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Books on the topic 'Bacteria; Bone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Calder, Peter. Acute osteomyelitis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.011004.

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♦ Bacteraemia resulting in bone deposition of bacteria♦ Local bony tenderness, fever, and malaise may not be present initially♦ WCC may be normal, ESR and CRP normally raised♦ Plain radiographs normally take 10–12 days to occur♦ Staphylococcus aureus remains the commonest organism♦ Immediate antibiotics with surgical drainage of abscess formation.

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2

Peterson, Susan, and Staci Reintjes. Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0011.

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Otitis Externa is an infection of external auditory canal. Infection typically occurs via penetration of the epithelial barrier. Patients typically present with inflammation of the auricle, external auditory canal, or outer tympanic membrane. First-line therapy includes topical acidic agents and antibiotic drops. Oral antibiotics should be considered for recurrent infections, those resistant to topical therapy, severe disease, extension beyond the external auditory canal, diabetics, or immunocompromised patients. Otitis Media is an infection of the middle ear. Patients typically present with o

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3

Young, Raymond. Infection in the Patient with Sickle Cell Anemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0060.

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This chapter provides a brief overview of the clinical manifestations of and management strategies for infectious complications in the immunocompromised sickle cell disease patient. The chapter discusses infections in various organ systems, including the respiratory tract, central nervous system, bone, hematopoietic cell lineage, and blood-borne infections. Differentiating infections from noninfectious processes that often have similar presentations in the sickle cell patient may at times be difficult, and clinicians managing sickle cell patients should be keenly aware of this fact. This chapt

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4

Pearson, Andrew. Tularaemia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0031.

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Tularaemia is a plague-like bacterial disease of animals (particularly rodents, hares, and rabbits) and man caused by five subspecies of Francisella. Two subspecies predominate: F. tularensis tularensis in North America and F. tularensis holarctica throughout the northern hemisphere. F. tularensis occurs in persistent natural foci causing localized epidemics and sporadic cases in man.Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis was described originally as causing a more virulent form of tularaemia than was seen in Europe. More recently recognized are subpopulations of Francisella tularensis su

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5

Steiner, Lisa A. Osteomyelitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0049.

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Osteomyelitis is an infectious process that affects any part of the bone, including the periosteum, the cortex, or the marrow. It most often occurs in the lower extremities and can be an acute, subacute, or chronic process. Osteomyelitis is often characterized as a consequence of a contiguous spread or hematogenous spread of bacterial infection or as a consequence of vascular insufficiency. Chronic osteomyelitis can be associated with significant bone necrosis, sometimes requiring months to years of treatment with antibiotics or even surgical debridement. Consultation with the orthopedic servi

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6

Richard, Coombs, and Fitzgerald Robert H. 1942-, eds. Infection in the orthopaedic patient. Butterworths, 1989.

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7

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Tick-Borne Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0155.

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Numerous species of ticks have been associated with transmission of infectious diseases to humans. Recognizing the type of tick and its geographic distribution can aid identification of select bacterial, viral, and protozoan infection risk assessment.• Consists of the hard ticks that transmit nearly all tick-borne human diseases; 2–30 mm...

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8

Raghavan, Sri. Infection in the Cancer Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0054.

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Cancer patients have increased susceptibility to a variety of both common and atypical infections due to the steady increase in outpatient chemotherapy regimens, these patients are presenting more often to the emergency department when acutely ill. Already immunocompromised, patients’ chemotherapy regimens lead to neutropenia, deficits in cellular and humoral immunity, and disruption of mucosal barriers that predisposing them to severe disease presentations with high morbidity and mortality rates. There are different subsets of oncologic patients predisposed to specific infections. One of the

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9

1923-, Eberle H., ed. Gentamicin-PMMA-chains in bone and soft-tissue infections. Karger, 1988.

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10

Gilsdorf, Janet R. Continual Raving. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677312.001.0001.

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This book explores the lives and work of scientists who unraveled the mysteries of meningitis and describes the steps (and sometimes missteps) they used to accomplish their splendid achievements. Although symptoms of meningitis were recorded as early as the time of Hippocrates, its origin remained obscure. Then, in 1892, one of the bacteria that cause meningitis in children, Haemophilus influenzae, was discovered when Richard Pfeiffer saw it in material coughed up by a patient with influenza. Pfeiffer mistakenly thought the bacteria caused influenza, and it has carried that unfortunate, errone

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11

Sun, Lisa, and Michael V. Johnston. Rickettsial Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0157.

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Tick-borne rickettsioses are emerging as more important health problems throughout the world. The spotted fever group including Rickettsia rickettsia can cause encephalopathy, meningitis and brain damage by selectively targeting capillary endothelial cells in the brain, and stimulating inflammation, capillary leakage, hemorrhage, and intravascular coagulation. Rickettsia are are arthropod-borne gram-negative coccobacilli bacteria and are obligate intracellular organisms that do not survive in artificial medium. In North and South America, the most common rickettsial disorder is rocky mountain

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12

Sean, Hughes, and Fitzgerald Robert H. 1942-, eds. Musculoskeletal infections. Year Book Medical Publishers, 1986.

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13

Vialle, Luiz, AOSpine International (Firm) Staff, Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran, Rishi M. Kanna, and Giuseppe Barbagallo. Spinal Infections. Thieme Medical Publishers, Incorporated, 2018.

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14

Mavingui, Patrick, Claire Valiente Mor, and Pablo Tortosa. Exploiting symbiotic interactions for vector/disease control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0011.

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Arthropods transmit a variety of diseases to humans and animals, including arboviruses, bacteria and parasites. No efficient treatments or control methods are available for many vector-borne diseases, especially for emerging diseases. Therefore, the development of alternative strategies aiming at controlling disease transmission is encouraged worldwide. Although transmission phenomenon is a result of complex interactions involving several actors evolving in a changing environment, the biotic relationship between pathogens and their vectors represents a key step in successful disease transmissi

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15

Angelakis, Emmanouil, and Didier Raoult. Scrub typhus. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0013.

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Bacteria of the genus Rickettsia are obligate intracellular rods that retained basic fuchsin when stained by the method of Gimenez. This genus has long been used as a generic term of small intracellular bacteria. However, taxonomic progress made over the last years has deeply modified the definition of “rickettsia”. As a result, in 1995 the position of R. tsutsugamushi has reclassified from the genus Rickettsia into a separate new genus, Orientia (Tamura et al. 1995).Scrub typhus, also known as ‘tsutsugamushi fever’, occurs only in Asia and is a chigger-borne zoonosis. The disease is acute, fe

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16

Champigneulle, Benoit, and Frédéric Pène. Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0274.

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Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count <500 per mm3. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression represents the main mechanism accounting for neutropenia, although various bone marrow disorders might also result in impaired granulopoiesis. Neutropenia, especially when profound and prolonged, is a major risk factor for severe bacterial and fungal infections. Early initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy represents the cornerstone of the treatment of febrile neutropenia. A number of infected neutropenic patients may exhibit organ failures, such as acute respiratory

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17

Stewart, Alex G., Sam Ghebrehewet, and Peter MacPherson. New and emerging infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0026.

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This chapter describes the increasing global problem of new and emerging infections, many zoonotic, ranging from the recently described Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) to bacteria now resistant to all locally available antimicrobial agents. The environmental, human, technological, and microbial factors contributing to disease emergence are assessed. Changes in environment and land use result in the spread of vector-borne diseases into new areas, and global travel and trade may introduce pathogens to non-immune populations. The breakdown of health services following political change or

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18

Roberts, Charlotte A. Leprosy. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401841.001.0001.

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Leprosy is an infection and neglected tropical disease that is steeped in myths, and, although it is described in history books, it can remain a challenge to manage today. Written in an accessible manner for professionals and the public alike, this book takes a global view of leprosy past and present. As a backdrop, it starts with exploring what we actually know about leprosy from medicine, how it is spread to humans, and its effects on the body. It then moves to consider its diagnosis and treatment in people, past and present. The focus switches next to the ways in which leprosy is diagnosed

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19

Lipman, Jeffrey, and Robert J. Boots. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of tetanus, rabies, and botulism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0245.

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Tetanus, rabies and botulism are all infections characterized by the production of a neurotoxin, and generally do not give rise to a systemic inflammatory response. Typically tetanus result from the infection of wounds by the ubiquitious soil-borne bacteria Clostridium tetanii, botulism is most commonly due to toxin produced in food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum. Rabies usually results from an animal bite infected with the rabies virus of the Lyssavirus group. Neurological involvement by all three infections is characterized by paralysis and autonomic instability with tetanus also be

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20

B, Gustilo Ramon, Gruninger Robert P, and Tsukayama Dean T, eds. Orthopaedic infection: Diagnosis and treatment. Saunders, 1989.

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21

Gustilo, Ramon B., Robert P. Gruninger, and Dean T. Tsukayama. Orthopaedic Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment. W.B. Saunders Company, 1989.

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22

Kriemler, Susi, Thomas Radtke, and Helge Hebestreit. Exercise, physical activity, and cystic fibrosis. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0027.

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease resulting in an impaired mucociliary clearance, chronic bacterial airway infection, and inflammation. The progressive destruction of the lungs is the main cause of morbidity and premature death. Diverse other organ systems such as heart, muscles, bones, gastro-intestinal tract, and sweat glands are often also affected and interfere with exercise capacity. Hence, exercise capacity is reduced as the disease progresses mainly due to reduced functioning of the muscles, heart, and/or lungs. Although there is still growing evidence of positive effects of exe

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23

Burdmann, Emmanuel A., and Vivekanad Jha. Rickettsiosis. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0193.

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Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria transmitted by arthropods to a vertebrate host. Clinically relevant rickettsioses have a similar clinical pattern, manifesting as an acute febrile disease accompanied by headache, articular and muscle pain, and malaise.Epidemic typhus is a worldwide distributed disease caused by the Rickettsia prowazekii, with a human louse as a vector. Data on epidemic typhus-related renal injury is extremely scarce.Murine typhus is caused by the Rickettsia typhi and has a rodent flea as the vector. It is one of the most frequent rickettsioses, and is usually a

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24

Oakley, Jeremy E., and Helen E. Clough. Sensitivity analysis in microbial risk assessment: Vero-cytotoxigenic E. coli O157 in farm-pasteurized milk. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.4.

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This article discusses the use of Bayesian methods for performing uncertainty analysis in complex computer models, focusing on a mechanistic model that has been applied in a risk assessment of contamination of farm-pasteurized milk with the bacterium Vero-cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) O157. The VTEC model has uncertain input parameters, which makes outputs from the model used to inform the risk assessment also uncertain. The question that arises is how to reduce output uncertainty in the most efficient manner possible. The article first provides an overview of microbial risk assessment before a

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25

McLauchlin, J. Listeriosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0014.

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Listeriosis occurs in a variety of animals including humans, and most often affects the pregnant uterus, the central nervous system (CNS) or the bloodstream. During pregnancy, infection spreads to the foetus, which will either be born severely ill or die in-utero. In non-pregnant animals, listeriosis usually presents as meningitis, encephalitis. In humans, infection most often occurs in the immunocompromised and elderly, and to a lesser extent the pregnant woman, the unborn, or the newly delivered infant. Infection can be treated successfully with antibiotics, however 20–40% of human cases are

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26

O’Connell, Sue. Lyme borreliosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0009.

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Lyme borreliosis is the most common vector-borne bacterial infection in the temperate northern hemisphere. In the United States of America over 35,000 confirmed or probable cases were reported by state health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2008. It is likely that well over 100,000 cases occur in Europe each year. Lyme borreliosis is caused by several genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which are transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex. The infection occurs most commonly in forested, woodland and heathland habitats that support the

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