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1

Prince, Alice, ed. Mucosal Immunology of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5326-0.

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2

Dolgov, I., Mihail Volovik, and Andrey Mahnovskiy. Thermographic signs of certain diseases of the respiratory system (acute sinusitis, pneumonia) Thermography Atlas. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/textbook_61b1ab7de6b1f9.69203696.

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The present issue focuses on the practice of medical thermal imaging in patients with paranasal sinusitis and pneumonia. The description of thermograms is based on a quantitative analysis of temperature gradients and trends in temperature of different body regions (Projection «head front» for paranasal sinusitis, «breast front» and «back», in a defined layout formed in «cloud» thermograms analysis program "Tvision" of «Dignosis», Russia) with values of thermographic markers that demonstrated their differentiating capabilities when compared with reference methods. Thus, the thermographic conclu
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3

United States. Health Care Financing Administration, ed. Medicare priorities: Acute myocardial infarction, breast cancer, diabetes, heart failure, pneumonia, stroke, reducing health care disparities. 5th ed. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration, 2000.

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4

Mucosal Immunology Of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia. Springer, 2012.

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5

Prince, Alice. Mucosal Immunology of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia. Springer, 2015.

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6

Prince, Alice. Mucosal Immunology of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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7

Lameire, Norbert. Community-acquired pneumonia and acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0243_update_001.

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It is known that in one-half of the patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia, severe sepsis develops, with non-pulmonary organ dysfunction developing in more than one-third and septic shock in 4.5%. Some years ago, it was found that acute kidney injury was common in community-acquired pneumonia even in patients who appeared to have an uncomplicated course of community-acquired pneumonia and where acute kidney injury was observed in one-quarter of them.
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8

Theodore, Avery Oswald. Acute Lobar Pneumonia; Prevention and Serum Treatment. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.

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9

Newton, Pippa. Pneumonia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0129.

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Pneumonia is defined as acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma, presenting with consistent symptoms and signs and associated with new radiographic shadowing. It may be acute or chronic in onset and involve either one area of a lung (e.g. lobar pneumonia) or be multifocal in nature. It may be community acquired or hospital acquired. Community- acquired pneumonia is defined as pneumonia occurring in an individual with no recent contact with a healthcare setting, or in a patient admitted to hospital with development of symptoms and/or signs of pneumonia within 48 hours of admission. Hospital
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10

Timperley, Jonathan, and Sandeep Hothi. Acute breathlessness. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0012.

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Acute breathlessness or dyspnoea is the new onset of an unpleasant awareness of breathing, at rest or at a level of exercise, which did not previously cause symptoms. It is often associated with other symptoms—including wheeze, cough, chest pain, and palpitation—which, together with the patient’s comorbidities, help shape the differential diagnosis. Five disorders—decompensated heart failure, exacerbations of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism—account for 80% of diagnoses. In older patients, acute breathlessness often results from multiple interr
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11

Circh, Ryan. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0022.

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in someone who has not recently had close contact with the health care system. Common presentations include abrupt fever and chills, productive cough, purulent sputum, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and the absence of rhinorrhea and sore throat. Prompt antibiotics and admission to the correct level of care are essential in emergency management. Chest radiographs and dry computed tomography (CT) scans can be extremely useful in confirming the diagnosis of CAP in immunocompetent patients. Assessment o
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12

Sahetya, Sarina. Acute Uncomplicated Bronchitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0029.

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Acute bronchitis is a respiratory illness characterized predominantly by cough with or without sputum production that lasts for up to 3 weeks in the presence of normal chest radiography. Additional presenting symptoms include rhinorrhea, congestion, sneeze, sore throat, wheezing, low-grade fever, myalgia, and fatigue. Causative organisms include viral and bacterial pathogens. The disease course is characterized by self-limited inflammation of the airways. Chest radiographs should be utilized to distinguish acute bronchitis from pneumonia or interstitial disease. Therapeutic recommendations are
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13

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (inclu
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14

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009_update_001.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (inclu
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15

Ware, Lorraine B. Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0108.

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The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of acute respiratory failure characterized by the acute onset of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to increased lung endothelial and alveolar epithelial permeability. Common predisposing clinical conditions include sepsis, pneumonia, severe traumatic injury, and aspiration of gastric contents. Environmental factors, such as alcohol abuse and cigarette smoke exposure may increase the risk of developing ARDS in those at risk. Pathologically, ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage with neutrophilic alveolitis, haemorrhage,
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16

Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Respiratory, head, and neck infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0014.

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This chapter covers the common cold, pharyngitis, retropharyngeal abscess, quinsy (peritonsillar abscess), Lemierre’s disease, croup, epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis, otitis externa, otitis media, dental infections, lateral pharyngeal abscess, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis, community-acquired pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, empyema, lung abscess, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary tuberculosis.
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17

Thomas, Charles F., and Sean M. Caples. Pulmonary Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0619.

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Different types of infections affect the lungs. Viral infections include viral pneumonia, influenza, hantavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Bacterial infections include sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, bacterial pneumonia, and community-acquired pneumonia. Mycobacterial infections cause tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Fungal diseases include histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Parasitic lung disease is also reviewed.
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18

Chazminare, Allex Sun. Causes of Tightness in Chest: Stress Cardiomyopathy, Angina Pectoris, Pleurisy, Pulmonary Embolism, Acute Coronary Syndrome, Cancer, Pneumonia, Asthma, Panic Attack, Injury. Independently Published, 2021.

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19

Barrows, Doctor Viviane. Levḁquїn: A Medicine Used to Treat Acute Bacterial Sinusitis, Pneumonia, Urinary Tract Infections, Chronic Prostatitis, and Other Gastroenteritis. Independently Published, 2019.

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20

Tu fa gong gong wei sheng shi jian ying ji tiao li zhuan ran xing fei dian xing fei yan fang zhi guan li ban fa wen da. Zhongguo fa zhi chu ban she, 2003.

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21

Carton, James. Lung pathology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759584.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses lung pathology and covers respiratory malformations, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bacterial pneumonia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hypersensitivity pneumonitis, lung carcinoma, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and malignant mesothelioma.
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22

colton, max. Bactrim: The ULTIMATE Treatment for Urinary Tract Infections, Acute Otitis Media, Bronchitis, Shigellosis, Pneumocystis Pneumonia, Traveler's Diarrhea, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus , and Other BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. Independently Published, 2019.

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23

Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. ICU treatment of respiratory failure. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0149.

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Respiratory failure is a syndrome characterized by defective gas exchange due to inadequate function of the respiratory system. There is a failure to oxygenate blood (hypoxaemia) and/or eliminate carbon dioxide (hypercapnoea). Respiratory failure can develop over years when it is due to conditions such as kyphoscoliosis or motor neuron disease, or minutes in the case of an acute asthma attack or pneumothorax. In this context, respiratory failure is often called acute (e.g. asthma), chronic (e.g. kyphoscoliosis), or acute on chronic (kyphoscoliosis complicated by pneumonia). Chronic respiratory
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24

Jacquet, Gabrielle, and Andrea Dugas. Influenza. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0026.

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Influenza is a viral syndrome caused by a highly contagious viral infection. It presents with acute fever, respiratory symptoms, rigors, malaise, myalgia, and/or fatigue. Substantial morbidity and mortality can result in susceptible populations, including patients who are at the extremes of age; have chronic medical conditions; or are immunocompromised, pregnant, reside in a nursing home, obese, or of Native American descent. Antiviral treatment is recommended for those requiring hospital admission, those with lower respiratory tract disease, and inpatient populations at high risk for complica
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25

Millar, Professor Ann B., Dr Richard Leach, Dr Rebecca Preston, et al. Respiratory diseases and respiratory failure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565979.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 covers respiratory diseases and respiratory failure, including clinical presentations of respiratory disease, assessment of diffuse lung disease, hypoxaemia, respiratory failure, and oxygen therapy, pneumonia, mycobacterial infection, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, mediastinal lesions, pneumothorax, pleural disease, asbestos-related lung disease, diffuse parenchymal (interstitial) lung disease, sarcoidosis, pulmonary hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis, bronchiolitis, eosinophilic lung disease, airw
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26

Marrie, Thomas J. Q fever. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0018.

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Q fever is a wide spread illness affecting wild and domestic animals and man. The etiological agent Coxiella burnetii, has both a wild life and domestic animal cycle. In mammals, infection localizes to the endometrium and the mammary glands. The organism is reactivated during pregnancy reaching high concentrations in the placenta. At the time of parturition the organism is aerosolized. Inhalation of Coxiella burnetii by a susceptible animal results in Q fever. In man, Q fever may be acute (self limited febrile illness, pneumonia, hepatitis) or chronic (mostly endocarditis, but also osteomyelit
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27

Noris, Marina, and Tim Goodship. The patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0174.

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The patient who presents with microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and evidence of acute kidney injury presents a diagnostic and management challenge. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are two of the conditions that frequently present with this triad. They are characterized by low platelet count with normal or near-normal coagulation tests, anaemia, and signs of intravascular red cell fragmentation on blood films, and high LDH levels.HUS associated with shiga-like toxins produced usually by E.coli (typically O157 strains) may occu
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28

(Editor), Ping-Chung Leung, Ooi Eng Eong (Editor), and Eng Eong Ooi (Editor), eds. SARS War. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2003.

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29

Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Drugs Used to Prevent Complications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0017.

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Comprehensive neurosciences nursing care goes far in providing optimal support, but the acute immobilization and anticipated prolonged bed rest requires the use of prophylactic drugs. Many options relate to failure to move limbs, failure to breathe adequately and placement of intravenous catheters This chapter covers the more critical preventive measures.Prevention of deep venous thrombosis, hyperglycemia, stress ulcers, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infections, vascular access infections, ventriculitis, and post-craniotomy infections are discussed in this chapter. Pharmacists
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30

Euster, Caren. Infection in the Intravenous Drug User. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0058.

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Injection drug abuse has spread worldwide and is increasing among young adults and adolescents. This chapter focuses on the management of acute infectious consequences of injection drug use (IDU), including skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and systemic infections. The approach to infection is determined based upon etiology: local (injection site) infections, infections distant to the injection site, systemic infections, complications of primary infections, modifying factors, and infections associated with the patient with IDU’s lifestyle. Infections in patients with a history of
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31

Christine, Roffe. Stroke care: what is in the black box? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689644.003.0014.

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Key points• Most improvements in stroke care to date have been driven by research.• Immediate access to advanced imaging allows fast decision making, is cost-effective, and improves outcome.• Hyperacute interventions for acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke can prevent permanent brain damage and reduce disability.• Strokes and stroke complications do not just happen during working hours: 24/7 working is essential for effective stroke management.• High quality nursing care is essential and has been shown to have a major impact on survival.• Pneumonia is the most common post-stroke complicati
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32

Al-Anazi, KA, WK Al-Anazi, and AM Al-Jasser. Update on COVID-19 Infections and the Promising Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies in their Management. Heighten Science Publications Inc., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/ebook1002.

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The pandemic of COVID-19 has adversely affected almost every aspect of our lives but the world health and economic sectors suffer most of the repercussions of this disease. The search for a cure for this rapidly spreading virus which is causing massive life losses around the globe requires clear understanding of the immunopathogenesis of this virus as well as the mechanisms of actions of the various therapeutic modalities that are employed in the treatment of this life-threatening viral infection. Mesenchymal stem cells have antimicrobials effects in addition to their anti-inflammatory and imm
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33

Dondorp, Arjen M. Other tropical diseases in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0294.

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A wide range of tropical infectious diseases can cause critical illness. Knowledge of the local epidemiology where the disease is acquired is essential. In addition, local resistance patterns of common bacterial pathogens can be very different in tropical countries, so that antibiotic regimens might need adaptation. The ‘surviving sepsis’ guidelines are not always appropriate for the treatment of tropical sepsis. Both diseases require a more restricted fluid management. Leptospirosis is another important tropical disease that can cause sepsis with liver and renal failure or ARDS with pulmonary
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34

Smith, Robert M. Other bacterial diseasesErysipeloid. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0025.

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Erysipeloid is an acute bacterial infection usually causing acute localised cellulitis as a secondary infection of traumatised skin. It is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (insidiosa), a non-sporulating Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, ubiquitous in the environment. It is the cause of swine erysipelas and also a pathogen or commensal in a variety of wild and domestic birds, animal and marine species. Human infection primarily associated with occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animals or handling animal products and therefore is commoner in farmers, butchers and abattoir
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35

Bronchitis. Exon Publications, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36255/bronchitis.

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Bronchitis is a detailed guide that explains the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of this common respiratory condition. The article begins by introducing bronchitis and its two main types: acute, which is often caused by infections, and chronic, a long-term condition linked to smoking and environmental irritants. It explores the common symptoms, such as persistent coughing, mucus production, and breathing difficulties, while highlighting the differences between acute and chronic cases. The guide provides insight into how bronchitis is diagnosed through medical history, physical exam
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36

Neligan, Patrick J., and John G. Laffey. Obstetric physiology and special considerations in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0365.

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Pregnant patients constitute less than 1% of intensive care unit admissions, and fewer than 1% of obstetric patients become critically ill. Critical illness may result from pregnancy-specific diseases, diseases that pregnancy predisposes to, or are co-incidental to pregnancy. The presence of a second patient—the foetus—may necessitate adjustments to therapeutic and supportive strategies. However, the foetus is generally robust despite maternal illness. The physiological changes of pregnancy are significant, but may delay the diagnosis of critical illness, requiring modifications to standard ma
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37

Latronico, Nicola, Simone Piva, and Victoria McCredie. Long-Term Implications of ICU-Acquired Muscle Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0024.

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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a significant and common complication with major implications for survivors of critical illness. ICUAW is a clinical diagnosis made in the presence of generalized muscle weakness that occurs in the setting of critical illness when other causes of muscle weakness have been excluded. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy are the most common causes of ICUAW. Short-term implications of ICUAW include alveolar hypoventilation and an increased risk of pulmonary aspiration, atelectasis, and pneumonia—factors which may contribute to acute respirat
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38

Baldwin, Matthew, and Hannah Wunsch. Mortality after Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0003.

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Many critically ill patients now survive what were previously fatal illnesses, but long-term mortality after critical illness remains high. While study populations vary by country, age, intervention, or specific diagnosis, investigations demonstrate that the majority of additional deaths occur in the first 6 to 12 months after hospital discharge. Patients with diagnoses of cancer, respiratory failure, and neurological disorders leading to the need for intensive care have the highest long-term mortality, while those with trauma and cardiovascular diseases have much lower long-term mortality. Us
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39

Coppola, Silvia, and Franco Valenza. Inhalation injury in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0107.

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Inhalation injury represents one of the most serious associated injuries complicating the care of thermally-injured patient. It can result in severe respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by three mechanisms—thermal or chemical injury, and impairment of systemic oxygen supply. Thermal injury can cause erythema, ulceration, and progressive, life-threatening oedema, particularly of the upper airways. Chemical injury is due to irritants or cytotoxic compounds, and depends on the material burned, the temperature of the fire, and the amount of oxygen present in the fire
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40

Craig, Anne, and Anthea Hatfield. The Complete Recovery Room Book. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846840.001.0001.

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New technologies are increasingly available for patient care but simple ‘tried and true’ old fashioned methods are still essential. The care that a patient receives in the first hours after surgery is crucial to minimizing the risk of complications such as heart attacks, pneumonia, and blood clots. As the patient awakes from their drug-induced coma, it takes time for them to metabolize and excrete drugs. They remain unable to care for themselves, and are at increased risk of harm. The recovery room staff must manage both comatose and physiologically unstable patients and deal with the immediat
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41

Teoh, Wendy H. L. Respiratory disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0042.

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Cystic fibrosis and asthma are the two common and challenging respiratory diseases encountered on the delivery suite and these are described in detail in this chapter. Seasonal and pandemic viral influenzas and acute pneumonias are not uncommon either However, there are several other respiratory conditions which arise as part of other diseases, for example, cardiac or neuromuscular disorders and they are dealt with in the relevant chapters. A multidisciplinary approach to the care of women with respiratory disease, including that of the intensive care, is essential for good outcome and anaesth
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42

Agarwal, Rajiv. Volume assessment and management in dialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0273.

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The assessment of volume among patients on dialysis is an art and a science that is evolving. The assessment of volume requires integration of multiple sources of information including the history, physical examination, and several inexact scientific methods of volume assessment. Poor assessment of volume greatly affects the well-being of dialysis patients. Both hypovolaemia and hypervolaemia are associated with uncomfortable symptoms. Hypovolaemia, for example, may be associated with intradialytic hypotension, cramping, dizziness, access thrombosis, and occult organ hypoperfusion. Hypervolaem
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