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Journal articles on the topic 'Balance of payments – Soviet Union'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

De Groot, Michael. "The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 4 (2020): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00964.

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Numerous scholars have claimed that the Soviet Union was a primary beneficiary of the 1973–1974 oil crisis. Drawing on archival evidence from Russia and Germany, this article challenges that interpretation, showing that the oil crisis forced Soviet policymakers to confront the limits of their energy industry and the effects of the crisis on their East European allies. Demand for Soviet energy outpaced production, forcing Soviet officials to weigh their need to compensate for economic shortcomings at home against their role as the guarantor of Communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviet decisi

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2

Dabrowski, Marek. "Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union: Macroeconomic dimension." Russian Journal of Economics 8, no. (2) (2022): 95–121. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947.

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The paper contains a retrospective analysis of macroeconomic policy and reforms in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) from 1992 to 2021, after obtaining political and economic independence in 1991. Special attention is given to problems of macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth. As a result of structural distortions inherited from the Soviet economy and the slow pace of economic and institutional reforms, the FSU countries suffered from a long and deep output decline in the 1990s. Their post-transition growth recovery in the 2000s did not last long. Furthermore, they remai

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Pinaeva, D. A., and E. R. Salakhutdinova. "Material Incentives for Innovation and Rationalization in Soviet Enterprises during 1960s to 1980s." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 10 (2024): 420–44. https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-10-420-444.

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This article addresses the issues of funding innovative activities in the USSR during the second half of the 20th century. It argues that an effective mechanism for material incentives for innovation was never established in the Soviet Union. The study demonstrates that the resources allocated for the development of invention and rationalization were used ineffectively by both ministries and agencies, as well as by public organizations. In the context of a planned economy, achieving an optimal balance of interests among stakeholders in the process of creating and utilizing inventions was virtu

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Davydov, Andrey. "Russia Containment Policy: Economic Aspects." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 11 (2024): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207054760033205-2.

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This article covers key theoretical approaches to the problem of economic containment of Russian Federation by Western countries. This geopolitical strategy pursued by the United States and other Western countries aimed to prevent successful economic development both Russian Federation and China during current century. The initiator of containment policy was American diplomat George F. Kennan, counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. In February 1946 George F. Kennan presented analytical report about future Soviet-American relation. To avoid military confrontation Kennan suggested to contain S

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Volodin, Andrei G. "India in the World of Regionalization." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 10, no. 4 (2017): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-178-191.

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The article is dedicated to the policy of India in the processes of regionalization in Asia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union (a country, which used to be the main ally of India) there appeared a great need for India to make a deep revision of its geo-economic and geopolitical paradigms. Thus, Delhi started looking for the new strategic partners in order to restore the balance between India and extremely active China. The “Look East Policy” had become the first result of those searches, because of the long history of cultural and political influence of India on the South-East Asian count

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Danylenko, Anatolii, and Vitalii Venger. "Market conditions and the role of the state in post-war economic recovery of Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2024, no. 5 (2024): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2024.05.007.

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Introduction. The loss of consumers of Ukrainian products from the former Soviet Union harmed the economy, especially industry. Along with a significant decline in demand for its products, payments to the budget and receipt of foreign currency decreased. Privatization, especially in industry, and the development of the basics of market relations did not provide the necessary impetus for the economy. Insufficient state participation in the innovative renewal of fixed assets and in supporting demand for Ukrainian products also hindered growth. Problem Statement. The combination of market relatio

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KHALAFOVA, Sevda, and Nadir ISMAYILOV. "INFORMATION PROVISION OF TOURISM AND ECONOMY IN AZERBAIJAN AND ITS BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 56, no. 4 (2024): 1809–15. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.56435-1349.

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Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel. Tourism can be domestic (within the traveller's own country) or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. The economy of Azerbaijan has gone through different stages of rapid growth, stability, and crisis. In general, the economy of Azerbaijan, besides field-wise classification, can be divided into three categories: 1. recession period, covering 1992–1995, right after Azerbaijan restored its independence after the US

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8

Yakovleva, E. N., and N. N. Yashalova. "History and perspectives of payment for nature use in the Russian Federation." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 35, no. 2 (2018): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2018-35-2-76-86.

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The article deals with the history of introducing fees for the negative impact on the environment in our country, including the introduction of natural resource payments in the Soviet Union and environmental payments in the Russian Federation. The functions of the institute for payment of nature use are revealed, its positive and negative aspects are shown. A conclusion is made about the significant role of payments for the use of natural resources and pollution of the environment in the modern mechanism of state environmental regulation, the need to modernize the mechanism for calculating and

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9

Malik, Vipin. "Disinvestments in India: Needed Change in Mindset." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 3 (2003): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030305.

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In the nineties, India's budgeting, fiscal deficits, and balance of payments problems kick started the government's urge to unlock the huge investments chained in the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The blueprint was the successful global model of privatization/divestment which was initiated by Margaret Thatcher in the eighties in the UK and implemented by other countries including Unified Germany, former USSR, the erstwhile socialist countries, Western Europe, Canada, Japan, and even China. The developed nations attained a high level of success followed by the developing and the least develop

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Li, Ziqian. "Analysis of the Educational Legislation and its Influence of the Former Soviet Union." BCP Education & Psychology 3 (November 2, 2021): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v3i.17.

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This paper introduces the stages and specific problems of Soviet educational legislation. First, the Legislation of the Soviet Union established many vital institutions, such as the system of equality between men and women in education. Secondly, the Soviet legislature and the Soviet Union also institutionalized Marxist ideas about freedom of learning and the overall development of human beings. Thirdly, in the practice of the Soviet Union, how to balance the relationship between freedom, equality and efficiency has become a topic worthy of subsequent discussion. Moreover, Soviet legislation i

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11

Avey, Paul C. "Confronting Soviet Power: U.S. Policy during the Early Cold War." International Security 36, no. 4 (2012): 151–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00079.

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Many self-identified realist, liberal, and constructivist scholars contend that ideology played a critical role in generating and shaping the United States' decision to confront the Soviet Union in the early Cold War. A close look at the history reveals that these ideological arguments fail to explain key aspects of U.S. policy. Contrary to ideological explanations, the United States initially sought to cooperate with the Soviet Union, did not initially pressure communist groups outside the Soviet orbit, and later sought to engage communist groups that promised to undermine Soviet power. The U

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Berrios, Ruben, and Cole Blasier. "Peru and the Soviet Union (1969–1989): Distant Partners." Journal of Latin American Studies 23, no. 2 (1991): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014036.

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For twenty years the Soviet Union has had closer relations with Peru than with any other Latin American country apart from Cuba or Nicaragua. In fact, Peru was the first post-Cuban revolution centre of Soviet operations in South America, and perhaps still plays that role today. Now that the Cold War is over the balance sheet of Soviet relations with Peru can be evaluated with more detachment than ever.

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13

Sy, Mouhamadou. "Overborrowing and Balance of Payments Imbalances in a Monetary Union." Review of International Economics 24, no. 1 (2015): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12208.

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14

You, Lan. "Hanoi's Balancing Act: The Vietnamese Communists and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1965." Journal of Cold War Studies 25, no. 2 (2023): 64–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01142.

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Abstract The split between the Soviet Union and China had a great impact on other Communist countries, including the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV, or North Vietnam), under the leadership of the Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP). As the rift between the PRC and the Soviet Union intensified, the VWP tried hard to balance between the two Communist powers so that it could focus on the war against the United States and the conquest of the South. Interactions between the DRV, China, and the Soviet Union highlighted the frequently complex nature of relations within the Communist world during the

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Kelly, Adam, and Iryna Kovalchuk. "Ukrainian Education and Russian Literature: Curriculum Change in a Time of War." Slavonic and East European Review 102, no. 3 (2024): 526–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.00038.

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Abstract: Following Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, all literary works by Russian writers were removed from the Ukrainian school curriculum. This article provides context for these wartime changes by examining the history of literary education in Ukraine across six decades, before and after the fall of the Soviet Union. The article's focus is on delineating the balance between Ukrainian literature, Russian literature and 'foreign' literature in secondary schools, a balance that has been responsive to wider shifts in the relationship between Ukraine and the Soviet Union/Russia

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Yakub, Natalia V. "I.V. Stalin and the USSR's Foreign Policy Priorities of the Second Half of the 1920s (Based on the Materials of the Collected Works of I. Stalin)." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 10, no. 2 (38) (2023): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2023.10(2).62-67.

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On the basis of the published materials in the collected works, the ideas of I.V. Stalin about the main priorities of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union in the 1920s are considered. Their connection with the main trends of the Soviet leader's domestic policy is determined, his desire to maintain a balance between the national interests of the Soviet Union, on the one hand, and the real resources and degree of his influence in international affairs, using both traditional methods of diplomacy, especially in the economic sphere, and the principles and tools of the new, Leninist public diplom

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Katajisto, Kati. "Biographical Study of Johannes Virolainen and Transnational Politics of the Cold War." Lähihistoria 2, no. 2 (2023): 6–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.61559/lh.130253.

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This article explores how a systematic study of a person’s life can be revealing of larger political processes, for instance the dynamics between states and political actors during the Cold War period. The biographical method utilised in this article – the study of Finnish long-term politician Johannes Virolainen’s archive – enables the discerning of illogical and contradictory features in the behaviour of the Soviet Union. The article highlights multipolar-multilevel interactions of the Cold War: 1) how the Soviet Union could not ignore medium level political actors from small states, such as

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18

Gonchar, V. V., and P. E. Ratmanov. "'Non-Soviet' dentistry in the Soviet Union: causes and practice of direct payments of population for dental care." Rossiiskaya stomatologiya 11, no. 3 (2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/rosstomat20181103156.

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Zawiślińska, Izabela ,. Piotr Cirin, and Piotr Cirin. "Występowanie deficytów bliźniaczych w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce w latach 2009–2018." Przegląd Europejski, no. 1-2021 (April 14, 2021): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.21.9.

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The aim of the article is to determine the degree, direction and strength of impact of the studied variables, i.e. the state budget balance and the current account balance as part of Poland's balance of payments in the years 2009-2018 against the background of selected European Union (EU) countries. The main research questions focus on determining the type of relationships connecting the studied deficits in the light of previous studies dedicated to the twin deficits hypothesis. The methodology used is based on integrated correlation analysis, linear regression and an analysis of the coefficie

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Zuenko, Ivan Yu, and Anatoly E. Savchenko. "How to Keep Balance When Taking a Sharp Turn." Rossiya v globalnoi politike 22, no. 1 (2024): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2024-22-1-38-50.

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In the 1980-1990s, the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China carried out deep and comprehensive reforms. However, the result turned out to be the exact opposite. Center–regions relations were a key factor responsible for the different outcome of the reforms.

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Eichengreen, Barry, Vittorio Grilli, and Stanley Fischer. "A Payments Mechanism for the Former Soviet Union: Is the EPU a Relevant Precedent?" Economic Policy 8, no. 17 (1993): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344531.

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22

Ensor, T. "Informal payments for health care in the former Soviet Union: some evidence from Kazakstan." Health Policy and Planning 13, no. 1 (1998): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/13.1.41.

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23

FOTAKI, MARIANNA. "Informal Payments: A Side Effect of Transition or a Mechanism for Sustaining the Illusion of ‘Free’ Health Care? The Experience of Four Regions in the Russian Federation." Journal of Social Policy 38, no. 4 (2009): 649–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409003274.

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AbstractInformal payments for health services are widespread in many transition economies in post-communist Europe and the former Soviet Union. Their existence complements and in some cases significantly contributes to the financing of their health systems. It has been suggested that they are the legacy of planned socialist economies and a temporary side effect of the transition from a planned to a market economy. This article discusses the findings of the study investigating the extent and nature of the informal payments and evaluates the policy options on offer. It asserts that despite the l

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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Tatiana Ozernikova, and Natalia Kuznetzova. "International Migration in the Irkutsk Region: Direction, Causes and Trends." Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, no. 1 (2019): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(1).48-63.

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The article discusses the trends of international migration from 2010 to 2017, including migration from countries across the former Soviet Union and beyond. The greatest intensity is typical for the migrational exchange with the countries across the former Soviet Union: steady immigration flows from the countries of Central Asia, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, as well as from Ukraine were revealed. Until 2016, a high positive balance of migration with these countries provided partial compensation for outflow of population to other regions of Russia, however, the growth of return migration led

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Vemić, Milan. "IMPACT OF COVID-19 CRISIS ON BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 47, no. 1 (2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij4701079v.

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After reintegration with the world market and convergence towards the European Union which followed, the Serbian economy is no longer facing huge balance of payments deficits as earlier, which required improving the terms of trade, growth of exports and foreign direct investment. Furthermore, according to major international financial organizations, because of foreign trade and foreign exchange policies Serbian balance of payments nevertheless offers prospects for sustained economic growth and development in spite of the Covid-19 crisis. The general purpose in this paper is to review pre-pande

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Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis. "Images of the Adversary: NATO Assessments of the Soviet Union, 1953–1964." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 2 (2009): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.89.

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The article presents the analysis of the study groups set up by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to assess the non-military aspects of Soviet power and potential during the era of Nikita Khrushchev. Following Stalin's death, the Western alliance tried to form a comprehensive view of the strengths and weaknesses of the USSR's economy and political system. This was part of NATO's effort to adjust to the realities of a long Cold War, the outcome of which would not be decided by military force alone. The NATO reports were largely successful in describing the long-term trends of the So

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Gray, William Glenn. "Paradoxes ofOstpolitik: Revisiting the Moscow and Warsaw Treaties, 1970." Central European History 49, no. 3-4 (2016): 409–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891600087x.

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AbstractThis article reexamines the diplomacy of Willy Brandt’sOstpolitik, focusing on two landmark achievements in 1970: the Moscow Treaty in August, and the Warsaw Treaty in December. On the basis of declassified US and German documentation, it argues that envoy Egon Bahr’s unconventional approach resulted in a poorly negotiated treaty with the Soviet Union that failed to address vital problems such as the status of Berlin. The outcome deepened political polarization at home and proved disconcerting to many West German allies; it also forced the four World War II victors—Britain, France, the

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Meier, Ruth. "The Travel balance of payments in the ligth of the European monetary union." Revista de Estudios Turísticos, no. 161-162 (September 12, 2023): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.61520/et.161-1622004.1207.

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El turismo intraeuropeo es de suma importancia para todos los estados miembros de la Unión Europea, ya sea como país de destino o como país de origen de turistas y excursionistas. La introducción de la Unión Monetaria Europea crea gran cantidad de problemas para la compilación de la rúbrica de turismo en la balanza de pagos, sobre todo porque dentro de la Unión Europea las economías de los estados miembros han de considerarse mercado interior.

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Bakanov, S. A. "Social Infrastructure of Soviet Enterprises in the 1950s-1980s: Sources and Mechanisms of Financing (Example of Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant)." Nauchnyi dialog 12, no. 8 (2023): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-8-413-437.

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The Sources and Mechanisms of Financing the Social Infrastructure of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in the 1950s-1980s. This study examines the sources and mechanisms of financing the social infrastructure of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, a large Soviet industrial enterprise, during the period of 1950s-1980s. The research is based on archival documents from the plant and its trade union organization, which are stored in the United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region. It was found that the plant had a significant amount of assets, including housing and a network of social, cultural, and spo

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Urvashi, Shivale. "Impact of Liberlisation in Rescent Years in India." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 5 (2018): 1555–58. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17079.

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The development of Indian economy was being strategically planned till 1980s, wherein import substitution was the basis, titling capital goods industries to have initial investments followed by chemical and durable consumer goods. The Industrial Development Regulation Act 1951 controlled comprehensively the dynamics of investments through licenses especially foreign exchange controls. In 1985, an effort was made by the Rajiv Gandhi administration, to rejuvenate industrial sector, through reforms altogether called as New Economic Plan, thereby removing requirement of license by incumbent firms

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Brada, Josef C. "Interpreting the Soviet subsididzation of Eastern Europe." International Organization 42, no. 4 (1988): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300034007.

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In trade among the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), prices of raw materials are lower and those of manufactured goods higher than comparable world prices. Because the Soviet Union is a net exporter of raw materials to, and net importer of manufactures from, the other CMEA countries, it benefits less from CMEA trade than it would from trading with the rest of the world, and the other CMEA members benefit more. This redistribution of the gains from trade is generally seen as a form of subsidization. One explanation of these subsidies is that they represent Soviet pay

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Jašić, Marin. "Finland’s Cold War Neutrality." Polemos 27, no. 53 (2024): 383–400. https://doi.org/10.5613/pol.27.1.4.

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This paper explores the Soviet perception of Finnish neutrality during the Cold War, focusing on Finland’s foreign policy and its relationship with the USSR. Positioned between the Soviet Union and Western Europe, Finland adopted neutrality to protect its independence amid East-West tensions. Key figures like Juho Kusti Paasikivi and Urho Kekkonen shaped Finland’s foreign policy through the 1948 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The paper examines Soviet security concerns, Finland’s geopolitical significance, and its balance between Western integration and Soviet demand

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Gospodarik, Catherine, and Lizaveta Khombak. "APPLICATION OF THE DEA METHOD TO ASSESS THE INTEGRATION EFFECT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION." Deutsche internationale Zeitschrift für zeitgenössische Wissenschaft 66 (October 19, 2023): 8–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10021634.

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The article uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess the participation of countries in the integration association of the EAEU was carried out and the effect of participation was calculated. The analysis of the indicators necessary for calculating the model, such as the share of member states in total foreign trade turnover, mutual investments in total investment, GDP by PPP per capita, current account balance of the balance of payments, GDP growth rate, inflation and public debt were made. 

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Hadili, Abduraawf, Roman Raab, and Jan Wenzelburger. "Trade liberalisation, governance, and the balance of payments: evidence from the Arab Maghreb Union." Middle East Development Journal 12, no. 1 (2020): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17938120.2020.1731200.

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Lyu, Chao, and Chao Sun. "Language Policy in Post-Soviet Latvia." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 9, no. 4 (2024): 504–13. https://doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2024-9-4-504-513.

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Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Republic of Latvia has been altering its language policy towards the Russian language as a language of national minority. The article describes the evolution of language-related laws, as well as the social and role of the Russian language in Latvia. The authors combined various methods of linguistics, history, and politics to establish the importance of the Russian language in Latvian education and socio-cultural life. The current language policy focuses on consolidation, self-identity, and historical memory of the Latvian population. The resulting s

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Kapteyn, P. J. G. "EMU and Central Bank: Chances Missed." European Constitutional Law Review 1, no. 1 (2004): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605001239.

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Both the EU- and the EC-Treaties refer in prominent places to the establishment of economic and monetary union (Articles 2 EU and EC). This union is mentioned as one of the principal means of achieving the Union's and the Community's economic and social objectives. Such a prominent place is not allotted it in the Constitution. In its effort to separate the basic provisions from the other provisions in the treaties, the Convention decided to retain only the European Union's objectives in the actual constitutional part. The concrete activities pertaining to the economic and monetary union, as we

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Sokolova, Tatiana, and Mohammad Rasouli. "Tudeh Party and North Oil Score." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 4, no. 3 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v4i3.93.

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The Soviet Union and before that, Russia as one of the most powerful neighbors of Iran in history, despite its abundance of oil resources always looked at Iran's oil resources for specific purposes. In examining the impact of oil on the relations between the two countries of Iran and Russia, it turns out that they were trying to reach the Iranian oil resources in some cases, one in 1299/1921and the other in 1920/1941. At the time of Iran's occupation of the Second World War, the Russians, though at every turn did not succeed in their goals, during the occupation of Iran in September 1941 by th

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Oren, Eitan, and Matthew Brummer. "Reexamining Threat Perception in Early Cold War Japan." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 4 (2020): 71–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00948.

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This article discusses whether Japanese military and political elites perceived the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) as threats during the Cold War. Realist scholars have argued that Japan's security alliance with the United States and the global balance of power were such that most Japanese officials did not perceive either of the Communist giants as a serious military threat. Reaching a similar conclusion but for starkly different reasons, constructivist scholars have argued that cultural, normative, and identity factors explain why Japanese elites did not perceive the S

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Černeckaitė, Irina. "Soviet Documentary Films in Lithuania: Historical and Ideological Contexts (1963–1988)." Genocidas ir rezistencija 1, no. 17 (2025): 35–50. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.2005.102.

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The entire cinematography and documentary film production of the Soviet Union often created an analogue a country leading an autonomous life on the screen. It sought to integrate society by spreading Communist ideology and maintaining the vision of social order and progress. Based on interviews from the respondents who had worked in various cinematographic institutions in Soviet Lithuania, this article presents a structural analysis of the documentaries, with emphasis on the film-making processes. The high noon of the Lithuanian documentaries of the sixties was determined by interesting proces

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Filatov, Georgy. "Integration of Spain into Euro-Atlantic Structures and the USSR." ISTORIYA 15, no. 10 (144) (2024): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840032886-3.

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The process of Spain&apos;s accession to Euro-Atlantic structures intensified in the second half of the 1970s and culminated in Madrid joining the EEC and NATO. In the context of the Cold War, the emergence of a new member in one of the warring blocs was bound to cause a serious change in the balance of power. Despite the fact that the Soviet Union was dissatisfied with this situation, Moscow did not take active steps to counteract it, as archival documents and the memoirs of Spanish and Soviet diplomats show. The USSR limited itself to protests and attempts to convince the Spanish politic

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Kalembang, Elpius, and Joseph Victor Kalembang. "PAKTA WARSAWA : LATAR BELAKANG, SEJARAH, DAN HEGEMONI UNI SOVIET." Jurnal Poros Politik 4, no. 2 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/jpp.v4i2.3463.

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National security is an ability to protect the country's essential values against threats from outside and from within the country. The concept of a country's national security is influenced by the country's historical background. For realists, security is about the survival of the state. For the majority of countries that are unable to guarantee the security of their own country with their military power, the balance of powerfor maintaining security stability in international relations. Protection of domestic security conditions requires the country to ensure the integrity of its territory. A

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Almas Haider Naqvi and Dr Syed Qandil Abbas Assistant Professor. "Russian South Asia Policy: From Estrangement to Pragmatism." Strategic Studies 42, no. 1 (2022): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.042.01.0011.

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This paper is an attempt to analyse the Soviet and Post-Soviet Russian policy responses towards the South Asia particularly India and Pakistan contextualising how the systemic pressures stimulated from balance of power and intervened by domestic factors specifically ideology and leaders’ images played important role in policy formulation and execution. Majority explanations of Soviet-Russian South Asian policy do not offer analysis of inside-out interactions. Incorporation of domestic factors in analysis would provide better explanation of Soviet-Russian policy and the key developments in Sout

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Layard, Antonia. "The European Energy Charter Treaty: Tipping the Balance between Energy and the Environment." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 4, Issue 5 (1995): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1995033.

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This article examines the environmental implications of the European Energy Charter Treaty together with the Energy Efficiency and Nuclear Protocols. It considers their provisions in light of existing developments in international environmental law and policy. It concludes that as the primary aim of the Treaty was to stimulate trade in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe it is unsurprising that the Treaty has relied more on hortatory statements and guidance than on implementing concrete environmental protection measures.

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Jeong, Jaewon. "The Legacy of Soviet Union: The Balance between Islam and Nationalism, and Tardy Democratization." Asia Review 10, no. 1 (2020): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24987/snuacar.2020.08.10.1.229.

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Houdyshellm, Michael. "Academic integrity in an emerging democracy: How university students in a former Soviet Republic balance achievement and success in education." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/64.

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After the fall of the Soviet Union, former Soviet Republics found themselves needing to revise and sometimes create systems affecting their emerging democracies. In education for example, the former Soviet system of teaching and learning was now open for new and different methods of instruction and evaluation. In countries like the Republic of Moldova, the revision and creation of an educational system was made even more problematic as a multi-lingual and multi-ethnic population saw opportunities in more open and accessible pathways through education and into business. These opportunities gave

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Chowaniec, Jakub. "The trialistic nature of charging bank balance sheet itemswith public levies – de lege ferenda postulates." Doradztwo Podatkowe - Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych 8, no. 336 (2024): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7188.

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This article concerns the issue of imposing three different public levies on banks, fulfilling different purposes,based on the balance sheet items of banks – a tax on certain financial institutions, a contribution to the compulsorybank restructuring fund and payments for banking supervision. It is pointed out that both the economicburden of banks and administrative obligations are multiplied in the situation of the identity of the subject of thelevy burden. The author characterizes the aforementioned public levies to the necessary extent and puts forwardde lege ferenda postulates aimed at chan

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Bryczek-Wróbel, Patrycja. "Sytuacja geopolityczna Estonii w polityce zagranicznej Federacji Rosyjskiej." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 19, no. 3 (2021): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2021.3.2.

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When the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, the geopolitical situation in Central and Eastern Europe changed dramatically. Although independent states had been newly constituted, the Russian Federation, heir to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, pursued its dominance and intervention in the affairs of neighbouring regions, including Estonia. At present, however, in view of the reconstruction of the global socio-economic order, there is an assumption that the Baltic States will become an object of increased interest and influence of the Russian Federation, which in turn constitutes

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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. "From “allies without alliance” to concerted action: Romania and Finland in the aftermath of the Operation Barbarossa (1941)." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 2, no. 2 (2010): 249–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v2i2_7.

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This study describes the relationship between two small and lesser states joining the German attack against Soviet Union in an attempt to recapture the territories lost to Soviet Union in 1940. It is conceived as an in-depth analysis of the Romanian-Finnish relations based on the criticism of archival sources discovered in the Romanian, Finnish and British archives. Becoming “allies without alliance” almost overnight, the relations between the two countries acknowledged a quick shift from low profile bonds to an agreement based on a combination of balance of power and joint action. The aim was

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Hai-Nyzhnyk, Pavlo. "Foreign Policy Aspects of the National Liberation Struggle and the Geostrategic Place of the Ukrainian State in the Concept of the OUN-B." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXII (2021): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2021-2.

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The article deals with the foreign policy aspects in the ideological concept of Stepan Bandera’s Organisation of Ukrainian Nationatists (OUN-B) during the period from the change of position and balance of forces in the Eastern Front of World War II in 1943 and its transformation during the following postwar decades until the eve of the restoration of Ukraine’s independence. The author examines the OUN’s geopolitical calculations for an armed confrontation between the USSR, on the one hand, and the allied United States and Great Britain, on the other; the beginning of the search for ways of the

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BOLDYREV, IVAN, and TILL DÜPPE. "Programming the USSR: Leonid V. Kantorovich in context." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 2 (2020): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087420000059.

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AbstractIn the wake of Stalin's death, many Soviet scientists saw the opportunity to promote their methods as tools for the engineering of economic prosperity in the socialist state. The mathematician Leonid Kantorovich (1912–1986) was a key activist in academic politics that led to the increasing acceptance of what emerged as a new scientific persona in the Soviet Union. Rather than thinking of his work in terms of success or failure, we propose to see his career as exemplifying a distinct form of scholarship, as a partisan technocrat, characteristic of the Soviet system of knowledge producti

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