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Journal articles on the topic 'Acoustic levitation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Hasegawa, Koji, and Manami Murata. "Oscillation Dynamics of Multiple Water Droplets Levitated in an Acoustic Field." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091373.

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This study aimed to improve and investigate the oscillation dynamics and levitation stability of acoustically levitated water droplets. Contactless sample manipulation technology in mid-air has attracted significant attention in the fields of biochemistry and pharmaceutical science. Although one promising method is acoustic levitation, most studies have focused on a single sample. Therefore, it is important to determine the stability of multiple samples during acoustic levitation. Here, we aim to understand the effect of multiple-sample levitation on levitation stability in acoustic fields. We visualized the oscillatory motion of multiple levitated droplets using a high-speed video camera. To characterize the dynamics of multiple levitating droplets, the oscillation frequency and restoring force coefficients of the levitated samples, which were obtained from the experimental data, were analyzed to quantify the droplet–droplet interaction. The oscillation model of the spring-mass system was compared with the experimental results, and we found that the number of levitating droplets and their position played an important role in the levitation stability of the droplets. Our insights could help us understand the oscillatory behavior of levitated droplets to achieve more stable levitation.

2

Wijaya, Harri, Kourosh Latifi, and Quan Zhou. "Two-Dimensional Manipulation in Mid-Air Using a Single Transducer Acoustic Levitator." Micromachines 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10040257.

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We report a single transducer acoustic levitator capable of manipulating objects in two-dimensions. The levitator consists of a centrally actuated vibrating plate and a flat reflector. We show that the levitation position of the object depends not only on the vibration frequency, but also on the tilting angle between the plate and the reflector. Additionally, new levitation positions can be created by actuating the plate with a composite signal of two frequencies using frequency switching. Based on recorded levitation positions, such single transducer acoustic levitator can manipulate a cluster of levitated microspheres in predefined trajectories, with mean position error of 155 ± 84 µm.

3

Wei, Bin, Yongyong He, and Wei Wang. "Acoustic radiation simulation and pre-stress effect on compact acoustic levitation platform." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 07 (March 10, 2019): 1950080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919500805.

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In order to satisfy the requirements of precise components with tidiness, low power and high stability in the field of biological engineering, medical equipment and semiconductors etc. a pre-stress acoustic transport prototype without horn was proposed in this paper. The mechanism of levitation and transport which is driven by orthogonal waves was revealed by the analysis of waveform and squeeze film characteristics in high-frequency exciting condition; also, the electric, solid and acoustic coupled finite element method (FEM) was established to investigate the effect of pre-stress and acoustic pressure distribution in the near field. The levitation and driving capacity of near field acoustic levitation (NFAL) transport platform without horns can be proved in this experiment and further to achieve the goal of parameters optimization. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that the pre-stress has a significant effect on resonant frequency and levitating stability, the pre-stress are determined by the DC voltage offset which is related to the system working point so that we cannot increase the offset and exciting voltage unlimitedly to improve the stability. At the same time, the calculated pressure distribution of acoustic radiation can generally reflect the regional bearing capacity in near and far field for levitation. These achievements can partly solve the problem of accuracy design of prototype and thickness of gas film, supporting for accuracy close loop control of levitating height.

4

Stolarski, T. A., and C. I. Woolliscroft. "Use of Near-Field Acoustic Levitation in Experimental Sliding Contact." Journal of Applied Mechanics 74, no. 4 (May 22, 2006): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2424472.

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The paper presents an investigation into producing the self-levitation effect using piezo-electric actuators (PZTs). Self-levitation has been demonstrated and results are presented and discussed. A relationship between the levitation distance and weight of the levitating sample has been found. In addition, the orientation and position of the PZTs has been found to affect the levitation distance. Modal shapes of the vibration plates used have been produced through modeling and found to accurately correlate with the experimental results found. Additional evidence suggests that the type of vibration plate material affects the separation distance, possibly due to the material’s properties of acoustic reflection.

5

Hansen, Uwe J. "Acoustic levitation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118, no. 3 (September 2005): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4781181.

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6

Fitzgerald, Richard J. "Acoustic levitation." Physics Today 64, no. 9 (September 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.1249.

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7

Liang, Yan De, Hong Ling, and Yuan Zhang. "Study on the Conditions of Near-Field Acoustic Levitation." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4135.

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This paper establishes a near-field acoustic radiation pressure solving model applying with acoustics theory and derives an initial acoustic levitation calculating formula of rotundity objects. Combining with finite element and boundary element analysis, levitate conditions of levitated objects are calculated. This paper takes rectangular ultrasonic oscillator for example, testing and analyzing conditions of near-field acoustic levitation by using self-designed test equipments, the results are proved to be better.

8

Lopatka, Alex. "Visualizing acoustic levitation." Physics Today 74, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.4802.

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9

Guigné, Jacques Y., and Martin B. Barmatz. "Acoustic beam levitation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (1996): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417849.

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10

Cass, Stephen. "Acoustic levitation [Resources]." IEEE Spectrum 55, no. 5 (May 2018): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2018.8352565.

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11

YARIN, A. L., M. PFAFFENLEHNER, and C. TROPEA. "On the acoustic levitation of droplets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 356 (February 10, 1998): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007829.

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This paper deals with the theoretical and experimental investigation of acoustically levitated droplets. A method of calculation of the acoustic radiation pressure based on the boundary element method (BEM) is presented. It is applied to predict shapes of droplets levitated in an acoustic field (and as a result, deformed by it). The method was compared with several known exact and approximate analytical results for rigid spheres and shown to be accurate (and a widely used approximate formula for the acoustic levitation force acting on a rigid sphere was found to be inaccurate for sound wavelengths comparable with the sphere radius). The method was also compared with some other theoretical approaches known from the literature.Displacement of the droplet centre relative to the pressure node is accounted for and shown to be significant. The results for droplet shapes and displacements are compared with experimental data, and the agreement is found to be rather good. Furthermore, the experimental investigations reveal a unique relationship between the aspect ratio of an oblate droplet and the sound pressure level in the levitator. This relationship agrees well with the predicted shapes. A practical link between droplet shape or droplet displacement and sound pressure level in a levitator is therefore now available.

12

Wang, Taylor G., James L. Allen, and A. V. Anilkumar. "Acoustic levitation and manipulation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, S1 (May 1990): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028167.

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13

Foresti, D., M. Nabavi, and D. Poulikakos. "On the acoustic levitation stability behaviour of spherical and ellipsoidal particles." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 709 (August 31, 2012): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.350.

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AbstractWe present here an in-depth analysis of particle levitation stability and the role of the radial and axial forces exerted on fixed spherical and ellipsoidal particles levitated in an axisymmetric acoustic levitator, over a wide range of particle sizes and surrounding medium viscosities. We show that the stability behaviour of a levitated particle in an axisymmetric levitator is unequivocally connected to the radial forces: the loss of levitation stability is always due to the change of the radial force sign from positive to negative. It is found that the axial force exerted on a sphere of radius ${R}_{s} $ increases with increasing viscosity for ${R}_{s} / \lambda \lt 0. 0125$ ($\lambda $ is the acoustic wavelength), with the viscous contribution of this force scaling with the inverse of the sphere radius. The axial force decreases with increasing viscosity for spheres with ${R}_{s} / \lambda \gt 0. 0125$. The radial force, on the other hand, decreases monotonically with increasing viscosity. The radial and axial forces exerted on an ellipsoidal particle are larger than those exerted on a volume-equivalent sphere, up to the point where the ellipsoid starts to act as an obstacle to the formation of the standing wave in the levitator chamber.

14

Cronin, J. T., and T. B. Brill. "Acoustic Levitation as an IR Spectroscopy Sampling Technique." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 2 (February 1989): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203336.

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Acoustic levitation of liquid droplets (< 4 mm diameter), bubbles, and solid particles is described as an unusual sampling technique for obtaining the infrared spectrum of samples that might be incompatible with conventional sample support methods, and for studies of materials under extreme conditions. Excellent FT-IR spectra were recorded of bubbles of a concentrated aqueous nitrate solution, of mineral oil, and of an aqueous surfactant solution. Polymethacrylic acid packing foam also produced a high-quality spectrum. Large aqueous droplets and dense solids gave unsatisfactory spectra. The design of the levitator and various spectroscopic considerations are discussed.

15

Sukhanov, D. Y., and S. N. Rosliakov. "Grouping of particles in a wideband ultrasonic field." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2140, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2140/1/012014.

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Abstract In this paper, we propose to expand the capabilities of wideband levitation and show the possibility of forming a structure of a complex shape based on focusing a wideband field in a given area. Focusing the field of planar radiating arrays makes it possible to form a region of stable levitation in a plane parallel to the arrays. The counter radiation of the two arrays creates a standing wave, at the nodes of which the particles are grouped. The use of a wideband signal makes it possible to create many stable nodes of standing waves in specified areas, and to realize the required shape of the levitating object. Simultaneous monitoring of multiple particles in a wideband ultrasonic field may become a new direction in the development of methods of acoustic trapping and control of particles, as well as technologies of acoustic tweezers.

16

Jackson, David P., and Ming-Hua Chang. "Acoustic levitation and the acoustic radiation force." American Journal of Physics 89, no. 4 (April 2021): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0002764.

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17

Li, Jin, Jing Wu, and Jia Qi Ren. "High Order Numerical Study of Gas Squeeze Film with Flexural Boundary Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.462.

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Ultrasonic levitation system based on Near Field Acoustic Levitation is investigated in this study. A disc is levitated at a height much smaller than the acoustic wavelength where NFAL effect is dominant. A high-order analytical and numerical study on the levitation force induced by gas squeeze film is performed. By taking into account the modal solution on the vibrator whose disunity of the surface displacement can not be ignored, detailed boundary condition of gas squeeze film can achieve a high accuracy in final calculations of time-averaged pressure distribution, load capacity and stiffness of the system. A finite element analysis is compared with analytical solution. By discussing NFAL behavior in gas squeeze films, explanation of essential levitation characters in flexural vibrators is presented, which is important for future study on wafer’s non-contact transportation based on acoustic levitation.

18

Röthlisberger, Marc, Marcel Schuck, Laurenz Kulmer, and Johann W. Kolar. "Automated Insertion of Objects Into an Acoustic Robotic Gripper." Proceedings 64, no. 1 (November 21, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecat2020-08510.

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Acoustic levitation forces can be used to manipulate small objects and liquid without mechanical contact or contamination. To use acoustic levitation for contactless robotic grippers, automated insertion of objects into the acoustic pressure field is necessary. This work presents analytical models based on which concepts for the controlled insertion of objects are developed. Two prototypes of acoustic grippers are implemented and used to experimentally verify the lifting of objects into the acoustic field. Using standing acoustic waves and by dynamically adjusting the acoustic power, the lifting of high-density objects (>7 g/cm3) from acoustically transparent surfaces is demonstrated. Moreover, a combination of different acoustic traps is used to lift lower-density objects from acoustically reflective surfaces. The provided results open up new possibilities for the implementation of acoustic levitation in robotic grippers, which have the potential to be used in a variety of industrial applications.

19

Abud, Celso, Mirosmar Rodrigues, and Tiago Ramos. "Nonlinear Behavior of a Suspended Particle in Single-Axis Acoustic Levitators." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss12.2016.

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The nonlinear behavior of a suspended sphere in a single-axis acoustic levitator was studied. Spontaneous oscillations of the sphere in this levitator were experimentally analyzed recording its positions using a high speed camera. A mathematical model based on acoustic radiation forces and real parameters is proposed to describe the dynamics of the sphere movement and its stability. The stability of the motion was investigated via a Lyapunov exponent diagram. We observed that the axial and radial movements of small spheres under levitation may present regular stability and chaotic ones. The Lyapunov exponent diagram for the model shows a complexity structure sharing different regions of stability according to the model parameters.

20

Dyer, Thomas W., and Tihiro Ohkawa. "Acoustic levitation by Oseen drag." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 4 (October 1992): 2207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.405215.

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21

Jiao, Xiaoyang, Guojun Liu, Jianfang Liu, and Xiaolun Liu. "Performance study of standing wave levitation with emitting and reflecting surface of concave sphere structure." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 11 (February 26, 2013): 2504–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213478279.

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In order to improve levitation capability and stability of ultrasonic standing wave, a novel levitation device was presented, which adopted concave spherical surface on the emitter and the reflector. Using ANSYS software, the acoustic field generated by the concave spherical emitting surface was analyzed and the formation of ultrasonic standing wave was simulated. Based on the simulation result, the distribution and maximum acoustic pressure under different radius of concave spherical surface on the emitter and the reflector were ascertained. Through the MATLAB simulation, the optimal structural parameter and levitation position were predicted. Based on the optimization result, the prototype of standing wave levitation device was designed and manufactured. In the laboratory, the radiation force was tested and levitation experiments were also carried out and the actual levitation position was in accordance with the simulation results. When the distance between the emitter and the reflector equaled to about 34.9 mm, three steel balls of 3 mm diameter could be levitated at the same time in three disparate nodes position, the levitation capability and stability were demonstrated to be enhanced largely.

22

Wang, Yaxing, Liqun Wu, and Yajing Wang. "Study on Particle Manipulation in a Metal Internal Channel under Acoustic Levitation." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010018.

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In order to study the acoustic levitation and manipulation of micro-particles in the heterogeneous structures inside metal, a test system for internal levitation in three-dimensional space is designed, establishing the 3D motion model of ultrasonic levitation and manipulation of micro-particles. The relationship between levitation force, particle diameter, internal channel size, and transmission thickness is established through the motion manipulation tests of multi-configuration channel levitation micro-particles in components. The results show that the proposed method can realize the following movement of levitation micro-particles at a higher speed and the control of motion accuracy in three-dimensional space. The micro-particles can be reliably suspended and continuously moved inside the components along a predesigned motion trajectory. The results provide an effective and feasible processing scheme for direct processing through the internal spatial structure.

23

Inada, Tomohiro, Libo Zhou, Hirotaka Ojima, and Jun Shimizu. "Development of Finishing System Using Acoustically Levitated Abrasive." International Journal of Automation Technology 7, no. 6 (November 5, 2013): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2013.p0671.

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Based on the acoustic levitation phenomenon, we propose and develop an acoustic levitation / positioning system to control the movements of free abrasives to finish inner surfaces. Described in this paper are the theoretical analysis of levitation forces generated in a standing wave field and the results of experiments involving levitation and positioning. We first calculate the wave amplitude and frequency required to levitate the abrasives. Based on the results, we develop a system consisting of a sound transducer (speaker), a reflector (an aluminum plate), an amplifier, and a function generator, and we successfully not only levitate but also position actual abrasives in a tube. We find that the relation between the size and density of the abrasives and the strength of the acoustic field (wave amplitude and frequency) basically agree with the theoretical prediction. In addition, the kinetics of levitated abrasives, including their positions and movements, are precisely controlled by varying the wave frequency and switching from one node position to another.

24

Wang, Wei Fang, J. Zhang, and Dong Hui Wen. "Numerical and Flow Field Simulation of Acoustic Levitation Polishing." Advanced Materials Research 215 (March 2011): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.215.195.

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Based on a novel polishing method named as acoustic levitation polishing. Analysis of the basic principles of acoustic levitation polishing. Through the simulation of fluid field in polishing, by the case that in a single or multiple sound source vibration, contrast the flow field of slurry. Analysis of the effect of the movement of slurry in the container to the surface uniformity.

25

Di, Miao, Xiang He, Ming-Zhi Liu, Shan-Shan Yan, Long-Long Wei, Ye Tian, Guan-Jun Yin, and Jian-Zhong Guo. "Sound field optimization and particle trapping of confocal ultrasonic transducer." Acta Physica Sinica 72, no. 1 (2022): 014301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20221547.

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The nonlinear effect of high-intensity sound waves produces the acoustic radiation force (ARF), which makes acoustic levitation and manipulation practical. Acoustic levitation has no specialrequirement for the physical and chemical properties of the controlled objects, thereby possessing a promising application prospect. The commonly used levitation scheme includes the standing-wave system and phased-array levitation system. The standing-wave system is poor at spatial freedom, The ARF is along the non-axial direction, and possesses levitation stability. The phased-array system requires a complex control system and a high production cost. Here, we propose a single-side acoustic levitation system based on confocal-focused transducers. By driving the pairs of transducers with reverse phase mode, two anti-phase focused spherical waves interfere with each other, resulting in constant sound pressure of 0 Pa at the focus. The resulting potential well can achieve stable particle capture and levitation. First, we analyze the theoretical feasibility of the system according to Huygens' principle. Then, with the finite element method, we study the influences of structural and driving parameters on the sound field distribution, such as the angle between the transducer axis and the central axis of the structure and the excitation phase modes. Finally, we demonstrate the particle trapping and thus verify the potential though distribution under two kinds of excitation phase modes of the levitation system experimentally. We obtain some results as follows. The strength of the dominating potential well reaches a strongest value when the structural angle is 45º. As the excitation phases are 0, 0, π, and π, the sound field owns three potential wells which capture three clusters of quartz sands; the primary potential well is stronger than the secondary one. As the excitation phases are 0, π/2, π, and 3π/2, the sound field owns one potential well and captures one cluster of quartz sands. The isosurface of wave intensity around the potential well is more comprehensive than in the previous phase mode. The four-phase excitation improves the levitation stability better. The proposed levitation scheme can realize stable single- or multi-position capture of high-density objects in the fluid. Moreover, it has the advantages of low cost and a high degree of freedom.

26

Inada, Tomohiro, Hirotaka Ojima, Li Bo Zhou, Teppei Onuki, and Jun Shimizu. "Development of Novel Polishing System by Use of Acoustic Trap." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.326.

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Based on the acoustic levitation phenomenon, we have proposed and developed an acoustic levitation/trap system to control the movements of free abrasives for the finishing of inner surfaces. Described in this paper are the theoretical analysis of levitation force generated in a standing wave field, and experimental results of levitation and trap. A simulation is first performed to determine the wave amplitude and frequency required to levitate the actual abrasives. Based on those results, we developed a system which consists of a sound transducer (speaker), a reflector (an aluminium plate), an amplifier and a function generator, and successfully not only levitated but also trapped actual abrasives in a cylindrical tube. It is found that the relation between the size, density of the abrasives and the power of the acoustic field (wave amplitude and frequency) fairly agreed with the theoretical prediction. Also, the kinetics of levitated abrasives including their positions and movements are precisely controllable by varying the wave frequency and switching from one node position to another.

27

Hunter-Brown, George, Naresh Sampara, Matthew M. Scase, and Richard J. A. Hill. "Sonomaglev: Combining acoustic and diamagnetic levitation." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 014103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0134297.

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Acoustic levitation and diamagnetic levitation are experimental methods that enable the contact-free study of both liquid droplets and solid particles. Here, we combine both the techniques into a single system that takes advantage of the strengths of each, allowing for the manipulation of levitated spherical water droplets (30 nl–14 μl) under conditions akin to weightlessness, in the laboratory, using a superconducting magnet fitted with two low-power ultrasonic transducers. We show that multiple droplets, arranged horizontally along a line, can be stably levitated with this system and demonstrate controlled contactless coalescence of two droplets. Numerical simulation of the magnetogravitational and acoustic potential reproduces the multiple stable equilibrium points observed in our experiments.

28

Li, Li, Ning Gu, Huijuan Dong, Bingsheng Li, and Kenneth T. V. G. "Analysis of the effects of acoustic levitation to simulate the microgravity environment on the development of early zebrafish embryos." RSC Advances 10, no. 72 (2020): 44593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07344j.

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29

Mitome, Hideto. "Ultrasonic Levitation and Accompanying Acoustic Streaming." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28, S1 (January 1, 1989): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.28s1.146.

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30

Vandaele, Vincent, Alain Delchambre, and Pierre Lambert. "Acoustic wave levitation: Handling of components." Journal of Applied Physics 109, no. 12 (June 15, 2011): 124901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3594245.

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31

Danley, Thomas J., Dennis R. Merkley, and Charles A. Rey. "Method and apparatus for acoustic levitation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91, no. 1 (January 1992): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.402722.

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32

Rey, Charles A., and Dennis R. Merkley. "Aero‐acoustic levitation device and method." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 3 (September 1992): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.403884.

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33

Ansari, Vahideh, Carol Brugnara, and R. G. Holt. "Blood coagulation monitoring using acoustic levitation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5036300.

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34

Danley, Thomas J., and Charles A. Rey. "Horn loaded transducer for acoustic levitation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 6 (December 1989): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398419.

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35

Boullosa, Ricardo R., and Felipe Orduña-Bustamante. "Acoustic Levitation at Very Low Frequencies." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 96, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918286.

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36

Holt, R. Glynn, Corey C. Clarke, and Sean C. Wyatt. "Acoustic levitation of drops in air." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (September 1998): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.423537.

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37

Hong, Z. Y., J. F. Yin, B. W. Zhang, and N. Yan. "Vortex-field acoustic levitation in tubes." Journal of Applied Physics 128, no. 10 (September 14, 2020): 104901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0007554.

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38

Trinh, E. H., and C. J. Hsu. "Acoustic levitation methods for density measurements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, no. 6 (December 1986): 1757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394290.

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39

Andrade, Marco A. B., N. Perez, F. Buiochi, and J. C. Adamowski. "Matrix method for acoustic levitation simulation." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 58, no. 8 (August 2011): 1674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2011.1995.

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40

Andrade, Marco A. B., Nicolás Pérez, and Julio C. Adamowski. "Review of Progress in Acoustic Levitation." Brazilian Journal of Physics 48, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13538-017-0552-6.

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41

Schappe, R. Scott, and Cinthya Barbosa. "A Simple, Inexpensive Acoustic Levitation Apparatus." Physics Teacher 55, no. 1 (January 2017): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4972488.

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42

NAKAGAWA, Noritoshi, Jun SATONOBU, and Hiroyuki YAMASHITA. "Acoustic levitation using several vibration systems." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2002.40 (2002): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2002.40.353.

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43

Frank, Jodi Ackerman. "Understanding droplet stability in acoustic levitation." Scilight 2020, no. 20 (May 15, 2020): 201107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0001308.

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44

Zhuyou, Cao, Liu Shuqin, Li Zhimin, Gong Mingli, Ma Yulong, and Wang Chenghao. "Development of an acoustic levitation reactor." Powder Technology 69, no. 2 (February 1992): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(92)85065-4.

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45

Zhang, He Peng, Qiu Yu Zhang, Jin Bo Dou, and Shu Xu. "Kinetic Study on Photopolymerization of TPGDA under Containerless Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.828.

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Abstract:

The TPGDA drop was suspended in the atmosphere under acoustic levitation and induced by photoinitiation for polymer preparation at the first attempt. The kinetics of TPGDA photopolymerization induced by the UV light under containerless condition was studied. Compared to the normal condition, the average initial polymerization rate of TPGDA under acoustic levitation is relatively lower, while the final conversion is higher. Relative to oxygen inhibition, container effect plays a more significant role on the conversion in this polymerization system.

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Hoyos, Mauricio. "Self-organization of human stem cells into spheroids in a multinode acoustic levitation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010559.

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We present an approach based on acoustic levitation to grow the cells without wall interactions in order to promote 3D cell architecture (spheroïd, organoïd). The 3D microenvironment is indeed closer to In Vivo physiological behavior. The suspended cells are moved toward the acoustic pressure nodes where they are trapped and maintained in acoustic levitation in perfectly straight monolayers reaching very quickly the classical confluency of the cells in 2D culture. Interestingly, by maintaining the monolayers of MSCs in culture over a 24-h period, the MSCs spontaneously self-organized from cell sheets to cell spheroids with a characteristic time of about 10 h. This approach of 3D cell culture is based on the use of the acoustic wave coupled with microfluidics. We designed a standing wave cavity to generate a large acoustic radiation force (ARF) with an optical access, which allows the characterization of the self-organization dynamics. This 3D cell culture method has been validated on MSCs over 24h experiments. The MSCs viability has been checked. Moreover, they show a higher differentiation capacity compared to standard 2D culture conditions. These results open the path to long-time cell culture in acoustic levitation of cell sheets or spheroids for any type of cells.

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Sracic, Michael W., and Kamlesh J. Suthar. "Validation of finite element analysis strategy to investigate acoustic levitation in a two-axis acoustic levitator." Physics of Fluids 32, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 097106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0020026.

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Röthlisberger, Marc, Marcel Schuck, Laurenz Kulmer, and Johann W. Kolar. "Contactless Picking of Objects Using an Acoustic Gripper." Actuators 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10040070.

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Acoustic levitation forces can be used to manipulate small objects and liquids without mechanical contact or contamination. This work presents analytical models based on which concepts for the controlled insertion of objects into the acoustic field are developed. This is essential for the use of acoustic levitators as contactless robotic grippers. Three prototypes of such grippers are implemented and used to experimentally verify the lifting of objects into an acoustic pressure field. Lifting of high-density objects (ρ > 7 g/cm3) from acoustically transparent surfaces is demonstrated using a double-sided acoustic gripper that generates standing acoustic waves with dynamically adjustable acoustic power. A combination of multiple acoustic traps is used to lift lower density objects (ρ≤0.25g/cm3) from acoustically reflective surfaces using a single-sided arrangement. Furthermore, a method that uses standing acoustic waves and thin reflectors to lift medium-density objects (ρ≤1g/cm3) from acoustically reflective surfaces is presented. The provided results open up new possibilities for using acoustic levitation in robotic grippers, which has the potential to be applied in a variety of industrial use cases.

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Wang, Wei Fang, Peng Fei Gao, and Dong Hui Wen. "Analysis of Ultrasonic System in Acoustic Levitation Polishing." Key Engineering Materials 487 (July 2011): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.487.486.

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In order to obtain a stable acoustic suspension field, it is essential to select a system of ultrasonic. This paper through Theoretical analysis of a system of ultrasonic, combine the condition of acoustic levitation polishing, to select the ultrasonic generator, ultrasonic transducer and the horn, to provides a good base for obtain a stable acoustic suspension field.

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Alieva, Adriana, Matthew Boyes, Thomas Vetter, and Cinzia Casiraghi. "Selective polymorphism of α-glycine by acoustic levitation." CrystEngComm 22, no. 42 (2020): 7075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce00856g.

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