Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aerial photography in submarine geology

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Aerial photography in submarine geology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Aerial photography in submarine geology"

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Harris, P. T., and M. R. Jones. "Bedform movement in a marine tidal delta: air photo interpretations." Geological Magazine 125, no. 1 (January 1988): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800009353.

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AbstractMorphological changes in bedforms composing a tidal delta at the northern entrance to Moreton Bay, Queensland have been studied by examining aerial photographs spanning a 26-year time period. The aerial photographs show the movements of 51 different sand-bank crestlines, and the morphological characteristics of both sand banks and sandwaves. From the orientation of sandwave crests to the sand-bank crestlines, zones of ebb- and flood-dominance in sand-transport direction are distinguished. The migration directions of the sand banks are predicted by considering the cross-sectional asymmetry of the sand banks together with their adjacent ebb/flood zones of net sand transport. The reliability of the predictions is tested by comparisons with sequential air photo data. When applied to 53 bedforms, the predictions achieved a high success rate, with 45 predicted migration directions matching those observed on the sequential aerial photographs. Bedform movement can be predicted, therefore, for any water depths in which submarine bedforms can be clearly seen on aerial photographs (< 10 m).Based upon their mobility, sand banks are classified into three categories: dynamic sand banks, which change quickly (within 2 years) and which have migration rates that are non-uniform along the bank crestline; progressive sand banks, which change slowly (from 2–10 years) and have migration rates that are uniform along their crestlines; and immobile sand banks, which change only over time intervals which exceed 10 years. Changes in sand-bank morphology occur by migration of the crestline together with growth and decay, and are considered to be linked with changes of larger ebb- and flood-dominant zones of net sand transport. The three different sand-bank types are characterized by distinctive heights, crestline lengths and wavelengths. They occur in different locations within Moreton Bay, possibly related to distance from external sand supplies and to relative tidal current and surface wave energy levels.
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SHIRAO, Motomaro. "Aerial Photography for Geomorphology and Geology." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 106, no. 1 (1997): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.106.105.

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KODAMA, KAZUTO, HIROFUMI FUKUI, and KATSUTAKA MURO-OKA. "KITE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION TO GEOLOGY." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 94, no. 5 (1988): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.94.381.

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Bubniak, Ihor, Andriy Bubniak, Yevhenii Shylo, Mariia Oliinyk, and Mykola Bihun. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 97,2023, no. 97 (2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2023.97.005.

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The aim of this work is to study the Turka quarry using terrestrial laser scanning, as well as to build a 3D model of the object. Method. The study of the outcrop was carried out with terrestrial laser scanning. The article describes the principles of operation of laser sensors and provides a classification of error sources. It also emphasizes the importance of achieving the maximum accuracy specified by scanner manufacturers. The location of the researched object. The studied quarry is located on the northern outskirts of the city of Turka, Lviv region. From the geological point of view, the object is situated in the Outer Ukrainian Carpathians that belong to the Carpathian mountain system. The inactive quarry is structurally confined to the north-western part of the Krosno nappe of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The characteristic Turka (Krosno) type of cross-section of the Oligocene-Miocene age is exposed in the walls of the quarry. This is a layering of massive packs of gray fine-grained sandstones with argillites and siltstones which are broken with joints. The joints are filled with longitudinal, transverse and differently oriented veins. They are often wedged out. Their thickness ranges from a few mm to 55 mm or more. Slickensides and leaching are observed along the cracks. The research results make it possible to analyze the geological structure without being directly near the object. The paper provides a workflow diagram of the terrestrial scanning workflow. This includes object reconnaissance, establishing and determining the coordinates of reference and control points. It also involves performing terrestrial 3D scanning, photographing an object, creating a cloud of points based on laser scanning data, developing a mash model based on point clouds and digital images. The accuracy of the mash model was defined by comparison of the coordinates of the control points obtained from the mash model and tacheometric survey. The absolute spatial difference does not exceed five centimeters. The scientific novelty and practical significance are in the creation of a virtual model of the Turka quarry. For the first time, terrestrial laser scanning technology was used for the research of this object. As a result, a 3D model was obtained, which can be used for further research in the field of geology, in particular structural geology, sedimentology, mineral reserve calculations and geotourism.
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Matthews, M. C., and C. R. I. Clayton. "The Use of Oblique Aerial Photography to Investigate the Extent and Sequence of Landslipping at Stag Hill, Guildford, Surrey." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.54.

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AbstractThe University of Surrey is situated on the northern slopes of Stag Hill, below Guildford Cathedral, which occupies the summit. During the investigation for the design of the University, it became apparent that the site was underlain by a large landslip, 500 m wide from east to west and extending 160 m from rear scarp to toe. Considerable effort was made to establish its geometry and extent (Skempton & Petley (1967), and Morgenstern & Tchalenko (1967)).In recent years it was realised that because the construction of the Cathedral extended over a long period of time, the likelihood of Stag Hill being covered by oblique aerial photography would be high. Some forty oblique aerial photographs, spanning the period 1949 to 1982, were collected and analysed together with vertical aerial photographs and topographic maps.Although the landslip is visible on vertical aerial photographs, individual elements are not easily identified. Using oblique photography, in particular that in which recognition of subdued topography has been enhanced by low sun angles, up to six phases of landslipping were identified.This paper uses this example to demonstrate the usefulness of aerial photography in site investigation and in particular the value of oblique photography, a topic which receives little attention in BS 5930:1981 considering how cost effective this tool can be.
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Tychsen, John, Ole Geertz-Hansen, and Frands Schjøth. "KenSea – tsunami damage modelling for coastal areas of Kenya." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 15 (July 10, 2008): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v15.5051.

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On 26 December 2004, the eastern part of the Indian Ocean was hit by a tremendous tsunami created by a submarine earthquake of magnitude 9.1 on the Richter scale off the west coast of Sumatra. The tsunami also reached the western part of the Indian Ocean, including the coastal areas of eastern Africa. Along the coast of Kenya (Figs 1, 2) it resulted in a sudden increase in water level comparable to a high tide situation. This rather limited consequence was partly due to the great distance to the epicentre of the earthquake, and partly due to the low tide at the time of the impact. Hence the reefs that fringe two thirds of the coastline reduced the energy of the tsunami waves and protected the coastal areas. During the spring of 2005, staff members from the Geo- logical Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) carried out field work related to the project KenSea – development of a sensitivity atlas for coastal areas of Kenya (Tychsen 2006; Tychsen et al. 2006). Local fishermen and authorities often asked what would have been the effect if the tsunami had hit the coastal area during a high tide, and to answer the question GEUS and the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) initiated a tsunami damage projection project. The aim was to provide an important tool for contingency planning by national and local authorities in the implementation of a national early warning strategy. The tsunami damage projection project used the database of coastal resources – KenSeaBase – that was developed during the KenSea project. The topographical maps of Kenya at a scale of 1:50 000 have 20 m contour lines, which is insufficient for the tsunami run-up simulation modelling undertaken by the new tsunami project. Therefore new sets of aerial photographs were obtained, and new photogrammetric maps with contour lines with an equidistance of 1 m were drawn for a 6–8 km broad coastal zone. The tsunami modelling is based on the assumption that the height of a future tsunami wave would be comparable with the one that reached the coastal area of Kenya in December 2004. Based on the regional geology of the Indian Ocean, it appears that the epicentre for a possible future earthquake that could lead to a new tsunami would most likely be situated in the eastern part of the ocean. Furthermore, based on a seismological assessment it has been estimated that the largest tsunami that can be expected to reach eastern Africa would have a 50% larger amplitude than the 2004 tsunami.It was therefore decided to carry out the simulation modelling with a tsunami wave similar to that of the 2004 event, but with the wave reaching the coast at the highest astronomical tide (scenario 1) and a worst case with a 50% larger amplitude (scenario 2: Fig. 3). The 2004 tsunami documented that the coastal belt of mangrove swamps provided some protection to the coastline by reducing the energy of the tsunami. Hence we included in this study a scenario 3 (Fig. 4), in which the mangrove areas along the coastline were removed. Maps for the three scenarios have been produced and show the areas that would be flooded, the degree of flooding, and the distribution of buildings such as schools and hospitals in the flooded areas. In addition, the force and velocity of the wave were calculated (COWI 2006).
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Walstra, J., J. H. Chandler, N. Dixon, and T. A. Dijkstra. "Aerial photography and digital photogrammetry for landslide monitoring." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 283, no. 1 (2007): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp283.5.

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Amos, E. M., D. Blakeway, and C. D. Warren. "Remote Sensing Techniques in Civil Engineering Surveys." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.26.

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AbstractThis paper outlines selected remote sensing techniques and their application to civil engineering surveys.In BS 5930, emphasis has been placed on the interpretation of black and white aerial photography to provide information. However, other techniques such as true colour and false colour infrared photography, thermal infrared, radar and landsat satellite imagery may be useful in appropriate applications.
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Weltman, Austin. "Assessing ground conditions of small sites by aerial infrared photography." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 20, no. 2 (May 1987): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.qjeg.1987.020.02.01.

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Potapov, V. P., and S. E. Popov. "Assessment of the mined rock mass jointing based on aerial photography and computer vision methods." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 5S/2023 (December 20, 2023): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2023-5s-53-57.

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The task to assess rock mass jointing are currently usually solved in manual mode, which requires high qualification of the specialists and considerable time expenditures. Automation of such tasks is important in terms of reducing the time of image processing and obtaining additional information on the geomechanical state of the rock mass. The article discusses the possibilities of using computer vision and artificial intelligence technologies to assess jointing of the rock mass. For this purpose, aerial photography data obtained using unmanned aerial vehicles are used. The images are processed with the software developed by the authors, which performs tracing of the joints based on a neural network of a dedicated architecture. The results of processing aerial photography data are presented using the cases of coal strip mines in Kuzbass and open-pit mines of the Kola Peninsula. The use of neural network in processing of the aerial survey data of the rock masses has shown the promising potential of the method. After processing the data of tracing the jointing fields, it becomes possible to monitor the behavior of the rock mass by using the visualization tools for additional fields of characteristics, which allow to assess the nature of changes occurring under anthropogenic loads. The developed algorithms make it possible to significantly accelerate the processes of aerial survey data processing to assess the structural disturbance of the rock mass.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aerial photography in submarine geology"

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Wolf, Eric B. "Low-cost large scale aerial photography and the Upland South Folk Cemetery a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of Master of Science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2006. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/WolfEricB/index.htm.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2006.
The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on January 25, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Terhorst, Andrew. "The seafloor environment off Simon's Town in False Bay revealed by side-scan sonar, bottom sampling, diver observations and underwater photography." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23808.

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Books on the topic "Aerial photography in submarine geology"

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. How to obtain aerial photographs. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Córdova, Edgar Vargas. La fotografía aerea y su aplicación a estudios geológicos y geomorfológicos: Principios de percepción remota. La Paz, Bolivia: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 1992.

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A, Beaumont E., ed. Photogeology and photogeomorphology. Tulsa, Okla., U.S.A: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1992.

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Richardson, L. M. Sir Samuel airborne geophysical survey, 1993 - operations report. Canberra City: Australian Geological Survey Organisation, 1993.

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Hamblin, W. Kenneth. Exercises in physical geology. 9th ed. Englewood Cliff, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1995.

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D, Howard James, ed. Exercises in physical geology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.

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Hamblin, W. Kenneth. Exercises in physical geology. 9th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.

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D, Howard James, ed. Exercises in physical geology. 8th ed. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co., 1992.

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D, Howard James, ed. Exercises in physical geology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.

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D, Howard James, ed. Exercises in physical geology. 7th ed. New York, N.Y: Macmillan Pub., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aerial photography in submarine geology"

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Schmidt, Dietmar, and Friedrich Kühn. "Aerial Photography." In Environmental Geology, 23–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74671-3_3.

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"Geology, Soils, and Engineering Applications." In Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation, 327–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118110997.ch17.

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Fuller, Michael S., and Peter D. Roffers. "Erosion due to a century of road construction and maintenance at Mount Diablo State Park, California." In Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1217(07).

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ABSTRACT Mount Diablo State Park exemplifies many other conservation areas where managers balance the dual missions of protecting natural resources while providing public access. Roads and trails that crisscross the park are etched into the geomorphic surface, capturing and redirecting storm runoff, and presenting both a challenge for soil conservation and a consequence of construction and maintenance. We used field mapping, remote sensing, and modeling to assess erosion along the roads and trails in Mount Diablo State Park, which encompasses the headwaters of several urbanized watersheds. The field mapping in 2011 determined that 56% of the assessed roads and trails required either repair or reconstruction to control erosion and that ~67% of the culverts in the park required either repair or replacement. Aerial photography and modeling showed that other erosion (unrelated to roads or trails) preferentially occurred during wet periods, in specific lithologies, and on convergent slopes. Although lithology and climate drive slope-forming geomorphic processes, we found that the road and trail system (1) expanded the stream network with a capillary-like system of rills, (2) catalyzed prolonged erosion, and (3) altered the timing and pattern of sediment yield. In addition to water-driven erosion during wet periods, road and trail surfaces were subject to mechanical and wind erosion during dry periods. Spatially, dry erosion and runoff both conformed with and crossed topographic gradients by following the road and trail network. Road- and trail-induced erosion occurred across a wider range of rock properties and slope geometries than is typical for other erosion. Hence, the roads and trails have expanded the spatial and temporal boundary conditions over which geomorphic processes operate and, due to continual soil disturbance, have accelerated erosion rates. Although road density is a commonly used metric to rank road-related impacts at watershed scales, it misses both spatial variability and the opportunity to identify specific road and trail segments for remediation. We developed a spatially explicit scoring scheme based on actual erosion and the potential for sedimentation of discrete waterbodies. The data were incorporated into the park’s road and trail management plan in 2016.
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Conference papers on the topic "Aerial photography in submarine geology"

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Obmelyuhin, A. A. "USING THE LATEST TERRAIN EXPLORATION METHODS IN EXPLORATION GEOLOGY." In Проблемы минералогии, петрографии и металлогении. Научные чтения памяти П. Н. Чирвинского. Perm State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/chirvinsky.2023.192.

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The object of the study is the latest methods of reconnaissance, in particular the use of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in the Khabarovsk Territory for geochemical surveys. The work methodology included: large-scale aerial photography using UAVs, interpretation and comparison of the obtained photo and video materials with available maps and data. Based on the study, conclusions were drawn about the rationality of using UAV reconnaissance in geology.
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Que, Longyun, Jinxiang Shen, Yang Liu, Bo Jiang, and Yongjin Li. "Aerial photography assessment method for comprehensive vegetation cover modeling in grasslands oriented towards satellite remote sensing." In 2024 5th International Conference on Geology, Mapping and Remote Sensing (ICGMRS 2024), edited by Yinhe Luo and Yi Wang. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3035470.

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Reports on the topic "Aerial photography in submarine geology"

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Kleber, Emily J., Greg M. McDonald, W. Adolph Yonkee, and Elizabegth Balgord Balgord. Interim Geologic Map of the Plain City Southwest 7.5' Quadrangle, Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-765.

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The Plain City Southwest (SW) and Ogden Bay 7.5′ quadrangles are in Weber, Box Elder, and Davis Counties. The quadrangles include parts of the communities of Hooper, Warren, and Reese, the Harold Crane Waterfowl Management Area, several waterfowl wetlands, as well as the southwestern corner of Willard Bay Reservoir. The North Fork and South Fork of the Weber River f low south into the Ogden Bay Wildlife Management Area at the edge of Great Salt Lake. The northwestern part of the Ogden Bay quadrangle and the southwestern part of the Plain City SW quadrangle contain most of Little Mountain, a small bedrock mountain with about 500 feet of relief. The western side of Little Mountain as well as the northern part of the Plain City SW quadrangle are part of Willard Bay of Great Salt Lake. Small meandering channels flow into the bays from local drainages. Numerous evaporation ponds related to industrial minerals production cover the central western and northwestern part of the Plain City SW quadrangle, obscuring geologic deposits. This mapping project will provide the basis for identifying and delimiting potential geologic hazards in future Utah Geological Survey (UGS) geologic hazard maps, part of the UGS Geologic Hazards Mapping Initiative (Castleton and McKean, 2012). Mapping for the project was done on stereographic pairs of aerial photographs from the following sources: black-and-white aerial photographs from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (1958, 1965, 1971a, 1971b). Mosaics of some USDA photographs were accessed using the Weber County web services (USDA Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, 1937, 1962, 1980, 1985). Additional aerial photography sets from the National Agricultural Imaging Program (NAIP) were used (Utah Geospatial Resource Center [UGRC], mid-1990s, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2016a, 2018a, 2021a) as well as high-resolution (15cm) Hexagon imagery (Utah Geospatial Resource Center, 2021b). Most Quaternary unit contacts, including human disturbed areas, were mapped using two lidar elevation datasets (Utah Geospatial Resource Center [UGRC], 2016b, 2018b). The geologic map was made by transferring the geology from the aerial photographs to a geographic information system (GIS) database using the programs ESRI ArcPro and Global Mapper v. 18 for a target scale of 1:24,000. Cross section A-A′ was created in Adobe Illustrator. Field-based investigations included shallow subsurface investigations in targeted areas with a soil auger. Materials from 1 to 3 meters were observed, documented, and sampled, which aided in preparing descriptions of most Quaternary units.
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Kleber, Emily J., Greg M. McDonald, W. Adolph Yonkee, and Elizabegth Balgord. Interim Geologic Map of the Ogden Bay 7.5' Quadrangle, Weber and Davis Counties, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-766.

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The Plain City Southwest (SW) and Ogden Bay 7.5′ quadrangles are in Weber, Box Elder, and Davis Counties. The quadrangles include parts of the communities of Hooper, Warren, and Reese, the Harold Crane Waterfowl Management Area, several waterfowl wetlands, as well as the southwestern corner of Willard Bay Reservoir. The North Fork and South Fork of the Weber River f low south into the Ogden Bay Wildlife Management Area at the edge of Great Salt Lake. The northwestern part of the Ogden Bay quadrangle and the southwestern part of the Plain City SW quadrangle contain most of Little Mountain, a small bedrock mountain with about 500 feet of relief. The western side of Little Mountain as well as the northern part of the Plain City SW quadrangle are part of Willard Bay of Great Salt Lake. Small meandering channels flow into the bays from local drainages. Numerous evaporation ponds related to industrial minerals production cover the central western and northwestern part of the Plain City SW quadrangle, obscuring geologic deposits. This mapping project will provide the basis for identifying and delimiting potential geologic hazards in future Utah Geological Survey (UGS) geologic hazard maps, part of the UGS Geologic Hazards Mapping Initiative (Castleton and McKean, 2012). Mapping for the project was done on stereographic pairs of aerial photographs from the following sources: black-and-white aerial photographs from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (1958, 1965, 1971a, 1971b). Mosaics of some USDA photographs were accessed using the Weber County web services (USDA Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, 1937, 1962, 1980, 1985). Additional aerial photography sets from the National Agricultural Imaging Program (NAIP) were used (Utah Geospatial Resource Center [UGRC], mid-1990s, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2016a, 2018a, 2021a) as well as high-resolution (15cm) Hexagon imagery (Utah Geospatial Resource Center, 2021b). Most Quaternary unit contacts, including human disturbed areas, were mapped using two lidar elevation datasets (Utah Geospatial Resource Center [UGRC], 2016b, 2018b). The geologic map was made by transferring the geology from the aerial photographs to a geographic information system (GIS) database using the programs ESRI ArcPro and Global Mapper v. 18 for a target scale of 1:24,000. Cross section A-A′ was created in Adobe Illustrator. Field-based investigations included shallow subsurface investigations in targeted areas with a soil auger. Materials from 1 to 3 meters were observed, documented, and sampled, which aided in preparing descriptions of most Quaternary units.
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Connell, Sean D. Geologic map of the Albuquerque - Rio Rancho metropolitan area and vicinity, Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/gm-78.

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This is the most comprehensive compilation of the geology of the Albuquerque Basin to be printed in 30 years. The area covered by this new compilation, though not as large as the earlier map, is presented at a scale nearly four times the detail (1:50,000 scale compared to the earlier map's 1:190,000 scale). This new geologic map is a compilation of sixteen 7.5-min USGS quadrangle maps and encompasses an area from Tijeras Arroyo on the south to Santa Ana Mesa north of Santa Ana and San Felipe Pueblos, and from the crest of the Sandia Mountains westward across the Rio Grande and onto the Llano de Albuquerque (West Mesa) west of the city limits of Albuquerque and Rio Rancho.This geologic map graphically displays information on the distribution, character, orientation, and stratigraphic relationships of rock and surficial units and structural features. The map and accompanying cross sections were compiled from geologic field mapping and additionally from available aerial photography, satellite imagery, and drill-hole data (many published and unpublished reports, examination of lithologic cuttings, and from the interpretation of borehole geophysical log data).The map and accompanying cross sections represent the most informed interpretations of the known faults in the Albuquerque-Rio Rancho area that are presently available. In addition to the positions of many faults, the cross sections show the approximate vertical extent of poorly consolidated earth materials that may pose liquefaction hazards. This map also contains derivative maps selected to portray geologically important features in the metropolitan area, such as elevations of ground water levels, and the mostly buried boundary between generally poorly consolidated and saturated aquifer materials and the more consolidated underlying materials. The gravity anomaly map is a geophysical dataset that shows major geological structures buried beneath the metropolitan area and vicinity.
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