore, the country is endowed with vast marine resources, with its marine waters being equivalent to two-thirds of Namibia’s terrestrial environment. In the face of climate change and a growing population, there is a need for Namibia to continue with its climate smart efforts which is critical in shifting the country from its current dependency on imports thus increasing the country’s food self-sufficiency. This chapter highlights the threats posed by climate change, both on land and the marine environment of the country, which has potential negative impacts on the economy. Current research being undertaken in Namibia on ocean acidification, sea water harvesting, climate smart agriculture, and atmospheric science, is also highlighted in this chapter. The information presented in this chapter will be critical in guiding climate change mitigation policies in hyperarid African countries, thus reducing the burden caused by the global change in climate. Aspects on the direction of future research on climate adaptation with a holistic and multidisciplinary approach are also proposed.

3

Snorek, Julie. "Local Institutions, Collective Action, and Divergent Adaptation: Case from Agro-Pastoral Niger." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_186-1.

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AbstractAdaptation is a highly contextual process, framed by institutions. When one group’s adaptation to climate hazards reduces another’s adaptive capacity, this is called divergent adaptation. The nuances of divergent adaptation are revealed in how institutions influence divergent adaptation outcomes, either to exacerbate conflict or to bring about greater peace and cooperation. By examining the sometimes conflicting adaptations of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in Niger, this chapter describes the process of divergent adaptation through an institutional analysis from multiple scales. At the national scale, climate change adaptation policies and perspectives are entrenched in sedentarization politics vis-à-vis pastoral livelihoods. At the local scale, pastoralists take a defensive position as an adaptation pathway, to ensure secure passage with their livestock to water and pasture. However, in localities where local institutional actors have enhanced collective action arenas in which pastoral and agro-pastoral groups are represented, conflict dynamics are abated. Climate adaptation is not without conflict; however, local and sub-national institutions are critical to providing opportunities for collective action, cooperation, and peace in the context of divergent adaptation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that conflict and adaptation management and planning be integrated at multiple scales.

4

Snorek, Julie. "Local Institutions, Collective Action, and Divergent Adaptation: Case from Agro-Pastoral Niger." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2117–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_186.

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AbstractAdaptation is a highly contextual process, framed by institutions. When one group’s adaptation to climate hazards reduces another’s adaptive capacity, this is called divergent adaptation. The nuances of divergent adaptation are revealed in how institutions influence divergent adaptation outcomes, either to exacerbate conflict or to bring about greater peace and cooperation. By examining the sometimes conflicting adaptations of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in Niger, this chapter describes the process of divergent adaptation through an institutional analysis from multiple scales. At the national scale, climate change adaptation policies and perspectives are entrenched in sedentarization politics vis-à-vis pastoral livelihoods. At the local scale, pastoralists take a defensive position as an adaptation pathway, to ensure secure passage with their livestock to water and pasture. However, in localities where local institutional actors have enhanced collective action arenas in which pastoral and agro-pastoral groups are represented, conflict dynamics are abated. Climate adaptation is not without conflict; however, local and sub-national institutions are critical to providing opportunities for collective action, cooperation, and peace in the context of divergent adaptation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that conflict and adaptation management and planning be integrated at multiple scales.

5

Finney, John. "1. Water, water everywhere …" In Water: A Very Short Introduction, 1–13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198708728.003.0001.

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Water (H₂O) is the most abundant compound on the Earth’s surface and occurs naturally in gas, liquid, and solid forms. It is estimated that there are 1.9 billion billion tonnes of water on our planet with even more in the Earth’s mantle. ‘Water, water everywhere …’ outlines how water arose from the Big Bang, how it got to Earth, and describes how scientists deciphered its molecular structure. But why do we need it? Water maintains our climate, keeps all living things alive, is a major influence in forming the surface topography of the planet, and is also critical in what happens in planetary interiors, as well as in the location and eruptive style of volcanoes.

6

Lourenço, S., N. Jones, C. Morley, S. Doerr, and R. Bryant. "Soil water retention of a compacted sandy clay with sub-critical water repellency." In Unsaturated Soil Mechanics - from Theory to Practice, 367–70. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19248-59.

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7

M. Kithiia, Shadrack. "A Critical Analysis of the Water Quality Impacts on Water Resources in the Athi River Drainage Basin, Kenya." In Water Quality - Factors and Impacts. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99667.

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This paper presents a critical analysis of the water quality changes and their impacts on water resources within the Athi River Catchment and its implications of the people’s livelihoods. The paper analyses the effects of land use activities on water quality in the headwater areas of the basin which has a profound impacts on the downstream water uses within the basin. The paper in addition makes an attempt to relate the impacts of human activities on water quality degradation trends within the basin against the available and potential water resources in the basin. The Athi River is the second largest in Kenya and traverses areas of diverse land use activities from the more agricultural head water areas through the industrial hub of Kenya in Nairobi to the Indian Ocean discharging its waters near Malindi town north of Mombasa. The paper gives a detailed analysis of the impacts of human activities on the water resources in regard to water quality degradation, pollution and mitigation measures. The study was based on field data collection and measurements and laboratory analysis. The researcher used 10 sampling points located within the Nairobi sub-basin and distributed along the river profile to examine the trends in water quality degradation and its implication on human livelihoods in the basin. The researcher noted a declining trend in water quality status downstream the river profile. A close analysis of the water situation in the basin paints a blink future on the available water resources in the basin against the projected water uses and increasing population compounded by the impacts of water pollution and climate change. This is likely to increase incidences of water shortage and food insecurity in many parts of the basin. The researcher recommends more investments in water harvesting infrastructure, environmental conservation and adoption of modern water management technologies.

8

Abdulhamid, Adnan, and Aliyu Barau. "Water Crises in Urban-Rural Gradients of African Drylands." In Population Growth and Rapid Urbanization in the Developing World, 23–41. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0187-9.ch002.

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This chapter takes a critical look at the multiple dimensions of water crises in drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that urban water crises cannot be explained in isolation of rural areas many of which have competing water needs and are the locations for dams and other critical urban water infrastructure. It uses an example of Kano region – a hydrogeological and geopolitical region of over ten million inhabitants whose lives and livelihoods are vulnerable to climate change. The study draws upon a suite of methods comprising literature review, field-based measurements and observations of wells, as well as information retrieval from people managing wells and those directly affected by water scarcity. Results reveal that basement complex aquifer found mostly in Kano State is the most overexploited compared to Jigawa State's predominantly Chad formation system. It is evident that majority people in basement complex areas travel to a distance of 300-1000m in order to fetch water for their daily use. The current situation of current and future water crises in the region brings to the fore the role of technology, governance, and the need for active private sector participation in planning and management of water resources and services in dry land areas.

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Hrnčič, Maša Knez, Darija Cör, and Željko Knez. "Supercritical Fluids as a Tool for Green Energy and Chemicals." In Advanced Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Energy Systems, 554–87. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2047-4.ch016.

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Hydrothermal conversion of biomass is a promising technology for the conversion of biomass into biofuels and biobased chemicals. This chapter is focused on the waste biomass conversion for production of biofuels and chemicals by applying sub- and supercritical fluids. One of the biggest disadvantages in biomass conversion by SCF is the extremely high energy requirement for heating the media above the water critical point (374 °C, 221 bar). The idea behind the recent research is to reduce the operating temperature and energy requirements by processing biomass with water at much higher pressures. The importance of knowledge on behavior of multicomponent systems at elevated pressures and temperatures is underlined. Methods, developed by the authors of this chapter for determination of thermodynamic and transport properties for multicomponent systems of different solid compounds and supercritical fluid under extreme conditions are described. Future perspective of hydrothermal technology as a tool to obtain advanced materials and the possible scope for future research is also discussed.

10

Hrnčič, Maša Knez, Darija Cör, and Željko Knez. "Supercritical Fluids as a Tool for Green Energy and Chemicals." In Handbook of Research on Advancements in Supercritical Fluids Applications for Sustainable Energy Systems, 761–91. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5796-9.ch021.

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Hydrothermal conversion of biomass is a promising technology for the conversion of biomass into biofuels and biobased chemicals. This chapter is focused on the waste biomass conversion for production of biofuels and chemicals by applying sub- and supercritical fluids. One of the biggest disadvantages in biomass conversion by SCF is the extremely high energy requirement for heating the media above the water critical point (374 °C, 221 bar). The idea behind the recent research is to reduce the operating temperature and energy requirements by processing biomass with water at much higher pressures. The importance of knowledge on behavior of multicomponent systems at elevated pressures and temperatures is underlined. Methods, developed by the authors of this chapter for determination of thermodynamic and transport properties for multicomponent systems of different solid compounds and supercritical fluid under extreme conditions, are described. A future perspective of hydrothermal technology as a tool to obtain advanced materials and the possible scope for future research is also discussed.

Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sub-critical water":

1

Easterling, Charles M., and David C. Froehlich. "Jumping to Conclusions: Modeling Super/Sub-Critical Flow in a Long, High-Velocity Highway Culvert." In World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412312.148.

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2

Musekene, N. L., M. Nepfumbada, P. Kempster, A. Kühn, and H. van Niekerk. "Three critical factors and their influence on the spread of microbiological waterborne diseases in sub Saharan countries (with special emphasis on cholera)." In WATER POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp060621.

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3

Moser, Linda, Stefan Voigt, and Elisabeth Schoepfer. "Monitoring of critical water and vegetation anomalies of sub-Saharan West-African Wetlands." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6947322.

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4

Chen, Jinyang, Ruyi Ruan, Zhi Li, Feng Liu, and Qingyang Meng. "Catalytic oxidation of 4,4'-Dibromobiphenyl in sub-critical water with Mn-Co-Ce complex oxides." In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2011.5769368.

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5

Marin, Timothy, Dan Chipman, David Bartels, and Ireneusz Janik. "VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY OF THE LOWEST-LYING ELECTRONIC STATE IN SUB-CRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL WATER." In 71st International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2016.fe10.

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6

Cardenas, Ruander, and Vinod Narayanan. "Critical Heat Flux During Submerged Jet Impingement Boiling of Saturated Water at Sub-Atmospheric Conditions." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52043.

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Experimental data for critical heat flux (CHF) during submerged jet impingement boiling of saturated water at sub-atmospheric conditions is presented. Experiments are performed at three sub-atmospheric pressures of 0.176 bar, 0.276 bar, and 0.477 bar with corresponding fluid saturation temperatures of about 57.3 °C, 67.2 °C, and 80.2 °C. Jet exit Reynolds numbers ranging from 0 to 14,000 are considered for two different heater surface finishes at a fixed nozzle to surface spacing of six nozzle diameters. CHF correlations from literature on jet impingement boiling are compared against the experimental data and found to poorly predict CHF under the conditions considered. A CHF correlation that captures the entire experimental data set within an average error of ±3 percent and a maximum error of ±13 percent is developed to serve as a predictive tool for the range of conditions examined.

7

Cardenas, Ruander, Preeti Mani, and Vinod Narayanan. "Sub-Atmospheric Mini-Jet Impingement Boiling of Water Under Saturated and Subcooled Conditions." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44388.

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An experimental study of mini-jet impingement boiling is presented for saturated and subcooled conditions. Unique to this study is the documentation of boiling curves of submerged water jet impingement under sub-atmospheric conditions. Data are reported at a single sub-atmospheric pool pressure of 0.176 bar and for a fixed nozzle-to-surface distance of six jet diameters. A mini nozzle is used in the present study with an internal diameter of 1.16 mm. Jet impingement boiling at Reynolds numbers in the range of 0 to 6,800 are characterized and contrasted for both saturated and subcooled conditions. Enhancements in critical heat flux with increasing Re are observed for both saturated and subcooled conditions, with the subcooled condition of 17 °C showing approximately 2.3 times the critical heat flux as that observed for saturated conditions. Critical heat flux for subcooled jet impingement boiling is well predicted from the saturated critical heat flux data by a modified subcooled pool boiling CHF correlation presented by Inoue et al. [1]. The effect of surface finish on pool boiling is also reported.

8

Chen, Congjin, Jingxian Zhu, Shuang Jia, Zhangfa Tong, Zhixia Li, and Mingfei Li. "Comparison on Compositions of Bio-Oil Derived from Mulberry Bark Hydrothermal Liquefaction in Sub/Critical-Water and Ethanol-Water Co-Solvents." In 10TH International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Protection. University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-048-6.32.

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9

Cardenas, Ruander, Preeti Mani, and Vinod Narayanan. "Submerged Jet Impingement Boiling of Saturated Water Under Sub-Atmospheric Conditions." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30749.

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An experimental study of mini-jet impingement boiling is presented for saturated conditions. Unique to this study is documentation of boiling characteristics of a submerged water jet under sub-atmospheric conditions. Data are reported at a fixed nozzle-to-surface distance that corresponds to a monotonic decrease in heat transfer coefficient for single-phase jet impingement. A mini nozzle is used in the present study with an internal diameter of 1.16 mm. Experiments are performed at three sub-atmospheric pool pressures of 0.2 bar, 0.3 bar and 0.5 bar. At each pressure, jet impingement boiling at four Reynolds numbers are characterized and compared with the pool boiling heat transfer. Enhancements in critical heat flux with increasing Re are observed for all pressures.

10

Furusawa, Takashi, and Satoru Yamamoto. "Numerical Simulation of Supercritical Water in T-Shaped Channel Across Critical Point." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-01005.

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Mixing flows of supercritical fluid and liquid assuming the supercritical hydrothermal synthesis (SCHS) reactor are calculated using the numerical method developed by our group. First, the influence of thermophysical properties near the critical point to the flows is evaluated. The flows ignoring density change and specific heat change become a steady-state flow and are obviously different from flows considering all thermophysical properties. These results indicate that the large density difference in fluid at a narrow region caused by a peak of specific heat induces unsteady flows in the reactor. While higher bulk pressure results in a steady flow because of the moderate change of thermophysical properties. Next the flows in a sub channel changing the width are calculated. The channel with a smaller width makes a strong injection and the mixing occurs mainly at the downstream of the main channel. The tiled sub-channel may suppress the flow recirculation in the main channel.

Звіти організацій з теми "Sub-critical water":

1

Jordan, W. C. Estimated Critical Conditions for UO(Sub 2)F(Sub 2)-H(Sub 2)O Systems in Fully Water-Reflected Spherical Geometry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861705.

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2

Jordan, W. C., and J. C. Turner. Estimated critical conditions for UO[sub 2]F[sub 2]--H[sub 2]O systems in fully water-reflected spherical geometry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6667638.

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3

Jordan, W. C., and J. C. Turner. Estimated critical conditions for UO{sub 2}F{sub 2}--H{sub 2}O systems in fully water-reflected spherical geometry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10127470.

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4

Pruess, K. ECO2M: A TOUGH2 Fluid Property Module for Mixtures of Water, NaCl, and CO2, Including Super- and Sub-Critical Conditions, and Phase Change Between Liquid and Gaseous CO2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1016574.

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