Journal articles: 'Berry colour'

1

Green, R. C., and G. Mazza. "Colour intensification of saskatoon berry extracts." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 19, no. 4 (October 1986): xxxviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0315-5463(86)71527-7.

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Chervin, C., S. Savocchia, M. Krstic, E. Serrano, and R. van Heeswijck. "Enhancement of grape berry weight induced by an ethanol spray four weeks before harvest and effects of a night spray at an earlier date." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 6 (2005): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03147.

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Spraying aqueous solutions of ethanol (between 2.5 and 10%, v/v) 1 month before harvest has been shown to increase berry weight of Cabernet Sauvignon by about 10% at harvest compared with controls sprayed with water. These observations were made in France and in Australia. The increase in berry weight was not associated with significant changes in total soluble solids. Additional measurements showed that spraying aqueous solutions of ethanol onto the berry surface 1 month before harvest had only small effects on the colour of berry skin extracts. In another trial, spraying ethanol at night 1 month earlier than other trials lead to a slight increase in the colour of the skin extracts. Optimisation of the spraying conditions is discussed.

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Taylor, BK, and KC Leamon. "Trellis effects on yield and fruit quality of five table grape varieties in the Murray Valley." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910585.

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A field trial was established in the Mildura district, to compare the effects of trellis type (single T, double T, Y and sloping T) on the yield and fruit quality of 5 table grape varieties (Cardinal, Waltham Cross, Italia, Ruby Seedless and Emperor). Over a 3-year period (1978-80), berry yield proved insensitive to trellis type for most varieties and also as the mean of all varieties in 2 years out of 3; however, the 3 larger trellises led to significantly (P<0.05) increased berry Brix levels, improved red colour levels on Cardinal, Ruby Seedless and Emperor grapes, and higher mean berry weights for Cardinal, Waltham Cross and Italia varieties, compared with grapes grown on the single T trellis. Since differences in Brix, red colour levels and berry size were, generally, not significantly different between the 3 large trellises tested, and the sloping T trellis is simpler and easier to erect, it is concluded that the sloping T trellis is a suitable, cost-effective trellis to use for the production of table grapes in the Murray Valley.

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Wu Dai, Zhan, Michel Génard, Shao-hua Li, and Philippe Vivin. "Analyzing the functional association among seed traits, berry growth and chemical composition in Cabernet-Sauvignon berry (Vitis vinifera L.) using a mathematical growth function." OENO One 43, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2009.43.1.807.

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Aims: This study aimed at assessing the functional linkage among seed traits (including seed number, seed weight), berry growth and berry sugar and acid concentration by adapting a mathematical growth function with parameters having biological importance.Methods and results: The evolution of berry diameter of Cabernet- Sauvignon was satisfactorily fitted to a bi-phasic growth function with six parameters. Correlations between the parameters and berry characteristics, including time of skin color change, seed number, seed weight, final berry size and chemical composition, were analyzed. Results showed that berry growth within a bunch deviated according to seed number, which positively related to parameters describing diameter increment (D1) and initial growth rate (GRini) during the first rapid growth phase, but not related to any parameters involved in the second growth phase. The time of skin color change was negatively associated with mean seed weight, and coincided with growth parameter DABmax that denotes the time when growth rate is maximum during the second rapid growth phase. Sugar concentration was negatively correlated to final berry fresh weight (BFW), seed fresh weight (SFW), GRini and diameter increment during the second rapid growth phase (D2). Path analysis further revealed that the negative effects of SFW and D2 were indirectly mediated via BFW and GRini.Conclusions: We thus conclude that seed affects berry growth and exerts its influence only during the first growth phase via modifying the parameters D1 and GRini. The time of colour change is also affected by seed, and might not be a good indicator of growth restoration after the lag phase. Sugar concentration is linked to final berry size, specific berry growth parameters and seed weight, for the last mainly in an indirect manner.Significance of the study: This study, integrating the analysis of berry growth and composition with a mathematical growth function, provides a valuable approach for deeper understanding of the functional associations among seed traits, berry growth and berry sugar and acid concentration at the berry level.

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Lijavetzky, Diego, Leonor Ruiz-García, José A. Cabezas, María T. De Andrés, Gemma Bravo, Ana Ibáñez, Juan Carreño, Félix Cabello, Javier Ibáñez, and José M. Martínez-Zapater. "Molecular genetics of berry colour variation in table grape." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 276, no. 5 (August 19, 2006): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-006-0149-1.

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Liu, Bei, Qingqing Xu, and Yujing Sun. "Black goji berry (Lycium ruthenicum) tea has higher phytochemical contents and in vitro antioxidant properties than red goji berry (Lycium barbarum) tea." Food Quality and Safety 4, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa022.

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Abstract Goji berry tea, a traditional herbal tea, is the main ate mode of goji berry in Asia, yet few studies in comparison with red goji berry tea and black goji berry tea are carried out. This study investigated the effects of water temperature and soak time on the colour, phytochemicals, and the antioxidant capacity [2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] of two goji berry tea. A comparison of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities between black and red goji berry tea was conducted. Results showed that both red and black goji berry tea were rich in phytochemicals, giving high antioxidant ability. The levels of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of the two goji berry tea increased as the increases in soak temperature and time. Black goji berry tea had higher phytochemicals and antioxidant property than those of red goji berry tea. Infused at 100° water for the same time, the levels of total polysaccharides (150 mg/100 ml), total polyphenols (238 mg/ml), and antioxidant capacity (550 μmol/100 ml) of black goji berry tea were 3.5, 2, and 5 times higher, respectively, in comparison with red goji berry tea. The results of this study demonstrate that hot drink of goji berry in China is a good habit and black goji berry tea may be a better choice.

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Gil, M., O. Pascual, S. Gómez-Alonso, E. García-Romero, I. Hermosín-Gutiérrez, F. Zamora, and J. M. Canals. "Influence of berry size on red wine colour and composition." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 21, no. 2 (January 22, 2015): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12123.

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Talay, Rabia, Ümmügülsüm Erdoğan, and Metin Turan. "Physico-chemical Properties, Mineral Matter, Organic Acid, Amino Acid, and Plant Hormones Content of Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum L.) Grown in Turkey." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 10 (November 2, 2021): 1889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i10.1889-1894.4566.

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With high nutritional value, goji berry is an important fruit for human nutrition and health. Goji berry cultivation is done widely in many countries, farming has become widespread in recent years in Turkey. In study grown goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) in Turkey are determined the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit (pH, titration acidity, dry matter content, ash content, water activity (aw) value, protein content, HMF content, total phenolic content, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, sucrose content, colour values, mineral contents, organic acid contents, amino acid contents and some plant hormone content). Goji berry fruits have pH value 5.18, titration acidity value 2.16%, dry matter content 89.40%, ash content 4.30%, water activity (aw) value 0.35, protein content 13.18%, HMF content 9.38 mg/kg, total phenolic content 9.05 mg GAE/g, total sugar content 59.26%, decreasing sugar content 57.35%, sucrose content 1.90%, L* value 40.33, a* value 22.97, b* value 33.00, C* value 40.21, H° value 55.15. In addition, the mineral content, organic acid content, amino acid content and some plant hormones of goji berry fruits were determined by analysis.

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9

Gaudillère, Jean-Pierre, Xavier Choné, Cornelis Van Leeuwen, and Olivier Trégoat. "The assessment of vine water and nitrogen uptake by means of physiological indicators influence on vine development and berry potential (Vitis vinifera L. cv Merlot, 2000, Bordeaux)." OENO One 36, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2002.36.3.967.

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Vine water and nitrogen uptake can be assessed by means of physiological indicators in field conditions. In this study, pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψB) and stem water potential (ψT) were used to indicate vine water status of Vitis vinifera L cv. Merlot. Carbon isotope composition of grape sugar (ΔC13) was used as an integrative indicator of vine water deficit during the ripening period. Must assimilable nitrogen and leaf blade colour intensity, were used to assess vine nitrogen status. All of the three indicators of vine water status allowed a clear differentiation of vine water uptake conditions in the ten experimental plots. The indicators of vine nitrogen status showed more ambiguous results. Must assimilable nitrogen content did not only vary with vine nitrogen uptake, but also with yield. Leaf colour was more easy to interpret. Vine development and berry composition were more influenced by water uptake conditions than by vine nitrogen status. In 2000, which was a dry vintage in Bordeaux, water stress induced early growth slackening and a small berry size. Grapes contained more sugar, anthocyanin and total phenolics and less malic acid when water availability was low. On plots where water uptake conditions were similar, low vine nitrogen status increased berry potential.

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10

Allegro, Gianluca, Chiara Pastore, Gabriele Valentini, and Ilaria Filippetti. "The Evolution of Phenolic Compounds in Vitis vinifera L. Red Berries during Ripening: Analysis and Role on Wine Sensory—A Review." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050999.

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The study of phenolic maturity in Vitis vinifera L. requires a multidisciplinary approach to understand how the evolution of berry flavonoids and cell wall material influence the colour and the textures of red wine. This is a challenging issue which involves researchers of viticulture and enology, and the results of their work are of particular interest for the producers of high-quality red wines. This review reports the current knowledge regarding phenolic maturity, describing the sensorial traits of the different compounds, the evolution of berry flavonoids and the methodologies used to evaluate their characteristics. Finally, the role of cell wall material in influencing the extractability of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins was shown. By means of a critical review of the results, it can be hypothesised that prolonged ripening improved colour characteristics and mouthfeel properties, thanks to the higher amounts of extractable skin flavonoids associated with lower amounts of seed proanthocyanidins, and to the increased affinity of the cell wall material for the proanthocyanidins most involved in the perception of unpleasant astringency.

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11

Migliaro, D., M. Crespan, G. Muñoz-Organero, R. Velasco, C. Moser, and S. Vezzulli. "Structural dynamics at the berry colour locus inVitis vinifera L. somatic variants." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 20, no. 3 (September 29, 2014): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12103.

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12

Uhlig, Birgit A., and P. R. Clingeleffer. "The influence of grape (Vitis viniferaL.) berry maturity on dried fruit colour." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 73, no. 3 (January 1998): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1998.11510982.

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13

Klavins, L., E. P. Puzule, J. Kviesis, and M. Klavins. "Optimisation of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) press residue extraction using a combination of pectolytic enzyme and ultrasound treatments." Journal of Berry Research 12, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jbr-210722.

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Blueberries are one of the most popular and widely consumed berries, they are usually consumed fresh, dried or processed into juice. During the production of juices large quantities of berry press residues are generated, which are an industrial by-product and they accumulate as food waste. Optimal management of this industrial fruit by-product could help in utilising berry press residues with the purpose to valorise and add economic value. Blueberry press residues consist of skins and seeds which hold valuable compounds with antioxidant activity –polyphenolics. To facilitate the objective of bioactive compound release, the cell walls must rupture. Pectolytic enzymes could be used to degrade the structural polysaccharides of the berry skin cell wall, thus releasing the contents of the cells into the extraction medium. The physical characteristics of berry skins allows the use of pectolytic enzymes for the disruption of cells; however, the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis could be further improved using ultrasound. In this study the combined effects of enzyme and ultrasonic treatments were evaluated and optimised using the Response Surface Methodology approach in order to increase the release of polyphenolic compounds (especially anthocyanins). The optimised method was further tested to evaluate the application potential of enzyme and ultrasound treatment to prepare blueberry or lingonberry juice with increased antioxidant activity and more vibrant colour. The obtained results provide an optional method of berry press residue valorisation to produce higher quality juice or extract bioactive compounds from this type of food-waste.

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Sánchez-Ortiz, Antoni, Montserrat Nadal-Roquet Jalmar, Miriam Lampreave-Figueras, and Josep Maria Mateo-Sanz. "Assessment of colour and tannin extraction in Tempranillo and Cabernet-Sauvignon using small-scale fermentation vessels." OENO One 55, no. 3 (August 24, 2021): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.3.4677.

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Researchers typically perform winemaking experiments using small volumes of grapes. This study examined which small-vessel volume (10, 25, 50 and 100 L) gives better repeatability during red winemaking extraction of colour and tannin in research studies. Few studies have actually evaluated the repeatability of small-scale fermentations using two varieties of different phenolic potential: Tempranillo and Cabernet-Sauvignon. We investigated how volume size may affect the composition of colour and tannins for these two varieties and result in potentially different phenolic contents. Furthermore, for each variety, we compared the small scale vessel with a commercial fermentation using a 2.500 L capacity. 50 L tanks resulted in optimum extraction of phenols and colour. High repeatability was observed for alcohol content, pH and total acidity, anthocyanins, and procyanidins for both varieties amongst vessel sizes. Kinetics of fermentation performed faster in big berry driven grapes (Tempranillo) regardless of the volume. Instead, for small berry grapes (Cabernet-Sauvignon), vessel size affected the kinetics or fermentation and therefore the extraction can be altered. Very high repeatability for the alcohol by volume, pH and total acidity (CV ≤ 7 %) as well as anthocyanins and procyanidins by HPLC (15 % ≤ CV ≤ 20 %) for both varieties in all volume sizes. This research provides a solid basis for validating the reproducibility of small-scale fermentations of two red grapevines with different phenolic potential and sheds new light on the potential and limitations of small-scale winemaking.

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15

Migliaro, D., M. Crespan, G. Muñoz-Organero, R. Velasco, C. Moser, and S. Vezzulli. "Structural dynamics at the berry colour locus in Vitis vinifera L. somatic variants." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1157 (April 2017): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1157.5.

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Martin, Damian, Melodie Lindsay, Paul Kilmartin, Leandro Dias Araujo, Tanya Rutan, Muriel Yvon, Lily Stuart, et al. "Grape berry size is a key factor in determining New Zealand Pinot noir wine composition." OENO One 56, no. 2 (June 24, 2022): 389–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.2.5436.

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Making high quality but affordable Pinot noir (PN) wine is challenging in most terroirs and New Zealand (NZ)’s situation is no exception. To increase the probability of making highly typical PN wines, producers choose to grow grapes in cool climates on lower fertility soils while adopting labour intensive practices. Stringent yield targets and higher input costs necessarily mean that PN wine cost is high, and profitability lower, in affordable varietal wine ranges.To understand if higher-yielding vines produce wines of lower quality we have undertaken an extensive study of PN in NZ. Since 2018, we established a network of twelve trial sites in three NZ regions to find individual vines that produced acceptable commercial yields (above 2.0 kg per metre of row) and wines of composition comparable to “Icon” labels. Approximately 20 % of 660 grape lots (N = 135) were selected within a narrow juice Total Soluble Solids (TSS) range of 22.0 ± 1.0 °Brix and made into single-vine wines under controlled conditions.Multiple Factor Analysis of the vine, berry, juice and wine parameters from three vintages found grape Berry Weight to be the most effective clustering variable. As the Berry Weight category decreased, there was a systematic increase in the probability of higher berry red colour and total phenolics with a parallel increase in wine phenolics and decreased juice amino acids. The influence of berry weight on wine composition would appear stronger than the individual effects of Vintage, Region, Vineyard or vine Yield. Our observations support the hypothesis that it is possible to produce PN wines that fall within an “Icon” benchmark composition range at yields above 2.5 kg per vine, provided that the Leaf Area:Fruit Weight ratio is above 11 cm2 per g, mean berry weight is below 1.2 g and juice TSS is above 22 °Brix.

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Robin, Jean-Pierre, François-Xavier Sauvage, Martine Pradal, and Marc Chovelon. "Soil reflectance and colouring of grape. Vine red light excitation could be decisive for grape berry quality." OENO One 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2000): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2000.34.3.1003.

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Various conditions of vine « solarisation » with sun light reflecting clothes partially colored in blue, green or red, were performed in field conditions during 1998 and 1999 years.The experiments were conducted both on table grapes (Muscat de Hambourg , Italia and Danuta) and on wine grapes varieties (Carignane, Mourvèdre, Shiraz, Muscat à petits grains). The « solarisation » clothes were set up at the cluster closure stage and removed at the harvest time. Effect of various experimental conditions on changes in situ berry colour was examined. The chromatic parameters using the Lab and LCH conventional systems were weekly measured on representative berry samples, and levels of significance of the obtained differences were determined by a variance analysis. Differences in the colouring dynamics and in the values of the chromatic parameters at harvest were statistically significant, in particular in function of the importance of the reflecting area set up per vinestock and also in function of the color of the reflecting cloth used. The results were compared to those obtained from various other analyses : reflectance spectra and composition of berries at harvest, tastings of the table grapes. As a main result, the red colour with a maximum of reflectance at 680 nm appeared as the more effective in improving quality of the berries. These results demonstrate the importance of the reflectance properties of the neighbours of the vine, in particular those of the soil of the parcel, on the composition and the quality of the grape. Moreover, they underline that these properties should be taken in account to explain some misunderstood terroir effects. Finally, they strongly suggest that the excitation of vine photoreceptor systems, specially with the clear red light, could be decisive in the signaling and regulatory mechanisms leading to an optimal ripeness of the grape.

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Tessarin, Paola, Arianna Ricci, Gabriele Baraldi, Alessandra Lombini, Giuseppina P. Parpinello, and Adamo Domenico Rombolà. "Beneficial effects of bunch-zone late defoliations and shoot positioning on berry composition and colour components of wines undergoing aging in an organically-managed and rainfed Sangiovese vineyard." OENO One 56, no. 4 (October 10, 2022): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.4.5377.

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In the context of climate change, where high temperatures are frequent in the first phases of ripening, protecting grapevine bunches from solar radiation is essential for preserving berry composition and wine colour. The effects of bunch-zone late defoliations (DEFs) and “semi-ballerina” shoot positioning (SB) on vine physiology and grape and wine quality of organic cv. Sangiovese wines during storage were assessed in two contrasting seasons (2013 and 2014). The treatments altered neither vine physiology (leaf photosynthetic activity and stomatal conductance, stem water potential) nor vine phenology, yield, budburst and fruitfulness. Defoliations imposed at post-veraison (DEF I) and pre-harvest (DEF II), but not shoot positioning imposed at post-veraison, enhanced the concentration of berry skin flavonols at harvest, compared to an untreated control. Late defoliations and SB did not change berry weight, anthocyanins, soluble solids, pH or titratable acidity at harvest. The severity of Botrytis bunch rot was assessed in both seasons. In 2013, it was negligible regardless of the treatment. In 2014 (characterised by higher rainfall and lower average temperatures than in 2013), late defoliations (DEF I and DEF II), especially DEF I, and SB to a minor extent, limited the severity of Botrytis bunch rot. The oenological benefits of late defoliations and shoot positioning were observed during wine storage. These canopy management practices positively influenced wine components (polymeric pigments; namely short polymeric pigments) that might have a marked effect on the final colour intensity, without altering the basic chemical characteristics of the wine. When choosing the timing for carrying out defoliation in order to improve grape quality and bunch rot containment, the meteorological conditions should be properly considered. Our results may contribute to providing further recommendations for canopy management for grape growers who produce organic Sangiovese wines that undergo aging.

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Motturi, Heli, Sari Slawuta, Sirpa Salkunen, and Petra Rajala. "Plant pigments as pH indicators in cooking." Lumat: International Journal of Math, Science and Technology Education 1, no. 2 (May 30, 2013): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31129/lumat.v1i2.1116.

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Controlling acidity comes up often during cooking. Food’s acidity can be discussed in connection to using vinegar, marinade or baking soda in cooking. One seldom considers that acidity affects the food’s colour and thus its appeal. Colour is especially significant for ready-made foods. Berry jam or juice that is too pale or too dark does not look fresh or appealing. Many of the foods that lose their colour easily contain nature’s own pH indicators, anthocyanins. The workshop detailed in this article explores discolouration of anthocyanins with the help of different methods. Anthocyanins offer many points of discussion for chemistry classes, because in addition to their indicator properties, anthocyanins are also flavonoids and food additives. The work instructions are mainly aimed at grades 7 to 9. The chemistry part involving anthocyanins is suitable for upper secondary school as well, since it is challenging. The article details a demonstration that motivates towards inquiry-based work and two alternative work instructions.

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NOVIK, H. A., and N. V. KLAKOTSKAYA. "COMMERCIAL INDICATORS OF NEW INTRODUCED SPECIES OF GARDEN STRAWBERRY." Fruit-Growing 33 (August 16, 2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/0134-9759-2021-33-101-105.

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The article presents the comprehensive studies results of fresh berries of garden strawberry of the introduced species Alba, Vibrant, Cupid, Matis, Hanoi, Elsanta in comparison with the zoned species Zenga-Zengana. In terms of hardness, all the studied species surpassed the standard Zenga-Zengana species (the average hardness was 2.6 N/cm2). The average content of soluble solids was 8.7 %. In terms of berry size (the average berry weight is more than 12 g), the species Alba, Vibrant, Cupid, Mathis, Hanoi, Elsanta are distinguished. The garden waste and losses in the studied strawberry species amounted to 2.3–3.5 %, which leads to small losses during processing. The studied species are heartshaped or round-shaped; the berry shape index ranged from 0.9 to 1.3. The size of berries in all studied species in terms of the largest transverse diameter was 27.4–34.4 mm. Fresh berries of all studied garden strawberry species had an attractive appearance and colour, juicy texture, pronounced aroma and good taste. The average degustation score ranged from 4.5 to 4.9. In the process of research, it was found that the garden strawberry species of the foreign selection Alba, Vibrant, Cupid, Mathis, Hanoi, Elsanta had high commercial qualities.

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Antolín, M. Carmen, David Izurdiaga, Leyre Urmeneta, Inmaculada Pascual, Juan José Irigoyen, and Nieves Goicoechea. "Dissimilar Responses of Ancient Grapevines Recovered in Navarra (Spain) to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Terms of Berry Quality." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040473.

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The exploitation of genetic diversity within agricultural plants, including grapevine, is suggested as a valuable tool to cope with the negative impacts of climate change on yield and crop quality. In some winegrowing regions of Europe, there is a renewed interest in knowing the grapevine genetic resources available, focusing on the prospection, recovery, and study of ancient cultivars typical of every zone. Grapevines are naturally associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which provide some benefits to the host plant, although such effects depending on many factors, including variety. Therefore, the aim of this research was to characterize the potential fruit quality of eight old grapevine varieties recovered in Navarre (northeastern of the Iberian Peninsula), associated or not with AMF. The study was carried out on fruit-bearing cuttings grown under controlled conditions (greenhouse). Overall, AMF inoculation reduced bunch and berry mass, as well as phenolic content in fruits. In some varieties, AMF association improved some berry traits by increasing the concentrations of soluble solids and anthocyanins; in others, berry colour, total phenolic and anthocyanin content were diminished in AMF-inoculated plants. The results, therefore, suggest that intraspecific diversity of old grapevines could include different abilities to respond to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

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Rathjen, H., and SP Robinson. "Characterisation of a Variegated Grapevine Mutant Showing Reduced Polyphenol Oxidase Activity." Functional Plant Biology 19, no. 1 (1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9920043.

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Fruit of the variegated grapevine mutant Bruce's Sport is known to dry to a lighter colour than other seedless varieties. The biochemical basis for this decreased browning capacity was investigated. Bruce's Sport grapes had similar levels of phenolic compounds to Sultana H5. Activity of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO EC 1.10.3.1) in mature berries of Bruce's Sport was only 20-30% of that in Sultana H5. No evidence of inhibitors or activators of PPO was found when berry extracts were mixed. PPO activity on a fresh weight basis was highest in the grape seed traces, intermediate in the skin, and lowest in the pulp in both varieties. In each tissue type, however, PPO activity in Bruce's Sport was less than 25% of that in Sultana H5. On a fresh weight basis, PPO activity in Sultana H5 berries was high at fruit set then declined as the berry developed. PPO activity per berry increased from fruit set until veraison, then remained constant. PPO activity showed similar changes during development of Bruce's Sport berries but was lower than in Sultana H5 at all stages. The Bruce's Sport grapes were variegated and the green regions of skin had similar PPO activity to Sultana H5 skin while the white regions had very low activity. Only the green regions of skin of Bruce's Sport grapes stained for PPO activity with endogenous or exogenously applied phenolic substrates. The decreased browning in this grapevine mutant apparently results from decreased levels of PPO activity in the white regions of the berry, possibly arising from a disruption in chloroplast development.

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Bhat, Bilal Ahmad, Mushtaq Ahmed Parray*, Sartaj Ahmad Allayie, and Ravichandran S. "Cheliped abnormality and embryonic development of commercially important portunid crab Portunus sanguinolentus (L.)." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.0018.

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In the present study an attempt was made to study the cheliped abnormalty of commercially important crab, Portunus sanguinolentus. The newly spawned eggs were round and golden yellow in colour. The undeveloped and mass of undifferentiated cells were also found in the berry. The yolk granules were denser. The cleavage and gastrulation were not clear. The diameter of the freshly laid egg was 0.34mm. The multicell eggs were round, deep yellow or yellowish orange in colour. The space between the egg wall and the inner developing embryo was visible. The diameter of the egg was 0.41mm. The eye stage eggs were round and orange in colour. The yolk granules were not denser. The egg diameter was 0.48mm. The pigment stage eggs were brown in colour. The egg diameter was 0.57 mm. The diameter of the egg was 0.64 mm. In prehatching stage the rate of heartbeat was increased and the chromatophores were also found increased throughout the body. The diameter of the egg was 0.73mm. Hence in the present study both the embryonic as well abnormality of cheliped was under taken in to the consideration.

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Tyhyi, Т. I. "Cranberry tree (Viburnum opulus L.) аccessions of the L.P. Symyrenko pomology experimental station of the institute of horticulture in the forest-steppe of Ukraine." Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources), no. 27 (2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36814/pgr.2020.27.07.

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Aim. To determine economic and biological indicators (yield, average weight, palatability) of Viburnum opulus accessions under the conditions of the central forest-steppe of Ukraine. Results and Discussion. V. opulus accessions were studied at the L.P. Symyrenko Experimental Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS in 2015-2019. Five cultivars were studied: Koralova, Velykoplidna, Rubinova, Ukrainochka, and Bahriaana. In addition, 21 elite hybrid forms, which had been planted in plots of 4 m x1.5 m in 1998, were investigated. The number of recorded plants per plot was 15 in 3 replications. Measurements and monitoring were performed according to conventional methods. Multi-year breeding resulted in the following cranberry tree cultivars: Koralova, Velykoplidna, Rubinova, Ukrainochka, and Bahriana. Pomological characteristics of the cultivars are given for basic economic and biological features under the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine. The yield capacity is the main criterion in economic evaluation of V. opulus. It to a large extent depends on characteristics of a cultivar, soil and climatic factors, and farming techniques. The fruit size and palatability are major components of the performance determining the fruit quality. Large and uniform berries are more attractive both as fresh and as frozen products. In 2015-2019, the V. opulus yield ranged 6.52 to 9.37 kg per bush and 10.9 to 15.6 tons per hectare. The average berry weight was 0.8 - 1.25 g. Cultivar Bahriana and hybrid form Ch-19500 were the most productive: 9.37 kg and 9.19 kg per bush, respectively. Velykoplidna, Rubinova and Bahriana were distinguished due to the average berry weight: 1.25 g, 1.2 g and 1.2 g, respectively. We built up a working collection of V. opulus accessions by yield capacity and quality. The collection comprises 20 cultivars. All the cultivars are of local origin. The collection is formed by the following traits: yield level, berry size, berry shape, berry after colour, berry hardness, palatability, and the berry number per corymb. Conclusions. The 2015-2019 studies showed that the highest yields were obtained from Bahriana (15.6 t/ha), elite hybrid form Ch-19500 (15.3 t/ha) and elite hybrid form P-19503 (15 t/ha); the highest fruit weight was recorded in Velykoplidna (1.25 g), Rubinova (1.2 g), Bahriana (1.2 g), Ukrainochka (1.15 g), and elite hybrid form P-19503 (1.16 g); the best palatability scores were intrinsic to Koralova (8.5 points), Rubinova (8.5), Ukrainochka (8.3), Bahriana (8.3), elite hybrid form K-19501 (8.3).

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Trigo-Córdoba, Emiliano, Yolanda Bouzas-Cid, Ignacio Orriols-Fernández, Emilia Díaz-Losada, and Jose M. Mirás-Avalos. "Influence of cover crop treatments on the performance of a vineyard in a humid region." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): e0907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015134-8265.

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Vineyards are usually managed by tilling the inter-rows to avoid competition from other plants for soil water and nutrients. However, in humid and sub-humid climates, such as that of NW Spain, cover crops may be an advantage for controlling vine vegetative growth and improving berry composition, while reducing management costs. The current study was conducted over three consecutive growing seasons (2012-2014) to assess the effects of establishing three permanent cover crop treatments on water relations, vine physiology, yield and berry composition of a vineyard of the red cultivar ‘Mencía’ (Vitis vinifera L.) located in Leiro, Ourense. Treatments consisted of four different soil management systems: ST, soil tillage; NV, native vegetation; ER, English ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.); and SC, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Midday stem water potential was more negative in the native vegetation treatment, causing significant reductions in leaf stomatal conductance on certain dates. Total vine leaf area and pruning weight was reduced in the cover crop treatments in the last year of the experiment. Yield was unaffected by the presence of a cover crop. No significant differences among treatments were observed for berry composition; however, wines were positively affected by the SC treatment (higher tannin content and colour intensity and lower malic acid concentration when compared with ST). Wines from the cover crop treatments were preferred by taste panelists. These results indicate that in humid climates cover crop treatments can be useful for reducing vine vegetative growth without compromising yield and berry quality.

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Avenant, J. H., and E. Avenant. "THE EFFECT OF ETHEPHON ON BERRY COLOUR OF CRIMSON SEEDLESS AND EBONY STAR TABLE GRAPES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 727 (November 2006): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.727.45.

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BOSS, P. K., C. DAVIES, and S. P. ROBINSON. "Anthocyanin composition and anthocyanin pathway gene expression in grapevine sports differing in berry skin colour." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 2, no. 3 (October 1996): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1996.tb00104.x.

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Cardoso, Silvana, Winston Lau, José Eiras Dias, Pedro Fevereiro, and Nikolas Maniatis. "A Candidate-Gene Association Study for Berry Colour and Anthocyanin Content in Vitis vinifera L." PLoS ONE 7, no. 9 (September 28, 2012): e46021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046021.

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Hattori, Tomoki, Yang Chen, Shinichi Enoki, Daisuke Igarashi, and Shunji Suzuki. "Exogenous isoleucine and phenylalanine interact with abscisic acid-mediated anthocyanin accumulation in grape." Folia Horticulturae 31, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2019-0010.

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AbstractBerry skin colour is a crucial determinant of red/black grape berry quality. We investigated the effects of combination treatments with amino acids and a low concentration of ABA on anthocyanin accumulation in grapes. Among the amino acids tested, isoleucine and phenylalanine resulted in high anthocyanin contents in grape cell cultures. The combination treatments with isoleucine or phenylalanine, and a low concentration of ABA enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cells and detached grape berries. The combination treatment with isoleucine, but not with phenylalanine, and ABA upregulated MybA1 expression. Field-grown grapevines received combination treatments with isoleucine or phenylalanine, and ABA in two growing seasons. In the 2015 growing season, the combination treatments with isoleucine or phenylalanine, and a low concentration of ABA accelerated anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skins of field-grown grapevines on days 10 and 31 post treatment. The effects on anthocyanin accumulation became negligible at harvest. The effect of the combination treatment with phenylalanine and a low concentration of ABA on anthocyanin accumulation was masked in the 2017 growing season due to the unexpected stimulation of anthocyanin accumulation by the low concentration of ABA, although the combination treatment accelerated anthocyanin accumulation on days 3 and 10 post treatment. Taken together, the results suggested that exogenous isoleucine and phenylalanine interacted with ABA-mediated anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skins of field-grown grapevines when the activity of ABA used to treat the grapevines was inadequate.

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MURUGAN, C., R. MANIKANDAN, S. P. NITHYA, B. KARTHIK, and W. ARISDASON. "Capparis danielii (Capparaceae), a new species from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, India." Phytotaxa 472, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.472.3.7.

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A new species, Capparis danielii (Capparaceae), is described from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. This new species was found in the coastal dry evergreen scrubs, and only three individuals were recorded from the type locality. It is very closely allied to C. brevispina and C. divaricata but can easily be distinguished from them by its glaucous branchlets, ovate-obovate leaves, short gynophore, oblong, 4-angular, pubescent ovary and usually longitudinally 4-ribbed, or rarely 6-ribbed berry. Detailed description, illustration, colour photographs, flowering and fruiting period and habitat ecology of the new species are provided.

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Green, R. C., and G. Mazza. "Effect of Catechin and Acetaldehyde on Colour of Saskatoon Berry Pigment in Aqueous and Alcoholic Solutions." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 21, no. 4 (October 1988): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0315-5463(88)70891-3.

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Green, R. C., and G. Mazza. "Effect of Catechin and Acetaldehyde on Colour of Saskatoon Berry Pigments in Aqueous and Alcoholic Solutions." Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 21, no. 5 (December 1988): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0315-5463(88)71035-4.

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Ahmed, Faruque, Anwar Hossain, Nasir Uddin Ahmed, Md Jahangir Alam, and Md Shoriful Islam. "Genotypic Effects on Morphological Characterization of Fruit Traits in Mulberry." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 5 (October 8, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.5.369.

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The research was conducted to evaluate the morphological variability in fruits traits among the mulberry genotypes grown in Mulberry Germplasm Bank of Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute (BSRTI), Rajshahi, during 2018–2020. The aim of the research was to find out the genotypes accessibility for varietal improvement. Total 50 mulberry genotypes were morphologically characterized on fruit traits through this research. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and the plantation system was high bush. Each plot consists of 20 plants and unit plot size was 4 m × 5 m. Fruit colour, fruit taste and seed colour was determined. Nine distinct fruit colours such as reddish-black (23.33%), black-berry (18.33%), cream (10%), black (8.33%), white-cream (6.67%), pink (6.67%), pinkish (3.33%), orange (3.33%) and radish (1.67%) were observed among several germplasms. Remarkable variation was found in fruit taste such as sour sweet (28.33%), sweet (21.67%), light sweet (5%), light-sour sweet (5%) and deep sweet (5%), respectively. Five colored of seed viz: light yellow, light brown, yellowish brown, dark brown and blackish brown were observed among the germplasm. Length of the fruit diverse from 0.73 (BSRM-8) to 5.58 (BSRM-56 and widthfrom 0.52 (BSRM-8) to1.9 (BSRM-56),single fruit weight varied from 0.07 (BSRM-8) to 4.11 (BSRM-56), fruit weight per plant varied from 101.47 (BSRM-11) to 2250.43 (BSRM-56), seed setting (%) varied from 8.13 (BSRM-29) to 94.24 (BSRM-16), sprouting (%) varied from 36.67 (BSRM-22) to 96.67 (BSRM-38), rooting (%) varied from 13.89 (BSRM-22) to 98.33 (BSRM-10),achene number/fruit varied from 12.53 (BSRM-10) to118.10 (BSRM-56), seed number/fruit varied from 2.99 (BSRM-8) to 47.86 (BSRM-56) and 100 seed weight varied from 0.019 (BSRM-35) to 0.166 (BSRM-56), respectively. Results showed that the black-berry, sweet tasted fruited mulberry (BSRM-56), cream colored, sweet tasted fruited mulberry (BSRM-1) and white cream, sweet tasted fruited mulberry (BSRM-34) was promising on the basis of greatest fruit production potential to be appears for further commercial utilization. Generally, a wide range of variation was exhibited among the sampled and characterized genotypes.

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Polášková, A., J. Spilková, A. Matějíček, and H. Studená. "Factors affecting the actual yield of active substances from anthocyanin-rich berries / Faktory ovlivňující skutečný výtěžek aktivních látek z plodů bohatých na anthokyany." Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae 62, s9 (June 1, 2015): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afpuc-2015-0006.

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AbstractThe content of anthocyanins in fruits (Sambucus nigra. Vaccinium myrtillus. Aronia melanocarpa) and in some fruit (berry) products was determined by differential spectrophotometry, a method recommended by AOAC International (former Association of Official Analytical Chemists). The method takes advantage of the reversible pH-dependent transformation of the colour to the colourless form of anthocyanins. The procedure and evaluation were refined to allow measurements of incompletely specified anthocyanin mixtures. Parameters of the determination (buffer composition, pH, stabilisation of samples, reference standards) were optimised. Using the modified method, anthocyanins in various matrices (fruits, syrups, wines) were measured with the aim to explain possible losses of these active substances during processing and/or storage of fruit products. Real samples of commercial products recommended conventionally as a valuable source of antioxidants were analysed and in some of them, only low levels of anthocyanins were found. In a model arrangement, anthocyanins in the skin and the pulp of Sambucus nigra fruits were extracted separately. In all samples of various cultivars, anthocyanins were present predominantly in the skin (up to 90% of the total content). Considering this, among other factors, a suitable extraction technology might improve the quality of berry products substantially.

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Hasan, MM, MSA Fakir, MM Rahman, and S. Naznin. "Fruit growth and proximate composition of deshi (Diospyros peregrina) and bilati gab (D. discolor)." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 12, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i2.28680.

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Fruit (berry) growth, maturity and nutritional composition of deshi (Diospyros peregrina Gurke) and bilati Gab (D. discolor Gurke) were investigated at the Botanical Garden of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (24o26' and 24054' N and 90015' and 90030' E) between April and August, 2011. Flowers were tagged at first opening (days after flowering, DAF) and fruit growth was investigated up to maturity. Fruit size (length and diameter), individual fruit weight, AGR and proximate composition of matured fruits were investigated. Morphological and growth parameters were recorded at 7-days interval up to 63 DAF in deshi and 85 DAF in bilati gab. All the morphological characters of fruits were gradually increased with increasing DAF and followed sigmoid pattern. The length and diameter of the berry became 5.80 and 4.61 cm, respectively at 63 DAF in deshi gab, and 9.13 and 7.62 cm, respectively at 85 DAF in bilati gab. The fresh and dry weights of berries were also maximum at 63 DAF in deshi and at 85 DAF in bilati gab. The maximum dry weight of seed i.e. PM in deshi gab attained at 56 DAF and that of bilati gab at 83 DAF. The proximate composition of matured berries of deshi and bilati gab at PM showed little variation between the species and hence, average crude protein, crude fat, ash and total carbohydrate was 5.35, 1.08, 3.74 and 67.47%, respectively. It might be concluded that harvest maturity attained around two months after flowering in deshi gab with yellowish green colour on fruit coat and three months from flowering in bilati gab when fruits turn into deep red colour with average fruit fresh weight of 60 g and 220 g, respectively.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 261-266, December 2014

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Dryutskaya, S. M., I. V. Tolstenok, and N. Yu Yakusheva. "Application of anthocyanins as indicators for alkalimetric titration." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 12, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-3-373-382.

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Along with synthetic substances, various naturally-occurring pigments can response to pH variations in solutions by changing their colour. Such substances include, for example, anthocyanins. In this study, the possibility of applying a set of anthocyanins obtained from berry extracts as a potential acid-base indicator. This indicator can be a good alternative to the widely-used phenolphthalein test. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts derived from the fruit of ashberry, sea-buckthorn, lingonberry, blueberry, currant, blackberry, cranberry, rose hip, cherry and hawthorn plants were studied. The presence of anthocyanins in the test samples was confirmed by chemical and physicochemical methods of analysis, including qualitative tests, ascending thin-layer chromatography and direct spectrophotometry. Quantification of anthocyanins was carried out by pH-differential spectrophotometry. Compared to alcoholic extracts, aqueous berry extracts were found to contain anthocyanins in far lesser amounts. In order to compare the pH indicator potential of phenolphthalein and the studied set of anthocyanins, the content of ascorbic acid in the test samples was assessed by direct alkalimetry. A control experiment was performed using a 5% ascorbic acid solution for injection. The pH value of aqueous and alcoholic solutions of all berry extracts was determined by an instrumental procedure. The pH of the extracts ranged from 2.95 to 5.04. The content of the total amount of anthocyanins in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of blackberries, cranberries, black currants, blueberries and lingonberries in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside was determined both quantitatively and qualitatively. A good agreement was achieved between the results of alkalimetric titration performed using phenolphthalein and the set of anthocyanins extracted from blackcurrant berries with 95% ethanol.

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WALKER, ROB R., PAUL E. READ, and DEIDRE H. BLACKMORE. "Rootstock and salinity effects on rates of berry maturation, ion accumulation and colour development in Shiraz grapes." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 6, no. 3 (October 2000): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2000.tb00183.x.

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Friedel, M., V. Sorrentino, M. Blank, and A. Schüttler. "Influence of berry diameter and colour on some determinants of wine composition ofVitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 22, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12210.

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Da Silva, C., A. D. Molin, A. Ferrarini, E. Boido, C. Gaggero, M. Delledonne, and F. Carrau. "The Tannat genome: Unravelling its unique characteristics." BIO Web of Conferences 12 (2019): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191201016.

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Tannat (Vitis vinifera) is the most cultivated grapevine variety in Uruguay for the production of high quality red wines. Its berries have unusually high levels of polyphenolic compounds (anthocyanins and tannins), producing wines with intense purple colour and high antioxidant properties. Remarkably, more than 40% of its tannins are galloylated, which determines a greater antioxidant power. Technologies of massive sequencing allow the characterization of genomic variants between different clutivars. The Tannat genome was sequenced with a 134X coverage using the Illumina technology, and was annotated using transcriptomes (RNA-Seq) of different berry tissues. When comparing the genomes of Tannat with Pinot Noir PN40024 (reference genome) we found an expansion of the gene families related to the biosynthesis of polyphenols. A search base on the recently reported epicatechin galloyl transferase (ECGT) from tea leaves determined five putative genes encoding the ECGT in Tannat. Genetic analysis of one of the transcription factor that regulates the anthocyanin synthesis during berry ripening, VvMYBA1, shows the presence of Gret1 retrotransposon in one of the VvMYBA1 alleles in the Tannat clones analysed. This work makes original contributions about the molecular bases of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and tannins during the development of the flagship grape of Uruguay.

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Deytieux-Belleau, Christelle, Séverine Gagne, Annie L'Hyvernay, Bernard Donèche, and Laurence Geny. "Possible roles of both abscisic acid and indol-acetic acid in controlling grape berry ripening process." OENO One 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2007.41.3.844.

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Aims: The objective was to better understand the mechanisms involved in grape ripening that brings about important changes in the physiology and chemistry of the fruit. So we focused on the involvement of two growth regulators: abscisic acid (ABA) and indol-acetic acid (IAA) in controlling grape berry ripening process.Methods and results: We described the evolution of the two plant growth regulators during the development of cv. Merlot grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). In order to better understand the role of ABA and IAA in the ripening control, these two growth regulators were applied on the grapes at the onset of veraison. The hormonal profile was established on treated berries and different physiological parameters were assayed to evaluate the effects of both applications. The partitioning of both plant growth regulators in nontreated berries showed that ABA and IAA accumulated at the onset of ripening. Moreover, it appeared that endogenous ABA decreased progressively in the flesh while accumulated in the skin from the beginning of the colour change to maturity. The hormonal treatments modified the hormonal profile and several physiological parameters: sugar, acidity, colour, and Botrytis sensibility.Conclusion: These findings suggest that both treatments have modified the ripening process. Exogenous ABA has induced advancement in grape ripening, while IAA application has delayed this process. These observations support the view that the grape ripening process may be influenced by the hormonal status.Significance and impact of study: This study gives new information about the ripening control of the non-climacteric fruits. In grape berries, it provides evidence of a possible co-involvement of ABA and IAA in controlling ripening process.

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Vargas-Ramella, Márcio, José M. Lorenzo, Sol Zamuz, María Esperanza Valdés, Daniel Moreno, María C. Guamán Balcázar, José M. Fernández-Arias, Jorge F. Reyes, and Daniel Franco. "The Antioxidant Effect of Colombian Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Sw.) Extracts to Prevent Lipid Oxidation during Pork Patties Shelf-Life." Antioxidants 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081290.

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A scarce amount of knowledge about the use of Colombian berry (CB) in meat products is available in the literature. This work studies the impact of the addition of CB extracts (CBE) on pork patties at three different concentrations in the range 250–750 mg/kg. CBE were characterized in terms of their polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, half maximal inhibitory antioxidant concentration (IC50), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) tests)]. After pork patties elaboration, instrumental and sensorial colour, as well as lipid oxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS) values, were evaluated for 10 days of refrigerated storage in a modified atmosphere (80% O2–20% CO2). The total anthocyanin composition represented 35% of the polyphenolic substances of the CBE, highlighting high contents in cyanidin derivatives. Additionally, other flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol compounds) and phenolics acids, substances positively related to antioxidant activity, were identified and quantified. In addition, the incorporation of CBE resulted in improvements in colour and lipid stability of pork patties, especially for the highest concentration used. Our findings demonstrated that CBE could be added to pork patties without impairing their sensorial profile. Overall, our results indicate that the use of CBE as a source of natural antioxidant, natural colourant, or even as a functional ingredient could be promising, but more studies are necessary to confirm it.

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Avenant, J. H., and E. Avenant. "EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND CPPU ON COLOUR AND BERRY SIZE OF ´REDGLOBE´ GRAPES IN TWO SOIL TYPES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 727 (November 2006): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.727.44.

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NIKOLAOU, NIKOLAOS, ELEFTHERIA ZIOZIOU, DIMITRIOS STAVRAKAS, and ANGELOS PATAKAS. "Effects of ethephon, methanol, ethanol and girdling treatments on berry maturity and colour development in Cardinal table grapes." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 9, no. 1 (April 2003): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2003.tb00227.x.

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Fournier-Level, A., T. Lacombe, L. Le Cunff, J.-M. Boursiquot, and P. This. "Evolution of the VvMybA gene family, the major determinant of berry colour in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)." Heredity 104, no. 4 (November 18, 2009): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2009.148.

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45

Česonienė, Laima, Remigijus Daubaras, Algimantas Paulauskas, Judita Žukauskienė, and Marcin Zych. "Morphological and genetic diversity of European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L., Ericaceae) clones in Lithuanian reserves." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 82, no. 3 (2013): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2013.026.

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The wild-harvested fruit of Vaccinium oxycoccos (European cranberry) is used medicinally in many European and North American countries; the plant, however, is seldom cultivated. In order to optimize the collection strategy and improve the horticulturally important characters of V. oxycoccos clones, comprehensive investigations of the species are necessary. In the present study we investigated the phenological, morphological and genetic diversity of 29 clones originating from two wild populations growing in two strictly protected Lithuanian reserves, Čepkeliai and Žuvintas. During an ex situ collection at Kaunas Botanical Garden, we observed great phenological variation between the collected V. oxycoccos clones. The following morphological traits most clearly distinguished our study clones: leaf size, berry shape, berry size and fruit colour at full maturity. The genetic variation of V. oxycoccos clones from the two populations was assessed using RAPD and SSR. RAPD analysis conducted with 9 primers resulted in 146 polymorphic loci for the total sample, and SSR analysis with 5 primers revealed 29 alleles for the total sample. A greater degree of polymorphism was demonstrated for the Čepkeliai population than for the Žuvintas population. The study allowed the selection of several clones having promising morphological traits for further testing in the field.

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Ben Abdallah, Ferjani, Farhat Chibani, Asma Fnayou, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, and Jean-Michel Boursiquot. "Biochemical characterization of Tunisian grapevine varieties." OENO One 32, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1998.32.1.1057.

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61 tunisian autochton grapevine varieties have been collected for biochemical identification. Isozymes analysis with starch gel electrophoresis technique was used to confirn or to cancel random denominations awarded to the majority of these local varieties. In our conditions, concentrated plant extracts were obtained from vigorous donnant canes newly cut off from selected mother plants during automn. These allowed us to dispose of rigorously interpretable isozyme banding patterns of GPI and PGM systems and to overcome difficulties often related to the use of PGM system. The study of GPII and PGM enzyme systems allowed us to classify the autochton accessions into 16 different groups from which 5 groups containing only 2 or 3 varieties.On the other hand, the study of AAT and peroxydase enzyme systems has shown stable and legible isozyme banding patterns allowing to discriminate between equivalent accessions such as Sakasly and Kahli (two black local vines very similar), 3 varieties of Bidh Hamem (Bidh Hamem, Bidh Hamem Rafraf and Bidh Hamem Sfax), and 2 varieties of Bezzoul Kelba Bidha (Sfax and Gabes). In addition, certain varieties having for longtime the same denominations were characterized. A case of point the 4 varieties Khalt meaning mixture (Bouchemma, Abiedh, Mdaouer and Souche 1) and the 3 varieties of Arich (Ahmar, Dressée, and Jerba) were proved to be completely different from each other. In the same way, Bezzoul Khadem has been differed from Hemri variety. The complementary use of berry colour allowed to discriminate between Saouadi, Khdhiri and Jebbi varieties and to subdivise the remainig groups into sub-groups.The study of GPI, PGM, AAT and peroxydase isozyme banding patterns in combination with berry colour has led to establish a classification of the 61 autochton varieties into 37 groups including 26 varieties definitely differentiated through the results of this biochemical study.

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Ledderhof, David, Ralph Brown, Andrew Reynolds, and Marilyne Jollineau. "Using remote sensing to understand Pinot noir vineyard variability in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0120.

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The study objective was to determine whether multispectral high spatial resolution airborne imagery could be used to segregate zones in Pinot noir vineyards to target highest quality fruit for premium winemaking. We hypothesized that remotely sensed data would be correlated with vine size and leaf water potential (ψ), and by extension with yield and berry composition. In 2008–2009, multispectral (blue, green, red, near-infrared) airborne images were acquired from four Ontario Pinot noir vineyards (four dates, 2008; three, 2009), with the final flight date near veraison. A process was developed to extract information from sentinel vine locations, and to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Data were extracted at 1 × 1, 3 × 3, and 5 × 5 pixel re-sampling rates to test for ideal image resolution. A method was developed to mask non-vine pixels to simplify qualitative assessment of images. The 3 × 3 pixel re-sampling provided most useful information. In 2008, 3 × 3 re-sampling NDVI correlated with (r-values; p < 0.0001): berry pH (−0.48), soluble solids (−0.43), vine size (0.46), anthocyanins (−0.65), colour (−0.58), and soil clay and sand content (−0.55, 0.55). In 2009, mean 3 × 3 re-sampling NDVI correlated with (r-values; p < 0.0001): anthocyanins (0.49), soil moisture (−0.89), and soil clay and silt content (−0.75, 0.83). No clear trends in correlations existed between vegetation indices vs. vine size, anthocyanins, phenolics, or soil moisture throughout the growing season in either vintage. Masked images proved effective for viewing spatial trends in airborne images without full data extraction. Qualitative similarities existed between maps of vineyard and grape composition variables vs. maps of extracted data and masked images. Remote sensing may be useful to determine colour or phenolic potential of grapes, in addition to vine water status, yield, and vine size. This study was unique by employing remote sensing in cover-cropped vineyards and thereafter using protocols for excluding spectral reflectance contributed by inter-row vegetation.

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LEIBAR, Urtzi, Olatz UNAMUNZAGA, María José FERNÁNDEZ-GÓMEZ, Purificación GALINDO-VILLARDÓN, Cesar CASTRO, and Ana AIZPURUA. "Benefit of ancillary data acquired at the cooperative level to study soil type and climatic zone influence on berry composition: a case study in Rioja appellation." OENO One 52, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.2.1851.

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Aim: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of soil type and climate on must qualitative parameters in a winegrower’s cooperative at Rioja appellation.Methods and results: The study was conducted from 2009 to 2011 with data collected routinely before harvest by the technician of a cooperative with a total surface area of 525 ha. Soils were classified using an existing soil map (1:50.000 scale) according to their water-holding capacity (WHC), and two climatic zones were differentiated based on the Huglin index. Effects of soil and climate on berry composition were evaluated using HJ-Biplot statistical analysis. High WHC soils produced musts with high total acidity, mainly due to malic acid. Must K concentrations were lower in soils with lower K and clay content. Soils with lower WHC were the only ones able to produce musts with high anthocyanin concentration and higher colour intensity. The climatic zones established only resulted in small differences in grape composition.Conclusion: It is possible to differentiate berry composition parameters according to soil type considering soil WHC, but less clear differences were observed among climatic zones considering a 50 km2 area and a difference of approximately 200 m in elevation between the two zones.Significance and impact of the study: Many wineries have access to soil, climate and grape composition data. Therefore, these data could be used to make a grape composition classification at harvest that could be assessed every year using simple statistical tools.

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Singh, Poornima, Virginia Paul, and Ritu Dubey. "Antioxidant Foods." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2022.v09i04.001.

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Antioxidant is any substance that delays, prevents or removes oxidative damage to a target molecule. It can be found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. The role of antioxidants in foods is to retard or control oxidation. The process of autoxidation and development of rancidity in foods involves a free radical chain mechanism via initiation, propagation and termination steps. While radicals are produced in the ‘initiation’ step, they react with unsaturated fatty acids by abstracting a hydrogen atom from a site which requires the least energy that is the allylic or diallylic position in the ‘propagation’ steps. The reactions in the propagation step make up a chain reaction until a ‘termination’ reaction occurs. Due to high stability and low volatility, it helps to maintain the level of nutrients, the texture, colour, taste, freshness, functionality, aroma, and appeal to consumers such as the older person. Various antioxidants found in food viz. natural antioxidants, synthetic antioxidants, dietary antioxidant, endogenous antioxidant play an important role in preservation of food. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, α-carotene, Lycopene, Polyphenol etc. is main sources of antioxidants The benefits of antioxidants include whole foods and beverages (e.g., acai berry, gogi berry, green tea) as well as isolated substances sold primarily as dietary supplements (e.g., vitamin C, lycopene, selenium) or added to foods (e.g., vitamin E). It reduces the risk of developing certain diseases such as; cancer, heart disease, stroke, and arthritis etc.

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Tardáguila, Javier, María Paz Diago, Fernando Martínez de Toda, Stefano Poni, and Mar Vilanova. "Effects of timing of leaf removal on yield, berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of cv. Grenache grown under non irrigated conditions." OENO One 42, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2008.42.4.810.

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Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of timing of leaf removal on yield components, berry sensory characteristics, composition and sensory properties of Vitis vinifera L. Grenache wines under non-irrigated conditions.Methods and results: The effects of timing of defoliation (fruit set and veraison) on yield components, berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of head trained, non irrigated, Grenache vines grown in Rioja appellation were studied. Leaf removal did not significantly modify total leaf area per vine as well as yield components. Grenache berries from early defoliated vines achieved the highest skin and technological maturity. Wine parameters, such as alcohol content, pH, titratable acidity, tartaric acid and total polyphenol index were unaffected by defoliation. Conversely, early leaf removal carried out at fruit set, significantly reduced the malic acid content of the wine and enhanced its colour intensity. Aroma complexity, mouthfeel, tannin quality and persistence were found to be significantly higher in the wine corresponding to the early leaf removal treatment. This was also the most preferred wine in terms of overall value.Conclusion: This article shows that timing of leaf removal had a marked effect on berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of Grenache wines made from grapes grown under dry-farmed conditions.Significance and impact of study: The results suggest that the timing of defoliation induces significant changes in Grenache wine composition and its sensory attributes. Late leaf removal was much less effective than early leaf removal in affecting final wine composition and quality. Grenache wine from the early defoliation treatment was rated the most preferred as of global value.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Berry colour'

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