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Journal articles on the topic 'Bias of assessments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Olson, Robert, Maureen Parkinson, and Michael McKenzie. "Selection Bias Introduced by Neuropsychological Assessments." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 37, no. 2 (2010): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100010039.

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Objective:Two prospective studies in patient with brain tumours were performed comparing the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The first assessed their feasibility and the second compared their diagnostic accuracy against a four-hour neuropsychological assessment (NPA). The introduction of the NPA decreased accrual and retention rates. We were therefore concerned regarding potential selection bias.Methods:Ninety-two patients were prospectively accrued and subsequently divided into three categories: a) no NPA required b) withdrew consent to NPA c

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Arends, P., R. J. S. Wagner, and M. Mrazik. "SCAT Symptom Recall Bias in Concussed Athletes." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 5 (2019): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz026.03.

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Abstract Purpose The assessment of concussed athletes uses standardized tools like the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether concussed athletes accurately recalled baseline functioning. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of University football student-athletes from 2014-16 seasons was conducted. Forty-six student-athletes (M=19.7, SD=1.8) who suffered a concussion during the competitive season underwent a post-concussion assessment with a sports medicine physician within 24 hours of injury. Assessments included use of the symptom report

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Simonson, Richard J., Joseph R. Keebler, Rosemarie Fernandez, Elizabeth H. Lazzara, and Alex Chaparro. "Over Triage: Injury Classification Mistake or Hindsight Bias?" Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 11, no. 1 (2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857922111001.

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Patient triage is a critical stage in providing patients with the appropriate level of care required. Multiple metrics are considered in determining appropriate triage at the time of assessment. Due to the complexity of healthcare intervention, patients are often under- or over-triaged. Initiatives to reduce incorrect triages have been developed and implemented. These initiatives, however, may be based on hindsight bias and subsequently result in inaccurate assessments of triage accuracy and lead to improper triage-based education initiatives. This submission proposes the application of the SE

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Römeis, Fabio, Fabian Herweg, and Daniel Müller. "Salience Bias and Overwork." Games 13, no. 1 (2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g13010015.

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In this study, we enrich a standard principal–agent model with hidden action by introducing salience-biased perception on the agent’s side. The agent’s misguided focus on salient payoffs, which leads the agent’s and the principal’s probability assessments to diverge, has two effects: First, the agent focuses too much on obtaining a bonus, which facilitates incentive provision. Second, the principal may exploit the diverging probability assessments to relax participation. We show that salience bias can reverse the nature of the inefficiency arising from moral hazard; i.e., the principal does no

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Beg, Sabrin, Anne Fitzpatrick, and Adrienne M. Lucas. "Gender Bias in Assessments of Teacher Performance." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211126.

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To measure whether principals exhibit gender bias when assessing teacher effectiveness, we compare principals' subjective evaluations against teachers' self-evaluations and objective effectiveness in Ghanaian primary schools. Female and male teachers rate themselves equivalently. Principals are 11 percentage points less likely to rate a female teacher as "more effective," but female teachers are objectively more effective based on student learning. Principals assess the least effective male teacher as more effective than the objectively most effective female teacher. We corroborate results wit

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Wind, Stefanie A., and Yuan Ge. "Detecting Rater Bias in Mixed-Format Assessments." Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives 22, no. 1 (2024): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15366367.2023.2173468.

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Siegelman, Jeffrey N., Michelle Lall, Lindsay Lee, Tim P. Moran, Joshua Wallenstein, and Bijal Shah. "Gender Bias in Simulation-Based Assessments of Emergency Medicine Residents." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 10, no. 4 (2018): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-18-00059.1.

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ABSTRACT Background Gender-related disparities persist in medicine and medical education. Prior work has found differences in medical education assessments based on gender. Objective We hypothesized that gender bias would be mitigated in a simulation-based assessment. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of emergency medicine residents at a single, urban residency program. Beginning in spring 2013, residents participated in mandatory individual simulation assessments. Twelve simulated cases were included in this study. Rating forms mapped milestone language to specific observable

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Zhang, Jianrong, Yiyin Zhang, Shiyan Tang, et al. "Systematic bias between blinded independent central review and local assessment: literature review and analyses of 76 phase III randomised controlled trials in 45 688 patients with advanced solid tumour." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (2018): e017240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017240.

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ObjectiveUnbiased assessment of tumour response is crucial in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Blinded independent central review is usually used as a supplemental or monitor to local assessment but is costly. The aim of this study is to investigate whether systematic bias existed in RCTs by comparing the treatment effects of efficacy endpoints between central and local assessments.DesignLiterature review, pooling analysis and correlation analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2017.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligible articles are phase III RCTs comparing

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Masters, Geofferey N. "Anchor Tests, Score Equating and Sex Bias." Australian Journal of Education 32, no. 1 (1988): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494418803200102.

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This paper discusses the use of anchor tests (scaling tests) to bring two or more sets of scores to a common scale. Particular attention is given to the rescaling of school-based assessments against an external test or examination and to potential sources of bias in this procedure. The need for routine validity checks is emphasized, and a latent trait approach to constructing a statistical framework for tests and examination score equating is described and illustrated. Bias caused by rescaling school assessments against an inappropriate anchor test is illustrated using a 1984 attempt to rescal

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Cooney, Carisa M., Pathik Aravind, C. Scott Hultman, et al. "An Analysis of Gender Bias in Plastic Surgery Resident Assessment." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 13, no. 4 (2021): 500–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-20-01394.1.

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ABSTRACT Background Previous studies have shown men and women attending physicians rate or provide operating room (OR) autonomy differently to men and women residents, with men attendings providing higher ratings and more OR autonomy to men residents. Particularly with the advent of competency-based training in plastic surgery, differential advancement of trainees influenced by gender bias could have detrimental effects on resident advancement and time to graduation. Objective We determined if plastic surgery residents are assessed differently according to gender. Methods Three institutions' O

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Bulut, Solmaz, Mehdi Rostami, Shahla Shokatpour Lotfi, et al. "The Impact of Counselor Bias in Assessment: A Comprehensive Review and Best Practices." Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling 5, no. 4 (2023): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jarac.5.4.11.

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Objective: This review article aims to comprehensively explore the impact of counselor bias on assessment processes within the counseling profession. It seeks to identify the types and manifestations of biases, assess their implications on counseling outcomes, and recommend best practices for mitigating these biases to promote more equitable counseling practices. Methods and Materials: A systematic literature review was conducted, examining peer-reviewed articles, books, and conference proceedings published between 1997 and 2023. Databases such as PsycINFO, PubMed, ERIC, and Google Scholar wer

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Edgar, Graham J., Amanda E. Bates, Nils C. Krueck, Susan C. Baker, Rick D. Stuart-Smith, and Christopher J. Brown. "Stock assessment models overstate sustainability of the world’s fisheries." Science 385, no. 6711 (2024): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adl6282.

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Effective fisheries management requires accurate estimates of stock biomass and trends; yet, assumptions in stock assessment models generate high levels of uncertainty and error. For 230 fisheries worldwide, we contrasted stock biomass estimates at the time of assessment with updated hindcast estimates modeled for the same year in later assessments to evaluate systematic over- or underestimation. For stocks that were overfished, low value, or located in regions with rising temperatures, historical biomass estimates were generally overstated compared with updated assessments. Moreover, rising t

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Savitz, David A., Gregory A. Wellenius, and Thomas A. Trikalinos. "The Problem With Mechanistic Risk of Bias Assessments in Evidence Synthesis of Observational Studies and a Practical Alternative: Assessing the Impact of Specific Sources of Potential Bias." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 9 (2019): 1581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz131.

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Abstract The trustworthiness of individual studies is routinely characterized in systemic reviews by evaluating risk of bias, often by mechanistically applying standardized algorithms. However, such instruments prioritize the repeatability of the process over a more thoughtful and informative but necessarily somewhat more subjective approach. In mechanistic risk of bias assessments, the focus is on determining whether specific biases are present, but these assessments do not provide insights into the direction, magnitude, and relative importance of individual biases. In such assessments, all p

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Steddom, K., M. W. Bredehoeft, M. Khan, and C. M. Rush. "Comparison of Visual and Multispectral Radiometric Disease Evaluations of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Sugar Beet." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (2005): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0153.

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Visual assessments of disease severity are currently the industry standard for quantification of the necrosis caused by Cercospora beticola on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) leaves. We compared the precision, reproducibility, and sensitivity of a multispectral radiometer to visual disease assessments. Individual wavebands from the radiometer, as well as vegetative indices calculated from the individual wavebands, were compared with visual disease estimates from two raters at each of two research sites. Visual assessments and radiometric measurements were partially repeated immediately after the fi

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O'Donnell, Ed, and Joseph J. Schultz. "The Halo Effect in Business Risk Audits: Can Strategic Risk Assessment Bias Auditor Judgment about Accounting Details?" Accounting Review 80, no. 3 (2005): 921–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.3.921.

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Many auditors use an audit methodology that requires a strategic risk assessment of their client's business model as a first step for assessing audit risks. This study examines whether the holistic perspective that auditors acquire in making a strategic risk assessment influences the extent to which they adjust account-level risk assessments when they encounter changes in accounts that are inconsistent with information about client operations. Based on halo theory from the performance evaluation literature, we hypothesize that auditors who (1) perform (do not perform) strategic assessment, and

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Johnson, Eric J., and David A. Schkade. "Bias in Utility Assessments: Further Evidence and Explanations." Management Science 35, no. 4 (1989): 406–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.4.406.

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Z�bojn�k, J�n. "A model of rational bias in self-assessments." Economic Theory 23, no. 2 (2004): 259–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-003-0382-3.

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Ehrlinger, Joyce, Thomas Gilovich, and Lee Ross. "Peering Into the Bias Blind Spot: People’s Assessments of Bias in Themselves and Others." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no. 5 (2005): 680–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271570.

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Orr, Margaret Terry, Ray Pecheone, Jon D. Snyder, et al. "Performance Assessment for Principal Licensure: Evidence From Content and Face Validation and Bias Review." Journal of Research on Leadership Education 13, no. 2 (2017): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942775117701179.

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This article presents the validity bias review feedback and outcomes of new performance-based assessments to evaluate candidates seeking principal licensure. Until now, there has been little empirical work on performance assessment for principal licensure. One state recently developed a multi-task performance assessment for leaders and has implemented it for statewide use in initial principal licensure decisions; this development process is described here, focusing on content validity and bias review, and incorporates candidate and program faculty validiation as well. The results demonstrate t

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Lagziel, David, and Ehud Lehrer. "A Bias of Screening." American Economic Review: Insights 1, no. 3 (2019): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20180578.

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This paper deals with the issue of screening. It focuses on a decision maker who, based on noisy unbiased assessments, screens elements from a general set. Our analysis shows that stricter screening not only reduces the number of accepted elements, but possibly reduces their average expected value. We provide a characterization for optimal threshold strategies for screening and also derive implications to cases where such screening strategies are suboptimal. We further provide various applications of our results to credit ratings, auctions, general trade, the Peter Principle, and affirmative a

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Lowder, Evan M., Megan M. Morrison, Daryl G. Kroner, and Sarah L. Desmarais. "Racial Bias and LSI-R Assessments in Probation Sentencing and Outcomes." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 2 (2018): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818789977.

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Risk assessments are now implemented in correctional settings across the United States as an evidence-based strategy to inform sentencing and supervision decisions. Despite growing research examining racial bias in the predictive validity of risk assessments, few studies have investigated racial bias in the context of judicial decision-making. We investigated the interactive contributions of race and Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R) risk assessments in predicting sentence length and probation outcomes in 11,792 Black and White probationers. Results showed White probationers at low-ri

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Bibi, Dr Aliya, Brekhna Jamil, FAROOQ AHMED, and Lubna Kashif. "GENDER BIAS DURING ASSESSMENTS IN UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY." Journal of Medical Sciences 30, no. 3 (2022): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52764/jms.23.30.3.13.

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Objective: To explore the perceptions of students and faculty about gender bias during assessments in undergraduate medical education. Material and Method: The study was conducted at a Public and Private Medical College in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, from June 2020 to October 2020. It was a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach in which, 4 focal group interviews with undergraduate medical students and 10 individual interviews with faculty members were undertaken by using a validated semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim.

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Taksande, Dr V. K., Lakhan Shende, Gunjan Bhure, Nitish Kumar, and Vaibhav Waghule. "Psychometric Test and Personality Assessment by using Machine Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (2023): 2886–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50832.

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Abstract: Psychometric tests and personality assessments are widely used in a variety of settings, from academic research to employment screening. Traditional methods of administering and scoring these tests can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, making them difficult to scale or automate. However, recent advances in machine learning have made it possible to develop more efficient and accurate psychometric tests and personality assessments. This paper provides an overview of the use of machine learning in the development and administration of psychometric tests and personality assessments.

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Alfuth, Martin, Patrick Fichter, and Axel Knicker. "Leg length discrepancy: A systematic review on the validity and reliability of clinical assessments and imaging diagnostics used in clinical practice." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0261457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261457.

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Background A variety of assessments to determine leg length discrepancy (LLD) is used in clinical practice and evidence about validity and reliability may differ. Objective The objective of this systematic review was to identify and describe the validity and reliability of different assessments and imaging diagnostics for the determination of LLD. Materials and methods The review was conducted following the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases Medline (PubMed) and Index to Chiropractic Literature were systematically searc

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Brooks, Elizabeth N., and Christopher M. Legault. "Retrospective forecasting — evaluating performance of stock projections for New England groundfish stocks." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 6 (2016): 935–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0163.

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Projections are used to explore scenarios for catch advice and rebuilding and are an important tool for sustainably managing fisheries. We tested each projection specification for 12 groundfish stocks in the Northwest Atlantic to identify sources of bias and evaluate techniques for reducing bias. Projections were made from assessments using virtual population analysis (VPA) with 1–7 years of recent data removed from the full time series and were then compared with results from a VPA assessment on the full time series of data. The main source of bias in projections was the assessment model esti

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Babal, Jessica C., Sarah Webber, Carrie L. Nacht, et al. "Recognizing and Mitigating Gender Bias in Medical Teaching Assessments." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 14, no. 2 (2022): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-21-00774.1.

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Castro, Ítalo Braga. "Improper environmental sampling design bias assessments of coastal contamination." Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry 24 (October 2019): e00068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2019.e00068.

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Escolà-Gascón, Álex, Neil Dagnall, and Kenneth Drinkwater. "Bias analysis in forensic and non-forensic psychiatric assessments." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 88 (May 2023): 101891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101891.

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Penington, Edward, Ryan Williams, and Apostolos Tsiachristas. "Risk of bias in routine mental health outcome data: the case of Health of the Nation Outcome Scales." BMJ Mental Health 28, no. 1 (2025): e301669. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2025-301669.

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BackgroundRoutine outcome data in secondary mental health services have significant potential for service planning, evaluation and research. Expanding the collection and use of these data is an ongoing priority in the National Health Service (NHS), but inconsistent use threatens their validity and utility. If recording is more likely among certain patient groups or at specific stages of treatment, measured outcomes may be biased and unreliable.ObjectiveThe objective is to assess the scale, determinants and implications of incomplete routine outcome measurement in a secondary mental health prov

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Martinková, Patrícia, Adéla Drabinová, Yuan-Ling Liaw, Elizabeth A. Sanders, Jenny L. McFarland, and Rebecca M. Price. "Checking Equity: Why Differential Item Functioning Analysis Should Be a Routine Part of Developing Conceptual Assessments." CBE—Life Sciences Education 16, no. 2 (2017): rm2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-10-0307.

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We provide a tutorial on differential item functioning (DIF) analysis, an analytic method useful for identifying potentially biased items in assessments. After explaining a number of methodological approaches, we test for gender bias in two scenarios that demonstrate why DIF analysis is crucial for developing assessments, particularly because simply comparing two groups’ total scores can lead to incorrect conclusions about test fairness. First, a significant difference between groups on total scores can exist even when items are not biased, as we illustrate with data collected during the valid

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Mende, Janne, Regina Heller, and Alexander Reichwein. "Transcending a Western Bias." European Review of International Studies 9, no. 3 (2022): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-09030001.

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Abstract In this introduction to the Special Issue, we suggest a decolonised and entangled perspective in norms research that transcends the Western legacies of global norms by taking into account the complex constellations and interactions within and between norms. We seek to move beyond the dichotomy of ‘good’ Western versus ‘bad’ non-Western norms without simply reversing it. We instead propose to integrate three dimensions into norms research: 1) revealing the ambivalences and ambiguities inherent to norms; 2) investigating plural actors as vectors of normative change; and 3) broadening th

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Nguyen, Ngoc Nhat Minh. "AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF TEST BIAS AND THEIR WORKING AND TRAINING BACKGROUND." UED Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47393/jshe.v11i1.857.

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This paper aims to explore the relationship between how language teachers perceive test bias and where they are working, how long they have been working, and where they were professionally trained. The data were collected from 19 in-service English teachers from Eastern and Western settings. They completed a questionnaire in which they were asked to respond to test bias stimuli and answer questions related to their teaching background and training. The stimuli contained either of two forms of bias, unfair penalization and offensiveness. Qualitative and quantitative analysis showed teachers wer

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Denson, LaTreese S., David B. Sampson, and Andi Stephens. "Data needs and spatial structure considerations in stock assessments with regional differences in recruitment and exploitation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 11 (2017): 1918–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0277.

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This study uses a simulation experiment to demonstrate that bias in estimates of spawning biomass is influenced by the spatial configuration of a stock assessment model, whether survey data are used or not and whether an environmental index is available to inform the spatial distribution of recruitment. Stocks with limited movement of postsettlement fish may be spatially structured due to environmental forces that affect larval dispersal and recruitment distribution or from nonuniform spatial exploitation. Data are frequently aggregated across space in stock assessments, thus disregarding this

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Chong, Lauren, Silas Taylor, Matthew Haywood, Barbara-Ann Adelstein, and Boaz Shulruf. "The sights and insights of examiners in objective structured clinical examinations." Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 14 (December 27, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2017.14.34.

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Purpose: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is considered to be one of the most robust methods of clinical assessment. One of its strengths lies in its ability to minimise the effects of examiner bias due to the standardisation of items and tasks for each candidate. However, OSCE examiners’ assessment scores are influenced by several factors that may jeopardise the assumed objectivity of OSCEs. To better understand this phenomenon, the current review aims to determine and describe important sources of examiner bias and the factors affecting examiners’ assessments. Methods: We

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Garger, John, Paul H. Jacques, Brian W. Gastle, and Christine M. Connolly. "Threats of common method variance in student assessment of instruction instruments." Higher Education Evaluation and Development 13, no. 1 (2019): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heed-05-2018-0012.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that common method variance, specifically single-source bias, threatens the validity of a university-created student assessment of instructor instrument, suggesting that decisions made from these assessments are inherently flawed or skewed. Single-source bias leads to generalizations about assessments that might influence the ability of raters to separate multiple behaviors of an instructor. Design/methodology/approach Exploratory factor analysis, nested confirmatory factor analysis and within-and-between analysis are used to assess a univers

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Chan, Len. "Exploring Anonymous Marking to Mitigate Marking Bias: A Self-Study Through Mixed Methods Action Research." Canadian Journal of Action Research 25, no. 1 (2025): 113–35. https://doi.org/10.33524/cjar.v25i1.685.

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Anonymous marking, as a means to mitigate bias in grading, involves evaluating student work with their identities withheld. Anonymous marking is explored in this self-study to mitigate implicit bias, which negated a practitioner-researcher’s educational values. The mixed methods action research findings show withholding student identities during grading alleviates confirmation bias and the halo effect. Despite a short period of adjustment, anonymous marking promotes objectivity and fosters more consistent feedback. However, it prevents personalized feedback, jeopardizes relationship building,

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Stocker, Alice. "De-biasing Counsel: A Call for Agile Minds in Arbitration." Journal of International Arbitration 39, Issue 1 (2022): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2022005.

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Unconscious biases have been a hot topic for decades and have found their way into arbitration. While the decision-making process of arbitrators has been the focus of attention, there is hardly any legal literature that deals with potential biases of counsel. Psychological studies have identified a general overconfidence bias in counsel that can have a negative impact on case assessments. As a solution to this issue, a recent study of 2018 showed how to use de-biasing techniques and how this improved case assessments: analysing almost 500 law students in the United States, the study demonstrat

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Edelman, Robin, Patricia Eitel, Nand K. Wadhwa, et al. "Accuracy Or Bias in Nurses’ Ratings of Patient Compliance: A Comparison of Treatment Modality." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 16, no. 3 (1996): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089601600316.

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Objective The study examined the accuracy of nurses’ assessments of patient compliance and identified factors influencing these assessments, including possible biases. Design Nurses’ assessments of compliance, lab serum levels of dietary compliance, and interdialytic weight gain (IWG) were collected and compared to each other. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) were compared on these measures and their compliance. Setting The study was conducted at the tertiary care university hospital at Stony Brook. Patients Data were collected for 62 ES

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Aliya, Bibi, Farooq Ahmed, Lubna Kashif, and Brekhna Jamil. "CREATING A LEVEL PLAYING FIELD: ADDRESSING GENDER BIAS IN UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENT ASSESSMENTS." Journal of Medical Sciences 31, no. 3 (2023): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52764/jms.23.31.3.17.

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Objectives: To identify the mechanisms to reduce gender bias during assessments in undergraduate medical education. Material and Methods: A qualitative study with a phenomenological study design was conducted at a Public and Private Med- ical College in Peshawar, Pakistan, from July 2020 to October 2020. In this qualitative study, four gender-specific focal group interviews with undergraduate medical students and 10 individual interviews with senior faculty members were conducted by using a pre-tested & validated semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded and transcribed

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Mila Nu Nu Htay, M Ganesh Kamath, Anand K M, Sandheep Sugathan, Eunice Ong Luyee, and Soumendra Sahoo. "Overview of Reliability and Validity of Assessments in Medical Education." International Journal of Transformative Health Professions Education 1, no. 1 (2025): 14–18. https://doi.org/10.71354/tr76gs42.

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Reliability and validity of exam questions are crucial in the assessment of medical education. Validity refers to the meaning if the exam questions effectively measure as its purpose to measure, while reliability refers the consistency of a measurement or test. Various methods could be applied to measure the validity and reliability of examination questions. In this review, content validity, face validity, concurrent validity, construct validity, predictive validity are briefly mentioned for further application. Moreover, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, alternate form reliabi

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Frampton, Geoff, Paul Whaley, Micah Bennett, et al. "Principles and framework for assessing the risk of bias for studies included in comparative quantitative environmental systematic reviews." Environmental Evidence 11, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13750-022-00264-0.

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AbstractThe internal validity of conclusions about effectiveness or impact in systematic reviews, and of decisions based on them, depends on risk of bias assessments being conducted appropriately. However, a random sample of 50 recently-published articles claiming to be quantitative environmental systematic reviews found 64% did not include any risk of bias assessment, whilst nearly all that did omitted key sources of bias. Other limitations included lack of transparency, conflation of quality constructs, and incomplete application of risk of bias assessments to the data synthesis. This paper

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DeMichele, Matthew, Peter Baumgartner, Michael Wenger, Megan Comfort, and Amanda Witwer. "Where’s the Bias: No Evidence of Bias by Sex When Testing the Public Safety Assessment." Crime & Delinquency, January 3, 2023, 001112872211309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00111287221130953.

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Pretrial assessments are criticized for inherent biases. We conduct research in Kentucky to assess the predictive validity and differential prediction by sex of one pretrial assessment, the Public Safety Assessment (PSA). Our research is unique because we find equal base rates by sex for missing a court date, which allows us to assess for error rate balance by sex. We find the PSA to have predictive validity within acceptable ranges for the criminal legal field. The analyses show a lack of evidence of predictive bias for any arrest or missing a court date, and we find equal error rates for fiv

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Kildahl, Arvid Nikolai, Hanne Weie Oddli, and Sissel Berge Helverschou. "Bias in assessment of co-occurring mental disorder in individuals with intellectual disabilities: Theoretical perspectives and implications for clinical practice." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, January 28, 2023, 174462952311541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17446295231154119.

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Influence from bias is unavoidable in clinical decision-making, and mental health assessment seems particularly vulnerable. Individuals with intellectual disabilities have increased risk of developing co-occurring mental disorder. Due to the inherent difficulties associated with intellectual disabilities, assessment of mental health in this population often relies on a different set of strategies, and it is unclear how these may affect risk of bias. In this theoretical paper, we apply recent conceptualisations of bias in clinical decision-making to the specific challenges and strategies in men

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Pauli, Roman, and Jessica Lang. "Survey Design Moderates Negativity Bias but not Positivity Bias in Self-Reported Job Stress." European Journal of Psychological Assessment, January 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000806.

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Abstract: Self-report measures are both frequently used and criticized in studies of job-related stress. The question remains whether affective dispositions lead to biased assessments. In this study, we examine the extent to which survey characteristics are susceptible to bias by the characteristics of the person making the assessment. Participants ( N = 1,509) in an online split ballot experiment were randomly assigned to report their job stressors using a 2 (task vs. person-related items) × 2 (frequency vs. agreement response format) factorial design. Participants high in neuroticism or nega

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Kuitunen, Ilari, Lauri Nyrhi, and Daniele De Luca. "ChatGPT-4o in risk of bias assessments in neonatology – a validity analysis." Neonatology, February 25, 2025, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1159/000544857.

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Background: Only a few studies have addressed the potential of large language models (LLM) in risk of bias assessments and the results have been varying. The aim of this study was to analyze how well ChatGPT performs in risk of bias assessments of neonatal studies. Methods: We searched all Cochrane neonatal intervention reviews published in 2024 and extracted all risk of bias assessments. Then the full reports were retrieved and uploaded alongside the guidance to perform a Cochrane original risk of bias analysis in ChatGPT-4o. The concordance between the original assessment and that provided b

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Barcot, Ognjen, Matija Boric, Svjetlana Dosenovic, and Livia Puljak. "Assessing the risk of performance and detection bias in Cochrane reviews as a joint domain is less accurate compared to two separate domains." BMC Medical Research Methodology 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01339-1.

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Abstract Background Initially, the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) tool had a domain for “blinding of participants, personnel and outcome assessors”. In the 2011 tool, the assessment of blinding was split into two domains: blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) and blinding of outcome assessors (detection bias). The aims of this study were twofold; first, to analyze the frequency of usage of the joint blinding domain (a single domain for performance and detection bias), and second, to assess the proportion of adequate assessments made in the joint versus single RoB domains for b

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Ismaeel, Romaisa, Luka J. Pusic, Michael Gottlieb, Teresa M. Chan, Taofiq O. Oyedokun, and Brent Thoma. "Bias in Observed Assessments in Medical Education: A Scoping Review." Academic Medicine, June 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000005794.

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Abstract Purpose Observed assessments are integral to medical education but may be biased against structurally marginalized communities. Current understanding of assessment bias is limited because studies have focused on single specialties, levels of training, or social identity characteristics (SIDCs). This scoping review maps studies investigating bias in observed assessments in medical education arising from trainees’ observable SIDCs at different medical training levels, with consideration of medical specialties, assessment environments, and assessment tools. Method MEDLINE, Embase, ERIC,

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Ng, Isaac KS. "Evaluating racial bias in clinical assessments." Medical Teacher, July 15, 2024, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142159x.2024.2379454.

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Sargeant, Jan M., Marnie L. Brennan, and Annette M. O'Connor. "Levels of Evidence, Quality Assessment, and Risk of Bias: Evaluating the Internal Validity of Primary Research." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (July 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.960957.

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Clinical decisions in human and veterinary medicine should be based on the best available evidence. The results of primary research are an important component of that evidence base. Regardless of whether assessing studies for clinical case management, developing clinical practice guidelines, or performing systematic reviews, evidence from primary research should be evaluated for internal validity i.e., whether the results are free from bias (reflect the truth). Three broad approaches to evaluating internal validity are available: evaluating the potential for bias in a body of literature based

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Gorski, Mathias, Simon Wiegrebe, Ralph Burkhardt, et al. "Bias-corrected serum creatinine from UK Biobank electronic medical records generates an important data resource for kidney function trajectories." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85391-7.

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Abstract Loss of kidney function is a substantial personal and public health burden. Kidney function is typically assessed as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine. UK Biobank provides serum creatinine measurements from study center assessments (SC, n = 425,147 baseline, n = 15,314 with follow-up) and emerging electronic Medical Records (eMR, “GP-clinical”) present a promising resource to augment this data longitudinally. However, it is unclear whether eMR-based and SC-based creatinine values can be used jointly for research on eGFR decline. When comparing eMR-b

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