Дисертації з теми "Winery attributes"

This study examines how wineries in Skåne market themselves as a visitor business. What their work on marketing strategies looks like and what attractiveness wineries have. It is a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with winery owners and winemakers from four different wineries in Skåne. The vineyards that were selected are Flädie Mat & Vingård, Hällåkra Vingård, Kullabergs Vingård and Skepparps Vingård. The results show that wineries have become an attraction for foreign visitors and that there has been an increase in Swedish visitors to the wineries in recent years. People are curious and find vineyards as a new attraction in Sweden. Social media was considered as the most used marketing channels to market the vineyards and their offerings. Another strategy has been word-of-mouth to spread the word to friends and family. Many of the wineries see opportunities to further develop their business, partly their winery, but also to attract more visitors. Challenges for the vineyards are partly the climate but have mainly been the ban on farm trade, which prevents wine tourism from being fully experienced. The ban means that they cannot sell their wine directly to the consumer but need to either sell it at Systembolaget or have a restaurant business with full rights to serve wine to their visitors. The conclusion that can be drawn is that it showed that the pandemic has had an impact in that wineries have had more Swedish visitors in the past year as people have not been able to travel abroad during the summer due to the restrictions of the Covid-19 virus, several people from Sweden choose to spend their holiday in Sweden, hence a higher pressure on visits to vineyards. The marketing of wineries to be a niche attraction has also made more people visit the business by marketing it via social media, which is considered a powerful tool to reach out to people.

As the development of the Internet and the rapid increase of data, information visualization is becoming more and more popular. Since human eyes receive visual information very quick and easy, the visualization can make complex and large data more understandable.

Describing sensory perceptions, such as taste, is a challenging task. For a customer, the visualization of the taste of a specific wine together with the other wine attributes such as color and grape type would help him/her choose the right one.    In the thesis, two suitable representations of wine attributes are implemented. And, the final system contains two parts. One is a user interface generating his/her fingerprint based on the two representations. The other one is generating the fingerprints of all wines in a database, and save these fingerprints as images. If the user compares his/her wine fingerpr

Phenolic and color parameters of Marechal Foch and deChaunac wines of 1980 through 1983 vintages were analysed to determine variety and aging effects. Centroid Mapping Optimization together with the Simultaneous Factor Shift algorithm were used to determine the HPLC operating conditions which resolved the maximum number of phenolic components of whole red wine. A ternary gradient system using 1 % acetic acid : methanol : acetonitrile was changed from 100:0:0 to 4.8:82.8:12.4 in 130.6 minutes. A flow rate of 1.1 mL/min and a temperature of 32.9 °C were used. The HPLC system was used to separate at least 50 components from each injection of wine and of an ethyl acetate extract of wine. Foch wines were found to have more catechin and epicatechin than deChaunac wines. Peak areas for the ethyl acetate extracts common to all wines, and areas of peaks in the chromatograms of the whole wine, not present in the neutral extract, were used to form a data set for multivariate analyses. Strong linear correlations were found between tristimulus and spectrophotometry measurements for each wine. The color of Foch wines was more stable and contained more brown and yellow hues than deChaunac wines, as determined by tristimulus measurements. Total pigment levels of each wine and various fractions of the total, including ionized, un-ionized, polymeric and sulfur dioxide-bound anthocyanins, were determined spectro-photometrically. Total anthocyanin levels (un-ionized and ionized) in deChaunac wines decreased significantly with increasing age but remained constant in Foch wines. Tannin levels as determined by absorbance readings at 280 nm and by the Folin-Coicalteu reagent method were highly correlated. Foch had more flavonoid and less nonflavonoids than deChaunac wines. The different color parameters, pigment and tannin fractions, as well as titratable acidity, pH and individual organic acids were used as a second data set of analytical parameters for multivariate analyses. A third data set composed of the combination of the analytical data and the HPLC peak areas was also used. Differences between the four vintages of wines, the two varieties, and between old and young wines within varieties were found using stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). Discrimination of variety differences was more successful (100% correct classification by the jackknife procedure) and required fewer variables than classification by age. Cluster analyses, performed with variables chosen by SDA, gave similar results to the SDA.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Mestrado em Marketing
A presente investigação tem como objetivo conhecer o perfil dos vinhos tintos e brancos para o consumidor português e os atributos de maior importância na escolha de um vinho, as diferenças de perceção entre homens e mulheres e ainda a diferença de importância dada aos atributos dos vinhos conforme o género dos indivíduos. Assim, pretende-se caracterizar os vinhos brancos e tintos e os seus consumidores.
The purpose of this research is to determine the basic characteristics of red and white wine according to the Portuguese consumer. It also attempts to find the most important attributes when choosing a wine, the differences between male and female perceptions, as well as the differences between the most important attributes according to gender. Thus, the main aim of this research is to characterize red and white wine and their consumer.

Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Wines contain a number of phenolic compounds, belonging to non-flavonoid and flavonoid complexes. Phenolic compounds in wine are responsible for wine colour, astringency, and bitterness. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is normally used in winemaking but it has been proved to decrease the phenolic content in wines. Current research on the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast in winemaking has produced better quality wines than S. cerevisiae yeast therefore improving the sensory profile of wine. This study evaluated effect of Torulaspora delbrueckii yeast on the phenolic content of experimental wines derived from Chenin blanc grapes. A reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was used for the identification and quantitation of the phenolic compounds. The difference test method was used to determine the sensory attributes of wines. The data was subjected to analysis of variance to compare treatment differences between the wines and principal component analysis to establish possible correlation between the data sets. Furthermore, a gas chromatographic-flame ionization detection method (GC-FID) was used for the quantification of volatile compounds in the wines. In this work, wines made with T. delbrueckii strain M2/1 had high concentration of (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid in all studied vintages. Wines made with VIN13 had higher concentrations of flavan-3-ols, compared to wines made with M2/1 and 654. In sensory evaluation, M2/1 wines were prominent in astringency and complexity. Yeast strain M2/1, also attributed to body and complexity of the wine. However, in this study no correlations were observed between the phenolic content and sensory attributes and vice versa. The quality of wine cannot be concluded by chemical or sensory analysis alone, but the data sets are complementary. Although the phenolic concentration of wines made with S. cerevisiae strain (VIN 13) and T. delbrueckii (M2/1) were similar in measured phenolic concentrations, they had different sensory attributes. Wines made during the 2013 vintage indicated the importance of the use of a strain with higher enzyme activity and high fermentation rate. There is minimal to no skin contact in white winemaking. Therefore, the use of a yeast strain with an increased enzyme activity can facilitate the extraction of phenolics from grape, resulting in wine with improved quality.

Mestrado em Marketing
Este estudo centra-se no comportamento das mulheres no mercado dos vinhos em Portugal, com o objetivo de identificar os atributos mais valorizados no momento de escolha de um vinho e compreender os hábitos de compra e de consumo das consumidoras femininas. A metodologia adotada foi qualitativa, com recurso a entrevistas em profundidade a uma amostra de 15 mulheres consumidoras de vinho, com idades compreendidas entre os 23 e os 35 anos. Os resultados do estudo indicam que os atributos mais valorizados no momento da compra são o preço, a região de origem e a recomendação de amigos e familiares. Relativamente aos hábitos de compra, as mulheres compram vinho nos supermercados devido ao preço, acessibilidade, variedade, descontos, promoções e conveniência. As mulheres utilizam como estratégias principais de redução do risco de compra a recomendação de amigos e familiares e o seu próprio conhecimento. Em relação ao consumo, verifica-se que as ocasiões mais propícias ao consumo de vinho são as refeições, nomeadamente em momentos de convívio com os amigos e com a família, sendo que o tipo de vinho preferido das mulheres é o vinho tinto. A identificação e a compreensão das preferências das mulheres é de extrema importância, uma vez que faculta indicações aos profissionais de vinho como devem ir ao encontro das expectativas das consumidoras de vinho.
This study is based on women's behaviour in the wine market in Portugal, aiming to identify the most valued attributes when women choose wine and understand the purchasing and consumption habits of female consumers. The methodology adopted was qualitative, using in-depth interviews to a sample of fifteen women that consume wine, aged between 23 to 35 years old. The results of this study show that the most valued attributes at the time of purchase are the price, the region of origin and the recommendation of friends and relatives. As regards the purchase habits, women buy wine in supermarkets due to the price, accessibility, variety, discounts, promotions and convenience. Women use as main strategies to reduce the purchasing risks, the recommendation of friends and relatives and their own knowledge. Concerning the consumption, it turns out that the most suitable occasions to consume are meals, especially in moments of conviviality with friends and family, being the red wine the women's favourite. The identification of understanding of women's preferences is extremely important, since it provides indications to wine professionals how to meet the expectations of female consumers.

Mestrado em Marketing
O setor vitivinícola representa um contributo importante para a economia nacional. O vinho Verde é um vinho com caraterísticas únicas sendo um dos muitos tipos de vinhos que Portugal tem para oferecer. O presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar os atributos mais importantes para a compra de vinho Verde, identificar os hábitos de compra e de consumo e calcular a utilidade dos atributos chave na escolha do vinho Verde. Utilizou-se uma investigação amostra não probabilística por conveniência de 193 inquiridos, administrado através de ferramentas online, estando disponível aproximadamente três semanas para o efeito. A técnica de análise utilizada na dissertação foi a Análise Conjunta, agrupando em combinações os atributos identificados como importantes: Preço, Sabor, Recomendação, Indicação de Casta e Notoriedade da Marca. As conclusões do estudo são: o consumidor tipo é maioritariamente do género feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os "25 aos 34 anos", possuidor de grau académico e com um rendimento mensal líquido inferior a 2000?; consome o produto ocasionalmente em e festas/eventos; é o próprio consumidor que adquire o produto e a sua escolha é determinada pela recomendação de amigos e familiares. Os atributos mais valorizados são por ordem decrescente de importância são o preço, o sabor a recomendação de terceiros e em último lugar a casta e a notoriedade da marca. A confirmação destes resultados, contudo, pressuporá alargar e diversificar a amostra de inquiridos por forma a obter resultados mais robustos.
The wine sector represents a huge contribution to the national economy. The "Vinho Verde" is one of the several types of wines that Portugal has to offer to the international markets. This is a quantitative study based on a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 193 interviewees, all administered through Facebook and Email. The questionnaire was available for three weeks. The tool used was Joint Review that grouped the attributes more valorized in combinations. The present study aims to understand and to characterize the profile of the average consumer of this wine. Several aspects of the consumer are ascertained as are the consumer sociodemographic level, habits of consumption, consumer?s behavior and decision making process. Otherwise we also explored the most valuable attributes taken in consideration. The main conclusions are: the average consumer is mainly of female gender, with a mean age between 25 and 34 years, with academic graduation, and affording an average monthly liquid income below 2000 euros. This consumer bought the product occasionally for parties and special events. The consumer himself bought the product and his choice his based on family and friends recommendations. The most valuable attributes taken in account for final choice of the product are: price, flavor, recommendation by family and friends, caste and brand. These results should be confirmed by future studies using a broth and more diversified sample.

Mestrado em Marketing
Este estudo centra-se no comportamento do consumidor de vinho do Porto em Portugal, com o intuito de perceber as preferências do mesmo na escolha deste produto. O foco deste estudo é identificar quais os atributos mais valorizados pelo consumidor aquando da escolha deste vinho. A revisão de literatura efetuada tem como objetivo primário enquadrar o tema, permitindo estruturar o modelo conceptual e formular as questões de pesquisa e hipóteses. Optou-se pela realização de um questionário presencial, aplicado a consumidores, portugueses e estrangeiros, de vinho do Porto numa garrafeira situada na Baixa de Lisboa. De forma a alcançar o objetivo proposto, elaboraram-se combinações preferenciais na escolha de um vinho do Porto, com base em cinco atributos-chave, através da técnica Análise Conjunta. A avaliação que os inquiridos atribuíram às combinações, permitiu concluir que o atributo mais valorizado na escolha de um vinho do Porto é a idade, seguida do preço, recomendação, marca conhecida e tipo de vinho do Porto. Concluiu-se que um vinho do Porto mais velho tem mais utilidade do que um mais recente, que um preço baixo apresenta maior utilidade do que um preço mais elevado e que o tipo de vinho do Porto com mais utilidade são os especiais. Observou-se também que os consumidores preferem um vinho do Porto de marca conhecida ou que tenha sido recomendado. A identificação destes atributos é de extrema importância para o sector, no sentido em que fornece indicações relevantes para a forma como os seus envolvidos devem abordar os seus consumidores, indo de encontro ao que estes mais valorizam.
This study focuses on consumer behavior of Port wine in Portugal, in order to realize its preferences in the choice of the product. The focus of this study is to identify the most valued attributes by consumers when choosing this type of wine. The literature review conducted aims to frame the subject, allowing structure the conceptual model and formulate research questions and hypotheses. It was realized a face to face survey, applied to Portuguese and foreign consumers of Port wine in a wine cellar located in Lisbon downtown. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, there were defined preferred combinations to choose a Port wine, based on five key attributes, through Conjoint Analysis technique. The results show that the most valued attribute in choosing a Port wine is the age of the wine, followed by price, recommendation, brand awareness and type of Port wine. It was concluded that an older Port wine has more utility that a youngest one, that a lower price is more useful than a higher price and also that the special Port wine is the type with more useful. It was also observed that consumers prefer a brand known Port wine or one that has been recommended. The identification of these attributes is extremely important for Port wine industry, as it provides relevant information of the correct way to stakeholders approach consumers and focusing on what they value most.

Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdariffa) is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals with potential health benefits. Based on its reported use in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension and recently type 2 diabetes, the plant has gained considerable commercial importance as a functional food. Three varieties of H. sabdariffa were analyzed for their phytochemical content and inhibitory potential on carbohydrate-digesting enzymes as a basis for selecting a variety for wine production. The dark red variety was chosen as it was highest in phenolic content and partially inhibited α–glucosidase (maltase), with delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid accounting for 65 % of this activity. None of the varieties significantly inhibited α–amylase. Regarding H. sabdarifa wine, the effect of fermentation (20 and 30 ˚C) and ageing (6, 15 and 30 °C) temperatures on the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Roselle wine was investigated for a period of 40 days and 12 months respectively. The main change in phytochemical composition observed during fermentation was the hydrolysis of 3-O-caffeolquinic acid and the concomitant increase of caffeic acid irrespective of fermentation temperature. Wine fermented at 20 ˚C was slightly more active for α–glucosidase inhibition with more fruity aromas, but there were more flowery notes at 30 ˚C. Although ageing temperature did not produce an obvious trend in concentrations of most of the volatiles analysed, its impact was clearly demonstrated in the final concentrations of diethyl succinate which increased with higher ageing temperature. The data on the overall quality rating of roselle wine by a sensory panel showed that neither fermentation nor ageing temperatures produced any significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in the wine samples. This study demonstrates that processing of H. sabdariffa into wine represents a promising alternative to expanding the functional properties of this crop.

A indicação geográfica de vinhos possibilita a segmentação de mercados a partir da valorização das características do seu local de origem, o que lhes atribui uma identidade própria, além de distingui-los em relação aos seus similares disponíveis no mercado. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral desta tese foi avaliar fatores relacionados à percepção de qualidade de consumidores de vinhos com indicação geográfica (IG) e seus estilos de tomada de decisão de compra. Para isso, são apresentados quatro estudos: o primeiro visou à compreensão das variáveis que interferem na decisão de compra dos consumidores de vinhos com indicação geográfica ou com atributos regionais. O segundo estudo foi voltado à identificação dos aspectos que são relacionados à percepção de qualidade e quais características estão associadas aos vinhos com indicação geográfica por consumidores. O terceiro estudo avaliou a escala CSI (Consumer Style Inventory) adaptada para alimentos por Cankurt et al. (2013), investigando os estilos de tomada de decisão de consumidores de vinhos com IG no Brasil. O quarto estudo buscou a identificação de grupos específicos de consumidores formados a partir de sete estilos selecionados no modelo de Cankurt et al. (2013), bem como verificar sua relação com algumas características associadas à percepção de qualidade de consumidores de vinhos com indicação geográfica. A abordagem metodológica apresenta, inicialmente, uma revisão sistemática da literatura voltada ao tema em periódicos internacionais nos portais ISI Web of Science, Scopus e Science Direct, além de um levantamento aprofundado em teses, dissertações, periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Foi realizada, a seguir, uma Survey com os 2.621 participantes do Circuito Nacional de degustação do Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho no ano de 2014. Para a análise dos dados, foram utilizadas análises de estatísticas descritivas (médias e frequências), testes de análise de variância - ANOVA, teste de comparações múltiplas DMS, Dunnet T3 ao nível de significância de 5% e teste de comparação Mann-Whitney, assim como análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, análise de clusters, análise discriminante e análise de variância - ANOVA dos clusters. Os resultados demonstram que os consumidores de vinhos com indicação geográfica ou com atributos regionais vêm valorizando a qualidade sensorial, tipicidade e prestígio dos vinhos, proporcionando maior credibilidade aos produtos. Os consumidores que, habitualmente, adquirem vinhos com indicação geográfica, associam-na à qualidade do produto, reconhecendo os fatores intrínsecos como a qualidade da uva, o sabor e o aroma do vinho. Os fatores extrínsecos, como a região produtora e as características agroclimáticas, foram considerados atributos importantes nos vinhos com indicação geográfica. Os resultados apontam, ainda, boa confiabilidade e a validação de sete estilos de decisão entre os onze da escala avaliada para consumidores de vinhos com IG. A análise de clusters confirmou a formação de quatro grupos a partir dos sete estilos de decisão considerados inicialmente. Os consumidores que participaram desse estudo estão classificados no cluster constituído pelos estilos de decisão: Perfectionist, High-quality conscious; Habitual, brand-loyal e Local brand conscious, os quais são os que dão maior importância aos principais fatores associados à percepção de qualidade de vinhos com IG encontrados nesse estudo, que são: características próprias da região de origem (terroir); qualidade da matéria-prima (uvas); transmissão da cultura e história da região; características sensoriais dos vinhos e a tradição da vinícola.
A geographical indication of wines provides the market segmentation based on the value of the characteristics of their place of origin, which gives them an identity, and distinguish them in relation to their counterparts in the market. In this sense, the general objective of this thesis was to assess factors related to the quality perception of wine consumers with Geographical Indication (GI) and their purchase decision-making styles. To this end, four studies are presented: the first aimed at the understanding of the variables that influence the purchasing decisions of wines consumers with geographical indication or regional attributes. The second study was aimed to identify the aspects that are related to the quality perception and which characteristics are associated with wines with geographical indication for consumers. The third study assessed the CSI (Consumer Style Inventory) scale adapted to food by Cankurt et al. (2013), investigating the decision-making styles of wine consumers with GI in Brazil. The fourth study sought to identify specific consumer groups formed from seven selected styles based on Cankurt et al model. (2013), and to verify its relationship with some characteristics associated with the quality perception of wine consumers with a geographical indication. The methodological approach initially presents a systematic review of the literature focused on the topic in international journals in the ISI Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct portals, in addition to a survey of national and international theses, dissertations, and journals. A Survey was made afterwards involving 2.621 participants in the National Tour tasting of Brazilian Institute of Wine in 2014. For data analysis, descriptive statistical analyzes were used (averages and frequencies), variance test analysis - ANOVA, multiple comparison test - DMS, Dunnet T3 at a significance level of 5% and Mann-Whitney comparison test, as well as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and analysis of variance - ANOVA of clusters. The results show that consumers of wines with geographical indication or regional attributes have been valuing the sensory quality, typicality and prestige of wines, providing greater credibility to the products. Consumers that usually purchase wines with geographical indication, have been associated it to in product quality, recognizing the intrinsic factors such as the grape quality, flavor and aroma of the wine. Extrinsic factors, such as producing region and climatic characteristics have been considered important attributes in wines with geographical indication. The results also show good reliability and validation of seven decision styles among the eleven evaluated scale consumer of wine with the GI. Cluster analysis confirmed the formation of four groups from the seven decision styles considered initially. Consumers who participated in this study are classified as cluster consists of the decision styles: Perfectionist, High-quality conscious; Habitual, brand-loyal and Local brand conscious, which are those who give more importance to the main factors associated with perception of quality wines with GI found in this study, which are characteristics of the source region (terroir); quality of raw material (grape); transmission of culture and history of the area; sensory characteristics of the wines and the tradition of wine.

Previous research has suggested that the country of origin cue is important to consumers during their purchase decision making process; the cue is utilised as an indicator of product quality and thus has an effect on purchase decisions. However, country of origin research has been heavily criticised in terms of methodology and has tended to focus on durable, manufactured products such as automobiles, electronics and apparel. This research investigates whether consumers do utilise the country of origin cue during actual wine purchase decisions and whether consumer perceptions of wine will vary based upon the country from which it originates. In addition, this study also seeks to identify all of the product attributes which are utilised by wine purchasers, and the degree to which these attributes are important to them during the purchase decision process. Finally, the research seeks to understand the influence that individual consumer characteristics (i.e. demographic variables, product knowledge and product involvement) and usage situations will have upon attribute utilisation and importance. In order to examine these broad research questions, a structured survey was developed and administered to respondents in four countries immediately following an actual wine purchase. Analysis of the collected survey data revealed that consumers typically utilised only a small number of attributes during their purchase decisions, and that the attributes which were most frequently utilised were not necessarily the most important to wine consumers. The country of origin cue was the eighth most frequently utilised attribute and the fourth in terms of importance. The majority of consumers could accurately identify the country of origin of the wine they had just purchased and their perceptions of wines were found to vary based upon the country of origin. Individual consumer characteristics were found to have varying effects upon attribute utilisation and importance ratings. Three-quarters of all wine purchases were made to resolve just four usage situations, and these situations were found to moderate the origin of the wine that the consumer selected during their purchase decision. From a theoretical standpoint, this study supports the idea that consumers utilise only a small number of attributes during their decision making process, and that this number will increase as product knowledge and product involvement levels increase. The most important attributes for consumers were found to be intrinsic in nature. Country of origin theory has also been advanced by this study; consumers were found to hold stereotyped perceptions of wine based upon its national origin, and both the nationality and education level of the consumer were found to moderate the utilisation of the country of origin cue. Whilst earlier researchers had suggested that any home country bias may be product specific, this study suggests that it may actually be a product dimension specific phenomenon. The high reliability of the product involvement and subjective knowledge scales should also be of value to future consumer behaviour researchers. Similarly, the idea that the usage situation influenced which product was purchased, but not how it was selected, expands current knowledge. Practical implications arising from this study include the identification of the importance of having previously tried a wine; marketers could increase sales through the provision of wine tasting opportunities for consumers. The significant correlation between involvement and the frequency of wine consumption also provides wine producers with an opportunity to increase sales through initiatives which will increase consumer involvement with wine. The results indicate that the wine industry should focus on the production and marketing of wines which are suitable for consumption in the identified four dominant usage situations and should seek to increase consumption in dining situations in the US. Finally, promotional strategies linking New Zealand wines with high quality appear to have been successful, but these messages will need to be repeated in order to reinforce the positive consumer perceptions.

Il focus della mia tesi "Le preferenze dei consumatori e l'atteggiamento verso gli attributi di vino: il caso dell’etichettatura sostenibile" è quello di esplorare le questioni intorno alla sostenibilità nel settore vitivinicolo; l'indagine è stata condotta in Italia e all'estero nel corso dei tre anni del mio dottorato. Anche se dalla letteratura emerge come il prezzo, le caratteristiche sensoriali, l’esperienza precedente siano gli attributi più importanti per la scelta di un vino, la tesi si propone di analizzare l'introduzione dell'attributo di sostenibilità nel settore del vino, fornendo ulteriori delucidazioni riguardo la percezione dei consumatori e le preferenze per i vini non convenzionali. Tale ricerca è stata condotta con il contributo essenziale e la supervisione del professor Daniele Rama del Dipartimento di Economia Agroalimentare (Università di Piacenza) e i Prof. Cristina Mora e Prof. Davide Menozzi del Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti (Università di Parma).
The focus of my dissertation “Consumer preferences and attitude for wine attributes: the case of sustainable labelling” is to explore the issues around sustainability in the wine industry; the investigation was conducted both in Italy and abroad over the last three years of my Ph.D. Even though from literature review emerged that price, sensory characteristics, previous experience are the most important attributes for choosing a wine, this dissertation aims to analyses the introduction of the sustainable attribute in the wine industry, providing more insights into consumer perception and preferences for non-conventional wines. All such research has been carried out with the essential contribution and the supervision of Professor Daniele Rama of the Department of Agricultural Economics (Piacenza University) and Prof. Cristina Mora and Prof. Davide Menozzi of the Department of Food Science (University of Parma).

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Culturas como o milho são altamente influenciadas pelo sistema de manejo e cobertura do solo, época de semeadura e pelas condições meteorológicas locais durante o seu ciclo. A interação entre estes fatores resultará no acúmulo de matéria seca pela cultura que será revertido em produtividade. Na avaliação do efeito de diferentes densidades populacionais de plantas, coberturas de inverno e épocas de semeadura sobre a disponibilidade de água no solo condicionada pelos atributos físicos do solo e os componentes de rendimento da cultura do milho, conduziu-se um ensaio nas safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016 no município de Ponta Grosa, PR, utilizando-se como híbrido o P30F53YH. O delineamento experimental foi o de parcelas subdivididas, repetidas em três épocas de semeadura (15 de setembro, 30 de outubro e 15 de dezembro), constando de coberturas de inverno nas parcelas (palhada de aveia, pousio e solo nu) e de cinco populações de plantas (40.000, 60.000, 80.000, 100.000 e 120.000 plantas ha-1) nas subparcelas. Foram avaliadas características morfológicas da planta (altura de planta, diâmetro de colmo, altura de inserção de espiga, número de folhas, área foliar e índice de área foliar), além dos componentes de rendimento (número de fileiras por espiga, número de grãos por fileira, massa de mil grãos e massa de espiga) e produtividade, em quatro plantas por subparcela. Foi realizado o balanço hídrico sequencial para as duas safras em estudo. O solo da área foi caracterizado, tendo sido determinada a sua densidade global, textura e ajustando-se para as profundidades de 0 a 0,10 m, 0,10 a 0,20 m, 0,20 a 0,30 m, 0,30 a 0,40 e 0,40 a 1,0 m as curvas de retenção de água pelo modelo proposto por van Genuchten (1980). A partir destes atributos, determinou-se a distribuição da porosidade total do solo e a sua classificação quanto à função. Utilizaram-se métodos de estatística multivariada na análise das informações, objetivando a obtenção de respostas globais a partir das variáveis levantadas. Foi ajustado um modelo senoidal de crescimento de plantas, o qual demonstrou alta correlação com o regime vigente dos elementos meteorológicos locais, permitindo a determinação do ponto de inflexão da taxa de crescimento da planta em altura e a sua relação com a temperatura, a radiação solar global, a disponibilidade de água no solo e o saldo de radiação. Não foram observados períodos de estiagem durante as duas safras. Não se observou efeito das diferentes coberturas de solo sobre o crescimento das plantas e produtividade. A produtividade final e os demais parâmetros morfológicos obtidos encontraram-se dentro do padrão esperado para o híbrido. As populações de plantas afetaram a produtividade, tendo sido crescente até a população de 120.000 plantas ha-1, sob as quais também foi encontrado o maior índice de área foliar. O solo era homogêneo em toda área de cultivo não se constatando efeito de cobertura de solo sobre os componentes de rendimento e a produtividade final da cultura. Houve efeito interativo entre épocas de semeadura, população de plantas e cobertura do solo para as semeaduras realizadas em 30 de outubro e 15 de dezembro (2014/2015) e para 15 de setembro (2015/2016) sobre a produtividade do milho. As produtividades e os demais parâmetros morfológicos obtidos foram expressos na localidade estudada em decorrência do potencial genético do híbrido de milho.
Crops such corn (Zea mays L.) are highly influenced by the management practices, soil coverings, sowing dates and local meteorological conditions throughout the crop growing season at a given site. The interaction among such factors will result in dry matter accumulation by the crop that will in turn be converted into productivity. At the assessment of the effects of different planting populations, winter coverings and sowing dates on soil water availability conditioned by the soil physical attributes, as well as on the yield components of the crop, a field trial was carried out at the years of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in Ponta Grossa, State of Paraná, Brazil, with P30F53YH as the genotype considered herein. The experimental design was a split plot scheme repeated over three sowing dates (September 15, October 30, and December 15), taking into account three different winter coverings (oat straw, fallow, and bare soil) and five planting populations (40,000; 60,000; 80,000; 100,000 and 120,000 plants ha-1) in the split plots. Morphological features of the plants (plant height, stalk diameter, insertion height of ears, number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf area index) along with yield components (number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, a thousand mass of grains, and mass of ears) plus yield in four plants per split plot were evaluated in the current study. Sequential water balances were performed throughout two crop growing seasons. The soil of the experimental area was characterized, having the soil bulk density and texture been determined and adjusting for the soil layers 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, 0.30-0.40, and 0.40-0.50 m water retention curves by the model proposed by van Genuchten (1980). From such physical attributes of the soil the distribution of soil total porosity and its classification regarding a more fitting mathematical function were determined. Multivariate statistical methods were used at the analyses of information in order to search for global responses from the studied variables. A sinusoidal model of crop growing was adjusted, which showed a high correlation with the regime of local meteorological elements, allowing therefore for the determination of inflexion points of plant growth rates in height and its relationship with temperature, global solar radiation, soil water availability and net radiation. Significant periods of draught over the course of the crop growing seasons were not observed. Moreover, effects of different soil coverings on corn growing and yield were not detected as well. The final yield and all morphological features of the crop obtained were found to be within the expected standard for the genotype of corn in study. Planting populations affected yield, with increasing values up to planting populations over 120,000 plants ha-1, under which the highest leaf area indices were found. The soil was homogeneous at the entire experimental area and no effect of soil covering on yield components and crop final productivity was identified at all. An interactive effect of sowing dates, planting populations and soil coverings for the sowing dates of October 30 and December 15 (2014/2015) and also for September 15 (2015/2016) on corn yield was observed. Biological yield along with all morphological parameters of the plants were expressed as a result of the genetic potential of the corn genotype at the studied site.

碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
餐旅管理研究所在職專班
104
As the pace of economic growth increasing gradually, the living standards of residence in Taiwan improved significantly. Additionally, the implementation of two-day weekend system has facilitated opportunities for residences in Taiwan to conduct more activities of leisure travel and also altered their behaviors that related to how to spend vacation. Taiwan's tourism industry continues to flourish under the government strong promotion. Rural Winery were being visited by the tourist with more than one million annually, which created considerable sightseeing value. Winery tourism has become a unique choice. However, in the choice of destinations, tourists increasingly pay attention to the imagery perception of tourism destination, in addition to considering general factors of distance, time, transportation, travel costs, etc. The imagery perception will not just only affect the extent to which consumer satisfaction over tourism destination, but also affect the intention of tourists to visit or willingness to revisit. Therefore, in order to escalate the value of travel perception, destination managers should learn how to fully understand the real demands and expectations of tourists, which is the most critical issue of enhancing the competitiveness of tourist destinations In this study, the Dahu Wineland Resort which had been coached and Auditing-passed by COA（Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan）, were selected as our research subjects to conduct questionnaire. 307 questionnaires were distributed while 303 valid questionnaires were submitted. This study focused on the imagery sharping of the destination as our vital evaluation using an importance methodology of Important-Performance Analysis（IPA）to assess the current situation of Imagery perception of winery destination, visitors practical experience, acknowledgment, and to propose priority sequence of issues that require to be improved. Moreover, identify the most advantageous and unique characteristics that can symbolize the imagery perception of wineries industry as the reference direction and provide the management guidelines for industry operators. The results indicate that “a clean in and out-door environment”, “offer wine tasting”, “wine knowledgeable winery staff” and “a pleasant and relaxing environment” were the most important and satisfactory images for tourists. They could be kept up. The four most important images should be considered as first priority to improve. They were “enough and well-designed parking space”, “catering service fit client`s needs” “availability of field trip” and “availability of buying wine”.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
92
This study uses“direct-scaled measurement” to survey consumers’preference to the product attributes of leisure winery garden. Scholars and experts were involved in the brain storming sessions to analyze, the product attributes of leisure winery garden. Questionnaire was designed using the product attributes and alternatives, 430 questionnaires were administered and 383 of effective ones were returned. The response rate was 89.07%. Data collected were analyzed with the SPSS software. Main findings include: 1.With the Product Benefits : On average, the consumers prefer mostly “enjoying beautiful scene”, and then in sequence “releasing pressure”, “satisfying one-stop shopping of leisure wants”. To our surprise, the consumers’ prefer of “enjoying delicate food and drink” to “tasting specialty wine”。 2. With the Carrier Product : On average, the consumers’most preferred buildings of foreign style, “folk restaurant”, “moonlight music concert ”, etc. 3.With the Augmented Product : On average, the consumers’ preference in sequence were “service quality”, “traffic convenience”, “business image”, etc. The research also found that individual characteristics, such as sex , marriage , education ,age , occupation , size of family , household income , wine-drinking habit , wine category preferred, motivation of wine purchase , and wine budget , are significantly related with preference. Finality , suggestions based on research findings for leisure winery garden were given . For example , the running of the leisure winery garden should not focus primarily on wine . It should provide a total package including delicate food and drink.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業系碩士在職專班
106
Selecting and purchasing a bottle of wine is usually a challenging decision for most consumers. Especially before the purchase, wine is indeed a complex product that is difficult for consumers just simply to evaluate, and wine has a lot of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes. As a result of these numerous attributes and various combinations, it provides the ideal references to wine marketers. By performing this, a suitable wine attribute combination for both consumers and wine related industries could be classified. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the satisfication level of wine consumers via the importance of respective wine attribute, in order to help wine marketers and other related industries formulate their marketing directions. This study adopts the questionnaire collection data and Quantification Theory Type I analysis method to design and analyze the impact of wine attributes on consumer satisfaction. The results show that the most important referential attribute is the interaction between consumers and their wine products. The second important attribute is the sense of joy and quality of life that wine brings to consumers. Moreover, the categorical variables such as age, gender, and the comsumers’wine drinking years help to explain the behavior of most of the attributes. With the results of this study, there will be more clear understanding and advice for marketers with wine promotion and marketing.

碩士
逢甲大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
101
To consist in the study of Involve theory it is rarely to find the viewpoints which are wines and festivals, with only object of food and beverage consumer as a research topic is rarely too see in the Wine Industry as well. Nowadays, however, the festival activity mode of wine industry is almost caught on the sale promotion, not mentioned about the reason people purchase, even the seller may be confused the role which wine plays in the festival. Therefore, the value-added features of wine are greatly neglected. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to find out (1) the reason of variable affecting purchasing motives of lifestyle? (2) the degree of Value-added modes involved for wine festivals by personal, situational and products? (3) the impact of consumers&;#39; willingness to purchase by which channel by empirical way? This study adopt questionnaire survey which targets are restaurant’s consumer to collect and research data by taking back 225 valid questionnaires, to carry out empirical conclusions obtained in this study by using narrative analysis, reliability and validity analysis, regression analysis and structural analysis are as following: (1) &;quot;Atmosphere&;quot; is the highest importance factor affecting consumer’s purchasing motive in festival, followed by package, brand awareness… etc., it shows that the festival atmosphere is the greatest consideration of these consumers. (2)To consist in the three dimensions of factors involved, the majority of consumers agree that &;quot;situational factors&;quot; got the highest degree, in this part of questionnaire two conditions are highly agreed which are having seafood with white wine and guided by festival music, followed by personal factors and product factors. (3) Within two dimensions of purchase willingness, consumers considered the factors of &;quot;peripheral route&;quot; which the wine tasting dinners and promotional activities are highly agreed; the factors of &;quot;central route&;quot; which sharing tasting experience with friends are highly agreed. It shows that consumers are willing to experience the wine through wine tasting dinner and then sharing with others. Therefore, wine now is taking shape an integral part of spiritual symbol in our life and society since imported, from New Year gifts, health and wellness, wine tasting and match with meals, even to pursue higher standard of living and willing to share. Nevertheless, wine and festival value-added can be investigated through research literature and theory of this study. Moreover, &;quot;value-added mode&;quot; can be learned by the route first come with Peripheral then Central, to carry out the wine activity within festival can bring higher value added mode. I believe this &;quot;value-added mode&;quot; will raise the opportunity and value of wine in festival which will turn into a new kind of &;quot;Elaboration Likelihood Mode&;quot; of modern festival afterward in the future.

The aim of this study was to identify the attributes that different tourist segments prioritize in choosing a destination for winter sports and analyze their degree of satisfaction with the services provided by the only ski resort in Portugal. A questionnaire was applied to 200 tourists with factor analysis from which factors were extracted to serve as a basis for a cluster analysis. Five factors about the most valued attributes in choosing a destination were identified, and six consumer clusters were distinguished. Concerning the analysis of satisfaction with the resort’s services, five factors were identified and the preferences of different consumer segments were discriminated from identification of five clusters. The study suggests that consumer segmentation based on the characteristics of the destination’s attributes together with assessment of their satisfaction with the services available can supply relevant information to evaluate organizations’ competitiveness.
O objectivo deste estudo foi o de identificar os atributos que diferentes segmentos de turistas privilegiam na escolha de um destino turístico de desportos de inverno e analisar o grau de satisfação destes sobre os serviços prestados pela única estância de ski existente em Portugal. Foi aplicado um questionário a 200 turistas e feita uma análise factorial de onde se extraíram factores que serviram de base a uma análise de clusters. Foram identificados cinco factores acerca dos atributos mais valorizados na escolha do destino e distinguidos seis clusters de consumidores. No que se refere à análise da satisfação sobre os serviços da estância, foram identificados cinco factores e descriminadas as preferências de diferentes segmentos de consumidores através da identificação de cinco clusters. O estudo sugere que a segmentação dos consumidores com base nas características dos atributos do destino em conjunto com uma avaliação da sua satisfação sobre os serviços disponibilizados, pode fornecer informação relevante para avaliar a competitividade das organizações.

碩士
國立中正大學
企業管理研究所
89
Under the protection of the tobacco and wine monopoly system, Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau is one of the top 10 companies in its yearly revenue in Taiwan. It has over 80 products, but its revenue is mainly from very few of these 80 products. Every year there will have some new products, but there is always a big gap between their target revenues and real revenues. Although there are 71,938 retail stores in Taiwan as its marketing channel, the marketing channel is not very effective. This research focuses on the product attribute and channel strategy of the product, Everhealth Chiew. Moreover, it also studies the interactions between the two variables, product attribute and channel strategy, to provide the authority of the Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau for reference. Furthermore, it also serves as a proposal for Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau to maintain its competitive ability after its privatization. In the marketing activities, there are lots of variables that will influence selling behaviors. However, this research will only focus on how the two variables, product attribute and channel strategy, will influence marketing. The research methods adopted in the research are case studies and in-depth interviews with experts. By cross-analysis method, all of the information collected in the case studies and interviews are analyzed to reach the final conclusions. In the case studies, Taiwan Beer and Kinmen Kaoliang Liquor are chosen because they have the same attributes as Everhealth Chiew, but have different channel strategies. In contrast with this case, Japanese YangMing Chiew is chosen because it has the same attributes as Everhealth Chiew, but has a variety of channel strategies. In addition, in-depth interviews have been done. Finally, conclusions have been drawn and suggestions have been proposed based on the case studies and interviews.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系
103
Abstract Along with the gradually increasing economic growth, the standards of human life have changed human behaviors towards travels and holidays. Shu-Sheng Wine Village administrative district belongs to Taichung Waipu division; and its geographical location neighbors Houli district, Lihpao Land (Yamay Resort), and Yuemei sugar mills. Why can Shu-Sheng Wine Village continue its operation, and won a place in Leisure and Tourism field? The present study was conducted first by using Kano model to classify quality attributes, and then by verifying relevant service quality attributes of leisure wineries through Importance - Performance Analysis (IPA). Finally, Improvement index (Ii) was applied to make a clear distinction between quality attributes categorized placement, which in turn determined the priority sequence of quality attributes. By means of this analysis procedure, this study achieved to identify six key customer-perceived service quality attributes of leisure wineries, namely: “The landscape of the winery is attractive;” “The winery offers services making customers feel at ease;” “The winery is able to satisfy customers’ temporary demands;” “The winery guidance services staffs demonstrate professional knowledge and behavior;” “The winery free wine tasting events meet customers’ expectations;” and “The winery staffs are always willing to help customers.” Keywords: Wine Village, Kano, IPA, key service quality.

碩士
逢甲大學
景觀與遊憩研究所
97
Most of the past studies on grape wines have focused on the positioning of wineries or marketing strategies for imported grape wines. There are rare studies exploring the marketing of domestic grape wines and factors affecting the purchase decision. During recent years, grape wine has become a new and prominent trend and is gradually getting popular. Taiwanese people would always offer grape wines at their parties. This exhibits that the grape wine purchase behavior is different from the purchase behavior for general goods, for it involves people’s pursuit of taste and health care, as well as the factors influencing people’s interest, culture and value. Both value and interest are important components of one’s lifestyle. Hence, this study takes the domestic grape wine from Erlin Township, Changhua as an example and aims to: (1) analyze the lifestyles of grape wine consumers and examine their characteristics. (2) For those customers with different lifestyles, explore the relationship between their grape wine purchase behaviors and their preferences for product attributes. (3) For general customers, explore the relationship between their preferences for product attributes of grape wines and their wine purchase behaviors. Through purposive sampling, a total of 385 questionnaires were collected as the samples for analysis. Reliability analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, Chi-square Test of Independence and analysis of variance were used to analyze data and to test each hypothesis. The research findings are as follows: 1.Based on the lifestyles of the interviewees, they are divided into five groups: trendy and curious group, realistic and dependent group, independent and self-confident group as well as cautious and calculating group. 2.Through factor analysis, five product attributes of grape wines were generalized: namely brand image, product design, service quality, taste and product price. 3.There is a correlation between people’s lifestyles and their wine purchase behaviors. 4.There is a correlation between people’s preference for product attributes of grape wines and their wine purchase behaviors. 5.There is a correlation between people’s lifestyles and their preference for the product attributes of grape wines.

Sendo o vinho um produto tão peculiar e característico da nossa nação, a presente investigação académica pretende identificar e quantificar as importâncias relativas dos atributos do vinho, aos olhos dos consumidores online portugueses. Graças aos contributos da literatura são esclarecidos os tipos de atributos mais relevantes para os portugueses, tendo em conta o contexto online sobre o qual nos debruçamos, alvo de um crescimento exponencial nos últimos anos. Nesse sentido, foi utilizada a abordagem do Best‑Worst scalling na construção de um questionário online e na consequente análise dos dados recolhidos. Utilizando o método de selecção e de propagação geométrica, no total foram recolhidas 324 respostas, das quais 20 foram consideradas válidas e pertencentes à população em estudo. Posteriormente, as hipóteses foram testadas através do cálculo e interpretação dos valores √(B/W) para cada um dos 7 atributos estudados. Tanto o atributo “preço” como o “região/país de origem” revelaram possuir a maior influência relativa nas decisões de compra dos consumidores online portugueses. Adicionalmente, os resultados confirmaram a notável importância relativa das avaliações e comentários sobre os vinhos, fonte de opiniões e experiências externas. Por oposição, as características visuais relacionadas com a própria garrafa e rótulo foram identificadas como de menor importância.
As wine is such a unique and characteristic product of our nation, the present academic research intends to identify and quantify the relative importance of wine attributes, through the Portuguese online consumers’ perspective. Due to literature contributions, this thesis enlightens the most relevant wine attributes for Portuguese consumers for this online context, which has been growing exponentially in the past few years. Therefore, the Best Worst Scaling method was used to develop the online questionnaire and to analyse the outcome data. Through the selection and snow ball methods, 324 responses were collected from which 220 were considered valid and relevant to the population at stake. Subsequently, the hypothesis were tested through the calculation and interpretation of the √(B/W) values for each of the 7 attributes examined. Results reveal that both price and region/country of origin attributes have the higher relative importance during the purchase decisions of Portuguese online consumers. Furthermore, findings confirm the remarkable relative importanc of wine ratings and reviews, an external source of opinions and experiences. Conversely, visual characteristics related to the wine bottle and label were identified as having the lowest relative importance.