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Journal articles on the topic 'American Realism'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Craig, Campbell. "American Realism Versus American Imperialism." World Politics 57, no. 1 (October 2004): 143–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2005.0010.

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This article reviews three recent books critical of America's new “imperial” foreign policy, examines whether the United States can properly be compared to empires of the past, and identifies three aspects of contemporary American policy that may well be called imperialist. It also addresses some of the main objections to recent U.S. foreign policy made by American realist scholars and argues that traditional interstate realism can no longer readily apply to the problem ofAmerican unipolar preponderance over an anarchical, nuclear-armed world.

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Linhares, Bruno J. "Theopoetic and Pastoral Counseling. Using Magic Realism and Reframing: A Latin American Perspective." REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 7, no. 9 (March 3, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v7i9.132.

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Baseado em um artigo de Rubem Alves, escrito em 1977, sobre os Cuidados Pastorais sob a perspectiva da Teologia da Libertação, e no uso do Realismo Mágico na literatura e religião, sugiro ser o Reenquadramento uma proposta genuinamente latino-americana para a poimênica, sobretudo o aconselhamento, seguindo uma prática já feita por Rubem Alves. Palavras-Chave: Rubem Alves, Teologia da Libertação, Realismo Mágico, literatura latino-americana, poimênica. Based on a 1977 article written by RubemAlves about Pastoral Care under the perspective of theology of liberation and on the use of Magic Realism in literature and religion, I suggest being reframing a truly Latin American proposal for Pastoral Care, particularly Pastoral Counseling, a practice already done by RubemAlves. Keywords: RubemAlves, Theology of Liberation, Magic Realism, Latin American Literature, Pastoral Care.

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3

Lucie-Smith, Edward. "American Realism." Art Book 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8357.1994.tb00405.x.

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4

Lucie-Smith, Edward. "American Realism." Art Book 2, no. 1 (January 1995): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8357.1995.tb00405.x.

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5

Myers, Robert J. "Hans Morgenthau's Realism and American Foreign Policy." Ethics & International Affairs 11 (March 1997): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1997.tb00031.x.

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As the father of the realist theory of international relations, Hans Morgenthau consistently argued that international politics is governed by the competitive and conflictual nature of humankind. Myers discusses the history of U.S. foreign policy and the ongoing debate over the continued relevance of realist thought in the post-Cold War era. He argues that despite vast changes in the international system, realism remains relevant as an accurate description of human nature and hence of the interactions among nations. Analyzing Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations, Myers provides a point-by-point discussion of his theory. He concludes by stating that the relevance of realism will be seen particularly in the search for a new balance of power in the post-Cold War world.

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6

Malcovati, Silvia. "The utopia of reality: Realisms in architecture between ideology and phenomenology." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 6, no. 3 (2014): 146–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1402146m.

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Proposed on the occasion of the First Congress of the Soviet writers in Moscow in 1934, the notion of realism coming about in the theoretical debate on architecture in the early thirties of the twentieth century appears to be an ambiguous notion, straddling between idealism and ideology, innovative research and historicist formalism. The failure of socialist realism and the crisis of its emphatic and monumentalist architectural imagery, clearly shows the utopian character of the realist "dream," but also, in some ways, its imaginative power of striving to build a better world. After the Second World War the question of realism comes into discussion again. Especially in Italy realism turn into an alternative to the modern paradigm, no less utopian, but open for the emerging postmodern American ideas as well as for the architecture of the "Tendenza." The paper proposes a survey on the twentieth century realisms as an instrument of reflecting the current state of architecture: after the excesses of the postmodern populism, the disillusionment of the "Architettura Razionale" and the dialectics of reconstruction-deconstruction, a new spectre of "Realism" as a way to react to the current architectural and urban condition seems to emerge in architecture again.

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Roberts, Alasdair. "“Whatever It Takes”: Danger, Necessity, and Realism in American Public Policy." Administration & Society 52, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399720938550.

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There are two mentalities of rule, idealism and realism, which differ in their assumptions about how far government policy can be guided by principles alone. The late 1990s were a highpoint for idealism, but the 21st century has proved to be an age of realism. During recurrent crises, American leaders have bent principles and pledged instead to “do whatever it takes” to protect vital interests. The conditions that encourage the realist mentality—turbulence, uncertainty, and danger—will persist in coming decades. We should learn more about how realist statecraft works in democratic states.

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8

Ellingsen, Mark. "The American Republic." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (1992): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis199241/25.

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This article explores the often neglected impact on the American political system of Scottish Common Sense Realism and an Augustinian anthropology drawn from both this Scottish philosophy and the American culture's Puritan/Presbyterian roots. Such insights help us better understand the dynamics of the American system and its possible contribution as a paradigm or model for democratization in the communist world Significant differences between America and the communist world with respect to their distinct intellectual and cultural histories seem to preclude the applicability of the American system to post-communist nations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, Yet theological convergences among the prevailing religious traditions of these nations and America suggest that the Augustinian anthropological realism of the American system may have relevance to communist world cultures after all.

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Ellingsen, Mark. "The American Republic." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (1992): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis199241/25.

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This article explores the often neglected impact on the American political system of Scottish Common Sense Realism and an Augustinian anthropology drawn from both this Scottish philosophy and the American culture's Puritan/Presbyterian roots. Such insights help us better understand the dynamics of the American system and its possible contribution as a paradigm or model for democratization in the communist world Significant differences between America and the communist world with respect to their distinct intellectual and cultural histories seem to preclude the applicability of the American system to post-communist nations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, Yet theological convergences among the prevailing religious traditions of these nations and America suggest that the Augustinian anthropological realism of the American system may have relevance to communist world cultures after all.

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10

Heuvel, Michael Vanden, and William W. Demastes. "Ransacking Realism: The Plays of American New Realism." Contemporary Literature 30, no. 4 (1989): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1208618.

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11

Yablon, Charles M. "Are Judges Liars? A Wittgensteinian Critique of Law’s Empire." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 3, no. 2 (July 1990): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900001193.

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When Legal Realism first appeared in American jurisprudential thought in the 1920’s and early 1930’s, it was frequently misunderstood as an attack on the integrity and truthfulness of the American judiciary. After all, wasn’t it a central tenet of Legal Realism that judges did not decide cases by applying preexisting and authoritative legal rules, but merely decided cases in whichever way they thought was best? Such considerations led to the derogatory restatement of the Realist position as holding that the law is determined by “whatever the judge ate for breakfast”.

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12

Crowley, John W., Brenda Murphy, and Elsa Nettels. "American Realism and American Drama, 1880-1940." New England Quarterly 61, no. 4 (December 1988): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/365956.

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Mason, Jeffrey D., and Brenda Murphy. "American Realism and American Drama, 1880-1940." Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3207910.

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14

Smith, Michael Joseph. "American Realism and the New Global Realities." Ethics & International Affairs 6 (March 1992): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1992.tb00549.x.

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The three books reviewed in this essay, Morality Among Nations: An Evolutionary View (Mary Maxwell), Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age (Joel H. Rosenthal), and Securing Europe (Richard H. Ullman), in some sense represent a reaction to Reagan's ideological policies. Maxwell's book appeals to the sociobiological nature of international morality. Rosenthal's book invites the reader to consider the valid view of the realist model as a venue toward integration of morals with decision making in international relations. Ullman's main premise is that the disintegration of the Soviet empire and reunification of Germany gave a strong impetus for the European states to seek a common ground in all areas through cooperation, particularly on security issues.

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15

van Munster, Rens, and Casper Sylvest. "The thermonuclear revolution and the politics of imagination: realist radicalism in political theory and IR." International Relations 32, no. 3 (August 7, 2018): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117818789746.

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Both within political theory and International Relations (IR), recent scholarship has reflected on the nature and limits of political realism. In this article, we return to the thermonuclear revolution and the debates it spurred about what was real and possible in global politics. We argue that a strand of oppositional and countercultural thinking during this period, which we refer to as realist radicalism, has significant theoretical and practical relevance for current scholarship on political realism. Indeed, debates during the thermonuclear revolution speak to questions about the nature of realism and whether it is possible to develop a realism that is attuned to progressive or emancipatory ambitions. By focusing mainly on two radical American intellectuals – C. Wright Mills and Lewis Mumford – we show how their responses to the thermonuclear, superpower standoff challenged conventional understanding of realism and utopianism. By harnessing the concept of the imagination, they called into question pre-existing conceptions about politics and reality. The contribution of the article is twofold. First, we argue that realist political theory and IR should pay more attention to thinkers that are not conventionally regarded as canonical but whose writings and politics interrogated the limits and potential of political realism. Second, we demonstrate that the work of such public intellectuals and their calls for cultivating the imagination connect directly to current debates about political realism, including its statist bend and its (purported) conservatism.

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16

Dueck, Colin. "Theodore Roosevelt and American Realism." Orbis 61, no. 4 (2017): 541–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.07.001.

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17

Shimko, Keith I. "Realism, Neorealism, and American Liberalism." Review of Politics 54, no. 2 (1992): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500017848.

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Neorealism has recently been portrayed as an attempt to systematize the insights of classical realism in order to put them on a more solid theoretical foundation. This essay rejects this common characterization of the emergence of neorealism by arguing that neorealism constitutes a fundamentally different conceptualization of international politics than that provided by classical realists. Neorealism is best understood as an alternative to classical realism shaped by enduring liberal traditions in the United States, which is where neorealism emerged and thrives.

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18

Ned Lebow, Richard. "German Jews and American Realism." Constellations 18, no. 4 (December 2011): 545–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2011.00658.x.

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19

Klein, Alexander. "Hatfield on American Critical Realism." HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 5, no. 1 (March 2015): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/680374.

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20

Tuori, Kaius. "American Legal Realism and Anthropology." Law & Social Inquiry 42, no. 03 (2017): 804–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12230.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the interdisciplinary cooperation and interaction between American legal realists and anthropologists during the interwar period. Using scholarly publications and manuscripts as its sources, it argues that despite the lack of recognition in earlier studies, there were transfers of important methodological and substantive influences that were crucial to the creation of legal anthropology as it is known today, as well as the whole field of law and society studies. Writers of the era like Karl N. Llewellyn, E. Adamson Hoebel, Felix S. Cohen, Franz Boas, and Bronislaw Malinowski utilized interdisciplinary influences to criticize scholarly formalism as well as social and political conservatism, seeking to replace conceptual structures with scientific facts gained from studies.

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21

Desch, Michael C. "It is kind to be cruel: the humanity of American Realism." Review of International Studies 29, no. 3 (June 26, 2003): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210503004157.

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‘No one loves a political realist’, Robert Gilpin once lamented. A major reason for this hostility towards realism is its sceptical view of the role of ethical norms (principled beliefs about state action) in international relations. Some critics dislike realism because they think it leads to an immoral international order. Thucydides' famous adage that the ‘strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must’ is widely interpreted as evidence that one of realism's founding fathers was an advocate of an immoral approach to statecraft. Niccoló Machiavelli's well-known advice to his Prince that it is politics that determines ethics, not vice versa, reinforces these widely-held views of realism's amorality. The fact that modern realism has been influenced by unsavoury individuals like the German theorist Carl Schmitt, whose indisputable intellectual brilliance was tainted by his overly close association with the Third Reich, leads many to see a continuing link between realpolitik and evil in the international system. Thus, Richard Ashley spoke for many when he concluded that

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22

BURG, EVELYN. "WHAT'S IN A NAME? TWENTIETH-CENTURY REALISM IN KENNETH BURKE'S AESTHETICS." Modern Intellectual History 13, no. 3 (April 10, 2015): 713–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244315000098.

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Admired throughout the twentieth century by literary and sociological theorists but long neglected by philosophers, readers have overlooked Kenneth Burke's theoretical dependence on American philosophic realism, thus missing consistent patterns of his insight. By tracing Burke's own realism back to his year at Columbia University and his time atThe Dialmagazine, we see how Burke's earliest aesthetic theories conformed to aspects of the new realist movement. During the Depression, in his bookPermanence and Change, he followed earlier new realists in arguing for a reconstructed modern teleology of “purpose” and incorporated realism within his pleas for a suppler Communist Party rhetoric than that sanctioned by the party leadership. Burke's apparently inconsistent positions can be understood as a continuous philosophical argument for realism within changing intellectual contexts, explaining his long-lived cross-disciplinary appeal and influence. Burke maintained central realistic tenets: (1) the independent existence and intelligibility of an external world and (2) the substantive meaning of universals, particularly a common human nature. Examining these connections informs our readings of Burke while illuminating one reverberation of the philosophical “new realists” in American intellectual culture. Burke expressed realist principles in his presentation of symbolic action and dramatism inThe Philosophy of Literary FormandA Grammar of Motives, both published in the 1940s. His sophisticated aesthetic–linguistic realism appeared in his arguments against logical empiricists and New Critics, which displayed an arc of transformation in the philosophical and critical culture before World War II from a still-contested mixture to an emphatically nominalistic, antirealist one. It was from this philosophical position that Burke offered his lively, penetrating analyses of and challenges to many of the major movements in twentieth-century philosophy: realism, pragmatism, positivism, and post-structuralism.

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23

Cook, Don L., and Brenda Murphy. "American Realism and the American Drama, 1880-1940." American Literature 60, no. 1 (March 1988): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2926412.

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24

Alarqan, Abdullah. "THE REALISM OF THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM IN ACHIEVING INTERNATIONAL STABILITY: THE MIDDLE EAST AS A MODEL (2003-2020)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 5 (September 3, 2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.852.

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Purpose of the study: This research seeks to analyze the nature of American realism in achieving international stability in the Middle East. Methodology: This research adopted the logical, historical, and decision-making approaches to measure the extent of its impact on the structure of the international, regional system. Main Findings: Based on the nature of the international strategic situation, the American administration is required to change its approach in maintaining its interests through the use of realism in its traditional and modern concept and its contemporary lines of thought that reflect the American political thought at the external level in dealing with the changes and events taking place in the structure of the regional system in the Middle East. Applications of this study: This research is scientifically and practically significant since it: Contributes to enriching the theoretical aspect of the academic studies on developments in the reality of the American administration and its use of this model in achieving international stability in the Middle East region. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research completely discussed the perceptions about the tracks of the American administration and the extent of use of realism in achieving international stability, especially in the Middle East region. As well as define the realist conditions, means, methods, and tools adopted by the American administration in strengthening the power theory to achieve international stability and enhancing its position in the Middle East.

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Stankov, Lazar, Jihyun Lee, and Insu Paek. "Realism of Confidence Judgments." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25, no. 2 (January 2009): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.2.123.

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This paper addresses measurement and conceptual issues related to the realism of people’s confidence judgments about their own cognitive abilities. We employed three cognitive tests: listening and reading subtests from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL iBT) and a synonyms vocabulary test. The sample consisted of community college students. Our results show that the participants tend to be overconfident about their cognitive abilities on most tasks, representing poor realism. Significant group differences were noted with respect to gender and race/ethnicity: female and European American participants showed smaller levels of overconfidence than males and African Americans or Hispanics. We point out that there appear to be significant individual differences in the understanding of subjective probabilities, and these differences can influence the realism of confidence judgments.

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26

Glaser, Charles L. "Structural Realism in a more complex world." Review of International Studies 29, no. 3 (June 26, 2003): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210503004030.

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The editors of the Review of International Studies have posed a timely challenge to what they term American realism. In broad terms, their editorial makes two points: first, realism has lost its relevance to current international policy; and second, realism does a poor job of explaining the behaviour of the world's major powers. In this brief essay I argue that both of these points are greatly overstated, if not simply wrong. At the same time, I accept that realism provides less leverage in addressing the full spectrum of issues facing the major powers in the post-Soviet and now the post-9/11 world than it did during the Cold War. However, this is neither surprising nor a serious problem, because scholars who use a realist lens to understand international politics can, and have, without inconsistency or contradiction also employed other theories to understand issues that fall outside realism's central focus.

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Al-Dabbagh, Abdulla. "The anti-romantic reaction in modern(ist) literary criticism." Acta Neophilologica 47, no. 1-2 (December 16, 2014): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.47.1-2.55-67.

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While the antagonism of modernism to realism has often been commented upon, its equally vehement rejection of romanticism has not been as widely discussed. Yet, if modernism compromised at times with realism or, at least, with a "naturalistic" version of realism, its total antipathy to the fundamentals of romanticism has been absolute. This was a modernist trend that covered both literature and criticism and a modernist characteristic that extended from German philosophers, French poets to British and American professors of literature. Names as diverse as Paul Valery, Charles Maurras and F.R. Leavis shared a common anti-romantic outlook. Many of the important modernist literary trends like the Anglo-American imagism, French surrealism, German expressionism and Italian futurism have been antagonistic not only to ordinary realism as a relic of the 19th century, but also, and fundamentally, to that century's romanticism. In nihilistically breaking with everything from the past, or at least the immediate past, they were by definition anti-romantics. Even writers like Bernard Shaw or Bertolt Brecht and critics like Raymond Williams or George Lukacs, who would generally be regarded as in the pro-realist camp, have, at times, exhibited, to the extent that they were afflicted with the modernist ethos, strong anti-romantic tendencies.

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Knoper, R. "American Literary Realism and Nervous "Reflexion"." American Literature 74, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 715–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-74-4-715.

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Howard, June, and Amy Kaplan. "The Social Construction of American Realism." American Literature 62, no. 1 (March 1990): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2926799.

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Wilson, Christopher P. "Containing Multitudes: Realism, Historicism, American Studies." American Quarterly 41, no. 3 (September 1989): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2713150.

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Schöler, Bo. "Mythic Realism in Native American Literature." American Studies in Scandinavia 17, no. 2 (September 1, 1985): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v17i2.1631.

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32

Tanner, Tony, and Amy Kaplan. "The Social Construction of American Realism." Modern Language Review 86, no. 3 (July 1991): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731031.

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33

Goodwyn, Janet, and Sharon M. Harris. "Rebecca Harding Davis and American Realism." Yearbook of English Studies 24 (1994): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3507914.

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34

Marshall, Jill. "Seeking Sex Equality Through American Realism." King's Law Journal 16, no. 2 (January 2005): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2005.11427624.

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35

Duxbury, Neil. "The reinvention of American legal realism." Legal Studies 12, no. 2 (July 1992): 137–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1992.tb00463.x.

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While much has been written about American legal realism, the nature of its decline is comparably less carefully documented. Jurisprudential lore has it that ‘we are all realists now’. Although it is far from clear who ‘we’ might be, the statement is commonly taken to mean at least three things: that academic and practising lawyers alike have heard and heeded the message that law is not a certain system of rules; that legal doctrine is nowadays conceived in the context of the wider legal process; and that the legal process is nowadays understood to be part of the wider social system. The supposition, in essence, is that modern lawyers think like realists, even if they do not commonly consider themselves to be realists. While the weaker ideas and arguments developed by so-called realists have been discarded, the better ones have been absorbed into modern legal thought.

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36

Shipway, Brad. "Maurice Mandelbaum and American Critical Realism." Journal of Critical Realism 12, no. 2 (April 2013): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/rea.12.2.962m21117g2t5060.

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37

Habegger, Alfred, and Amy Kaplan. "The Social Construction of American Realism." New England Quarterly 63, no. 1 (March 1990): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/366071.

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Doyle, Michael W. "Thucydidean Realism." Review of International Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1990): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500112483.

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What does it mean to think like a Realist? The question is important in the study of international politics. According to a recent survey of the field, more than 90 per cent of the hypotheses tested by behaviourists in international politics were Realist in conception. A wider survey of the field taken in 1972 (which included those more historically inclined) identified the American Realist Hans Morgenthau as the leading scholar of international relations and his Politics Among Nations as the leading book. The overwhelming majority of other prominent postwar general theorists have worked inside the Realist tradition.

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Azizmohammad, Fatemeh, and Atieh Rafati. "A Comparative Study of Isabel Allende “Ines of My Soul” and Gabriel Garcia Marquez “Love in the Time of Cholera” from the View Point of Features of Magic Realism." English Language and Literature Studies 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n1p57.

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This tentative study suggests Isabel Allende “Ines of my soul” and Gabriel Garcia Marquez “Love in the Time of Cholera” from magic realism point of view. Magic Realism is a Latin American literary movement which attempts to depict the reality in human’s mind. This literary movement is originated in the Latin American’s fiction in the middle of twentieth century. Isabel Allende, who is famous because in the most of her novels the magic realism is used, depicts the life of Ines Suarez, without whom the settlement of Chile could not be achieved, in the historical novel “Ines of my soul”.The father of magic realist writers, Gabriel Garcia Marquez in “Love in the time of cholera”, depicts the inside and outside worlds of man in this world, with the using of magic realism, he wants to show these opposites clearly.In this study, firstly, a model of analysis will be assumed by the features of magic realism. Next, Allende’s and Marquez’s novels will be read and analyzed within the magic realism pattern, the magic realism’s features will be traced in the novel. Finally, possible implications of both the model and the findings of the research for literary criticism and teaching novels of this kind will be discussed.

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C. B. Bittar, Eduardo. "Consonances and Dissonances Between Legal Realisms." Undecidabilities and Law, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2184-9781_1_8.

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This paper is a comparative reflection of the models of Legal Realism in the Theory of Law, considering the North-American Legal Realism, the Scandinavian Legal Realism and the Brazilian Legal Realism. This article presents the Theory of Realistic Humanism within Legal Realism with the Critical Theory of Law.

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41

Adams, Don. "Spinozan Realism." Janus Head 15, no. 2 (2016): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jh201615228.

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This essay argues that the critically neglected work of the American mid-twentieth-century writer Jane Bowles is a rare attempt at realism in modern fiction that takes as its metaphysical premise the reality referred to in Spinoza’s pronouncement, “By reality and perfection I understand the same.” Bowles’ innately allegorical fiction is an effort to reveal the perfect reality of the world by prophetically creating the future rather than mimetically preserving the present and recovering the past, expressing a world that is existentially founded rather than representationally endured. The realism of perfection her prophetic creations strive to apprehend serves as a necessary reproof of the all too actual world reflected in merely mimetic fiction.

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Schlegel, John Henry. "American Legal Theory and American Legal Education: A Snake Swallowing its Tail?" German Law Journal 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200016746.

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My story is a story about American Legal Realism. It is part of an attempt to understand what Realism was by addressing the question, “Why is the study of Realism a subject of legal history and not of current events?” Of course, the “answer” to such a question is made up of several partial answers, of which what follows is but one. Others would talk about the relationship between legal doctrine and capitalist economic development or about legal theory and political philosophy or about legal theory and legal practice, to name a few examples. However, this partial answer can best be approached by examining how a simple idea about law - the liberal idea of the rule of law in its guise as the “rule theory of law” - has had in its rise and in its demise an impact on legal education and to attempt to understand why that is so. My attempt however, requires that I start my story back aways with Christopher Columbus Langdell and the Harvard Law School.

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Allen, C. Leonard. "Baconianism and the Bible in the Disciples of Christ: James S. Lamar and “The Organon of Scripture”." Church History 55, no. 1 (March 1986): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3165423.

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Many scholars have observed that during the first half of the nineteenth century American philosophy, science, and education were dominated by Scottish Realism, or the philosophy of “Common Sense.” Its first significant influence has been traced to John Witherspoon, an Edinburgh-trained minister who became president of the College of New Jersey in 1769. Thereafter, especially after 1800, Realist texts were introduced gradually into American colleges, and by the I 820s generally had replaced the older texts. Through use in numerous American colleges, the works of Thomas Reid, Dugald Stewart, George Campbell, James Beattie, William Hamilton, and others exercised a pervasive influence.

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Wonham, Henry B. "Realism and the Stock Market." Nineteenth-Century Literature 70, no. 4 (March 1, 2016): 473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2016.70.4.473.

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Henry B. Wonham, “Realism and the Stock Market: The Rise of Silas Lapham” (pp. 473–495) William Dean Howells’s The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) is usually approached as a representative text in the American realist mode and an unambiguous expression of Howells’s disdain for—in Walter Benn Michaels’s words—“the excesses of capitalism,” especially as embodied in the novel’s rendering of “the greedy and heartless stock market.” Like many commentators of the period, Howells promoted a traditional view of honest industry against the emerging phenomenon of speculative finance, and yet to read the novel as an allegory of opposition to Wall Street speculation is to oversimplify Howells’s complicated attitudes toward high finance and to make a caricature out of the novel’s treatment of complex economic developments. In this essay, I reassess Silas’s investment career and the novel’s surprisingly dense engagement with the dynamics of securities trading as a form of commerce. Critics such as Michaels and Neil Browne have contended that through Silas’s failed investment career, Howells “attempts to disarticulate…an emergent market ethos,” but as I read the novel this same “market ethos” is inseparable from Howells’s conception of realism and of the vocation of the literary realist.

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Matray, James I. "Irreconcilable Differences? Realism and Idealism in Cold War Korean-American Relations." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 19, no. 1 (2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656112x639735.

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Anti-Americanism never should have emerged as a major force in South Korea. After all, Washington was responsible for the creation of the Republic of Korea in August 1948 and provided major support against North Korea during and after the Korean War. After 9/11, however, American failure to balance means and ends in the pursuit of realistic goals caused anti-Americanism to reach a crescendo because it revived with a new ferocity at least four historical factors: (1) American disregard for Korea and Korean incomprehension of American priorities; (2) American support for Korean military dictatorship; (3) United States military presence in Korea and refusal to deal with incidents of military misconduct in ways that appeared just to Koreans; and (4) American racism. Koreans, however, also do not understand that their nation is not the center of American priorities and expect more from the relationship than Americans are likely to provide. This article traces the development of these factors through the postwar period and the impact of Bush administration unilateralism.

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Gruzdev, Vladimir Sergeevich. "On the nature of American classical legal realism." Право и политика, no. 9 (September 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.9.33566.

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The subject of this research is one of the trends in the American legal thought – legal realism in the context of clarification of its specificity, key theoretical-methodological perspectives formed in the classical period, represented by the founders of this direction O. W. Holmes, R. Pound and K. Llewellyn. Studying the heritage of the classical American realists is important for the purpose of elucidation of their views, since many aspects remain unclear or simplified, and interpreted in form of patterns and schemes; as well as due to the fact that in the modern American legal science and well beyond it, more popularity multiple variations of “clarification” of realism in form of “neo-“ versions, and realism itself is declared the symbol of modern age. Main attention is given to the question of overcoming simplifications with regards to legal views of the classical American realists. The scientific novelty of this work consists in elucidation of the perceptions of the nature and specificity of legal views of the representatives of classical American legal realism. This is primarily associated with the fact that orientation towards demythologization of conceptualism in the works of legal realists of the period of establishment of this trend is erroneously identified with the rejection of moral arguments in substantiation of law, which to a large extent was justified by the desire of some researchers to substantiate the meaning of radical pragmatism as a philosophical foundation of the modernized legal theory. Secondly, unjustified broadening of the concept of legal realism and its identification with naturalization of conceptual apparatus of law is one of the factors that led to multiple simplifications and distortions of the methodological importance of the fundamental principles of legal realism.

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NURUZZAMAN, MOHAMMED. "Beyond the Realist Theories: "Neo-Conservative Realism" and the American Invasion of Iraq." International Studies Perspectives 7, no. 3 (August 2006): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2006.00249.x.

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Demastes, William W. "American Realism and American Drama, 1880-1940 (review)." Henry James Review 11, no. 3 (1990): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hjr.2010.0240.

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Leiter, Brian. "WHAT IS A REALIST THEORY OF LAW?" REI - REVISTA ESTUDOS INSTITUCIONAIS 6, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21783/rei.v6i1.454.

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This essay offers a programmatic statement for a realist theory of law. Although I have been influenced by (and written about) the work of earlier American, Scandinavian, Italian and other legal realists, this is not an essay about what others have thought. This is an essay about what I take realism about law to mean and what its theoretical commitments are; I shall use other realists to sometimes illustrate the distinctive positions of a realist theory of law, but will make clear where I depart from them. A realist theory of law involves both a “realist” and a “naturalistic” perspective on law. Let me explain how I understand these perspectives.

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Siegel, Stephen A., and John Henry Schlegel. "American Legal Realism and Empirical Social Science." American Historical Review 101, no. 4 (October 1996): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169828.

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