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Статті в журналах з теми "Technology obsolescence"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 20 червня 2021

Оновлено: 11 лютого 2022

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1

Sandborn, Peter. "Forecasting technology and part obsolescence." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 13 (August 18, 2015): 2251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415598923.

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2

Sandborn, Peter A. "Editorial Software Obsolescence—Complicating the Part and Technology Obsolescence Management Problem." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 30, no. 4 (December 2007): 886–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2007.910918.

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3

Worthen, W. B. "Zoom; or, Obsolescence." TDR: The Drama Review 65, no. 3 (September 2021): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1054204321000460.

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The signal modality of theatrical production during the pandemic crisis of 2020–21 has been Zoom theatre. While Zoom theatre responds to public health concerns regarding virus transmission, it also articulates a vision of performance at the intersection of the public and the private, at the juncture between theatre and electronic media, and as a representation of theatre as a humanizing technology. Theatre has suggestively foregrounded new technologies under the sign of obsolescence, and in the affective register of nostalgia.

4

Caunedo, Julieta, and Elisa Keller. "Capital Obsolescence and Agricultural Productivity*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 136, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 505–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa028.

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Abstract This article argues that accounting for capital-embodied technology greatly increases the importance of capital in explaining cross-country differences in agricultural labor productivity. To do so, we draw on a novel data set of agricultural capital prices. We document that new capital is more expensive in richer countries, both in absolute terms and relative to old capital. A model of endogenous adoption of capital of different quality links these price differences to the path of capital-embodied technology. In particular, our model recovers the level of embodied technology from the price of new capital and the growth rate of embodied technology from the price of new capital relative to old capital. We then measure the stocks of quality-adjusted capital in agriculture for a sample of 16 countries at different stages of development. We find that adjusting for differences in quality almost doubles the importance of capital in accounting for cross-country differences in agricultural labor productivity: from 21% to 37%. In addition, improvements in capital quality have been an important source of agricultural labor productivity growth over the past 25 years, accounting for 21% and 35% of the productivity growth in poor and rich countries, respectively.

5

Lawlor, Rob. "Delaying Obsolescence." Science and Engineering Ethics 21, no. 2 (May 3, 2014): 401–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9548-6.

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6

Kuik, Swee, and Li Diong. "A model-driven decision approach to collaborative planning and obsolescence for manufacturing operations." Industrial Management & Data Systems 119, no. 9 (October 21, 2019): 1926–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-05-2019-0264.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the model-driven decision support system (DSS) for small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) that actively participates in collaborative activities and manages the planned obsolescence in production. In dealing with the complexity of such demand and supply scenario, the optimisation models are also developed to evaluate the performance of operations practices. Design/methodology/approach The model-driven DSS for SMMEs, which uses the optimisation models for managing and coordinating planned obsolescence, is developed to determine the optimal manufacturing plan and minimise operating costs. A case application with the planned obsolescence and production scenario is also provided to demonstrate the approach and practical insights of DSS. Findings Assessing planned obsolescence in production is a challenge for manufacturing managers. A DSS for SMMEs can enable the computerised support in decision making and understand the planned obsolescence scenarios. The causal relationship of different time-varying component obsolescence and availability in production are also examined, which may have an impact on the overall operating costs for producing manufactured products. Research limitations/implications DSS can resolve and handle the complexity of production and planned obsolescence scenarios in manufacturing industry. The optimisation models used in the DSS excludes the variability in component wear-out life and technology cycle. In the future study, the optimisation models in DSS will be extended by taking into the uncertainty of different component wear-out life and technology cycle considerations. Originality/value This paper demonstrates the flexibility of DSS that facilitates the optimisation models for collaborative manufacturing in planned obsolescence and achieves cost effectiveness.

7

Herald, Tom, and Dennis Genaw. "3.4.1 Technology and Obsolescence Sustainment for Integrated Systems." INCOSE International Symposium 16, no. 1 (July 2006): 456–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2006.tb02757.x.

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8

Laufer, Zmira. "The Obsolescence of Administration and the Administration of Obsolescence." International Journal of Manpower 8, no. 1 (January 1987): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb045102.

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9

Anantharaman, R. N., Rajeswari K S, Ajitha A, and Jayanty K. "Occupational Stress and Demographic Characteristics among Information Technology Professionals." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 12 (November 14, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n12p140.

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Occupational stress among information system professionals is gaining more recognition because it may lead to high turnover and less productivity. The present research focuses on software development professionals to examine their occupational stress and demographic characteristics in India. A questionnaire was developed to identify the occupational stress among software development professionals (SDP) using dimensions such as age, average daily working hours, gender, training and nature of work. Data from 156 respondents working in information technology companies in Chennai and Bangalore was collected. It was found that those who were more than 30 years of age have stress due to work family interface. Employees working less than 10 hours daily experience more stress due to fear of obsolescence, individual team interaction, work culture, lack of family support and technical risk propensity. In terms of gender, men and women professionals do not differ in their occupational stress. However, employees who had computer training especially in software programming in addition to their engineering degree face more stress due to fear of obsolescence and technical risk propensity. Software development professionals whose nature of work is purely technical experience more stress because of fear of obsolescence than others. The results are discussed and based on these the relevant implications are suggested.

10

Jorgensen, Darren. "Review: Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America." Media International Australia 128, no. 1 (August 2008): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812800132.

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11

Knight, Melinda. "Communicating Obsolescence: When Assistive Technology Is Canceled or Discontinued." Business and Professional Communication Quarterly 82, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329490619831798.

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12

Tester, Keith. "Book review: Prometheanism: Technology, Digital Culture and Human Obsolescence." Thesis Eleven 148, no. 1 (October 2018): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618802371.

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13

Dhaigude, Amol S., and Gururaj Kidiyoor. "Obsolescence risk in B2B purchase of high technology products." International Journal of Enterprise Network Management 11, no. 3 (2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijenm.2020.10030598.

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14

Kidiyoor, Gururaj, and Amol S. Dhaigude. "Obsolescence risk in B2B purchase of high technology products." International Journal of Enterprise Network Management 11, no. 3 (2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijenm.2020.108730.

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15

Laird, Pamela Walker. "Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America (review)." Technology and Culture 48, no. 2 (2007): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2007.0077.

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16

Amankwah-Amoah, Joseph. "Integrated vs. add-on: A multidimensional conceptualisation of technology obsolescence." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 116 (March 2017): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.10.006.

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17

Wandera, David B. "The threat of obsolescence: teaching and learning responding to technology." Technology, Pedagogy and Education 24, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1475939x.2014.913533.

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18

Tulkoff, Cheryl, and Greg Caswell. "Obsolescence Management & the Impact on Reliability." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-wa23.

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Component obsolescence management is a strategic practice that also mitigates the risk of counterfeit parts. Left unchecked, obsolescence issues increase support, development and production costs. So, planning ahead is critical. For companies that do proactively manage component availability and obsolescence, the effect of long-term storage on manufacturability and reliability is the area of major concern. Many issues can arise depending on the component technology and storage environment. Reliability concerns to consider include solderability, stress driven diffusive voiding, moisture, Kirkendall voiding, intermetallics/oxidation and tin whiskering. When component obsolescence isn't planned for, the secondary market is often the supply chain of last recourse. While it is possible to get high quality, genuine parts, it is also possible to get nonconforming, reworked, or counterfeit components. And, it is increasingly difficult to differentiate genuine parts from their counterfeit equivalents. Historically, the secondary market provided a mechanism for finding parts in short supply or at reduced cost. Today, high-reliability system manufacturers are less willing to risk contamination of their supply chain with potentially substandard parts in order to save a few dollars on the cost of a part. This paper will cover obsolescence management strategies, relevant industry standards, use of managed supply programs (MSP) and contract pooled options, plus long term storage recommendations and practices.

19

Inwood, Kris. "Productivity Growth in Obsolescence: Charcoal Iron Revisited." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (June 1985): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700033970.

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The technology of charcoal iron manufacture in late nineteenth-century Canada is examined in this paper. Use of a super-heated and hard-driven furnace blast contributed to a resurgence of production after 1890. A lag in the diffusion of these techniques is explained by the small size of the Canadian market. Contrasts are noted with charcoal iron smelting in several regions of the United States.

20

Elsaesser, Thomas. "Trapped in Amber: The New Materialities of Memory." Panoptikum, no. 19 (June 30, 2018): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/pan.2018.19.10.

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The term ‘obsolescence’ has in recent years re-entered the vocabulary of the art world, memory studies and new media historians. In the process, it has significantly changed its meaning and enlarged its semantic and evaluative range, even signifying something like heroic resistance to relentless new-ness or superficial novelty, even becoming the badge of honour for all that is no longer useful (for capitalism, for appropriation, for instrumental objectification). Anyone engaged with ‘found footage’ films, with home movies or our analogue cinematic legacy knows that the strategic use of obsolescence lies in the fact that it is a term that inevitably associates with both capitalism and technology. Hence obsolescence is of special interest in the context of contemporary cinema, since it provides a counterweight – the materiality of memory, and the methodology of media archaeology – to the immateriality and virtuality of the digital. But the obsolescence of celluloid also gives us a kind of ‘fossil record’ of what has become of the filmic ‘medium’ when we see it in the broader context of the ‘geological’ time of media, and as part of the ‘archival’ turn that memory studies have taken in the 21st century.

21

Lihter, Pavel L. "Planned obsolescence: legal aspects of counteraction." Pravovedenie 62, no. 3 (2018): 518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2018.306.

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Modern society faces new challenges due to the development of technology, economy, level of consumption. The article deals with the legal aspects of counteraction to the strategy of unscrupulous manufacturers for deliberate programming of technical defects of the goods, leading to the need to replace it immediately at the end of the warranty period. This strategy has significant implications for public health, social and environmental security. The objectives of the work are studying the actual problems of planned obsolescence of products, the search for its essence, principles and features. The author identifies legislative and law enforcement practice formed by the European Union and different countries in this area. The analysis of law in other countries allows to state the tendency of shift of emphasis from private law methods of protection of consumer and social rights to public law methods, to wider use of a number of coercive instruments. Rethinking the balance of private, public and public interests led to the author’s proposal to develop a holistic concept of legal regulation of civil law relations. As a result of the article, the directions for improving various branches of law in order to counteract the planned obsolescence of goods are proposed.

22

Katie L. Turkiewicz. "Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America (review)." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 12, no. 3 (2009): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rap.0.0106.

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23

Jackson, Kathy Merlock. "Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America by Giles Slade." Journal of American Culture 31, no. 2 (June 2008): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2008.00674_29.x.

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24

Dress, Abby. "A Review of: “Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America”." Information Society 24, no. 5 (September 26, 2008): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240802356182.

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25

Marjit, Sugata. "A competitive general equilibrium model of technology transfer, innovation, and obsolescence." Journal of Economics 59, no. 2 (June 1994): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01238966.

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26

Post, Richard. "Life span, obsolescence, and depreciation in the management of educational technology." TechTrends 43, no. 4 (September 1999): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02763226.

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27

Cronin, Marionne. "Fading Away: Technological Decline in Canadian Aviation." Scientia Canadensis 32, no. 2 (September 30, 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038158ar.

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Abstract When Western Canada Airways began flying its pioneering air route down the Mackenzie Valley in 1929, it did so with a fleet comprised entirely of Fokker Super Universal aircraft. By the end of 1933, however, the airline had declared the Super Universals obsolete, replacing them with other aircraft models. In only four years, the Fokker Super Universal had gone from state of the art to obsolescent. Exploring Western Canada Airways' decision to replace the Supers, this paper offers insight into the nature of obsolescence, demonstrating that the aircraft did not achieve this status because of technical changes or dramatic technical breakthroughs in the design of other aircraft. Instead, the Super Universal became obsolete because of changes in its use-context. The rise of the Great Bear Lake mineral rush, the introduction of new sorts of aircraft into the region, increased competition, and changing passenger expectations all encouraged Western Canada Airways' management to re-evaluate their definition of what constituted a superior technology within the context of the Mackenzie Valley. While conditions in 1929 made the Super Universal the best possible choice, by the end of 1933 those circumstances had changed such that the Super was now obsolete. By tracing this episode in Canadian aviation history, this paper will explore the contextual dimensions of obsolescence and the role of historical circumstances in effecting technological decline.

28

Pazy, Asya. "Cognitive Schemata of Professional Obsolescence." Human Relations 47, no. 10 (October 1994): 1167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679404701002.

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29

Utaka, Atsuo. "Planned obsolescence and marketing strategy." Managerial and Decision Economics 21, no. 8 (December 2000): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1007.

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30

Kidiyoor, Gururaj. "Measurement Scales for Obsolescence Risk in Business Buying of High-Technology Products." IIMS Journal of Management Science 4, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-173x.4.1.001.

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31

Herald, Thomas E. "5.2.3 Obsolescence Management for System-of-System Hierarchies - A Technology-based Approach." INCOSE International Symposium 15, no. 1 (July 2005): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2005.tb00705.x.

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32

Halavais, Alexander. "Book review: Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy." New Media & Society 15, no. 2 (February 27, 2013): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444812463330a.

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33

Marjit, Sugata. "Technology and obsolescence: A reinterpretation of the specific-factor model of production." Journal of Economics 55, no. 2 (June 1992): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01227420.

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34

Brienza, Casey. "Kathleen Fitzpatrick: Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy." Publishing Research Quarterly 28, no. 2 (March 21, 2012): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12109-012-9271-6.

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35

Deming, David J., and Kadeem Noray. "Earnings Dynamics, Changing Job Skills, and STEM Careers*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 4 (June 16, 2020): 1965–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa021.

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Abstract This article studies the impact of changing job skills on career earnings dynamics for college graduates. We measure changes in the skill content of occupations between 2007 and 2019 using detailed job descriptions from a near universe of online job postings. We then develop a simple model where the returns to work experience are a race between on-the-job learning and skill obsolescence. Obsolescence lowers the return to experience, flattening the age-earnings profile in faster-changing careers. We show that the earnings premium for college graduates majoring in technology-intensive subjects such as computer science, engineering, and business declines rapidly, and that these graduates sort out of faster-changing occupations as they gain experience.

36

Leggett, Laura, Tom W. Noseworthy, Mahmood Zarrabi, Diane Lorenzetti, Lloyd R. Sutherland, and Fiona M. Clement. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY REASSESSMENT OF NON-DRUG TECHNOLOGIES: CURRENT PRACTICES." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 28, no. 3 (July 2012): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462312000438.

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Objectives: Obsolescence is a natural phase of the lifecycle of health technologies. Given increasing cost of health expenditures worldwide, health organizations have little choice but to engage in health technology reassessment (HTR); a structured, evidence-based assessment of the medical, social, ethical, and economic effects of a technology, currently used within the healthcare system, to inform optimal use of that technology in comparison to its alternatives. This research was completed to identify and summarize international HTR initiatives for non-drug technologies.Methods: A systematic review was performed using the terms disinvestment, obsolescence, obsolete technology, ineffective, reassessment, reinvestment, reallocation, program budgeting, and marginal analysis to search PubMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL until November 2011. Websites of organizations listed as members of INAHTA and HTAi were hand-searched for gray literature. Documents were excluded if they were unavailable in English, if the title/abstract was irrelevant to HTR, and/or if the document made no mention of current practices. All citations were screened in duplicate with disagreements resolved by consensus.Results: Sixty full-text documents were reviewed and forty were included. One model for reassessment was identified; however, it has never been put into practice. Eight countries have some evidence of past or current work related to reassessment; seven have shown evidence of continued work in HTR. There is negligible focus on monitoring and implementation.Conclusions: HTR is in its infancy. Although health technology reassessments are being conducted, there is no standardized approach. Future work should focus on developing and piloting a comprehensive methodology for completing HTR.

37

Campuzano-Bolarín, Marín-García, Moreno-Nicolás, Bogataj, and Bogataj. "Supply Chain Risk of Obsolescence at Simultaneous Robust Perturbations." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 5484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195484.

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The earlier planning methods of supply chains (SC) in the skeleton of the extended material requirements planning (EMRP), where the time horizon of the reverse Laplace is infinite, were not convenient to estimate the impact of the technical obsolescence of the product or technology involved, which has economic, environmental, and social consequences. Therefore, the perturbations of timing are presented until the possible obsolescence, with parallel execution of the network simulation model (NSM) to evaluate the impact of the finite lifespan on the value of the chain. The EMRP, as well as the NSM, are based on the skeleton of the material requirements planning model, where delays and their perturbations are presented transparently. Contrary to the previous studies of the net present value (NPV) in the EMRP skeleton, where the infinite horizon is assumed, the impact of shortening the horizon of activities is shown here, in order to also evaluate the risk of financing investments in the SC with a shorter lifespan of products or technology. Owing to the simultaneous appearances of the stochastic variables, the parallel execution and exchanging of data, using NSM is advised. The procedures for estimation of correction factors of the NPV and their values are given.

38

Goering, Gregory E., John R. Boyce, and James M. Collins. "R&D and product obsolescence." Review of Industrial Organization 8, no. 5 (October 1993): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01024249.

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39

Vecchio, Pollyanna de Mattos Moura. "Planned obsolescence: publishing, technology and the future of the academy, de Kathleen Fitzpatrick." Texto Livre: Linguagem e Tecnologia 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2013): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3652.6.1.146-149.

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40

Franz, Paul. "Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy (review)." Review of Higher Education 36, no. 2 (2013): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2013.0013.

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41

Menipaz, Ehud. "An Inventory Model with Product Obsolescence and Its Implications for High Technology Industry." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 35, no. 2 (1986): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.1986.4335400.

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42

Rowland, Fred. "Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy (review)." portal: Libraries and the Academy 12, no. 4 (2012): 455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pla.2012.0035.

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43

Thatcher, Sanford G. "Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy (review)." Journal of Scholarly Publishing 44, no. 1 (2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scp.2012.0023.

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44

Menipaz, Ehud. "An inventory model with product obsolescence with implications to the high technology industry." Engineering Costs and Production Economics 15 (May 1989): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-188x(89)90155-9.

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45

Murillo, Inés P. "Human capital obsolescence: some evidence for Spain." International Journal of Manpower 32, no. 4 (July 12, 2011): 426–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437721111148540.

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46

Petrova, Desislava. "AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO REDUCING AGING OF INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS IN TERMS OF INDUSTRY 4.0." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6507.

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The rapid progress in the field of industrial and information-communication techno-logies and their impact on production systems are putting increasing pressure on the engineering structure. That is why modern technological deve-lopment has created conditions in which innova-tive obsolescence already takes precedence over physical. A particularly important point in this direction is the correct determination of the degree of influence of innovative aging on products and processes in order to establish its impact on the technical, economic and social results of industrial activity. In addition, the impact of this process is globalizing, resulting in innovative obsolescence of technology and lagging behind the level of advan-ced technologies from modern ones world-wide. The further use of innovatively obsolete equipment and technological processes leads to certain losses, the amount of which will depend on the degree of this lag. This report proposes an alternative approach to reducing the innovative obsolescence of industrial products by modernizing and creating sustainability in the engineering space. At the same time, innovative progress in the future will put increasing pressure on the technological structure and on the distinctive features of this process. A theoretical attempt has been made to calculate mathematically innovative aging, and the impact of destructive innovations is difficult to capture with this model.

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Azid, Toseef, Mohammad Aslam, and Mohammad Omer Chaudhry. "Transfer of Technology: Competition or Cooperation." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 761–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.761-786.

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Looking at an economy as consisting of several layers of techniques gives us a way to spell out the implications of macroeconomic situations to micro levels. For instance, if macroeconomic consideration point to reducing total employment, a map of the layers of techniques of the economy should be able to pinpoint the firms of different regions that are likely to be effected. In such cases, to be able to delineate the effects of extra final demand of the new investment on the production and employment in the economy, we require best input-output and labour coefficients instead of the average ones that are at present computed worldwide. Similarly, for capacities going out of production either because of the lack of demand, or obsolescence, we want to have the knowledge of the least efficient techniques of production for finding out their economic implications [Azid (2002)].

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Pap Mangel, Claudia. "Legal Abortion: The Impending Obsolescence of The Trimester Framework." American Journal of Law & Medicine 14, no. 1 (1988): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007735.

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Women who wish to terminate a pregnancy, and physicians willing to perform abortions, are subject to increasing harassment from groups which challenge the constitutional abortion right upheld by the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade. Their vulnerability, in fact, parallels the vulnerability of the aboriton right. This Article analyzes the inherent weakness and impending obsolescence of the trimester framework established in Roe. Present medical evidence of maternal health risks and fetal viability demonstrates that the trimester framework is inconsistent with current medical knowledge, and will likely be rendered obsolete by developments in medical technology. The Article suggests that adoption of an alternative constitutional basis for legal abortion is necessary to preserve the abortion right, and explores the utility of two arguments grounded in the equal protection doctrine. Finally, it discusses means of preserving legal abortion within the confines of the trimester framework established in Roe v. Wade.

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Emsermann, Markus, and Burton Simon. "Optimal Control of an Inventory with Simultaneous Obsolescence." Interfaces 37, no. 5 (October 2007): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.1070.0304.

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PILKINGTON, ALAN. "MODELING CITATION DIFFUSION: INNOVATION MANAGEMENT LITERATURE." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 10, no. 01 (February 2013): 1350004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877013500041.

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Citation patterns are important to understanding the spread of technological ideas as science is essentially a cumulative activity. One feature only now being appreciated is the obsolescence or ageing patterns in citations and the insights their study can bring. There have been a number of studies examining, predicting, modeling and plotting citation delays, ageing and the publication cycle. These normally apply lognormal, log-logistic and Weibull distributions to scientific papers. This paper adds to this body of work by examining a set of 18 other distributions, and tests their predictive power on a new data set based on 10 years of ISI Citation data for 10 innovation centered journals. The resulting grouping of journals appears to be a useful proxy for academic-practitioner involvement and warrants further investigation. The finding that the three-parameter Inverse Gaussian provides the best fit to the data extends the understanding of this process. As well as allowing the classification of literature, this improved representation of citation obsolescence will allow us to predict earlier and more precisely those scientific ideas which are generating noteworthy attention or may be suitable for early exploitation.