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SAILLARD, Claire, and Claire SAILLARD. "L'interprétation temporelle des subordonnées relatives en chinois standard : contribution de l'aspect lexical*." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 40, no. 1 (2011): v—31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602811x00060.
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Cet article explore l'interprétation temporelle d'une classe de propositions relatives en chinois à partir des informations aspectuelles — aspect lexical et aspect grammatical — disponibles tant dans les subordonnées que dans les propositions principales. Nous y montrons l'interdépendance entre type d'intervalle temporel défini dans la proposition principale et aspect lexical du prédicat de la proposition relative. Nous y exposons sous quelles conditions l'interprétation temporelle d'une proposition relative est dépendante ou non des propriétés aspecto-temporelles de la proposition principale.
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MOUKRIM, Samira. "L’interaction entre les aspects « grammatical », « lexical » et « phasal » en berbère." Revue de sémantique et pragmatique 35-36, no. 35-36 (March 1, 2015): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rsp.1696.
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PARADIS, MICHEL. "Late-L2 increased reliance on L1 neurocognitive substrates: A comment on Babcock, Stowe, Maloof, Brovetto & Ullman (2012)." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 3 (February 15, 2013): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000011.
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Babcok et al. (2012) claim that Paradis (1994, 2004, 2009) argues that the reliance of late L2 learners on L1 neurocognitive mechanisms increases over time across both lexical and grammatical functions, namely for lexical items as well as rule-governed grammatical procedures, when in fact one can find repeated statements to the contrary in the very publications cited by the authors. Actually, Paradis’ main contention over the past 20 years has been that, contrary to grammatical functions, lexical items (as meaning–form relationships) are always of the same nature in L1 and L2 (hence stored declaratively). Thus in L2, only the neurocognitive mechanisms on which aspects of the grammar depend change over time. Consequently, the finding that length of residence (like age of arrival) influences the mechanisms underlying regular (composed), but not irregular (stored) verb forms, is compatible with Paradis’ views, in contradiction to what Babcock et al. are also suggesting.
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Dostie, Gaétane. "L'exemplarité de ‘par exemple’. Un cas de pragmaticalisation en français québécois." Journal of French Language Studies 12, no. 2 (July 2002): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269502000224.
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Le marqueur par exemple présente en français québécois des usages qui le distinguent de ceux qu'il possède actuellement en français de référence. L'article a deux objectifs.1) Il vise d'abord à faire ressortir un certain nombre de caractéristiques sémantiques propres aux différentes acceptions de par exemple et à dégager les liens qui les unissent.2) Il vise ensuite à mettre en relief quelques aspects relatifs à l'organisation sémantique de marqueurs à valeur pragmatique issus d'un processus de pragmaticalisation. Ainsi, les différents sens de par exemple présentent une organisation sémantique graduelle. De manière générale, ce type d'organisation s'expliquerait par la présence dans les sens lexicaux / grammaticaux de composantes qui généreraient des sens pragmatiques. Ceux-ci généreraient d'autres sens pragmatiques, de sorte qu'il en résulterait souvent une chaîne (sur cette notion, v. Heine, 1992) où un sens pragmatique initial serait lié à un sens lexical/ grammatical, mais où le sens pragmatique final n'aurait pas nécessairement de lien direct avec un sens lexical / grammatical.L'étude fait suite à une série de travaux sur les marqueurs discursifs (sur tiens, v. Dostie et Léard, 1997; sur écoute/ regarde, v. Dostie, 1998; sur t'sais, v. Dostie et de Sève, 1999; sur dis donc et dis-moi pas, v. Dostie, 2001)
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Ebensgaard Jensen, Kim. "Cross-domain variation in the X itself as a grammatical construction." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 177–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.3.2.01ebe.
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The X itself is a nominal construction that has not received much attention within cognitive linguistics despite it having a quite interesting function, as it serves to select a core part in a partonomy and thus specify lexical relations within a text. Apart from being mentioned in passing in Croft & Cruse (2004), one of the few treatments of this construction in cognitive linguistics is Jensen (2014) who builds on the comments in Croft & Cruse (2004) and proposes a hypothesis pertaining to the cognitive and discursive function of the construction. However, that hypothesis does not take into account an important aspect of the reality of language — namely, variation. This article investigates, within the framework of usage-based construction grammar, the X itself in the Open American National Corpus (OANC) to see whether the construction displays variation across the nine domains that the data in OANC are divided into. Applying quantitative techniques, including lexical diversity measures and multidimensional scaling, this article explores aspects of the discursive behavior of the X itself across these domains and addresses the extent to which the construction interacts with the registers associated with the domains. Focusing on use-based varieties (McArthur 1992, see also Quirk 1989 and Halliday et al. 1964: 77), the present article argues that the X itself is not a constructional monolith, but that it is characterized by register-sensitive functional variation and that its core selection function very likely serves a information-structural discourse-pragmatic purpose.
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Sioupi, Athina. "A cross-linguistic investigation of the combinational possibilities of the ‘for X time’ adverbial with different aspectual verb classes." Languages in Contrast 12, no. 2 (October 29, 2012): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.12.2.05sio.
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The paper observes that the Vendler classification is not sufficient as a classification of verbs, since it cannot explain why some telic verbs, such as change of state (COS) verbs and degree achievements (DAs) appear with the durational adverbial (d-adverbial) ‘for X time’ in Greek, in English and in German, while some atelics like semelfactives appear with the frame adverbial (f-adverbial) se X ora (‘in X time’) in Greek. In the spirit of Iatridou et al. (2003) it is proposed that the d-adverbial ‘for X time’ tests not only for (a)telicity but also for (im)perfectivity. It also argues that the two d-adverbials in Greek ja X ora and epi X ora (‘for X time’) are to be found with different grammatical (viewpoint) aspect: the former with perfective aspect and the latter with imperfective aspect. This is due to the fact that the ja X ora gives not only durative temporal information but also a lexical aspectual one, while the epi X ora gives only a durative temporal.
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Diachuk, Liudmyla, and Inna Dovzhenko. "THE PECULIARITIES OF RENDERING OF NOVELS «LES GENS HEUREUX LISENT ET BOIVENT DU CAFÉ» AND «LA VIE EST FACILE, NE T’INQUIÈTE PAS» BY FRENCH WRITER AGNÈS MARTIN-LUGAND INTO UKRAINIAN." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-176-180.
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The article deals with the analysis of lexical, semantic and grammatical levels of the novels’ translations «Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café» and «La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas» by Anese Martin-Lugan into Ukrainian, made by Leonid Kononovich. Particular attention is paid to reproducing the gender aspects of the original works. The need to render the images raises a number of difficulties that the translator faces. Anese Martin-Lugan’s novels are full of examples of using different stylistic devices. The peculiarities of the translation of texts with means of expressiveness from French into Ukrainian with the use of certain translational transformations are examined. In general, metaphors are translated into the Ukrainian language: by a dictionary analogue, by a metaphorical word with the other image, by a metaphoric word with more expressive image. The first attempt was made to analyze gender reproduction in the translation of hero’s language, who is a representative of nonstandard sexual orientation. The lexical and grammatical transformations to reproduce the features of the author’s style are highlighted. It gives conclusions that the minor inaccuracies in the case of non-reproduction of lexical-grammatical and stylistic features of the author’s individual style become much more meaningful when considering their gender components. These observations indicate a certain asymmetry enables to apply gender asymmetry as manipulation, deforming strategies and tactics of translation, and sometimes in case of discrepancy between the original text and translation in terms of analyzing its gender characteristics. It is established that, without gender adequacy, the translated text loses the appropriate completeness of reproduction of the author’s image and the meanings generated by the text.
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Papadopoulou, Elena, Evelina Leivada, and Natalia Pavlou. "Acceptability judgments in bilectal populations." Linguistic Variation 14, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.1.05pap.
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This paper investigates the gradient nature of acceptability judgements and grammatical variants in the bilectal population of Cyprus, by comparatively discussing the findings of two recent experiments on (i) exhaustivity effects in Cypriot Greek clefts and embu ‘it is that’-structures (Leivada et al. 2013) and (ii) clitic placement and how it is affected by lexical and syntactic stimulation (Papadopoulou et al. 2014). The analysis lays emphasis on the intra-dialectal variation observed across speakers’ performance in both experiments. Variation is discussed in relation to socio-syntactic aspects of language use, such as (i) the existence of competing grammars (Tsiplakou 2007, in press) and competing motivations (Grohmann & Leivada 2012, to appear) in bilectal environments such as the one in Cyprus, (ii) the notion of gradience existent within a dialect–standard continuum (e.g. Cornips 2006 for Dutch, Leivada et al. 2013 for Greek), and (iii) syntactic/semantic factors that inform our participants’ performance. Keywords: acceptability judgments; clefts; clitics; Cypriot Greek; gradience; embu; exhaustivity; competing grammars
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Goutsos, Dionysis. "Translation in Bilingual Lexicography." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 2 (August 20, 1999): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.2.02gou.
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Abstract Greek bilingual dictionaries have long been marked by lack of naturalness and inadequate semantic and stylistic discrimination between the various equivalents suggested in translation. Although this is a general problem of bilingual dictionaries, which necessarily deal with decontextualized instances of language in the construction of the lemma, translationese is common in English-Greek dictionaries as a result of the idiosyncratic history of Greek applied linguistic practice. The paper discusses issues of translation equivalence that came into view in the editing of the new Collins English-Greek Dictionary (1997). Specific problems relating to the translation from English to Greek are pointed out, with reference to the areas of lexical, grammatical and discourse equivalence. In particular, the occurrence of 'false friends' and register couplets, the categories of definiteness, countability and verb aspect and the varying Theme-Rheme structures constitute points of divergence between the two languages. The word-for-word translation of these linguistic aspects is mainly accountable for the lack of naturalness. Dictionary editing involves a multitude of detailed decisions along these parameters, which shape the lemmas and influence the quality of the final text. The help from both English and Greek corpora has been indispensable at defining the parameters of naturalness for each lemma and at solving problems specific to Greek bilingual lexicography. Résumé Les dictionnaires bilingues grecs ont été longtemps marqués par un manque de naturel, par une discrimination sémantique et stylistique inadéquate entre les différentes équivalences suggérées dans la traduction. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un problème général propre aux dictionnaires bilingues, qui, nécessairement se fondent sur des exemples hors de leur contexte linguistique lors de la construction du vocable, des traductions trop influencées par la langue de sortie sont communes dans les dictionnaires anglais-grec à la suite de l'histoire idiosyncratique de la pratique de la linguistique appliquée grecque. L'article se penche sur les problèmes de l'équivalence traductionelle lors de la rédaction du nouveau dictionnaire anglais-grec (Collins - 1997). Des problèmes spécifiques relatifs à la traduction de la langue anglaise à la langue grecque sont mis en évidence relativement aux domaines de l'équivalence lexicologique, grammaticale et du discours. Plus spécialement, l'émergence de "faux amis" et de couples dans le registre, les catégories de précision, la comptabilité des substantifs et l'aspect des verbes ainsi que les structures variables thème-rhème constituent des points de divergence entre les deux langues. La traduction mot-à-mot de ces aspects linguistiques est surtout due au manque de naturel. La rédaction de dictionnaires implique une multitude de décisions détaillés suivant ces paramètres, qui régissent les vocables et influencent la qualité du texte final. L'aide des corpus anglais et grecs a été indispensable lors de la définition des paramètres du naturel pour chaque vocable et lors de la solution des problèmes spécifiques à la lexicographie bilingue grecque.
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SAG, IVAN A., RUI P. CHAVES, ANNE ABEILLÉ, BRUNO ESTIGARRIBIA, DAN FLICKINGER, PAUL KAY, LAURA A. MICHAELIS, et al. "Lessons from the English auxiliary system." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 87–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671800052x.
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The English auxiliary system exhibits many lexical exceptions and subregularities, and considerable dialectal variation, all of which are frequently omitted from generative analyses and discussions. This paper presents a detailed, movement-free account of the English Auxiliary System within Sign-Based Construction Grammar (Sag 2010, Michaelis 2011, Boas & Sag 2012) that utilizes techniques of lexicalist and construction-based analysis. The resulting conception of linguistic knowledge involves constraints that license hierarchical structures directly (as in context-free grammar), rather than by appeal to mappings over such structures. This allows English auxiliaries to be modeled as a class of verbs whose behavior is governed by general and class-specific constraints. Central to this account is a novel use of the featureaux, which is set both constructionally and lexically, allowing for a complex interplay between various grammatical constraints that captures a wide range of exceptional patterns, most notably the vexing distribution of unstresseddo, and the fact that Ellipsis can interact with other aspects of the analysis to produce the feeding and blocking relations that are needed to generate the complex facts of EAS. The present approach, superior both descriptively and theoretically to existing transformational approaches, also serves to undermine views of the biology of language and acquisition such as Berwick et al. (2011), which are centered on mappings that manipulate hierarchical phrase structures in a structure-dependent fashion.
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Camargo, Eliane. "Operadores aspectuais de estado marcando o nome em wayana (caribe)." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, no. 8 (April 29, 2010): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v0i8.1473.
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RÉSUMÉ En wayana, différents opérateurs aspectuels d’état s’associent au nom (animés et inanimés); quatre d’entre eux sont traités dans la présente étude: -me, -ø, -tpë et -npë. Ces morphèmes d’aspect, assez productifs associés au nom, expriment des notions d’état comme un continuum à partir d’un “avant” jusqu’à un “après”. Le jeu des marques grammaticales et la valeur de l’item lexical peuvent fournir des éléments pour une meilleur compréhension de la conception de la temporalité à travers le système des formes temporelles et aspectuelles, ainsi le travail ici présenté propose appréhender les valeurs d’état des suffixes signalés ci-dessus lorsqu’ils sont associé au nom. Pour ce faire, nous nous baseons sur la théorie de la catégorie de l’aspect-temps développée dans la Grammaire Applicative et Cognitive (GAC, 1990), élaborée par le mathématicien et linguiste Jean-Pierre Desclés (Sorbonne–Paris IV, LALIC). MOTS-CLÉS: Amazonie; Wayana; Langue caribe; Grammaire; Temps/Mode/Aspect; Syntaxe; Ethnolinguistique. RESUMO Em wayana, diferentes operadores aspectuais de estado prendem-se ao nome (animados e inanimados); quatro deles são tratados no presente estudo: -me, -ø, -tpë e -npë. Esses marcadores de aspecto, bastante produtivos quando presos a nomes, expressam noções de estado como um continuum a partir de um “antes” até um “depois”. Visto que o jogo de marcas gramaticais e o valor do léxico podem fornecer elementos para uma melhor compreensão da concepção da temporalidade através do sistema de formas temporais e aspectuais, a proposta do presente estudo é apreender os valores de estado dos sufixos acima indicados que se associam ao nome em wayana. Para isso, optamos pela teoria da categoria do aspecto-tempo desenvolvida na Gramática Aplicativa e Cognitiva, GAC (1990), elaborada pelo matemático e lingüista Jean-Pierre Desclés (Sorbonne–Paris IV, LALIC).PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Amazônia; Wayana; Caribe; Gramática; Tempo/Modo/Aspecto; Sintaxe; Etnolingüística.
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Grisot, Cristina, and Joanna Blochowiak. "Temporal connectives and verbal tenses as processing instructions." Pragmatics and Cognition 24, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 404–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17009.gri.
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AbstractIn this paper, we aim to enhance our understanding about the processing of implicit and explicit temporal chronological relations by investigating the roles of temporal connectives and verbal tenses, separately and in interaction. In particular, we investigate how two temporal connectives (ensuiteandpuis, both meaning ‘then’) and two verbal tenses expressing past time (the simple and compound past) act as processing instructions for chronological relations in French. Theoretical studies have suggested that the simple past encodes the instruction to relate events sequentially, unlike the more flexible compound past, which does not. Using an online experiment with a self-paced reading task, we show that these temporal connectives facilitate the processing of chronological relations when they are expressed with both verbal tenses, and that no significant difference is found between the two verbal tenses, nor between the two connectives. By means of an offline experiment with an evaluation task, we find, contrary to previous studies, that comprehenders prefer chronological relations to be overtly marked rather than implicitly expressed, and prefer to use the connectivepuisin particular. Furthermore, comprehenders prefer it when these relations are expressed using the compound past, rather than the simple past. Instead of using thecontinuityhypothesis (Segal et al. 1991,Murray 1997) to explain the processing of temporal relations, we conclude that a more accurate explanation considers a cluster of factors including linguistic knowledge (connectives, tenses, grammatical and lexical aspect) and world knowledge.
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Valcheva, Penka. "FORMATION OF SOFT SKILLS OF CHILDREN ET PRESCHOOL AGE THROUGH THE USE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN WORKING WITH CREATIVE STORYTELING." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2803939p.
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The development of speech must be seen not only in the linguistic aspect (such as mastering the phonetic, lexical and grammatical habits of the child), but also in the area of communication skills (forming the child's skills to interact with peers and adults) that are important not only for the culture of speech, but also for the culture of communication. Communicative competence in pre-school age is therefore seen as the ability of children not only to form separate phrases but also to choose those that best reflect the necessary concrete behavior in individual speech situations and speech interaction because language as a means of communication it only makes sense in a given context. Namely the relationship between communication and socialization could lead to the formation of children of so-called soft skills. The child's ability to understand a specific speech situation in which he / she is placed allows him / her to actively master the language. In order to structure its narrative and select the correct means of expression, the child is placed in an imaginary speech situation, which largely directs his speech in the service of the specific communicative task and forms the basis of communicative competence. At preschool age, it covers the social context of language competency, that is, everything related to the situation in which the child communicates through language and by all means. The development of the communicative side of the creative storyteling at preschool age requires the development of such a system of speech tasks that stimulates both the creative imagination and the fulfillment of the communicative task set forth in the narrative process. This article focuses on the communicative side of verbal creativity by analyzing the ability of children to organize their own speech in accordance with a specific communicative purpose. It provides a tool for assessing the communicative focus of creative stories by analyzing the correspondence of the produced text with the theme, the preferred speech genre and the speech means that children use in their narrative.
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Chen, Ying, and Zhuo Jing-Schmidt. "The Mandarin LVS construction: Verb lexical semantics and grammatical aspect." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0029.
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AbstractTwo empirical studies – a verb elicitation experiment and a collostructional analysis – were conducted to investigate the Mandarin LVS construction with respect to the lexical semantics of the verb and its collocation with grammatical aspect. Converging evidence from both studies indicates strong schematicity and productivity in the verb category of the LVS construction. Although most exemplars fall into a few major lexical semantic clusters, there are more low-frequency marginal exemplars than previously recognized, reinforcing the constructional schema in an essentially radial category. In addition to the lexical semantic regularity of the verb slot, both studies showed the existence of high-frequency tokens with prototype status. As far as grammatical aspect is concerned, the converging evidence indicates that the LVS category is compatible not only with the durative aspect, but also with the perfective as well as the resultative and directional lexical aspect. The attraction of grammatical aspect to the verb of LVS is graded rather than absolute, with some mutual selection patterns more typical than others. The two grammatical aspects as marked by the durative -zhe and the perfective -le are non-interchangeable.
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Perko, Gregor. "Présentation." Linguistica 51, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.3-4.
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Au cours des dernières décennies où l’on assiste à une refondation de la morphologie, la discipline s’intéresse de plus en plus à des phénomènes « périphériques », « marginaux », « irréguliers » ou « extragrammaticaux », à des phénomènes n’appartenant pas aux « régions nodales » de la morphologie. Le présent numéro de Linguistica, premier numéro thématique de notre revue, réunit des études qui s’intéres- sent aux frontières internes et externes de la morphologie. La diversité et la richesse des thèmes abordés et des approches proposées témoignent d’un intérêt croissant que les linguistes, non pas uniquement les morphologues, portent à cette thématique.Les articles proposés s’articulent autour de cinq axes majeurs.Un premier axe rassemble les articles qui étudient les frontières entre différentes composantes de la morphologie. L’étude de Michel Roché examine les contraintes lexicales et morphophonologiques sur le paradigme des dérivés en –aie. Les résultats de son analyse remettent en question la notion de « règle de construction des lexèmes ». Irena Stramljič Breznik et Ines Voršič se penchent sur les néologismes de sport en slovène et essaient d’évaluer la productivité ou la créativité des procédés morphologiques en jeu. Dans une étude d’inspiration cognitiviste, Alexandra Bagasheva aborde l’hétérogénéité des verbes composés en anglais. En s’appuyant sur les données fournies par les para- digmes verbaux du maltais, Maris Camilleri examine la complexité du phénomène de classes flexionnelles basées sur les radicaux. Trois travaux concernent des procédés typiquement « extragrammaticaux » servant à former le plus souvent des occasionnalismes: Arnaud Léturgie tente de dégager des propriétés prototypiques de l’amalgamation lexicale en français, notamment celles de la création des mots-valises; Silvia Cacchiani analyse, à l’intérieur du cadre de la morphologie naturelle, les mots-valises formés à partir de noms propres et de substantifs, phénomène relativement récent en ita- lien ; Thomas Schwaiger, se fondant sur les données tirées de la base « Graz Database on Reduplication », traite des constructions rédupliquées dans une perspective universelle. Deux articles adoptent une perspective contrastive: celui d’Eva Sicherl et Andreja Žele étudie la productivité des diminutifs nominaux en slovène et en anglais ; celui de Marie-Anne Berron et Marie Mouton propose une analyse détaillée de l’importance quantificative et qualificative des procédés de la morphologie marginale dans le slam en France et en Allemagne. Géraldine Walther présente un nouveau modèle général, inscrit dans une approche réalisationnelle, qui permet d’évaluer et de formaliser la (non-)canonicité de phénomènes flexionnels.Un deuxième axe se situe sur la frontière séparant la morphologie dérivationnelle de la morphologie flexionnelle. Tatjana Marvin se penche sur le problème de la préservation de l’accent dans les dérivés anglais, mettant en comparaison les approches de Chomsky et de Marantz avec celle de la théorie de l’Optimalité. L’article de Patrizia Cordin explore la façon dont les constructions locatives verbales dans les langues et les dialectes romans, notamment dans le dialecte trentin, ont perdu en partie leur sens spatial au profit d’un sens grammatical plus abstrait (aspect, résultat, intensité etc.). Se focalisant sur la langue indigène d’Australie kayerdild, Erich Round insiste sur l’utilité de la notion de « morphome » qui permet d’instaurer un niveau de représentation linguistique intermédiaire entre les niveaux lexical, morphosyntaxique et morphophonologique. La contribution de Varja Cvetko Orešnik, qui adopte le cadre théorique de l’école ljubljanaise de la syntaxe naturelle, apporte quelques données nouvelles sur la morphophonologie et la morphosyntaxe du verbe en ancien indien.Les deux articles suivants examinent des questions d’ordre morphologique aux- quelles se heurtent les langues entrant en contact : Georgia Zellou traite du cas du cir- confixe /ta...-t/ que l’arabe marocain a emprunté au berbère, tandis que Chikako Shigemori Bučar analyse le sort réservé aux emprunts japonais en slovène.L’axe diachronique est exploré principalement par les articles de Douglas Lightfoot, de Javier E. Díaz Vera et de Metka Furlan. D. Lightfoot examine la perti- nence de la notion d’affixoïde et evalue la « suffixoïdité » de l’élément germanique « -mann ». J. E. Díaz Vera décrit la lexicalisation, voire la grammaticalisation des verbes causatifs en ancien anglais. Metka Furlan se penche sur une relation « morpho- logique » archaïque rattachant le nom protoslave pol’e à l’adjectif hittite palhi-.Autour du dernier axe se réunissent les contributions qui examinent la frontière entre la morphologie et les disciplines linguistiques voisines, telles que la phonologie ou la syntaxe. Marc Plénat étudie en détail les contraintes morphologiques, syntaxiques et phonologiques pesant sur la liaison de l’adjectif au masculin singulier sur le nom en français. Janez Orešnik, fondateur de l’école ljubljanaise de la syntaxe naturelle, explore le comportement morphologique de l’impératif dans une perspective universelle. Mojca Schlamberger Brezar propose une étude contrastive, à partir des don- nées tirées de corpus monolingues et parallèles, de la grammaticalisation du gérondif et du participe en français et en slovène. L’article de Gašper Ilc applique la notionde« cycle de Jespersen » à la négation dans le slovène standard et dans les dialectes pannoniens. Mojca Smolej propose une étude fouillée de l’émergence des articles défini et indéfini dans le slovène parlé spontané.
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Prendushi, Gjilda Alimhilli. "Aspect and Verbal Action in Albanian - Activity Verbs." European Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v5i1.p22-29.
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In this article we introduce and analyze the morfo-syntactic behaviour of activity verbs in standard Albanian.The grouping of verbs by their lexical-semantic meaning deals with the study of the way of presentation of the action development. To the verbal action we refer when we are looking to analyze and classify the lexical meanings of different verbs, which are grouped or separated by the means of word formation. Even in the cases when for the expression of verbal action are used special syntactic constructions, these are, still, as a function of their respective lexical meaning. However, they don`t deal with the grammatical meanings but with the lexical meanings of these constructions. In the case of aspect there are grammatical oppositions, expressed with grammatical means, therefore with different forms of the same verb. The aspect in the Albanian language is realized, above all, by the change of tenses, as amongst the imperfective and the perfective (aorist), instead of the verbal action that, generally, it is not indicated by the means of conjugation. Finally, we will study the meanings related not from individual lexical meaning, but from the general lexical meaning. It is this feature that makes the verbal action in Albanian an objective category, different and distinguishable from the subjective category of aspect .
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Bossé-Andrieu, Jacqueline, and Geneviève Mareschal. "Trois aspects de la combinatoire collocationnelle." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2007): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037320ar.
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Résumé Trois aspects de la combinatoire collocationnelle — Nous examinons ici trois aspects du lien qui unit les éléments des collocations, combinaisons qui se caractérisent par leur fréquence dans le discours et par leur prévisibilité pour le locuteur de langue maternelle. Nous montrons d'abord que la fréquence d'apparition simultanée de deux éléments dans le discours n'est pas propre aux collocations; la cooccurrence de deux éléments peut résulter de la réalité extralinguistique ou du fait qu'ils sont unis par un lien notionnel et référentiel. Dans le cas des collocations au sens strict, ce lien résulte d'une affinité consacrée par l'usage d'une communauté linguistique donnée. Nous montrons ensuite que, dans certaines collocations (ex. : en pleine croissance), il y a chevauchement — ou indissociabilité — des contraintes syntaxiques et des contraintes lexicales. Enfin, nous présentons plusieurs manifestations du caractère arbitraire — ou capricieux — du lien qui unit les éléments de certaines combinaisons : des quasi-synonymes n'appellent pas les mêmes collocatifs; sur le plan grammatical, on ne peut pas toujours passer d'une catégorie grammaticale à une autre (un sourire angélique,*sourire angéliquement); enfin des quasi-synonymes peuvent entrer dans certaines combinaisons synonymes {flambée/escalade des prix), mais non dans d'autres (les prix flambent/*les prix escaladent).
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Sun, Linlin, and Kasper Boye. "The grammatical-lexical distinction in Chinese aspectual markers." Studies in Language 43, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 668–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18006.sun.
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Abstract This paper discusses the grammatical-lexical distinction based on Boye and Harder (2012) in the class of aspectual markers in Chinese and aims to decide whether these markers are grammatical or lexical in a theoretically anchored sense. To accomplish this, the language-general criteria proposed in Boye and Harder (2012) are translated into Chinese-specific criteria for diagnosing grammatical vs. lexical status, and these translated criteria are then applied to Chinese aspect markers in a questionnaire-based survey in order to test whether these markers are lexical or grammatical. Our classification of the Chinese markers tested is then compared with a traditional classification based on grammaticalization features (Lehmann 2015). The results support an integration of the two ways of approaching the grammatical-lexical distinction.
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Bres, Jacques. "Aspect grammatical et temps interne." SHS Web of Conferences 78 (2020): 15001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207815001.
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G. Guillaume définit l’aspect grammatical à partir de la notion de temps impliqué (1964[1933]) Nous lui empruntons cette notion, que nous renommons pour plus de lisibilité temps interne, et décrivons rapidement, à partir d’elle, le système aspectuel des temps verbaux de l’indicatif en français. Nous montrons dans un second temps que la notion de temps interne permet de rendre compte de façon consistante de la morpho-syntaxe du participe passé, ainsi que de l’emploi narratif du passé composé.
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Skrzypczak, Waldemar. "Topological Modelling of Grammatical and Lexical Aspect in English." Research in Language 5 (December 18, 2007): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-007-0008-0.
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This paper stems from a broader research project entitled Analog-based Modelling of Meaning Representations in English (Skrzypczak 2006), and aims to present grammatical aspect and lexical aspect as two modes of encoding the temporal profiles within the conceptualisation of processes (terminologically, in Langackerian sense, imperfective and perfective processes, otherwise, variously labelled as stative and dynamic verbs, i. e. states vs. discrete ‘unitary’ events and nondiscrete ‘unbounded’ processes). It is assumed that aspect in both cases – as a process-profiling category – is analogous to the profiling of things and atemporal relations (in the sense of Langacker 1987, 1990, 2000), given the maximisation of the temporal domain in the characterisation of processes (perfective and imperfective, hence: dynamic and stative), and minimalisation of the temporal domain during the conceptualisation of things (conceptually independent entities) and atemporal relations (conceptually dependent atemporal configurations). The analogy between nouns and verbs in terms of ‘granularity’ has been so far variously addressed by Langacker (1990), Jackendoff (1991) and Talmy (2001), and also constitutes the core assumption in my research on topological modelling.
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JOHNSON, BONNIE W., and MARC E. FEY. "Interaction of lexical and grammatical aspect in toddlers' language." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 2 (May 2006): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000906007410.
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This study examined the effect of lexical aspect on children's imitation accuracy of English tense-aspect morphology. Thirty-five typically developing children, ages 2;4 to 3;1, imitated sentence-pairs in which the same regular verb was used once in an activity (skip on the rug) and once in an accomplishment (skip out the door). Children imitated past-imperfective morphology equally well in accomplishments and activities, but they imitated past-perfective morphology with higher accuracy in accomplishments than activities. These findings suggest that children's early morphology development is influenced by lexical aspect conveyed at the sentence level, as predicted by the PROTOTYPE HYPOTHESIS.
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Ping Li and Melissa Bowerman. "The acquisition of lexical and grammatical aspect in Chinese." First Language 18, no. 54 (October 1998): 311–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272379801805404.
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Crane, Thera, and Axel Fanego. "Constituency, Imbrication, and the Interpretation of Change-of-State Verbs in isiNdebele." Studia Orientalia Electronica 8, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.69025.
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This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial other phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (related) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related Zulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.
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CHEN, JIDONG, and YASUHIRO SHIRAI. "The development of aspectual marking in child Mandarin Chinese." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 1 (December 22, 2009): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716409990257.
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ABSTRACTCross-linguistic research on the development of tense-aspect marking has revealed a strong effect of lexical aspect. But the degree of this effect varies across languages. Explanation for this universal tendency and language-specific variation is still an open issue. This study investigates the early emergence and subsequent development of four grammatical aspect markers in Mandarin, -le (perfective), zai (progressive), -zhe (durative), and -guo (experiential), in the longitudinal speech data of four children acquiring Mandarin Chinese. It was found that the emergence of grammatical aspect marking generally follows the predictions of the aspect hypothesis, perfective -le predominantly appearing with telic verbs, whereas progressive zai is almost exclusively used with activity verbs. However, the typological features of Mandarin also affect the early uses of -le, which is used with stative predicates more frequently than predicted, and the input patterns play an important role in children's aspect marking. The results support a usage-based learning process in accord with a language-specific system of aspectual semantics, rather than a strong universal association of grammatical aspect and lexical aspect.
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Sholah, Hanif Maulaniam, and Ahmad Yunus. "An Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Cohesion of Six Feet Apart Song by Alec Benjamin." Tafhim Al-'Ilmi 12, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37459/tafhim.v12i1.4026.
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Abstract
This paper shows the linguistic aspect in term of discourse analysis in the lyrics of song. Those aspects are cohesion device and grammatical cohesion. Cohesion devices divided into two descriptions, those are; grammatical and lexical cohesion devices. Grammatical cohesion contains reference, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction while lexical cohesion contains collocation and reiteration. This research analyzes the lyrics from the soloist band namely Alec Benjamin entitle “Six feet apart”. After analyzing grammatical and lexical cohesion of six feet apart’s lyric, the result shows that the kinds of grammatical and lexical cohesion exist in the lyric. The first kind of grammatical cohesion which is found is reference. The kinds of references namely personal, adverbial demonstrative, selective nominal demonstrative, and comparative reference are found in the lyric. The most frequent reference which is used in the lyric is personal reference. The usage of cohesive devices is so important to make meaningful language to the lyrics of the song. The cohesion devices make the text united.. The function of lexical cohesion within the stanza in the lyric of six feet apart song is making a relationship and also it is used to express and to stress the singer’s idea.
Key word: Discourse analysis, Lexical Cohesion, Grammatical Cohesion
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Wachowicz, Teresa Cristina, and Maria José Foltran. "Sobre a noção de aspecto." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 48, no. 2 (August 1, 2011): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v48i2.8637179.
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This paper aims at didatictizing some notions referring to aspect and at clarifying the different terms used in this area. Initially, we provide the properties of the lexical aspect: the division into classes put forth by different authors, the properties of each class, the levels which we consider to apply these properties to. Afterwards, we characterize the grammatical aspect and how it interacts with lexical aspects.
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CACOULLOS, RENA TORRES. "From lexical to grammatical to social meaning." Language in Society 30, no. 3 (July 2001): 443–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501003049.
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It is argued that a grammaticization perspective affords insights on the problem of functional equivalence in variables “above and beyond phonology.” This is a study of variation between aspectual expressions involving Spanish estar ‘be located’ and andar ‘go around’ + gerund. An analysis of Mexican oral corpora shows both linguistic and social conditioning: Each auxiliary is favored by certain classes of main verbs, and andar is favored in popular varieties. Semantic bleaching along parallel paths results in layering in the domain of progressive aspect, while retention results in synchronic distribution patterns congruent with the original meaning of the source constructions. Thus, once meaningful aspectual differences become distributional routines. At the same time, the patterning of verbs denoting outdoor activities with andar leads to social differences and the association of this variant with rural and popular varieties.
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Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė, Loreta. "The correlation between the morphosyntactic marking of nominal predicates and the aspect of the verb." Lietuvių kalba, no. 6 (December 28, 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2012.22707.
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On the basis of the foreign linguistic tradition, in the present article distinction is made between the lexical and the grammatical aspect. The article deals with the possible connection between marking noun predicates with inherent features of auxiliary and the grammatical aspect. It is considered that with respect to the dynamics aspect, morphosyntactic marking is gradual. There is a tendency to additionally mark perfectivity by using prefixes of perfective aspect verbs and/or by morphosyntactic means.
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Tian, Qianzi. "Situation Aspects and Their Transformation in Gexi Horpa." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 10, no. 2 (March 9, 2019): 276–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-01002007.
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Horpa is a relatively obscure Sino-Tibetan language group with an abundance of noteworthy grammatical phenomena, among which are those related to situation aspect, or Aktionsart and lexical aspect. Situation aspect can be divided into five types—state, activity, accomplishment, achievement and semelfactive, according to dynamicity, telicity, and durability. This paper analyzes situation aspect distinctions in the Gexi dialect of Central Horpa, based on first-hand fieldwork data. Semantic features and morpho-syntactic encoding of the situation aspect are explored and illustrated, focusing on the rules and mechanisms by which the situation aspect categories are derived from one another. In this process the conditioning factors of lexical versus morphosyntactic realization of situation aspect are recognized, and several important morpho-syntactic innovations are discovered. The concrete contributions in this work include the elucidation of the typological properties of verbal situation aspect in Gexi Horpa grammar and their interconnections with grammatical aspect, and an account of the way the language transitions in morphology.
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Janikowski, Krzysztof. "Polnisch-dänische Äquivalenzbeziehungen im Bereich der Vergangenheitstempora." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsp-2016-0027.
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Abstract The paper attempts to present an account of the interrelations between aspect and tense in Polish and Danish sentences expressing past time meaning. The starting-point of the comparative analysis is the view that different languages do not use the same morphosyntactic means for representing a category. A grammatical category is always a mapping between particular formal means and particular meanings (or functions). With reference to Czarnecki (1998) the author distinguishes between the functional-semantic category aspectuality and the formal category aspect. According to this view there are different formal means of expressing the aspectuality: morphological, syntactic and lexical. The Polish aspect is to be defined in grammatical terms, whereas its Danish counterpart rather in lexical-semantic ones. Correspondingly, tense and aspect are very closely connected with each other in Polish.
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Arifin, Win Listyaningrum. "A Discourse Analysis on “Under the Same Sun” from Scorpions." Journal of Pragmatics Research 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v1i1.78-88.
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The song "Under the Same Sun" firstly released in 1993 is a song written by famous rock group music namely Scorpions. This group is coming from Hannover, Germany. Though renowned phenomenally as a music group with loud genre but this song is a ballad one because it really tells the story of real-life people in the war zone while citizens of the world just show a little caring concern. The song portraits a common view on the hopelessness of victimized people in war zone who need for sympathy and empathy. Otherwise, they get no positive response from other people who live in comfort. This paper is a library research with a descriptive qualitative approach to investigate the discourse analysis of a song lyric. The approach is then used to analyze the data from the song lyrics. The discourse aims at finding the discourse on its grammatical aspect, lexical aspects, situational aspect, and contextual aspect. The study’s discourse analysis on the song lyrics reveals several features. From the grammatical aspect of this song revealed the references in the form of pronoun and demonstrative, ellipsis and conjunction. While in the lexical aspects, it found only two components, namely reps and collocation. The contextual analysis showed the cultural context and the context of the situation. Meanwhile, the situational context itself is divided into physical context, epistemic context and social context.Keywords: Grammatical Aspect, Lexical Aspect, Contextual Aspect
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Posner, Rebecca. "Creolization as Typological Change." Diachronica 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1985): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.2.2.03pos.
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SUMMARY Is 'creolization' a process that differs fundamentally from other kinds of linguistic change? Recent debate centers round Bickerto/i's 'Language Bioprogram Hypothesis' (LBH), according to which a pure 'creole' is a newly-created language utilising the lexical items of an unstructured contact-language (a jargon) and the grammatical theory innate in all human beings. Linguistic 'change', on the other hand, is a more gradual process in which tradition plays a part, without sudden breakdown of inherited structures, regarded as characteristic of creolization, which occurs only in certain social conditions. Romance Creoles are here contrasted with patois, in a attempt to discern crucial differences. French completive and relative structures are examined in some detail. The conclusion is that, while some features of Romance Creoles can be seen as continuing the tendencies of non-creole Romance, others involve more radical typological change, resulting, conceivably, from a drastic switch in the way new speakers understand the structure of the language to which they are exposed. A parallel is drawn with earlier periods in Romance history. RÉSUMÉ La 'creolisation' diffère-t-elle de faÇon fondamentale du change-ment linguistique 'normal'? Cet article examine surtout l'hypothèse de Bickerton (Language Bioprogram Hypothesis) qui propose qu'un creole 'pur' se cree d'un coup a partir des elements lexicaux d'un 'jargon de contact', agences par un bioprogramme linguistique inne et universel. En revanche, la tradition jouerait un role dans le changement propre-ment dit, qui s'avere plus graduel, et ne bouleversent pas de la même fa-Çon les structures heritees. Les conditions sociales qui provoquent la creolisation seraient à specifier. On fait le contraste des Creoles et des patois, pour degager des differences fondamentales: on examine surtout la syntaxe des completives et relatives en franÇais. La conclusion: bien que quelques aspects des Creoles ne fassent que prolon-ger les tendances des autres parlers romans, il y en a d'autres qui decoulent plutot d:une alteration typologique plus radicale, ce qui in— diquerait un decalage des attitudes linguistiques au moment de l'acqui-sition de la langue heritee. On fait la comparaison avec d'autres evé-nements au cours de l'histoire des langues romanes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Gibt es einen grundsätzlichen Unterschied zwischen 'Kreolisierung' und anderen Arten von Sprachveranderung? Der vorliegende Aufsatz un-tersucht vor allem die sog. 'Sprachbioprogrammhypothese' (Language Bio-program Hypothesis) Bickertons, derzufolge ein reines Kreol eine neuer-zeugte Sprache darstellt, die lexikalische Elemente einer unstrukturier-ten Kontaktsprache (Jargon) zusammen mit einer universellen, eingebore-nen Grammatik verbindet. Dahingegen spielt die tüberlieferung bei regu-lärem, graduellen Sprachwandel eine gewisse Rolle, ohne abruptes Zusam-menbrechen überkommener Strukturen, wie sie in Fallen der Kreolisierung als charakteristisch gelten, die nur unter gewissen sozialen Bedingun-gen stattfindet, Es wird hier zwischen romanischen Kreolsprachen und Volksmundarten (patois) unterschieden, urn grundsatzliche Unterschiede herauszustellen. Hier werden insbesondere Erganzungs- und Relativ-sätze im Franzosischen untersucht. Das Ergebnis ist, daß, obschon ei-nige Aspekte der romanischen Kreolsprachen als Weiterentwicklung von Tendenzen der nicht-kreolisierten romanischen Sprachen angesehen werden konnen, enthalten andere radikalere typologische Veranderungen, die offenbar von einem drastischen Wandel herriihren in der Art, wie die neuen Sprecher die Struktur der Sprache verstehen, der sie ausgesetzt sind. Eine Parallele wird gezogen zu früheren Epochen in den romanischen Sprachen.
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Kotin, Michail L. "Einige Fragen der Aktionsart- und Aspektfunktion im Sprachvergleich." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.08.
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The contribution deals with selected questions of the interaction between the so called “lexical aspect” (the opposition between telicity and atelicity) and the grammatical aspect (or so called “viewpoint”- aspect, i.e. the opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity) in the languages with and without the overtly encoded aspect. The striking point of the analysis is the “complexive” meaning of aspectual forms and constructions involving lexical atelicity by indicating durativity or iterativity, on the one hand, and grammatical perfectivity by indicating the complexive perspective of the verbal action on the other. This type of aspectuality was a special feature of verbal systems with the aorist category. My claim is, thus, that the contemporary English has a special grammatical form of the “complexive aorist”, i.e. the form of Present Perfect Progressive. The Slavic languages encode this function by using the – unmarked – imperfective forms of the verbs, whereas German uses special means of encoding the very same function on the whole-clause level, such as adverbials or definite vs. indefinite or zero article.
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Widayati, Sri. "Analisis Wacana Cerpen “Tinggal Matanya Berkedip-kedip” Karya Ahmad Tinjauan Aspek Sosial Budaya serta Penanda Kohesi Gramatikal dan Leksikal." Edukasi Lingua Sastra 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47637/elsa.v15i2.69.
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Ahmad Tohari’s short story entitled “Tinggal Matanya Berkedip-kedip” seen from social aspect depicts that authority and power of a leader supported by the power of “people live in poverty”. Without civilian’s support, a leader’s power is priceless. Cohesion in grammatical aspect such as referent, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction also appeared in the short story. The function of grammatical aspect is mainly to make the story more interesting. Cohesion in lexical aspect in the form of repetition and synonym used in the short story functions to strengthen the author’s mind which delivered.
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Becker, Raymond B., Todd R. Ferretti, and Carol J. Madden-Lombardi. "Grammatical aspect, lexical aspect, and event duration constrain the availability of events in narratives." Cognition 129, no. 2 (November 2013): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.06.014.
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Goziyah, Goziyah, Iin Inarotul Uyun, and Shella Fabiola. "Aspek Gramatikal dan Leksikal pada Lirik Lagu Jangan Rubah Takdirku Karya Andmesh Kamelang." Diksa : Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 6, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/diksa.v6i2.10820.
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The purpose of this research was to describe the grammatical and lexical aspects in the lyrics of the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku by Andmesh Kamelang. The research method uses microstructural methods. The collection technique uses documentation techniques by downloading the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku via Youtube. The main instrument in this research is the researcher who is assisted by a device. Data analysis techniques by means of data reduction, data tabulation, data display, interpretation, and conclusions. Test the validity of the data using membercheck and validation from literary experts. The results showed that the grammatical and lexical aspects in the lyrics of the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku, sung by Andmesh Kamelang, present a deep meaning about the life journey of a person who is full of hard work, loyalty, and hope of love for someone he loves. Grammatical aspects and lexical aspects build up each other so that the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku becomes a song that impresses the listeners. The grammatical aspect found in the song is referencing marked by the presence of the word dia and impingement by the presence of each word. Then, the lexical aspect that was found was repetition which was marked by the presence of the words I want, in each, and I did not, and synomini was marked by the presence of the words weak and shaky.
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HMELJAK SANGAWA, Kristina. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 2, no. 2 (October 23, 2012): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.2.2.5-6.
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It is my pleasure to introduce this thematic issue dedicated to the lexicography of Japanese as a second or foreign language, the first thematic issue in Acta Linguistica Asiatica since its inception.Japanese has an outstandingly long and rich lexicographical tradition, but there have been relatively few dictionaries of Japanese targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign or second language until the end of the twentieth century. With the growth of Japanese language teaching and learning around the world, the rapid development of very large scale linguistic resources and language processing technologies for Japanese, a new generation of aggregated, collectively developed or crowd-sourced resources evolving in the context of the social web, a shift from static paper to constantly developing electronic resources, the spread of internet access on hand-held devices, and new approaches to the use of language reference resources stemming from these developments, dictionaries and other reference resources for learners, teachers and users of Japanese as a foreign/second language are being developed and used in new ways in different user communities. However, information about such developments often does not reach researchers, lexicographers, dictionary users and language teachers in other user communities or research spheres. This special issues wishes to contribute to the spread of such information by presenting some recent developments in this growing field.Having received a very lively response to our call for papers, not all papers selected for publishing could fit into this issue, and part of them will be included in the December issue of ALA, which is also going to be dedicated to Japanese lexicography.The first round of papers included in this issue presents a varied cross-section of current JFL lexicographical work and research. All papers in this issue point out the relative scarcity of appropriate reference works for learners of Japanese as a foreign language, especially when compared to lexicographical resources for Japanese native speakers, and each of the endeavours presented here confronts this lack with its own original approach. Reflecting the paradigm shift in Japanese language research, where corpus research is again playing a central role, most papers presented here take advantage of the bounty of newly available corpora and web data, most prominent among which is the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese developed by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics in Tokyo, and which is used by Mogi, Pardeshi et al. and Sunakawa et al. in their lexicographical research and projects, while Blin taps data for his research from the web, another increasingly important linguistic resource.The first two papers offer two perspectives on existing Japanese dictionaries. Tom Gally in his paper Kokugo Dictionaries as Tools for Learners: Problems and Potential points out the drawbacks of currently available Japanese dictionaries from the perspective of learners of Japanese as a foreign language, but at the same time offers a very detailed and convincing explanation of the merits of monolingual Japanese dictionaries for native speakers (kokugo dictionaries), such as their comprehensiveness, detailedness and quantity of contextual information, when compared to bilingual dictionaries, which make them a potentially useful resource even for an audience they are not targeting - foreign language learners. His detailed explanation of possible uses and potential hurdles and pitfalls learners may encounter in using them, is not only accurate and informative, but also of immediate practical value for language teachers and lexicographers.Toshinobu Mogi, in his paper Towards the Lexicographic Description of the Grammatical Behaviour of Japanese Loanwords: A Case Study, investigates the lexicographic description of loanwords in Japanese reference works and notes how information offered by currently available dictionaries, especially regarding the grammatical aspects of loanword use, is not sufficient for learners of Japanese as a foreign language. After pointing our the deficiencies of current dictionary descriptions and noting how dictionaries sense divisions do not reflect the frequency of different senses in actual use, as reflected in a large-scale representative general corpus of Japanese, he uses a fascinatingly detailed analysis of the behaviour of a Japanese loanword verb to describe a corpus-based method of lexical description, based on the correspondence between usage forms and senses, which could be used for the compilation of Japanese learners' dictionaries meant for the reception and production of Japanese.The second part of this special issue is composed of four reports on particular aspects of ongoing lexicographical work targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign language.Prashant Pardeshi, Shingo Imai, Kazuyuki Kiryu, Sangmok Lee, Shiro Akasegawa and Yasunari Imamura in their paper Compilation of Japanese Basic Verb Usage Handbook for JFL Learners: A Project Report, after pointing out - as other authors in this issue - the lack of a detailed and pedagogically sound lexicographical description of Japanese basic vocabulary for foreign learners, propose a corpus-based on-line system which incorporates insights from cognitive grammar, contrastive studies and second language acquisition research to solve this problem. They present their current implementation of such a system, which includes audio-visual material and translations into Chinese, Korean and Marathi. The system also uses natural language processing techniques to support lexicographers who need to process daunting amounts of corpus data in order to produce detailed lexical descriptions based on actual use.The next article by Marcella Maria Mariotti and Alessandro Mantelli, ITADICT Project and Japanese Language Learning, focus on the learner's perspective. They present a collaborative project in which Italian learners of Japanese compiled an on-line Japanese-Italian dictionary using a purposely developed on-line dictionary editing system, under the supervision of a small group of teachers. One practical and obvious outcome of the project is a Japanese-Italian freely accessible lexical database, but the authors also highlight the pedagogical value of such an approach, which stimulates students' motivation for learning, hones their ICT skills, makes them more aware of the structure and usability of existing lexicographic and language learning resources, and helps them learn to cooperate on a shared task and exchange peer support.The third project report by Raoul Blin, Automatic Addition of Genre Information in a Japanese Dictionary, focuses on the labelling of lexical genre, an aspect of word usage which is not satisfactorily presented in current Japanese dictionaries, despite its importance for foreign language learners when using dictionaries for production tasks. The article describes a procedure for automatic labelling of genre by means of a statistical analysis of internet-derived genre-specific corpora. The automatisation of the process simplifies its later reiteration, thus making it possible to observe lexical genre development over time.The final paper in this issue is a report on The Construction of a Database to Support the Compilation of Japanese Learners’ Dictionaries, by Yuriko Sunakawa, Jae-ho Lee and Mari Takahara. Motivated by the lack of Japanese bilingual learners' dictionaries for speakers of most languages in the world, the authors engaged in the development of a database of detailed corpus-based descriptions of the vocabulary needed by learners of Japanese from beginning to advanced level. By freely offering online the basic data needed for bilingual dictionary compilation, they are building the basis from which editors in under-resourced language areas will be able to compile richer and more up-to-date contents even with limited human and financial resources. This project is certainly going to greatly contribute to the solution of existing problems in Japanese learners' lexicography.
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Schultze-Berndt, Eva. "Pluractional Posing as Progressive: A Construction between Lexical and Grammatical Aspect." Australian Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 1 (January 2012): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2012.657752.
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KORSHUNOVA, ANASTASIA S., and NINA V. LAGUTA. "MEANS OF REPRESENTING TEMPORALITY RELATIONS IN JOURNALISTIC WRITING (BASED ON LOCAL INTERNET NEWS SITE)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_2_57_70.
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Features of human perception of time are reflected in the language and participate in forming a coherent picture of the world of particular language speakers. The category of time in the Russian language can be represented by various language means. This work presents a description of grammatical and lexical means expressing temporality in journalistic writing. During the study, tense-aspect forms of verbs and participles were identified as the major grammatical means to express temporality. The main lexical means included nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs with the semantics of time. As a result, we were able to conclude that grammatical means are the central means of expressing the category of time. However, they are not always able to objectively represent the category of time due to the fact that the meaning of a verb form in Russian largely depends on the context. Therefore, lexical means are the peripheral part of the functional-semantic field of time that specify its central part - the grammatical category of time.
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Howard, Martin. "Prototypical and non-prototypical marking in the advanced learner’s aspectuo-temporal system." EUROSLA Yearbook 2 (August 8, 2002): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.2.08how.
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This paper investigates the effect of verb semantics on the variable use of aspectuo-temporal morphology by the advanced learner of French. Using the Aspect Hypothesis as a heuristic to test the extent to which the advanced learner overrides the effect of verb semantics in aspectual contexts where the verb assumes a non-prototypical value, the study examines the interaction between lexical aspect and grammatical aspect in order to identify which factor exerts a stronger influence on the learner’s aspectuo-temporal choice. Results suggest that lexical aspect continues to constrain the advanced learner’s aspectuo-temporal system, such that non-prototypical marking poses greater difficulty than prototypical marking.
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AIKHENVALD, ALEXANDRA Y. "Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: new morphology and language contact." Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001937.
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Borrowing, or diffusion, of grammatical categories in language contact is not a unitary process. In the linguistic area of the Vaupés in northwest Amazonia, several different mechanisms help create new contact-induced morphology. Languages which are in continuous contact belong to the genetically unrelated East-Tucanoan and Arawak families. There is a strong cultural inhibition against borrowing forms of any sort (grammatical or lexical). Language contact in the multilingual Vaupés linguistic area has resulted in the development of similar – though far from identical – grammatical structures. In Tariana, an Arawak language spoken in the area, reanalysis and reinterpretation of existing categories takes place when diffusion involves restructuring a pre-existing category for which there is a slot in the structure, such as case. A new grammatical category with no pre-existing slots may evolve via grammaticalization of a free morpheme – this is how aspect and aktionsart marking was developed. The development of a five-term tense-evidentiality paradigm involves a combination of strategies: reanalysis with reinterpretation accounts for the obligatory tense marking, and the history of visual, inferred and reported evidentials. The nonvisual evidential evolved via grammaticalization of a lexical verb while the most recent, assumed, evidential involves reanalysis and reinterpretation of an aspect marker and grammatical accommodation.
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Velytchenko, Leonid, and Hanna Sumtsova. "Translation of Chinese Political Discourse into Ukrainian and English: Lexical Aspect." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 16, no. 26 (February 2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-26-3.
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The article deals with the concept of political discourse. The problem of translating Chinese political discourse into Ukrainian and English is regarded. Examples of the speech idiomatic elements in political discourse of the Chinese language, are given. The basic lexical and semantic differences in the original text and in the translated text are demonstrated. Translation equivalent, grammatical substitution, translation commentary and other translation operations were examined.
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Rafida, Tien. "SEMANTIC ANALYSIS ON LEXICAL RELATIONS IN PUJAKESUMA LANGUAGE." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching) 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v4i2.754.
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Human beings need language as their communication because language as the branch of linguistic. When all people speak in a communication is a process and then, there must be both sender and receiver. Sometimes, all people only talk interaction not only directly interact and something more meaningless. In the branch of linguistics, semantic is the study about all the aspects of meaning outside the grammatical of language which different with morphology and syntax that concern with grammatical of language. In this paper, the writer interest to discuss about semantic analysis on lexical in Pujakesuma because semantics is one of the important aspect in linguistics and lexical of Javanese society nomads in Sumatera Utara (Pujakesuma) is also have different meaning to be analyzed.
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Osipova, Tetiana Fedorivna. "VERBALIZATION OF NON-VERBALS IN THE UKRAINIAN SPEECH: LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL ASPECT." Problems of General and Slavic Linguistics, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/251911.
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Objective of the research is to determine wide contextual potential of linguistic units containing a verbalized non-verbal component. Object of the research is a non-verbal discourse of the modern Ukrainian oral speech; subject of the research is represented by lexical, word-forming, and semantic innovations representing live speech of the modern Ukrainians. Materials of the study include occasional and individual-author’s nominative units recorded in academic dictionaries and dictionaries of lexical as well as lexical and word-forming innovations of the 21st century. Methods of the research are the following: functional (a method of discourse and cognitive-onomasiological analysis), structural (in terms of transformational and component analysis), methods of associative analysis and statistic observation. The results are as follows: the paper has demonstrated that 1) application of morphological and syntactic word-forming mechanism is motivated by the system of communicative-pragmatic intentions of an addresser aimed at the increase in expressiveness or considerable modification of the communicative senses; and 2) increase in total volume of semantic structure of nominative patterns as a result of a) generalization of the initial meaning or widening in semantics; b) concretization or narrowing of the meaning of the initial unit; c) shifts in the meanings, in cases when semantically conventional forming basis is replaced by the basis being a non-verbal motivator, take place to determine communicative situation or modeling of communicative behaviour of an addresser. A methodology to design field structure (LSF) is proposed to study non-morphological methods of word formation; the methodology makes it possible to trace the processes of the formation of interpretational meanings of a lexeme – non-verbal motivator. Practical implication of the results and use of the proposed methods are possible in the process of further analysis of the mechanisms to verbalize non-verbals both at lexical and grammatical linguistic levels. Conclusions are drawn to emphasize the productivity of the process to verbalize non-verbals illustrated by the units of different linguistic levels; in this context, we can observe functional complexity of both word-forming and syntactic processes as well as efficiency of the inter-disciplinary approach which widens the boundaries of linguistic practice and may favour improvement of the linguistic and communicative competence of the native speakers.
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DALE, PHILIP S., GINETTE DIONNE, THALIA C. ELEY, and ROBERT PLOMIN. "Lexical and grammatical development: a behavioural genetic perspective." Journal of Child Language 27, no. 3 (October 2000): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004281.
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The relation of lexical and grammatical knowledge is at the core of many controversies in linguistics and psycholinguistics. Recent empirical findings that the two are highly correlated in early language development have further energized the theoretical debate. Behavioural genetics provides an illuminating new tool to explore this question, by addressing the question of whether the empirical correlation simply reflects the fact that environments which facilitate one aspect of language growth also facilitate the other, or whether the same underlying acquisition mechanisms, influenced by the same genes, are responsible for the correlation. We explored this issue in a study of 2898 pairs of two-year-old twins born in England and Wales. Language development was assessed by their parents using an adapted version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory which assesses vocabulary and grammar. Moderate heritabilities were found for both. As in previous studies, measures of vocabulary and sentence complexity were substantially correlated (r = 0·66). Behaviour-genetic modelling of the relation of vocabulary and grammar produced an estimated value of 0·61 for the genetic correlation, a measure of the overlap of the genetic effects that contribute to the two aspects of language development. In contrast, a measure of nonverbal cognitive development, the PARCA, was only weakly correlated at both the phenotypic level and at the level of genetic correlations with the language measures. Thus, although the distinction between verbal and nonverbal skills has a genetic basis underlying the phenotypic dissociation, there is little evidence either genetically or phenotypically for a dissociation between vocabulary and grammar within language.
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Breu, Walter. "Interactions Between Lexical, Temporal and Aspectual Meanings." Studies in Language 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18.1.03bre.
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In my paper a universal aspect theory is presented which is based on the integration of the various types of states of affairs into the textual web of descriptions of situations and changes in situations. The states of affairs are thereby grouped according to their boundary characteristics. The grammatical meaning of the verbal aspect interacts with the lexical meaning of a given verb in group-specific ways, so that the kind of interaction in the case of a given aspect opposition can be used in order to classify verbs. In addition to the Slavic aspect opposition of perfective vs. imperfective, the aspectual systems of English, Modern Greek and the Romance languages are taken into consideration. The interaction between aspect and tense as well as the interaction within the aspect dimension itself, which plays a role if a language has more than one aspect category, is also discussed. The perfective imperfect and the imperfective aorist of Bulgarian are given as examples of problematic cases, along with the functions of the ing-form of the perfect in English. Generally the problem of the coming together of more than one aspect gram-meme in one verb form is solved by means of a hierarchization, which can be deduced from the particular interaction meaning in question. The grouping of verbs into aspect-sensitive semantic classes is only stable in the centre of the classes, but we find language-specific peculiarities on their peripheries. In addition, regroupings are also possible in the course of the development of a language.
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Kahzal, Kamal. "An Overview of Syntactic Tense & Aspect: From both Grammatical & Lexical Perspectives." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1004.11.
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Language can be complicated even within one language, such as in English. Rules of grammar, construction, and syntax are used to express ideas clearly so that others understand the intention behind them. However, these rules can lead to challenges in ensuring that ideas are effectively communicated and interpreted, particularly because word choice in the context of grammar and syntax rules can impact the way an expression is interpreted. This can be illustrated through an examination of the perfective aspect of syntax. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of aspect and tense from both the grammatical and lexical perspectives.
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Mikhaylova, Anna. "Morphological Bottleneck: The Case of Russian Heritage Speakers." Journal of Language Contact 11, no. 2 (January 2018): 268–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01102005.
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The Bottleneck Hypothesis (Slabakova, 2008) assumes functional morphology to be a particular challenge in second language (L2) acquisition whereas acquisition of syntax and semantics to be unproblematic. I propose, following Polinsky (2011), that functional morphology can be seen as an acquisitional bottleneck for heritage language (hl) speakers as well. Russian verbal aspect is known to be problematic in bilingual Russian children (Anstatt, 2008; Gupol, 2009), in adult foreign language learners (Slabakova, 2005, Nossalik, 2009) and in Russian heritage speakers of low (Polinsky, 2008) and even near-native fluency (Laleko, 2010). This comprehension study tested fluent and literate English dominant hl speakers of Russian on their interpretation of lexical and grammatical aspect. The findings suggest that the semantics and syntax of aspect were unproblematic, but aspectual morphology played both a facilitative and a hindering role in the comprehension of aspectual distinctions. In the untimed Semantic Entailments task, where participants chose the most logical continuation of an utterance, the morphological complexity of secondary imperfectives coupled with their semantic complexity, hindered hl interpretations. In contrast, in the Stop-Making-Sense self-paced reading task, in which participants read sentences one word at a time, the idiosyncratic morphology marking lexical aspect hindered hl processing, while the regular mechanism of marking grammatical aspect facilitated it.
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Risdianto, Faizal. "Discourse Analysis of a Song Lyric Entitled "We Will Not Go Down”." Register Journal 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.524.
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This library research aimed at finding the three aspect of discourse analysis: contextual, grammatical and lexical aspect of Michael Heart’s song lyrics entitled “We will not go down (Song for Gaza). After analysis it can be found that the life experience and background of the song writer and singer is closely related to the idea proposes within the song lyrics. Whereas, the result of the grammatical and lexical analysis gives a depiction of cohesion and coherence of the song discourse of “We will not Go Down (Song for Gaza)”. There are eight (8) forms of first plural personal pronoun of “We”, four (4) second plural personal pronoun of ‘You” and seven (7) third personal pronouns in various forms. On the other side, it is difficult to find lexical aspects of this song discourse. There is only one form of anaphoric repetition. The repetition of the sentence “We Will Not Go Down” seven times is to influence the hearers whether they are supporters or opponents of the idea brought by the singer/the author that whatever happens Palestinian people will not surrender to every force, nation or people that want to colonialize them.
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Risdianto, Faizal. "Discourse Analysis of a Song Lyric Entitled "We Will Not Go Down”." Register Journal 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.90-105.
Full textAbstract:
This library research aimed at finding the three aspect of discourse analysis: contextual, grammatical and lexical aspect of Michael Heart’s song lyrics entitled “We will not go down (Song for Gaza). After analysis it can be found that the life experience and background of the song writer and singer is closely related to the idea proposes within the song lyrics. Whereas, the result of the grammatical and lexical analysis gives a depiction of cohesion and coherence of the song discourse of “We will not Go Down (Song for Gaza)”. There are eight (8) forms of first plural personal pronoun of “We”, four (4) second plural personal pronoun of ‘You” and seven (7) third personal pronouns in various forms. On the other side, it is difficult to find lexical aspects of this song discourse. There is only one form of anaphoric repetition. The repetition of the sentence “We Will Not Go Down” seven times is to influence the hearers whether they are supporters or opponents of the idea brought by the singer/the author that whatever happens Palestinian people will not surrender to every force, nation or people that want to colonialize them.