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Journal articles on the topic 'Artificial chromosomes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Csonka, E., I. Cserpan, K. Fodor, et al. "Novel generation of human satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes in mammalian cells." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 18 (2000): 3207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.18.3207.

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An in vivo approach has been developed for generation of artificial chromosomes, based on the induction of intrinsic, large-scale amplification mechanisms of mammalian cells. Here, we describe the successful generation of prototype human satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes via amplification-dependent de novo chromosome formations induced by integration of exogenous DNA sequences into the centromeric/rDNA regions of human acrocentric chromosomes. Subclones with mitotically stable de novo chromosomes were established, which allowed the initial characterization and purification of these ar

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2

Ross, L. O., D. Treco, A. Nicolas, J. W. Szostak, and D. Dawson. "Meiotic recombination on artificial chromosomes in yeast." Genetics 131, no. 3 (1992): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/131.3.541.

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Abstract We have examined the meiotic recombination characteristics of artificial chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our experiments were carried out using minichromosome derivatives of yeast chromosome III and yeast artificial chromosomes composed primarily of bacteriophage lambda DNA. Tetrad analysis revealed that the artificial chromosomes exhibit very low levels of meiotic recombination. However, when a 12.5-kbp fragment from yeast chromosome VIII was inserted into the right arm of the artificial chromosome, recombination within that arm mimicked the recombination characteristics of

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3

Rudd, M. Katharine, Robert W. Mays, Stuart Schwartz, and Huntington F. Willard. "Human Artificial Chromosomes with Alpha Satellite-Based De Novo Centromeres Show Increased Frequency of Nondisjunction and Anaphase Lag." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 21 (2003): 7689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.21.7689-7697.2003.

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ABSTRACT Human artificial chromosomes have been used to model requirements for human chromosome segregation and to explore the nature of sequences competent for centromere function. Normal human centromeres require specialized chromatin that consists of alpha satellite DNA complexed with epigenetically modified histones and centromere-specific proteins. While several types of alpha satellite DNA have been used to assemble de novo centromeres in artificial chromosome assays, the extent to which they fully recapitulate normal centromere function has not been explored. Here, we have used two kind

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4

Singchat, Worapong, Thitipong Panthum, Syed Farhan Ahmad, et al. "Remnant of Unrelated Amniote Sex Chromosomal Linkage Sharing on the Same Chromosome in House Gecko Lizards, Providing a Better Understanding of the Ancestral Super-Sex Chromosome." Cells 10, no. 11 (2021): 2969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10112969.

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Comparative chromosome maps investigating sex chromosomal linkage groups in amniotes and microsatellite repeat motifs of a male house gecko lizard (Hemidactylus frenatus, HFR) and a flat-tailed house gecko lizard (H. platyurus, HPL) of unknown sex were examined using 75 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) from chicken and zebra finch genomes. No massive accumulations of microsatellite repeat motifs were found in either of the gecko lizards, but 10 out of 13 BACs mapped on HPL chromosomes were associated with other amniote sex chromosomes. Hybridization of the same BACs onto multiple differ

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5

Huxley, Clare. "Mammalian artificial chromosomes and chromosome transgenic." Trends in Genetics 13, no. 9 (1997): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01256-0.

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6

Monaco, Z. Larin, and D. Moralli. "Progress in artificial chromosome technology." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 2 (2006): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340324.

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Artificial chromosomes is an exciting technology which has developed rapidly since the late 1990s. HACs (human artificial chromosomes) are autonomous molecules that can function and segregate as normal chromosomes in human cells. The advantages of an artificial-chromosome-based system are 2-fold. First, HACs are an excellent research tool for investigating the requirements for normal chromosome structure and function during the cell cycle. They are important in defining the sequence requirements of functional chromosomes, and investigating the organization and composition of the chromatin. Sec

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7

Murray, Andrew W., and Jack W. Szostak. "Artificial Chromosomes." Scientific American 257, no. 5 (1987): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1187-62.

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8

Fachinetti, Daniele, Hiroshi Masumoto, and Natalay Kouprina. "Artificial chromosomes." Experimental Cell Research 396, no. 1 (2020): 112302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112302.

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9

Serafim, Lazaro, Jarbson Henrique Silva, Sibelle Dias, et al. "“End-to-End Chromosome Fusion” as the Main Driver of Descending Dysploidy in Vigna lasiocarpa (Mart. ex Benth.) Verdc. (Leguminosae Juss.)." Plants 14, no. 12 (2025): 1872. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121872.

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The genus Vigna Savi (Leguminosae Juss.) comprises approximately 150 species, classified into five subgenera, most of which exhibit a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 22. However, the wild species Vigna lasiocarpa (Benth) Verdc. (V. subg. Lasiospron) is notable for its dysploid chromosome number of 2n = 20. This study aimed to elucidate the chromosomal events involved in the karyotype evolution of V. lasiocarpa (Vla). We used oligopainting probes from chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 5 of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and two barcode probes from the genome of V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. Additionally, bacterial

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10

Perez, Carl, Gary de Jong, Jan Drayer, and Gyula Hadlaczky. "Satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes – chromosomal vectors." Trends in Biotechnology 18, no. 10 (2000): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(00)01487-6.

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11

Song, Junqi, Fenggao Dong, and Jiming Jiang. "Construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for potato molecular cytogenetics research." Genome 43, no. 1 (2000): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-099.

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Lack of reliable techniques for chromosome identification is the major obstacle for cytogenetics research in plant species with large numbers of small chromosomes. To promote molecular cytogenetics research of potato (Solanum tuberosum, 2n = 4x = 48) we developed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of a diploid potato species S. bulbocastanum. The library consists of 23 808 clones with an average insert size of 155 kb, and represents approximately 3.7 equivalents to the potato genome. The majority of the clones in the BAC library generated distinct signals on specific potato chromo

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12

Sinclair, Meeghan. "Mammalian artificial chromosomes." Nature Biotechnology 18, no. 10 (2000): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/80188.

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13

Brown, William R. A. "Mammalian artificial chromosomes." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2, no. 3 (1992): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80161-3.

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14

Brown, William, Raoul Heller, Marie-Louise Loupart, Ming-Hong Shen, and Aarti Chand. "Mammalian artificial chromosomes." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 6, no. 3 (1996): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(96)80003-7.

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15

Gschwend, Andrea R., Qingyi Yu, Paul Moore, et al. "Construction of Papaya Male and Female BAC Libraries and Application in Physical Mapping of the Sex Chromosomes." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/929472.

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Papaya is a major fruit crop in the tropics and has recently evolved sex chromosomes. Towards sequencing the papaya sex chromosomes, two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were constructed from papaya male and female genomic DNA. The female BAC library was constructed using restriction enzymeBstY I and consists of 36,864 clones with an average insert size of 104 kb, providing 10.3x genome equivalents. The male BAC library was constructed using restriction enzymeEcoR I and consists of 55,296 clones with an average insert size of 101 kb, providing 15.0x genome equivalents. The male

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16

Saji, Shoko, Yosuke Umehara, Baltazar A. Antonio, et al. "A physical map with yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones covering 63% of the 12 rice chromosomes." Genome 44, no. 1 (2001): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-076.

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A new YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) physical map of the 12 rice chromosomes was constructed utilizing the latest molecular linkage map. The 1439 DNA markers on the rice genetic map selected a total of 1892 YACs from a YAC library. A total of 675 distinct YACs were assigned to specific chromosomal locations. In all chromosomes, 297 YAC contigs and 142 YAC islands were formed. The total physical length of these contigs and islands was estimated to 270 Mb which corresponds to approximately 63% of the entire rice genome (430 Mb). Because the physical length of each YAC contig has been measured

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17

N, Kaviyadharshini, and Dr Muthukumara Pandian. "A Review on the Applications of Artificial Chromosomes." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 5 (2024): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0524.1107.

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18

Selleri, Licia, Gary G. Hermanson, James H. Eubanks, and Glen A. Evans. "Chromosomal in situ hybridization using yeast artificial chromosomes." Genetic Analysis: Biomolecular Engineering 8, no. 2 (1991): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-3862(91)90050-2.

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19

Clay, Derek M., Hoyon Kim, and Laura F. Landweber. "Transformation with Artificial Chromosomes in Oxytricha trifallax and Their Applications." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (2019): 3119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400298.

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Oxytricha trifallax, like other ciliates, has separate germline and somatic nuclei. The diploid germline genome in the micronucleus is composed of long conventional chromosomes. The macronucleus contains a somatic genome which is naturally fragmented into thousands of kilobase-sized chromosomes. Here, we develop a method to stably incorporate artificial chromosomes into the macronucleus. We report two cases of successful transformation and demonstrate the use of somatic transformation to investigate gene regulation and gene function in Oxytricha. We show that the transformed artificial chromos

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20

Cai, H., P. Kiefel, J. Yee, and I. Duncan. "A yeast artificial chromosome clone map of the Drosophila genome." Genetics 136, no. 4 (1994): 1385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.4.1385.

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Abstract We describe the mapping of 979 randomly selected large yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones of Drosophila DNA by in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes. Eight hundred and fifty-five of the clones are euchromatic and have primary hybridization sites in the banded portions of the polytene chromosomes, whereas 124 are heterochromatic and label the chromocenter. The average euchromatic clone contains about 211 kb and, at its primary site, labels eight or nine contiguous polytene bands. Thus, the extent as well as chromosomal position of each clone has been determined. By direct

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21

Silva, Silvokleio da Costa, Sandra Mendes, Thallitha Régis, Orlando Sampaio Passos, Walter dos Santos Soares Filho, and Andrea Pedrosa-Harand. "Cytogenetic Map of Pummelo and Chromosome Evolution of True Citrus Species and the Hybrid Sweet Orange." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 14 (2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n14p148.

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Pummelo (Citrus maxima) is considered as one of the true citrus species. Together with mandarin (C. reticulata), it gave rise to the hybrid sweet orange (C. sinensis) and other important citrus crops. Although these species have 2n = 18, each has a unique heterochromatin distribution. The aims of this study were to identify chromosome homoeologies between pummelo and other true citrus species, to investigate the karyotypic changes involved in the chromosomal evolution between true citrus and to shed light into the origin of sweet orange hybrid karyotype. Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of pummel

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22

Pavan, W. J., and R. H. Reeves. "Integrative selection of human chromosome-specific yeast artificial chromosomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 17 (1991): 7788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7788.

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23

McCormick, M. K., J. H. Shero, M. C. Cheung, Y. W. Kan, P. A. Hieter, and S. E. Antonarakis. "Construction of human chromosome 21-specific yeast artificial chromosomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, no. 24 (1989): 9991–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.24.9991.

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24

Brown, W. "Artificial chromosomes: ideal vectors?" Trends in Biotechnology 18, no. 5 (2000): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(00)01438-4.

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25

Blackburn, Elizabeth H. "Artificial chromosomes in yeast." Trends in Genetics 1 (January 1985): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(85)90007-1.

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26

Dawe, R. Kelly. "Engineering better artificial chromosomes." Science 383, no. 6689 (2024): 1292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ado4328.

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27

Murray, A. W., and J. W. Szostak. "Construction and behavior of circularly permuted and telocentric chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 9 (1986): 3166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.9.3166-3172.1986.

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We developed techniques that allow us to construct novel variants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes. These modified chromosomes have precisely determined structures. A metacentric derivative of chromosome III which lacks the telomere-associated X and Y' elements, which are found at the telomeres of most yeast chromosomes, behaves normally in both mitosis and meiosis. We made a circularly permuted telocentric version of yeast chromosome III whose closest telomere was 33 kilobases from the centromere. This telocentric chromosome was lost at a frequency of 1.6 X 10(-5) per cell compared wit

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28

Murray, A. W., and J. W. Szostak. "Construction and behavior of circularly permuted and telocentric chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 9 (1986): 3166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.9.3166.

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We developed techniques that allow us to construct novel variants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes. These modified chromosomes have precisely determined structures. A metacentric derivative of chromosome III which lacks the telomere-associated X and Y' elements, which are found at the telomeres of most yeast chromosomes, behaves normally in both mitosis and meiosis. We made a circularly permuted telocentric version of yeast chromosome III whose closest telomere was 33 kilobases from the centromere. This telocentric chromosome was lost at a frequency of 1.6 X 10(-5) per cell compared wit

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29

Gambogi, Craig W., Gabriel J. Birchak, Elie Mer, et al. "Efficient formation of single-copy human artificial chromosomes." Science 383, no. 6689 (2024): 1344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adj3566.

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Large DNA assembly methodologies underlie milestone achievements in synthetic prokaryotic and budding yeast chromosomes. While budding yeast control chromosome inheritance through ~125-base pair DNA sequence-defined centromeres, mammals and many other eukaryotes use large, epigenetic centromeres. Harnessing centromere epigenetics permits human artificial chromosome (HAC) formation but is not sufficient to avoid rampant multimerization of the initial DNA molecule upon introduction to cells. We describe an approach that efficiently forms single-copy HACs. It employs a ~750-kilobase construct tha

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Sato, Hiroshi, and Shigeaki Saitoh. "Switching the centromeres on and off: epigenetic chromatin alterations provide plasticity in centromere activity stabilizing aberrant dicentric chromosomes." Biochemical Society Transactions 41, no. 6 (2013): 1648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20130136.

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The kinetochore, which forms on a specific chromosomal locus called the centromere, mediates interactions between the chromosome and the spindle during mitosis and meiosis. Abnormal chromosome rearrangements and/or neocentromere formation can cause the presence of multiple centromeres on a single chromosome, which results in chromosome breakage or cell cycle arrest. Analyses of artificial dicentric chromosomes suggested that the activity of the centromere is regulated epigenetically; on some stably maintained dicentric chromosomes, one of the centromeres no longer functions as a platform for k

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Kus, Arita, Joanna Szymanowska-Pułka, Jolanta Kwasniewska, and Robert Hasterok. "Detecting Brachypodium distachyon Chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in MH- and X-Ray-Induced Micronuclei Using mcFISH." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (2019): 2848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112848.

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Micronuclei are biomarkers of genotoxic effects and chromosomal instability. They are formed when chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes fail to disjoin into daughter nuclei. We present qualitative and quantitative analyses of the involvement of specific chromosome regions of chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in the formation of micronuclei of Brachypodium distachyon root tip cells following maleic hydrazide (MH) treatment and X-radiation. This is visualised by cytomolecular approaches using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (mcFISH) in combina

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32

Dong, Fenggao, J. Mitchell McGrath, John P. Helgeson, and Jiming Jiang. "The genetic identity of alien chromosomes in potato breeding lines revealed by sequential GISH and FISH analyses using chromosome-specific cytogenetic DNA markers." Genome 44, no. 4 (2001): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-043.

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Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is one of the most popular and effective techniques for detecting alien chromatin introgressed into breeding lines; however, GISH analysis alone does not reveal the genetic identity of the alien chromosomes. We previously isolated a set of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) specific to each of the 12 potato chromosomes. These BAC clones can be used as chromosome-specific cytogenetic DNA markers (CSCDMs) for potato chromosome identification. Here we demonstrate that GISH and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using CSCDMs, can be performed seque

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33

Jinks-Robertson, Sue, Shariq Sayeed, and Tamara Murphy. "Meiotic Crossing Over Between Nonhomologous Chromosomes Affects Chromosome Segregation in Yeast." Genetics 146, no. 1 (1997): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.69.

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Meiotic recombination between artificial repeats positioned on nonhomologous chromosomes occurs efficiently in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both gene conversion and crossover eventS have been observed, with crossovers yielding reciprocal translocations. In the current study, 5.5-kb ura3 repeats positioned on chromosomes V and XV were used to examine the effect of ectopic recombination on meiotic chromosome segregation. Ura+ random spores were selected and gene conversion vs. crossover events were distinguished by Southern blot analysis. Approximately 15% of the crossover events between

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34

Gómez, Martha I., M. Nurul Islam-Faridi, Sung-Sick Woo, et al. "FISH of a maize sh2-selected sorghum BAC to chromosomes of Sorghum bicolor." Genome 40, no. 4 (1997): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-063.

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a 205 kb Sorghum bicolor bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing a sequence complementary to maize sh2 cDNA produced a large pair of FISH signals at one end of a midsize metacentric chromosome of S. bicolor. Three pairs of signals were observed in metaphase spreads of chromosomes of a sorghum plant containing an extra copy of one arm of the sorghum chromosome arbitrarily designated with the letter D. Therefore, the sequence cloned in this BAC must reside in the arm of chromosome D represented by this monotelosome. This demonstrates a novel

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35

Alam, Shayer Mahmood Ibney, Marie Altmanová, Tulyawat Prasongmaneerut, et al. "Cross-Species BAC Mapping Highlights Conservation of Chromosome Synteny across Dragon Lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)." Genes 11, no. 6 (2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060698.

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Dragon lizards (Squamata: Agamidae) comprise about 520 species in six subfamilies distributed across Asia, Australasia and Africa. Only five species are known to have sex chromosomes. All of them possess ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes, which are microchromosomes in four species from the subfamily Amphibolurinae, but much larger in Phrynocephalus vlangalii from the subfamily Agaminae. In most previous studies of these sex chromosomes, the focus has been on Australian species from the subfamily Amphibolurinae, but only the sex chromosomes of the Australian central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) are we

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36

Zhang, Peng, Wanlong Li, Bernd Friebe, and Bikram S. Gill. "Simultaneous painting of three genomes in hexaploid wheat by BAC-FISH." Genome 47, no. 5 (2004): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-042.

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is widely used in the physical mapping of genes and chromosome landmarks in plants and animals. Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) contain large inserts, making them amenable for FISH mapping. In our BAC-FISH experiments, we selected 56 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-locus-specific BAC clones from the libraries of Triticum monococcum and Aegilops tauschii, which are the A- and D-genome donors of wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42), respectively. The BAC clone 676D4 from the T. monococcum library contains a dispersed repeat tha

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37

Izvolsky, K. "Yeast artificial chromosome segregation from host chromosomes with similar lengths." Nucleic Acids Research 26, no. 21 (1998): 5011–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/26.21.5011.

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38

Fischer, K., P. Horrocks, M. Preuss, et al. "Expression of var genes located within polymorphic subtelomeric domains of Plasmodium falciparum chromosomes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 7 (1997): 3679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.7.3679.

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Plasmodium falciparum var genes encode a diverse family of proteins, located on the surfaces of infected erythrocytes, which are implicated in the pathology of human malaria through antigenic variation and adhesion of infected erythrocytes to the microvasculature. We have constructed a complete representative telomere-to-telomere yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig map of the P. falciparum chromosome 8 for studies on the chromosomal organization, distribution, and expression of var genes. Three var gene loci were identified on chromosome 8, two of which map close to the telomeres at eithe

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39

Bird, Alexander W., and Anthony A. Hyman. "Building a spindle of the correct length in human cells requires the interaction between TPX2 and Aurora A." Journal of Cell Biology 182, no. 2 (2008): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200802005.

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To assemble mitotic spindles, cells nucleate microtubules from a variety of sources including chromosomes and centrosomes. We know little about how the regulation of microtubule nucleation contributes to spindle bipolarity and spindle size. The Aurora A kinase activator TPX2 is required for microtubule nucleation from chromosomes as well as for spindle bipolarity. We use bacterial artificial chromosome–based recombineering to introduce point mutants that block the interaction between TPX2 and Aurora A into human cells. TPX2 mutants have very short spindles but, surprisingly, are still bipolar

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40

Poorkaj, Parvoneh, Kenneth R. Peterson, and Gerard D. Schellenberg. "Single-Step Conversion of P1 and P1 Artificial Chromosome Clones into Yeast Artificial Chromosomes." Genomics 68, no. 1 (2000): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.2000.6267.

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41

Atencia-Jiménez, Ignacio, Adayabalam S. Balajee, Miguel J. Ruiz-Gómez, Francisco Sendra-Portero, Alegría Montoro, and Miguel A. Molina-Cabello. "Neural Network Ensemble to Detect Dicentric Chromosomes in Metaphase Images." Applied Sciences 14, no. 22 (2024): 10440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142210440.

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The Dicentric Chromosome Assay (DCA) is widely used in biological dosimetry, where the number of dicentric chromosomes induced by ionizing radiation (IR) exposure is quantified to estimate the absorbed radiation dose an individual has received. Dicentric chromosome scoring is a laborious and time-consuming process which is performed manually in most cytogenetic biodosimetry laboratories. Further, dicentric chromosome scoring constitutes a bottleneck when several hundreds of samples need to be analyzed for dose estimation in the aftermath of large-scale radiological/nuclear incident(s). Recentl

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42

Palmer, R. E., E. Hogan, and D. Koshland. "Mitotic transmission of artificial chromosomes in cdc mutants of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 125, no. 4 (1990): 763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/125.4.763.

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Abstract In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell division cycle (CDC) genes have been identified whose products are required for the execution of different steps in the cell cycle. In this study, the fidelity of transmission of a 14-kb circular minichromosome and a 155-kb linear chromosome fragment was examined in cell divisions where specific CDC products were temporarily inactivated with either inhibitors, or temperature sensitive mutations in the appropriate CDC gene. All of the cdc mutants previously shown to induce loss of endogenous linear chromosomes also induced loss of a circular

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43

Smith, D. R., A. P. Smyth, and D. T. Moir. "Amplification of large artificial chromosomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87, no. 21 (1990): 8242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.21.8242.

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44

McCarthy, Michael. "Researchers make human artificial chromosomes." Lancet 349, no. 9057 (1997): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62903-0.

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45

Lewis, MES. "Real facts from artificial chromosomes." Clinical Genetics 59, no. 1 (2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.59012.1.x.

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46

Rosenfeld, Melissa A. "Human artificial chromosomes get real." Nature Genetics 15, no. 4 (1997): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0497-333.

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47

Sambrook, Joseph, and David W. Russell. "Working with Yeast Artificial Chromosomes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 1 (2006): pdb.prot3297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot3297.

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48

Sambrook, Joseph, and David W. Russell. "Working with Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 1 (2006): pdb.prot4010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4010.

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Kraner, S., C. Merkl, and A. Schnieke. "Genes, BACs and artificial chromosomes." Xenotransplantation 18, no. 1 (2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00607_8.x.

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Sgaramella, Vittorio, and Sandro Eridani. "Mammalian artificial chromosomes: A review." Cytotechnology 21, no. 3 (1996): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00365348.

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