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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 24 вересня 2022

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Toko, Jérémie, and Kadouamaï Souleymanou. "Le Franc CFA et le système comptable OHADA." La Revue des Sciences de Gestion 249-250, no. 3 (2011): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rsg.249.0041.

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Ngantchou, Alexis. "Le Système Comptable OHADA : Une réconciliation des modèles « européen continental » et « anglo-saxon » ?" Comptabilité - Contrôle - Audit 17, no. 3 (2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cca.173.0031.

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Bahalaokwibuye, Christian Bahati. "Perspectives sur l’indépendance de la justice arbitrale en Afrique subsaharienne. Les influences croisées entre la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) et l’East African Community’s Court of Justice (EACJ)." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 6, no. 1 (2019): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2019-1-114.

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Le présent article pose les perspectives sur les influences opportunes et mutuelles des systèmes arbitraux de la CCJA et l’EACJ dans la promotion de l’indépendance des arbitres. İl montre que, tout comme pour l’EAC, l’abitrage figure déjà dans le Traité de l’OHADA comme le mode de règlement des différends en vue d’améliorer le climat des investissements sur les territoires des Etats parties. La CCJA n’est pas un tribunal arb itral. Son intervention est placée en aval, comme juge de contrôle de la sentence bien qu’elle ne se contente pas d’un contrôle minimal. L’EACJ, qui a retenu l’option du cumul des fonctions de ses juges avec celles d’arbtres, pourra aussi, dans la moindre mesure, se contenter d’administrer les arbitrages ouverts conformément à son Règlement d’arbitrage. De ce point de vue, le système EACJ sera en parfait accord avec l’esprit du principe d’indépendance/ impartialité. En cette matière, nous pensons que la pratique de la CCJA ne manquera pas d’inspirer utilement des réformes du système d’arbitrage de l’EACJ, et qui révèle de plus en plus une prise de conscience certaine d'une croissante indépendance de ses arbitres en ayant opté pour la gratuité de l’arbitrage. Comme le Centre d’arbitrage de la CCJA est attaché à la Cour et que cette dernière est dotée d’une autonomie financière, il est temps de prendre des mesures de réduction de coût, non pas totalement analogues à celles de l’EACJ, à travers lesquelles on dispensera, par exemple les ressortissants de l’espace OHADA et les investisseurs étrangers, des frais administratifs de l’arbitrage. Il en résulterait un arbitrage sans influences, alternative crédible à la justice étatique qui affiche la lanterne rouge et facile d’accès aux justiciables impécunieux, qui rendra des sentences impartiales et légitimes.

Kitémo, Prince, and Jean-Paul Méreaux. "Le système comptable OCAM-SYSCOA-OHADA face à la mondialisation : contribution aux hypothèses d’une nouvelle logique conceptuelle." Revue internationale des sciences de l'organisation N°1, no. 1 (2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/riso.001.0101.

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Yazulla, Stephen, and Keith M. Studholme. "Volume transmission of dopamine may modulate light-adaptive plasticity of horizontal cell dendrites in the recovery phase following dopamine depletion in goldfish retina." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 5 (September 1995): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009391.

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AbstractWe investigated the recovery of light-adaptive spinule formation following dopamine depletion with intraocular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and subsequent neogeneration of dopamine interplexiform cells (DA-IPC) at the marginal zone. DA-IPCs were gone by 2 weeks postinjection and appeared at the marginal zone by 6 weeks postinjection, at which time DA-IPC neurites grew toward the central retina, reaching within 0.5 mm of the central retina by 1 year. Retinas from day time, light-adapted fish at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year postinjection with 6-OHDA were processed for pre-embedding tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TOH-IR) and compared to sham-injected and control retinas at the electron-microscopical (EM) level. Only 6-OHDA fish that tilted markedly toward the injected eye were used for these experiments. The tilt mimics the dorsal light reaction, indicating a 2–2.5 log unit increase in the photopic sensitivity of the 6-OHDA eye. Spinule formation was reduced by about 60% in the 2- and 4-week 6-OHDA retinas, but returned to control levels throughout the entire retina of 3-month and 1 year 6-OHDA retinas even though the central region of these retinas contained no detectable TOH-IR. Intraocular injection with 10 μM SCH 23390 (a Dl antagonist) reduced light-adaptive spinule formation by 50% both in control eyes as well as those eyes that were 3 months post 6-OHDA injected. The full return of spinule formation with only partial reinnervation of the retina with DA-IPC processes and their subsequent inhibition by SCH 23390 indicates that dopamine diffused large distances within the retina to regulate this synaptic plasticity (i.e. displayed volume transmission). Also, since all 6-OHDA injected fish displayed an increased photopic sensitivity in the injected eye when sacrificed, we suggest that horizontal cell spinules are not required for photopic luminosity coding in the outer retina.

Douglas, R. H., H. J. Wagner, M. Zaunreiter, U. D. Behrens, and M. B. A. Djamgoz. "The effect of dopamine depletion on light-evoked and circadian retinomotor movements in the teleost retina." Visual Neuroscience 9, no. 3-4 (October 1992): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800010749.

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AbstractThe retinae of lower vertebrates undergo a number of structural changes during light adaptation, including the photomechanical contraction of cone myoids and the dispersion of melanin granules within the epithelial pigment. Since the application of dopamine to dark-adapted retinae is known to produce morphological changes that are characteristic of light adaptation, dopamine is accepted as a causal mechanism for such retinomotor movements. However, we report here that in the teleost fish, Aequidens pulcher, the intraocular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a substance known to destroy dopaminergic retinal cells, has no effect on the triggering of light-adaptive retinomotor movements of the cones and epithelial pigment and only slightly depresses the final level of light adaptation reached. Furthermore, the retina continues to show circadian retinomotor changes even after 48 h in continual darkness that are similar in both control and 6-OHDA injected fish. Biochemical assay and microscopic examination showed that 6-OHDA had destroyed dopaminergic retinal cells. We conclude, therefore, that although a dopaminergic mechanism is probably involved in the control of light-induced retinomotor movements, it cannot be the only control mechanism, nor can it be the cause of circadian retinomotor migrations. Interestingly, 6-OHDA injected eyes never reached full retinomotor dark adaptation, suggesting that dopamine has a role to play in the retina's response to darkness.

Ball, Alexander K., William H. Baldridge, and Timothy C. Fernback. "Neuromodulation of pigment movement in the RPE of normal and 6-OHDA-lesioned goldfish retinas." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 3 (May 1993): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800004740.

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AbstractThe role of dopamine as the endogenous signal-initiating light-dependent changes in the distribution of pigment granules in goldfish retinal pigment epithelium was investigated. In normal retinas, light adaptation resulted in the dispersion of pigment granules. This effect of light was mimicked by the intraocular injection of dopamine or serotonin, which is thought to increase endogenous dopamine release, into dark-adapted eyes. The effect of light, dopamine, or serotonin on dark-adapted retinas was blocked by the dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol and sulpiride. However, lesioning the endogenous source of retinal dopamine, by prior intraocular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), did not block the dispersion of pigment granules in light-adapted retinas. No significant differences in pigment dispersion were noted between unlesioned and lesioned light- or dark-adapted retinas. However, the effect of light on pigment dispersion was no longer blocked by haloperidol or sulpiride in 6-OHDA lesioned animals. Dopamine and serotonin mimicked the effect of light when injected into lesioned dark-adapted eyes, but their effects were also not blocked by haloperidol or sulpiride. These results suggest that dopamine, acting on D2 receptors, is sufficient to induce pigment migration in unlesioned animals. In 6-OHDA-lesioned animals, however, pigment migration is mediated by a receptor mechanism other than D2.

Lin, Zheng-Shi, and Stephen Yazulla. "Depletion of retinal dopamine does not affect the ERG b-wave increment threshold function in goldfish in vivo." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (July 1994): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380000300x.

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AbstractIncrement threshold functions of the electroretinogram (ERG) b–wave were obtained from goldfish using an in vivo preparation to study intraretinal mechanisms underlying the increase in perceived brightness induced by depletion of retinal dopamine by 6–hydroxydopamine (6–OHDA). Goldfish received unilateral intraocular injections of 6–OHDA plus pargyline on successive days. Depletion of retinal dopamine was confirmed by the absence of tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactivity at 2 to 3 weeks postinjection as compared to sham-injected eyes from the same fish. There was no difference among normal, sham-injected or 6–OHDA-injected eyes with regard to ERG waveform, intensity-response functions or increment threshold functions. Dopamine-depleted eyes showed a Purkinje shift, that is, a transition from rod-to-cone dominated vision with increasing levels of adaptation. We conclude (1) dopamine-depleted eyes are capable of photopic vision; and (2) the ERG b–wave is not diagnostic for luminosity coding at photopic backgrounds. We also predict that (1) dopamine is not required for the transition from scotopic to photopic vision in goldfish; (2) the ERG b–wave in goldfish is influenced by chromatic interactions; (3) horizontal cell spinules, though correlated with photopic mechanisms in the fish retina, are not necessary for the transition from scotopic to photopic vision; and (4) the OFF pathway, not the ON pathway, is involved in the action of dopamine on luminosity coding in the retina.

Hitchcock, Peter F., and Jeff T. Vanderyt. "Regeneration of the dopamine-cell mosaic in the retina of the goldfish." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (March 1994): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800001577.

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AbstractA fundamental anatomical feature of retinal neurons is that they form planar mosaics. Each mosaic can be described by its density, pattern, and regularity (non-randomness). As part of ongoing studies to quantitatively describe the anatomy of regenerated retina in the goldfish, we determined the planimetric density and regularity of the mosaic of dopaminergic interplexiform cells in patches of regenerated retina and compared this to the mosaic generated de novo. In addition, we selectively ablated dopaminergic neurons with the neurotoxin 6–hydroxydopamine (6–OHDA) before inducing local regeneration and determined whether or not the absence of the extant dopaminergic neurons modulated the planimetric density or number of regenerated ones. The results showed that dopaminergic neurons are regenerated at higher planimetric densities and in less orderly arrays than normal. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the density or number of regenerated cells in normal retinas and retinas treated with 6–OHDA.

Lin, Zheng-Shi, and Stephen Yazulla. "Depletion of retinal dopamine increases brightness perception in goldfish." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (July 1994): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800002996.

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AbstractThe effect of unilateral depletion of retinal dopamine on goldfish visual behavior was studied using a behavioral reflex, the dorsal light reaction (DLR). Retinal dopamine was depleted by intraocular injections of 6–hydroxydopamine (6–OHDA) on two successive days. By 2 weeks postinjection, dopamine interplexiform cells (DA-IPC) were not detected using tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR). By 6 weeks postinjection, generation of DA-IPC was observed at the marginal zone and by 9 months postinjection, 2–3 rows of DA-IPC were present at the marginal zone. Neurites extended several hundred micrometers toward the central retina. By 2 weeks postinjection, all 6–OHDA lesioned fish tilted 7–15 deg toward the injected eye under uniform overhead illumination. The tilting did not occur under scotopic illumination and reappeared within 1 min of light adaptation. Quantitation of the DLR showed that 6–OHDA lesioned fish behaved as if light were 2.4 log units more intense to the injected eye. Partial recovery was observed by 9 months postinjection, paralleling the reappearance of DA-IPC at the marginal zone. Tilting also was induced by unilateral intraocular injection with Dl and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, SCH 23390 and S(—)-sulpiride, respectively. Fish did not tilt if they were light adapted at the time of injection. Tilting was observed if the animals were dark-adapted for 3 h and left in the dark for 1 h postinjection. Fish tilted toward the drug-injected eye within 2 min of light adaptation and gradually returned to vertical within 2 h. The tilting response to S(—)-sulpiride was stronger (˜20 deg vs. ˜5 deg) and occurred at lower concentration (1 μM vs. 10 μM) compared to SCH 23390. We conclude that dopamine depletion mimics the dorsal light reaction by increasing the luminosity output of the eye and that dopamine is directly involved in photopic luminosity function.

MORA-FERRER, CARLOS, and VOLKER GANGLUFF. "D2-dopamine receptor blockade modulates temporal resolution in goldfish." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 6 (November 2002): 807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802196106.

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A possible effect of dopamine on the temporal resolution of goldfish was investigated in a behavioral, two-alternative, forced-choice procedure. Flicker fusion frequency (FFF) was measured before and after bilateral intravitreal injections of D1- or D2-dopamine receptor (D1-/D2-R) antagonists, or after depletion of retinal dopamine by bilateral intravitreal injections of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Prior to drug injections, fish achieved FFFs of 33–39 Hz. A D1-R antagonist, SCH 23390, reduced FFF by about 12% (P > 0.1), whereas a D2 antagonist, sulpiride, reduced the relative FFF by 25% (P < 0.03). Depletion of retinal dopamine with 6-OHDA induced a gradual reduction in the FFF to a maximal reduction of 50% (P < 0.001) at 2 weeks postinjection. There was recovery to control levels after 3–4 weeks postinjection. The recovery of FFF, at least in one animal, was due to the return of retinal dopamine because FFF could be reduced by intravitreal injections of sulpiride during the recovery phase. These experiments demonstrate that retinal dopamine, particularly acting on D2-R, is important for photopic temporal resolution.

Wagner, H. J., U. D. Behrens, M. Zaunreiter, and R. H. Douglas. "The circadian component of spinule dynamics in teleost retinal horizontal cells is dependent on the dopaminergic system." Visual Neuroscience 9, no. 3-4 (October 1992): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800010750.

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AbstractDuring the light phase of a light/dark cycle, dendrites of teleost cone horizontal cells display numerous finger-like projections, called spinules, which are formed at dawn and degraded at dusk, and are thought to be involved in chromatic feedback processes. We have studied the oscillations of these spinules during a normal light/dark cycle and during 48 h of constant darkness in two groups of strongly rhythmic, diurnal fish, Aequidens pulcher. In one group the retinal dopaminergic system had been destroyed by the application of 6-OHDA, while in the other (control) group, the dopaminergic system was intact. In control fish, oscillations of spinule numbers were observed under both normal and constant dark conditions, indicating the presence of a robust circadian rhythm. However, spinule dynamics were severely affected by the absence of retinal dopamine. During the normal light phase, the number of spinules in 6-OHDA injected retinae was strongly reduced, and throughout continual darkness, spinule formation was almost completely suppressed. These results indicate that dopamine is essential for both light-evoked and circadian spinule formation; furthermore, we conclude that there is no circadian oscillator within horizontal cells controlling the formation of spinules.

Ndiaye, A. T. "Conflit de normes en droits communauraires OHADA et UEMOA. Exemple des paiements realises dans les systemes de paiement integres en cas de procedures collectives d'apurement du passif." Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 285–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/12.2.285.

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Ciobica, A., L. Hritcu, M. Padurariu, and V. Bild. "P8.20 Nicotine attenuates some 6-OHDA induced deficits of cognition and food reward in nucleus accumbens." Clinical Neurophysiology 122 (June 2011): S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60351-9.

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Zhu, Baosong, and Charles Straznicky. "Morphology and distribution of serotonin-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of Bufo marinus." Visual Neuroscience 5, no. 04 (October 1990): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800000456.

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AbstractUsing an antibody against serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), serotonin-like immunoreactive (serotonin IR) neurons were demonstrated in the retina of adultBufo marinus. All immunoreactive neurons were identified as amacrine cells (ACs). The dendrites of serotonin-IR ACs branched diffusely and densely throughout all levels of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina. The great majority of these cell somata were located in the vitread part of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and a few of them (ranging from 9–29 cells) were displaced into the ganglion cell layer (GCL). On the basis of the soma sizes, two populations of serotonin-IR ACs, large (type A) and small (type B), were distinguished. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected into the eye abolished immunoreactivity in the recently reported tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR ACs (Zhu & Straznicky, 1990), whereas serotonin-IR ACs remained unaffected.The number of serotonin-IR cells per retina ranged from 23,750–27,390, with a ratio of 1:1.6 to 1:1.9 between type A and B cells. Both cell types were distributed nonuniformly across the retina. Cell densities were slightly lower in the peripheral (96 cells/mm2) than in the central (164 cells/mm2) retina. Linear regression analysis confirmed the presence of a decreasing density gradient from the retinal center to the retinal margin for both small and large cell types. The analysis of the nearest neighbor distances showed that the retinal distribution of serotonin-IR ACs was orderly.These results have been taken to indicate that 5-HT-IR cells correspond to a population of serotonincontaining ACs. It is suggested that dopamine and serotonin are contained in two different populations of ACs in the rtina ofBufo marinus.

Kumaravelu, Karthik, David T. Brocker, and Warren M. Grill. "A biophysical model of the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus network in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat model of Parkinson’s disease." Journal of Computational Neuroscience 40, no. 2 (February 11, 2016): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-016-0593-9.

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Reglödi, D., A. Lubics, P. Kiss, I. Lengvári, B. Gaszner, G. Tóth, O. Hegyi, and A. Tamás. "Effect of PACAP in 6-OHDA-induced injury of the substantia nigra in intact young and ovariectomized female rats." Neuropeptides 40, no. 4 (August 2006): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2006.06.001.

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Ciobica, A. "effects of 6-OHDA infusion into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in mediating stress-induced behavioural responses and oxidative damage in rats." Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) 5, no. 4 (2009): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2009.425.

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Mazzocchi, Martina, Susan R. Goulding, Noelia Morales-Prieto, Tara Foley, Louise M. Collins, Aideen M. Sullivan, and Gerard W. O'Keeffe. "Peripheral administration of the Class-IIa HDAC inhibitor MC1568 partially protects against nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in the striatal 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson’s disease." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 102 (May 2022): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.025.

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Vos, P. E., G. J. Bluemink, G. Wolterink, and J. M. Van Ree. "The ACTH-(4–9) analogue ORG 2766 facilitates denervation supersensitivity after a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the corpus striatum in rats." Neuropeptides 19, no. 4 (August 1991): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-4179(91)90094-y.

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Harris, Sharonda, Renee Afram, Takashi Shimano, Bozena Fyk-Kolodziej, Paul D. Walker, Rod D. Braun, and Avril Genene Holt. "Dopamine in Auditory Nuclei and Lemniscal Projections is Poised to Influence Acoustic Integration in the Inferior Colliculus." Frontiers in Neural Circuits 15 (March 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.624563.

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Dopamine (DA) modulates the activity of nuclei within the ascending and descending auditory pathway. Previous studies have identified neurons and fibers in the inferior colliculus (IC) which are positively labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. However, the origins of the tyrosine hydroxylase positive projections to the inferior colliculus have not been fully explored. The lateral lemniscus (LL) provides a robust inhibitory projection to the inferior colliculus and plays a role in the temporal processing of sound. In the present study, immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase was examined in animals with and without 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. Lesioning, with 6-OHDA placed in the inferior colliculus, led to a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-positive labeling in the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus. Immunolabeling for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), enzymes responsible for the synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), respectively, were evaluated. Very little immunoreactivity for DBH and no immunoreactivity for PNMT was found within the cell bodies of the dorsal, intermediate, or ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. The results indicate that catecholaminergic neurons of the lateral lemniscus are likely dopaminergic and not noradrenergic or adrenergic. Next, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to confirm that dopamine is present in the inferior colliculus and nuclei that send projections to the inferior colliculus, including the cochlear nucleus (CN), superior olivary complex (SOC), lateral lemniscus, and auditory cortex (AC). Finally, fluorogold, a retrograde tracer, was injected into the inferior colliculus of adult rats. Each subdivision of the lateral lemniscus contained fluorogold within the somata, with the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus showing the most robust projections to the inferior colliculus. Fluorogold-tyrosine hydroxylase colocalization within the lateral lemniscus was assessed. The dorsal and intermediate nuclei neurons exhibiting similar degrees of colocalization, while neurons of the ventral nucleus had significantly fewer colocalized fluorogold-tyrosine hydroxylase labeled neurons. These results suggest that several auditory nuclei that project to the inferior colliculus contain dopamine, dopaminergic neurons in the lateral lemniscus project to the inferior colliculus and that dopaminergic neurotransmission is poised to play a pivotal role in the function of the inferior colliculus.