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Books on the topic 'Anaesthetic Technique'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

N, Lunn John, ed. Epidemiology in anaesthesia: The techniques of epidemiology applied to anaesthetic practice. Edward Arnold, 1986.

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2

Scott, D. Bruce. Techniques of regional anaesthesia. Appleton & Lange, 1989.

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3

Ross, Lindsay G., and Barbara Ross, eds. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444302264.

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4

D, Ross Barbara Ph, ed. Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 2nd ed. Blackwell Science, 1999.

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5

G, Huemer, and Zimpfer M. 1951-, eds. Transesophageal echocardiography: A new monitoring technique. Spring-Verlag, 1994.

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6

d'A, Stanton-Hicks Michael, Wüst Hans Joachim, and Symposium on New Aspects in Regional Anaesthesia. (6th : 1987 : Düsseldorf, Germany), eds. New aspects in regional anaesthesia 6: Techniques of peripheral nerve blocks : pain and intraspinal medication : obstetrical anaesthesia and analgesia for healthy and high risk parturients. Verlag für Medizin, 1990.

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7

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Regional anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0019.

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The regional anaesthesia chapter discusses the pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents, techniques of nerve localisation, practical aspects of ultrasound-guided blocks and the advantages and complications of regional anaesthesia. Common, and clinically useful, blocks for the upper and lower limb are described in detail with pictures of anatomical landmarks and ultrasound appearance to compliment the description. Indications, technique, volumes required and complications are described for each block.

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8

Gill, Steven J., and Michael H. Nathanson. Central nervous system pathologies and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0081.

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Anaesthesia induces changes in many organ systems within the body, though clearly none more so than the central nervous system. The physiology of the normal central nervous system is complex and the addition of chronic pathology and polypharmacy creates a significant challenge for the anaesthetist. This chapter demonstrates a common approach for the anaesthetist and specific considerations for a wide range of neurological conditions. Detailed preoperative assessment is essential to gain understanding of the current symptomatology and neurological deficit, including at times restrictions on mov

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9

Ash, Simon A., and Donal J. Buggy. Outcomes of anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0039.

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Prevailing attitudes and conviction maintain that anaesthetic management, while ensuring safety, analgesia, and comfort perioperatively, has little influence on long-term patient outcomes. Gradually accumulating evidence is challenging this conventional wisdom, suggesting that choice of anaesthetic technique and perioperative management may, on the contrary, exert previously unrecognized long-term influences. This chapter seeks to review topical aspects of anaesthesia management which may influence postoperative patient outcomes. These include cardiovascular and pulmonary outcomes, surgical si

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10

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Ophthalmic anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0027.

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This chapter covers the considerations for pre-assessment in ophthalmic patients with special reference to the elderly and paediatric populations and factors that influence the choice of anaesthetic technique. Local anaesthesia options are described with conduct of subTenons and peribulbar blocks, benefits and complications. General anaesthesia is discussed with special reference to paediatric patients and circumstances such as penetrating eye injury. Perioperative management may require drugs that influence intra-ocular pressure and the physiological control of intra-ocular pressure is explai

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11

Phillips, Alistair, and Harry Akerman. Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757689.003.0003.

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Pain-free surgery can be imposed on the hand and wrist without resort to general anaesthetic. Options include local anaesthetic infiltration which can, in higher volumes mixed with adrenaline, allow surgery without a tourniquet. This technique (wide awake local anaesthetic without tourniquet or WALANT) permits the patient to move the fingers without the muscle paralysis induced by the regional anaesthetic and tourniquet, adding invaluable information, e.g. in tendon transfers. The efficacy of specific peripheral nerve blockade and brachial plexus block can be enhanced by ultrasound or nerve st

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12

Biro, Peter, and Marc Van de Velde. Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0066.

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The pregnant woman is a unique and challenging patient for the anaesthetist. When analgesia or anaesthesia is administered, the anaesthetic effects on the fetus or neonate, or both, should be carefully considered. Additionally, pregnancy induces significant maternal physiological changes, which may be influenced by and have an impact on routine anaesthetic management. Hence, anaesthetists are forced to adapt conventional anaesthetic techniques. This chapter reviews the physiological changes associated with pregnancy and describes the anaesthetic care of these patients during vaginal and operat

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13

Hardman, Jonathan G., Philip M. Hopkins, and Michel M. R. F. Struys, eds. Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.001.0001.

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This two-volume work of 91 chapters covers all aspects of practice in anaesthesia. Volume 1 addresses the underpinning sciences of anaesthesia including physiology, pharmacology, physics, anaesthetic equipment, statistics, and evidence-based anaesthesia. Volume 1 also outlines the fundamental principles of anaesthetic practice including ethics, risk, informatics and technology for anaesthesia, human factors and simulation in anaesthetic practice, safety and quality assurance in anaesthesia, teaching, research, and outcomes, as well as all stages of the perioperative journey including preoperat

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14

McKenzie, Alistair G. The history of anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0031.

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Even though ether was prepared in 1540 and nitrous oxide in 1774, it was not until the 1840s that these agents were used to induce anaesthesia to enable painless surgery. Modern inhalation anaesthesia has evolved from the public demonstration of ether anaesthesia by William Morton at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States, on 16 October 1846. In the United Kingdom, from 1847 John Snow applied scientific principles to develop safer anaesthetic practice. Newer and safer agents have replaced ether in most countries. Successful intravenous anaesthesia began with chloral hydrate

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15

Berrill, Andrew, and Pawan Gupta. General principles of regional anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0052.

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Regional anaesthesia is now extremely safe in experienced hands. The vast majority of upper and lower limb procedures can now be performed with either a peripheral regional block alone or in combination with a general anaesthetic. Neuraxial blocks can provide reliable postoperative pain relief for operations on the trunk and lower limbs. There is no consensus on the maximum safe dose of local anaesthetics. It is important therefore to use a minimum optimal dose of a local anaesthetic for any nerve block to reduce the risk of toxicity and to improve the success rate. Adjuncts, such as clonidine

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16

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Endocrinology, metabolism, and body temperature. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0005.

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This chapter summarizes endocrine physiology that is of particular relevance to anaesthesia. Disorders of the adrenal cortex and medulla, pituitary and thyroid are described with perioperative management considerations highlighted. Current guidelines in perioperative steroid replacement are included. Diabetes is a particularly common problem encountered in clinical practice. Diabetic complications, pre-assessment and perioperative management aims are included. The surgical stress response is summarized with details of the neuroendocrine changes and their modification with anaesthetic technique

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17

Thompson, Jonathan P. Anaesthesia for vascular surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0058.

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Vascular surgical patients are at higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than other surgical patients, and perioperative care remains challenging. However, vascular surgical practice is changing, with the expanding use of endovascular techniques to treat patients with vascular disease, improvements in medical therapy, and the evolution of evidence-based approaches to preoperative assessment. Preoperative assessment should concentrate on identifying and optimizing potentially correctable medical conditions, in particular cardiovascular disease. Successful outcomes depend on good

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18

Dodds, Chris, and Chandra M. Kumar. Anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0060.

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Anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery has always been challenging because the patients range across all ages, but the elderly are especially vulnerable. They have an increased morbidity and are often taking multiple drugs that make even anaesthesia for minor surgery more risky. No wonder there has been a shift in the delivery of anaesthesia towards regional techniques although general anaesthesia remains the technique of choice for many intermediate and most complex ophthalmic operations. Understanding the physiology of the eye, the relevant anatomy, and the ophthalmic drugs patients may receive,

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19

Adapa, Ram, and Anthony Absalom. Central nervous system physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0006.

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How and where consciousness is generated and maintained remains an unsolved scientific mystery, and this has impeded progress in understanding anaesthesia. In recent years, however, significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiology of anaesthetic-induced loss of consciousness. This has been made possible by advances in molecular biology techniques, which have helped shed light on the molecular mechanisms of action of the anaesthetic agents. In parallel, the development of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography,

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20

Shonfeld, Adam, and William Harrop-Griffiths. Regional anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0042.

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This chapter discusses the techniques of regional anaesthesia and analgesia. It begins with an overview of regional anaesthesia and goes on to describe safe practice and local anaesthetic agents. Techniques of locating nerves are then discussed, including ultrasound, and needle design is explored. Nerve blocks of the neck, upper limb, trunk, lower limb, and the neuraxis (spine) are described. Coagulation disorders, nerve injury, and the management of local anaesthetic toxicity are discussed. The chapter concludes with a dermatome map and tables of recommended nerve blocks for particular operat

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21

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0006.

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This chapter outlines the basic science related to the nervous and musculoskeletal systems which particularly apply to the conduct of anaesthesia. Consciousness, sleep and anaesthetic depth are discussed with the measurement of anaesthetic depth using bispectral index and evoked potentials. Factors which influence cerebral blood flow and intracerebral pressure are detailed, allowing understanding of neuroanaesthesia techniques. Pharmacological and anaesthetic management of seizures is also described. Diseases affecting the autonomic nervous system, testing for these disorders and the implicati

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22

Sia, Alex Tiong Heng, Ban Leong Sng, and Serene Leo. Maintenance of neuraxial labour analgesia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0015.

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Labour pain may be treated with epidural analgesia providing effective pain relief with no maternal sedation to allow maternal participation in the labouring process. Epidural analgesia is commonly initiated using an epidural or combined spinal–epidural technique. Most epidural maintenance regimens would include a long-acting amide anaesthetic in low concentration together with a lipophilic opioid to maximize analgesia whilst reducing motor blockade. With the advent of advanced infusion delivery systems, maintenance of epidural analgesia may be individualized through the use of patient-control

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23

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Obstetric anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0024.

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This chapter covers the knowledge required for higher training in obstetric anaesthesia. Physiological changes of pregnancy, along with their relevance to anaesthetic management are highlighted. Common maternal comorbidity and the impact on antenatal course, delivery and anaesthesia are summarized. Modern labour analgesia techniques are compared. Anaesthetic management of common obstetric emergencies e.g. fetal distress, preeclampsia, massive haemorrhage, abnormal placentation, amniotic fluid embolus and uterine inversion are described. Finally, the recent Confidential Enquiry into Maternal De

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24

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Vascular anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0016.

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This chapter on vascular anaesthesia covers the challenges for anaesthetic management during elective and emergency aorta repair, carotid surgery and sympathectomy. The diagnosis and initial management of ruptured aortic aneurysm and evidence for open versus endovascular techniques are discussed. The physiology of cross-clamping and reperfusion are described. The advantages and disadvantages of awake carotid surgery are explained. Anaesthetic techniques and considerations for major surgery are described including the use of cell salvage to increase autolagous transfusion.

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25

Pal, Sandip K. Anaesthesia for plastic surgery and burns. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0064.

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This chapter describes anaesthesia for plastic surgery including burns. The chapter is divided into some specific areas: reconstructive surgery, burns, and cosmetic surgery. The anaesthetic management is described in detail for some specific procedures including microvascular free flap surgery, cleft repair, hand surgery, burns, and cosmetic surgery. The topic will interest readers planning to specialize in burns and plastic anaesthesia or who simply want to enhance their knowledge and expertise in this field. Specialists in this field require a thorough knowledge of anaesthetic management in

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26

Husain, Tauqeer, and Roshan Fernando. Intraoperative management of inadequate neuraxial anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0021.

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Neuraxial anaesthesia (NA) is the primary form of anaesthesia used for caesarean delivery. The popularity of NA has increased in no small part due to improvements in mortality and morbidity associated with the techniques. However, intraoperative inadequacy of NA might expose patients to the risks of repeated NA techniques, general anaesthesia, and the long-term psychological effects of pain during caesarean delivery. Additionally, clinicians may also become exposed to the medicolegal consequences of failed NA. Prevention of failed NA requires a sound knowledge of the causes and risk factors as

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27

Armstrong, Sarah L., Michelle Walters, Katherine Cheesman, and Geraldine O’Sullivan. Neuraxial anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0020.

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Neuraxial anaesthesia is the safest and preferred method of anaesthesia for both elective and emergency caesarean delivery. It has significant advantages over general anaesthesia including the avoidance of failed intubation and ventilation, awareness, and aspiration of pulmonary contents. It also allows the partner to be present at delivery and facilitates maternal–newborn bonding. This chapter examines the indications and contraindications to neuraxial blockade for caesarean delivery and discusses preoperative assessment and consent for these patients. Neuraxial techniques for caesarean deliv

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28

Gupta, Pawan, and Anurag Vats. Regional anaesthesia of the lower limb. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0055.

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Lower limb nerve blocks gained popularity with the introduction of better nerve localization techniques such as peripheral nerve stimulation and ultrasound. A combination of lower limb peripheral nerve blocks can provide anaesthesia and analgesia of the entire lower limb. Lower limb blocks, as compared to central neuraxial blocks, do not affect blood pressure, can be used in sick patients, provide longer-lasting analgesia, avoid the risk of epidural haematoma or urinary retention, provide better patient satisfaction, and have acceptable success rates in experienced hands. Detailed knowledge of

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29

Berg, Simon, and Stewart Campbell. Paediatric and neonatal anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0034.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the neonate, infant, and child. It begins with a description of neonatal physiology, then discusses fluid management, anaesthetic equipment, and the conduct of anaesthesia in children, including post-operative analgesia. Regional anaesthetic techniques in children are discussed, including caudal, epidural, spinal, and regional nerve blocks. Surgical procedures covered include repair of diaphragmatic hernia, gastroschisis/exomphalos, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, patent ductus arteriosus, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, herniotomy, penile c

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30

Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Anaesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0020.

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Current anaesthetic practice is provided using a combination of many different available techniques and drugs, with the primary aim of ensuring patient safety and high-quality care are provided for patients. Anaesthesia today is extremely safe, with mortality less than one death in 250 000 directly related to anaesthetic intervention alone. This is due to a continued focus on the principles of patient safety and quality of care, underpinned by continued innovation in pharmacology, applied physiology, physics, and engineering. These have yielded improved techniques and technologies to enhance a

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31

Moppett, Iain. Management of anaesthesia. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0042.

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Successful management of anaesthesia requires expertise in the triad of knowledge, technical skills, and non-technical skills. The decision-making and techniques chosen should all be focused on patient safety, followed by patient comfort and efficiency. There is increasing evidence that anaesthesia management has an influence on patient outcome beyond the first couple of postoperative days. This chapter provides an overview of some of the key aspects of management of anaesthesia: the importance of proper preparation at all stages; the evidence—or lack thereof—for choices between techniques and

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32

Costandi, Shrif, Youssef Saweris, Michael Kot, and Nagy Mekhail. Thoracic Facet Nerve Block: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0015.

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The benefit of intra-articular local anaesthetic and steroid injections for the diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain is controversial. Thoracic facet medial branch blocks are mainly used to confirm the diagnosis of thoracic facet arthropathy. Anatomic variability is blamed for failed treatments. Conventionally, thermal radiofrequency (RF) has been used to denervate thoracic facet joints. Cooled radiofrequency ablation (c-RFA) of the thoracic medial branch is emerging as a novel promising technique that provides relatively larger lesions that could compensate for the anatomic variation o

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33

Collis, Rachel, Sarah Harries, and Abrie Theron, eds. Obstetric Anaesthesia. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688524.001.0001.

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Starting work on the labour ward is very challenging for all junior anaesthetists. This handbook is an easily navigated practical reference guide for anaesthetists new to this environment, as well as other members of the labour ward multi-disciplinary team; midwives, obstetricians, and Consultant Anaesthetists who visit labour ward less frequently or only when on-call. It covers all aspects of obstetric anaesthesia that the trainee anaesthetist will encounter during their obstetric training module, and is essential reading for FRCA exam preparation. Since the first edition, there is no doubt t

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34

Ross, Lindsay, and Barbara Ross. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2009.

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35

Ross, Lindsay, and Barbara Ross. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2008.

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36

Ross, Barbara, and Lindsay G. Ross. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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37

Ross, Barbara, and Lindsay G. Ross. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2009.

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38

Ross, Lindsay, and Barbara Ross. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 1999.

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39

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Paediatric anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0025.

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This chapter, written by consultant anaesthetists from Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, summarizes the physiological and developmental changes, perioperative considerations, and modification to anaesthetic techniques used for anaesthesia in neonates, infants, and children. Emergency surgery for neonatal conditions such as pyloric stenosis is discussed, as well as care of the critically ill child with immediate resuscitation and safe transfers. Legal aspects of paediatric practice are covered within this chapter including consent, restraint, and child protection.

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40

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Thoracic anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0015.

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Pre-assessment of patients for thoracic surgery with prediction of postoperative dyspnoea is important and may determine ‘operability’ of malignancy. Anaesthetic conduct for common thoracic surgical procedures such as thoracotomy, video-assisted thorascopic surgery, mediastinal surgery, and bronchoscopic techniques are described. Techniques for providing one-lung ventilation using double-lumen tubes or endobronchial blockers are discussed along with the physiology of one-lung ventilation, hypoxic vasoconstriction, and techniques to improve oxygenation. Thoracic postoperative care such as pain

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41

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0018.

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The risks, benefits, and evidence for use of regional anaesthesia techniques are discussed generally and for specific procedures such as joint arthroplasty. Other perioperative considerations for primary and revision arthroplasty are described. The particular challenges of the patients presenting with fractured neck of femur, physiological changes of older age and goals for perioperative management are highlighted. Surgical procedures for scoliosis are performed in specialist centres and are discussed. Associated medical comorbidity, anaesthetic considerations and neurological monitoring for s

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42

Brandt, Sebastian, and Hartmut Gehring. Anaesthesia for medical imaging and bronchoscopic procedures. Edited by Peter F. Mahoney and Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0077.

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Anaesthesia in ‘remote areas’ is required for medical imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT), angiography, endoscopy, and interventions (stenting, thrombectomy, coiling, laser therapy, biopsies, radiotherapy) in a number of medical disciplines (paediatrics, radiology, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, surgery, cardiac surgery, emergency medicine). The spectrum of anaesthetic techniques is broad. It reaches from standby (monitored anaesthesia care), through analgesia and sedation (with spontaneous breathing), to general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Regional anaesthesia techniques are als

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43

Schirmer, Uwe, and Andreas Koster. Anaesthesia for cardiac surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0056.

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Cardiac anaesthesia continues to develop as a specialized discipline within the wide field of clinical anaesthesia. A comprehensive knowledge of cardiovascular physiology and its improved monitoring with modern invasive and non-invasive devices is the basis for the pharmacological treatment of complex cardiovascular disorders. Excellent skills in intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography have become essential. Rapid developments in cardiopulmonary bypass techniques and surgical devices have resulted in the speedy introduction of new surgical techniques which anaesthesia has to embrace.

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44

Frerk, Christopher, and Takashi Asai. The airway in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0048.

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This chapter provides a comprehensive review of current airway management set against its historical context and likely future developments in the field. Developments in equipment design are discussed against the background of a short review of the anatomy and physiology relevant to clinical airway management. An exploration of airway devices examines progress in design from the first facemasks and early hands-free delivery systems, through to current second-generation supraglottic airways and the future of providing improved protection against aspiration. Continuing advances in tracheal tube

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45

McCartney, Colin J. L., and Alan J. R. Macfarlane. Regional anaesthesia of the upper limb. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0054.

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Peripheral nerve blocks of the upper limb can provide excellent anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia. A variety of well-established traditional approaches to the brachial plexus exist, namely interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary techniques. Individual terminal nerves such as the median, radial, ulnar, and other smaller nerves can also be blocked more distally. The traditional and ultrasound-guided approach to each of these nerve blocks is discussed in turn in this chapter, along with specific indications and complications. The introduction of ultrasound guidance has

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46

Allman, Keith, Iain Wilson, and Aidan O'Donnell, eds. Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia is a comprehensive, authoritative, and practical guide to the whole field of anaesthetic practice. It encompasses all ages, from neonates to the elderly, and all surgical specialties, including cardiac surgery, interventional radiology, and weight-reduction surgery. Local, regional, and neuraxial techniques are described, including ultrasound guidance. The entire patient journey is covered, from preoperative assessment and investigation, through informed consent, to post-operative analgesia. There are substantial sections dealing with acute pain and the manag

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47

Warman, Paul, David Conn, Barry Nicholls, and David Wilkinson, eds. Regional Anaesthesia, Stimulation, and Ultrasound Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199559848.001.0001.

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48

Ross, Lindsay, Barbara Ross, and Ross Barbara. Anaesthesia and Sedative Techniques for Fish. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2000.

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49

Regional Anaesthesia, Stimulation, and Ultrasound Techniques. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2014.

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Regional Anaesthesia, Stimulation, and Ultrasound Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2014.

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