Journal articles: 'Broaden and build theory of positive emotions'

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Fredrickson, Barbara L. "The broaden–and–build theory of positive emotions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1449 (September 29, 2004): 1367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512.

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The broaden–and–build theory describes the form and function of a subset of positive emotions, including joy, interest, contentment and love. A key proposition is that these positive emotions broaden an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire: joy sparks the urge to play, interest sparks the urge to explore, contentment sparks the urge to savour and integrate, and love sparks a recurring cycle of each of these urges within safe, close relationships. The broadened mindsets arising from these positive emotions are contrasted to the narrowed mindsets sparked by many negative emotions (i.e. specific action tendencies, such as attack or flee). A second key proposition concerns the consequences of these broadened mindsets: by broadening an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire—whether through play, exploration or similar activities—positive emotions promote discovery of novel and creative actions, ideas and social bonds, which in turn build that individual's personal resources; ranging from physical and intellectual resources, to social and psychological resources. Importantly, these resources function as reserves that can be drawn on later to improve the odds of successful coping and survival. This chapter reviews the latest empirical evidence supporting the broaden–and–build theory and draws out implications the theory holds for optimizing health and well–being.

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Fredrickson, Barbara L. "The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions." American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218.

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Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Thomas Joiner. "Positive Emotions Trigger Upward Spirals Toward Emotional Well-Being." Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (March 2002): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431.

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The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions predicts that positive emotions broaden the scopes of attention and cognition, and, by consequence, initiate upward spirals toward increasing emotional well-being. The present study assessed this prediction by testing whether positive affect and broad-minded coping reciprocally and prospectively predict one another. One hundred thirty-eight college students completed self-report measures of affect and coping at two assessment periods 5 weeks apart. As hypothesized, regression analyses showed that initial positive affect, but not negative affect, predicted improved broad-minded coping, and initial broad-minded coping predicted increased positive affect, but not reductions in negative affect. Further mediational analyses showed that positive affect and broad-minded coping serially enhanced one another. These findings provide prospective evidence to support the prediction that positive emotions initiate upward spirals toward enhanced emotional well-being. Implications for clinical practice and health promotion are discussed.

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Rahimi, Ali, and Rouhollah Askari Bigdeli. "The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions in Second Language Learning." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 (December 2014): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.451.

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Armenta, Christina N., Megan M. Fritz, and Sonja Lyubomirsky. "Functions of Positive Emotions: Gratitude as a Motivator of Self-Improvement and Positive Change." Emotion Review 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073916669596.

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Positive emotions are highly valued and frequently sought. Beyond just being pleasant, however, positive emotions may also lead to long-term benefits in important domains, including work, physical health, and interpersonal relationships. Research thus far has focused on the broader functions of positive emotions. According to the broaden-and-build theory, positive emotions expand people’s thought–action repertoires and allow them to build psychological, intellectual, and social resources. New evidence suggests that positive emotions—particularly gratitude—may also play a role in motivating individuals to engage in positive behaviors leading to self-improvement. We propose and offer supportive evidence that expressing gratitude leads people to muster effort to improve themselves via increases in connectedness, elevation, humility, and specific negative states including indebtedness.

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Lin, Chih-Che. "Impact of Gratitude on Resource Development and Emotional Well-Being." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 3 (April 23, 2015): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.3.493.

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Using the broaden-and-build theory, I examined whether or not gratitude can build social, cognitive, physical, and psychological resources, and whether or not gratitude induces other positive emotions that trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. I recruited participants (N = 375 undergraduates) to complete measures of the variables of interest. The results indicated that higher levels of gratitude significantly predicted increases in social support, adaptive coping abilities, and beneficial psychological outcomes (e.g., life satisfaction), as well as decreases in avoidant coping style and detrimental physical outcomes (e.g., negative emotions). Further, I found that gratitude could induce other positive emotions which partially mediated the effects of gratitude on emotional well-being. These findings provide empirical support for the idea that gratitude is, in essence, a positive emotion beneficial for positive functioning, as well as broadening and building other positive emotions, which, in turn, result in an increase in emotional well-being.

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Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Thomas Joiner. "Reflections on Positive Emotions and Upward Spirals." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (March 2018): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691617692106.

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We reflect on our 2002 article and the impact this research report has had both within and beyond psychological science. This article was both one of the first publications to provide empirical support for hypotheses based on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and a product of the genesis of positive psychology. We highlight empirical and theoretical advancements in the scientific understanding of upward spiral dynamics associated with positive emotions, with particular focus on the new upward spiral theory of lifestyle change. We conclude by encouraging deeper and more rigorous tests of the prospective and reciprocal relations associated with positive emotions. Such progress is needed to better inform translations and applications to improve people’s health and well-being.

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Liu, Chongrui, Cong Wang, Yan Liu, Xuran Liu, and Yuan Ni. "A Cross-Level Theoretical and Empirical Model of Positive Emotions, Leader Identification, and Leader–Member Exchange." Journal of Personnel Psychology 20, no. 3 (July 2021): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000277.

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Abstract. Although leader–member exchange (LMX) has been widely studied, knowledge about how followers influence the LMX process remains unknown. By integrating the broaden-and-build theory (BBT) with the emotion as social information (EASI) theory, we develop a follower-centric multilevel model to investigate how followers' positive emotions have an impact on LMX via the mediating role of leader identification and the moderating role of leaders' positive emotions. We conducted a survey with 319 Chinese employees from 67 teams. The results indicated that leader identification served as a mediating factor in the relationship between followers' positive emotions and LMX. The work unit leaders' positive emotions strengthened the relationship between leader identification and LMX and moderated the mediated relationship among followers' positive emotions, leader identification, and LMX. Altogether, our findings inform new knowledge in terms of how followers may influence the development of LMX. We also help to extend the BBT and the EASI theory to the leadership context.

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Nickerson, Carol. "Theory/Analysis Mismatch: Comment on Fredrickson and Joiner’s (2002) Test of the Broaden-and-build Theory of Positive Emotions." Journal of Happiness Studies 8, no. 4 (August 22, 2007): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9071-4.

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Nickerson, Carol. "Theory/Analysis Mismatch: Comment on Fredrickson and Joiner’s (2002) Test of the Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions." Journal of Happiness Studies 8, no. 4 (November 15, 2006): 537–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9030-5.

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Hodgins, Michael, and Ann Dadich. "Positive emotion in knowledge creation." Journal of Health Organization and Management 31, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2016-0108.

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Purpose Despite the importance of evidence-based practice, the translation of knowledge into quality healthcare continues to be stymied by an array of micro, meso and macro factors. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a need to consider different – if not unconventional approaches – like the role of positive emotion, and how it might be used to promote and sustain knowledge translation (KT). Design/methodology/approach By reviewing and coalescing two distinct theories – the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and the organisational knowledge creation theory – this paper presents a case for the role of positive emotion in KT. Findings Theories pertaining to positive emotion and organisational knowledge creation have much to offer KT in healthcare. Three conceptual “entry points” might be particularly helpful to integrate the two domains – namely, understanding the relationship between knowledge and positive emotions; positive emotions related to Nonaka’s concept of knowledge creation; and the mutual enrichment contained in the parallel “upward spiralling” of both theories. Research limitations/implications This is a conceptual paper and as such is limited in its applicability and scope. Future work should empirically explore these conceptual findings, delving into positive emotion and KT. Originality/value This is the first paper to bring together two seemingly disparate theories to address an intractable issue – the translation of knowledge into quality healthcare. This represents an important point of departure from current KT discourse, much of which continues to superimpose artefacts like clinical practice guidelines onto complex healthcare context.

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Stifter, Cynthia, Mairin Augustine, and Jessica Dollar. "The role of positive emotions in child development: A developmental treatment of the broaden and build theory." Journal of Positive Psychology 15, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1695877.

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Chen, Xinjie, Xitao Fan, Hoi Yan Cheung, and Joseph Wu. "The subjective well-being of academically gifted students in the Chinese cultural context." School Psychology International 39, no. 3 (May 3, 2018): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034318773788.

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This study examined the subjective well-being, as reflected as their satisfaction with life, of academically gifted secondary school students in China, under the framework of the broaden-and-build theory. A total number of 351 academically gifted secondary students participated in the study. Multiple scales were used to measure these academically gifted students’ satisfaction with life and other relevant constructs. The results indicated that girls had significantly higher satisfaction with life than boys. Consistent with the broaden-and-build theory, the study showed that positive emotions and some variables from the broadened mindset and four building resources aspects of the theory were significantly interrelated for these academically gifted students. Based on the hierarchical regression results, positive affect, agency hope, parents’ trust, general health, and social functioning were found to be contributing factors to the subjective well-being, while negative affect, peers alienation, depression, anxiety, were found to be negatively related to their life satisfaction.

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Kearney, David J., Carolyn McManus, Carol A. Malte, Michelle E. Martinez, Benjamin Felleman, and Tracy L. Simpson. "Loving-Kindness Meditation and the Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions Among Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Medical Care 52 (December 2014): S32—S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000221.

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Azab, Carol, Terry Clark, and Cheryl Burke Jarvis. "Positive psychological capacities: the mystery ingredient in successful service recoveries?" Journal of Services Marketing 32, no. 7 (October 8, 2018): 897–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-11-2017-0407.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the influence of frontline employees’ (FLEs’) positive psychological capacities (PPCs) (optimism, hope, resilience and self-efficacy) on service recovery. Design/methodology/approach A model of FLE PPCs is tested using two studies: a field study (Nretail = 205; Nrestaurant = 160) and between-subject experimental design (Neducation = 206) in three service settings. Findings Results show that positive emotions mediate the relationship between PPCs and problem-solving adaptability, and that authenticity of positive emotions moderates the relationship between positive emotions and interactional justice. Surprisingly, problem-solving adaptability positively influences perceptions of distributive justice and interactional justice. A small interaction effect between positive emotions and problem-solving adaptability also was found. Research limitations/implications The dependent variable (problem-solving adaptability) was measured using an open-ended question evaluated by objective, independent raters rather than a self-reported structured metric, to minimize social desirability bias. Practical implications Given that the customer complaints to the Better Business Bureau in 2016 were close to one million, most of them occurring in the service sector, service firms need continuous research into improving service recovery. This study argues that firms can improve FLEs’ problem-solving adaptability behavior by training existing FLEs to strengthen PPCs, hiring FLEs that have strong PPCs and fostering positive emotions. Originality/value This is the first study that examines the effect of PPCs on service recovery outcomes. By incorporating PPCs as antecedents of positive emotions, this paper explains how FLEs can offer a better recovery rather than dictating what they ought to display and say. An explanation of how FLE PPCs influence customer outcomes via the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and emotion contagion theory is offered, highlighting a novel path/relationship between FLE positive emotions and problem-solving abilities, and extending emotion contagion to service recovery.

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Baka, Łukasz, Dawid Ścigała, Łukasz Kapica, Andrzej Najmiec, and Krzysztof Grala. "How Is Work Ability Shaped in Groups of Shift and Non-Shift Workers? A Comprehensive Approach to Job Resources and Mediation Role of Emotions at Work." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 7730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157730.

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There is much less research on the relationship between shift work and positive states experienced in the workplace, e.g., emotions and work ability. Using the job demands-resources model, conservation of resources theory and the broaden-and-build theory as theoretical frameworks, the direct and indirect (mediated via positive and negative emotions) relations between the complex of job resources and work ability were tested in the group of shift and non-shift workers. Three types of resources related to task, leadership and interpersonal relations were taken into account. Data were collected among 1510 workers. Structural equation modelling (SEM) showed that only leadership was directly related to high work ability in both occupational groups. Indirect effects of positive and negative emotions were strongly supported. Both of them mediate the effects of the three analysed job resources on work ability, but individual job resources impacted were different. Leadership resources led to “good” work ability by the intensification of positive and reduction of negative emotions. Interpersonal resources decrease negative emotions. Task resources, conversely, intensified positive emotions, which in turn increased work ability. These research results shed more light on the ways of shaping work ability among shift and non-shift workers.

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Pohling, Rico, and Rhett Diessner. "Moral Elevation and Moral Beauty: A Review of the Empirical Literature." Review of General Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 2016): 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000089.

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Moral elevation is defined as the emotional response to witnessing acts of moral beauty. Studies have found that elevation entails pleasant feelings of warmth in the chest, feeling uplifted, moved, and optimistic about humanity. Elevation motivates affiliation with others as well as moral action tendencies. The main goal of this review was to gather and organize the empirical findings from the last 16 years of elevation research with regard to psychological and physiological characteristics, motivational tendencies, behavioral outcomes, neuronal mechanisms, moderators, and correlates of elevation. A secondary goal was to examine whether elevation is congruent with Fredrickson's (2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. It was concluded that there is strong evidence that elevation broadens the thought-action repertoire and relatively weak evidence that it builds lasting resources. Potential evolutionary functions, the forms of measurement of elevation, the process of how elevation is triggered, practical applications and directions for future research were also addressed.

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Jin, Eunjoo, and Lucy Atkinson. "The Moderating Role of Emotion: The Combinatory Effects of Positive Emotion and News Framing Techniques on Climate Change Attitudes." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 98, no. 3 (January 15, 2021): 749–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699020988105.

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Based on mood management theory and the broaden-and-build theory, this study examines whether an individual’s emotional state influences the persuasive efficacy of climate change news framing techniques. To test our hypothesis, we conducted a 2 (Message Framing: thematic vs. episodic) × 2 (Emotion: positive vs. control) between-subjects factorial design experiment. Results indicate that episodically framed messages significantly decrease news believability and risk perception for people in a positive emotional state. News believability and risk perception positively mediated the effects of emotion and message frame on policy support and behavioral intention.

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Cho, Heetae, Hui Yi Tan, and Eunsoon Lee. "Importance of perceived teammate support as a predictor of student-athletes’ positive emotions and subjective well-being." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 3 (April 19, 2020): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120919720.

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Student-athletes may have high stress, and the level of their subjective well-being could be low due to the dual role of being a student and an athlete. In the field of sport psychology, social support has received focal attention to identifying its impact on individuals’ subjective well-being. However, there is a lack of research that focuses on teammate support and subjective well-being. Thus, this study examined how the perception of teammate support influences subjective well-being through positive emotions based on the environmental psychology model and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. This study collected 313 responses from university student-athletes in Singapore and conducted a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. Results showed that perceived teammate support had a positive influence on subjective well-being through positive emotion. Also, there was a direct effect of perceived teammate support on subjective well-being. The results support the critical role of perceived teammate support in enhancing the student-athletes’ subjective well-being. The findings of this study are beneficial for coaches and student-leaders to design strategies to improve the subjective well-being of student-athletes.

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Lavy, Shiri, and Hadassah Littman-Ovadia. "My Better Self." Journal of Career Development 44, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845316634056.

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Character strengths are hypothesized to contribute to human thriving. However, the effects of their use on individuals’ behaviors and attitudes at work, an important domain of modern life, have rarely been studied. In the present study, we examined associations of employees’ use of character strengths at work with productivity, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and job satisfaction. Based on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, we suggested a multiple mediation model demonstrating how these associations are mediated by positive affect and engagement. Participants ( N = 1,095) completed measures of strengths use, work productivity, OCB, job satisfaction, positive affect, and work engagement. As hypothesized, using strengths at work was associated with productivity, OCB, and job satisfaction, and these associations were mediated by higher positive emotions and engagement. The findings highlight the potential benefits of encouraging employees to use their strengths and point to positive affect and work engagement as mediating these effects.

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Williams, Michele, Liuba Y. Belkin, and Chao C. Chen. "Cognitive Flexibility Matters: The Role of Multilevel Positive Affect and Cognitive Flexibility in Shaping Victims’ Cooperative and Uncooperative Behavioral Responses to Trust Violations." Group & Organization Management 45, no. 2 (April 2020): 181–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601120911224.

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Despite a significant growth in the scholarly literature in the area of trust violations and repair in the last decade, extant work has largely ignored the complex and socially competent responses of the victims of these violations. Our framework integrates insights from affective events theory, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, and theories of cognitive processing to suggest that cognitive flexibility is central to understanding how individuals respond to trust violations. Rather than viewing victims solely as gatekeepers to trust repair, we examine how victims’ cognitive processes are influenced by the affective context of those violations, which can, in turn, produce a spectrum of nuanced behavioral responses. We refer to this spectrum as the “swollen middle,” the range of behavior that resides between the extremes of impulsive revenge and forgiveness-based, communal cooperation. By integrating psychological theories of emotion and cognitive processing, we seek to highlight the central role of cognitive flexibility in the range of cooperative responses to trust violations. More broadly, we seek to contribute to the emergence of a new paradigm for studying interpersonal trust at work—a paradigm that explores trust-violating events as situated affect-laden experiences that interact with relevant organizational and interpersonal factors to influence employee behavior and trust dynamics in organizations.

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Mirehie, Mona, Shintaro Sato, and Brian Krohn. "Participation in Active Sport Tourism and Life Satisfaction: Comparing Golf, Snowboarding, and Long-Distance Running." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 10316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810316.

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Research has shown that participation in sport tourism can enhance wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between wellbeing generated through participation in active sport tourism and overall life satisfaction. Three different types of active sport tourism (i.e., golf, snowboarding, and long-distance running) were compared to explore whether the type of experience impacts the relationship between active sport tourism wellbeing and life satisfaction. Broaden-and-build theory was used as a theoretical foundation. Data were collected via an online self-administered questionnaire. Respondents were recruited via a Qualtrics panel (N = 418). Analysis of variance indicated that snowboarders rated the positive emotions acquired from active sport tourism significantly lower than golfers and runners. Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression showed a significantly stronger relationship between positive emotions and life satisfaction for golfers and runners compared to snowboarders. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.

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Samios, Christina, Lisa M. Abel, and Amber K. Rodzik. "The protective role of compassion satisfaction for therapists who work with sexual violence survivors: an application of the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions." Anxiety, Stress & Coping 26, no. 6 (November 2013): 610–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.784278.

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Cole, Brian P., Michael Baglieri, Scott Ploharz, Margaret Brennan, Michael Ternes, Tristan Patterson, and Ashley Kuznia. "What’s Right With Men? Gender Role Socialization and Men’s Positive Functioning." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 155798831880607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318806074.

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This study explored relations between conformity to masculine norms, gender role conflict, hope, and psychological well-being among a sample of 389 men from a university, with a predominantly White student body, located in the Midwestern United States. Bivariate correlations revealed that men’s conformity to masculine norms and gender role conflict were positively correlated. Bivariate correlations revealed no significant relations between conformity to masculine norms, trait hope, and psychological well-being. Gender role conflict was associated with decreased hope and psychological well-being. Results of path analysis explained relations between conformity to masculine norms, gender role conflict, trait hope, and psychological well-being. This indicates that gender role conflict may contribute to lower trait hope and psychological well-being for college men. Although several aspects of conformity to masculine norms had positive associations with hope, these relations were significant and negative when men experienced gender role conflict. This work fills an important gap in the literature by examining the unique relations of conformity to masculine norms and gender role conflict to men’s positive functioning. Results are discussed within the context of positive psychological theories including Frederickson’s broaden and build theory of positive emotions, hope theory, Ryff’s model of psychological well-being, and self-determination theory. Implications and future directions are discussed.

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McIntyre, Karen. "“Tell Me Something Good”: Testing the Longitudinal Effects of Constructive News Using the Google Assistant." Electronic News 14, no. 1 (March 2020): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1931243120910446.

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Americans say that reading, watching, or listening to the news is one of their leading causes of stress. And indeed, research has shown that negative news can negatively impact people’s attitudes, behaviors, and mental health. To combat the unwelcome effects of negative news, some have suggested that reporters practice more constructive or solution-oriented journalism by reporting stories that highlight societal progress. Drawing on cognitive appraisal theory and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, this study tested the impact of constructive news. In a mixed-design quasi-experiment, participants received access to a Google Assistant feature in which they could prompt the assistant to summarize a constructive news story. After 2 weeks, those who used the feature were more likely, between pretest and posttest, than those who did not to feel positive while consuming traditional news, suggesting constructive news could mitigate the effects of more typical, negative news.

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Pohling, Rico, Rhett Diessner, and Anja Strobel. "The role of gratitude and moral elevation in moral identity development." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 4 (August 29, 2017): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417727874.

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Experiencing the moral emotions of gratitude and moral elevation are responses to witnessing virtuous deeds of others. Both emotions have been found to share similar features and behavioral consequences, including the stimulation of personal development. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions indicates that gratitude and elevation prompt the long-term development of lasting resources. Moral identity has been found to be a personal resource in the moral domain since it is associated with higher levels of moral functioning. Therefore, using a two-wave cross-lagged panel design, the current study investigated the causal role of trait gratitude and trait elevation as antecedents of short-term moral identity development. At two points of time (time interval 17 months), a heterogeneous sample of n = 129 adults with a broad range of age completed measures of trait gratitude, trait moral elevation (engagement with moral beauty), and moral identity (internalization and symbolization of the Aquino–Reed framework). In line with our hypotheses, trait moral elevation predicted increases in moral identity internalization. In contrast to our hypotheses, the development of trait gratitude was predicted by moral identity internalization, and not the other way around. Exploratory analyses showed that no cross-lagged effects could be found for the symbolization dimension. In addition, a multi-group analysis explored which of the cross-lagged effects could be generalized across age groups. The results are discussed in the context of the moral emotion research.

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SHABBIR, SAYYED ADNAN, and FAUZIA SYED. "Relationship of Consumer Happiness & Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Gratitude (A Case of Apparel Industry)." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-1(2021)-15.

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Positive emotions have drawn considerable interest of researchers in the recent past. One such emotion is happiness. The current study attempts to discover the underlying mechanism through which consumer happiness transforms into positive outcomes. Based on the “broaden and build theory of positive emotions” a model was developed and tested. Gratitude has been taken as a mediating variable. The proposed model explains the Pakistani customers’ shopping considerations from well known clothing outlets. Consumer happiness in this study has been used as an antecedent of repurchase intentions and customer advocacy, whereas, gratitude mediates the relationship between consumer happiness and positive outcomes. Data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire from 330 respondents through survey method. All questionnaires were personally administered. PLS-SEM techniques have been used through smart PLS 3 for testing the model. The relationship between consumer happiness and customer advocacy was found significant. Gratitude was found as a significant mediator among consumer happiness and outcomes. However, repurchase intention from branded clothing stores in Pakistan was found to be insignificantly affected by consumer happiness. The study contributes towards the better comprehension about the shopping experience of Pakistani shoppers towards branded clothing stores in true letter and spirit. The study contributes to the existing body of literature by incorporating experiences of shoppers from emerging economies like Pakistan and establishing the mechanism through which consumer happiness transforms consumer experiences into positive outcomes. Keywords: Consumer Happiness, Gratitude, Repurchase Intention, Customer Advocacy.

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C. Barnes, Donald, Joel E. Collier, and Stacey Robinson. "Customer delight and work engagement." Journal of Services Marketing 28, no. 5 (August 5, 2014): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-02-2013-0051.

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Purpose – The purpose of the current research is to evaluate how customer contact level and customer service-based role conflict influence the relationship between customer emotions and work engagement, while simultaneously evaluating psychological capital as an outcome of work engagement. Customer service research highlights the impact of employee attitudes and behaviors on customer satisfaction. More recently, this relationship has been examined in reverse, evaluating how customer emotions influence the employee. Unfortunately, previous research has not evaluated variables that inhibit the impact of customer emotions on the employee. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from frontline employees across high and low customer contact service contexts. The hypothesized relationships were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings – This research provides empirical evidence that employee-perceived customer delight impacts employee work engagement. However, through a process of feedback, customer service-based role conflict impacts the relationship between customer emotions and employee emotions. Finally, the conceptual model illustrates how engaged employees can create their own personal resources vis-à-vis the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Research limitations/implications – This research identifies both antecedent and outcomes variables associated with work engagement, as well as identified mediating factors. Practical implications – Results suggest that the quality and level of contact that frontline employees have with customers impact their work engagement. Furthermore, engaged frontline employees have the ability to create their own personal resources. Originality/value – This research makes contributions to the understanding of the impact of positive customer emotions on frontline employees.

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Baranik, Lisa E., and Lillian Eby. "Organizational citizenship behaviors and employee depressed mood, burnout, and satisfaction with health and life." Personnel Review 45, no. 4 (June 6, 2016): 626–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-03-2014-0066.

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Purpose – Using mood regulation theories and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the purpose of this paper is to hypothesize that the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors aimed at individuals (OCB-Is) and depressed mood, burnout, and satisfaction with life and health would be mediated by positive affect. Design/methodology/approach – Lagged data were collected from employee-supervisor dyads. Findings – OCB-Is were related to positive affect, and positive affect was positively related to subsequent reports of life satisfaction and general health satisfaction, and negatively related to burnout and depressed mood. Positive affect mediated the relationship between OCB-Is and life satisfaction, general health satisfaction, and depressed mood but not burnout. An alternative reverse causality mediation model ruled out the possibility that OCB-Is mediated the relationship between positive affect and the employee outcomes. Originality/value – These findings lend support for OCBs being an antecedent of mood, rather than vice versa.

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Garland, Eric L., Barbara Fredrickson, Ann M. Kring, David P. Johnson, Piper S. Meyer, and David L. Penn. "Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology." Clinical Psychology Review 30, no. 7 (November 2010): 849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002.

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Faulk, Kathryn E., Christian T. Gloria, Jessica Duncan Cance, and Mary A. Steinhardt. "Depressive Symptoms among US Military Spouses during Deployment." Armed Forces & Society 38, no. 3 (February 16, 2012): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x11428785.

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Using the Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions, the relationships among stress, positivity, and depressive symptoms were examined in a sample of military spouses during deployment ( N = 367). Over one-third of the spouses reported moderately severe levels of depressive symptoms. After controlling for demographic and deployment variables, stress had a positive association with depressive symptoms (β = .59, p < .001), while positivity had a negative association (β = −.39, p < .001). Positivity was also found to play a moderating role on the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms (β = −.29, p < .001). Spouses with lower positivity reported more depressive symptoms at both low and high levels of stress compared to those with higher positivity. The final model, including both direct and moderating variables, accounted for 69 percent of the total variance in depressive symptoms. Practical implications are discussed in terms of the importance of developing positivity in military spouses.

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Van Haitsma, Kimberly, Katherine M. Abbott, Annabelle Arbogast, Lauren R. Bangerter, Allison R. Heid, Liza L. Behrens, and Caroline Madrigal. "A Preference-Based Model of Care: An Integrative Theoretical Model of the Role of Preferences in Person-Centered Care." Gerontologist 60, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz075.

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Abstract Knowledge of individuals’ everyday preferences is a cornerstone of person-centered care (PCC). Initial evidence demonstrates the positive impact of honoring preferences in care for older adults receiving long-term services and supports (LTSS). Yet, the mechanisms through which preference-based care affects individual well-being remain poorly understood. This article proposes a theoretical model of PCC entitled the Preference-Based Model of Care that integrates the Theory of Human Motivation, Self-determination Theory, the Competence-Press Model of person and environment fit, the Living Systems Framework, and the Broaden-and-Build theory of positive emotions to deepen our understanding of the processes through which preference-based care affects well-being among older adults receiving LTSS. The Preference-Based Model of Care illustrates how goal-directed behaviors facilitate need fulfillment through the expression of individual preferences and how these behaviors mediate the relationship between person–environment fit and affect balance within a particular social, cultural, and political context. The Preference-Based Model of Care can advance research on PCC in LTSS and can inform LTSS clinical practice guidelines for older adults, regardless of functional or cognitive capacity.

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Krok, Dariusz, Beata Zarzycka, and Ewa Telka. "The Religious Meaning System and Resilience in Spouse Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A Moderated Mediation Model of Hope and Affect." Journal of Religion and Health 60, no. 4 (May 26, 2021): 2960–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01278-7.

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AbstractThe character of the relationship between religiosity and resilience depends to a large extent on mediation and moderation mechanisms which rely on cognitive and emotional processes. Research conducted within hope theory and the broaden and build theory indicates that hope and affect can mediate and moderate this relationship. The present study explored whether the relationship of the religious meaning system with resilience in spouse caregivers of cancer patients can be mediated by hope and simultaneously moderated by positive and negative affect. A total of 241 spouse caregivers completed a set of questionnaires. The results revealed that hope mediated the relationship between the religious meaning system and resilience. Furthermore, positive affect but not negative affect moderated the indirect effect of the religious meaning system to resilience through hope.

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Reeder, Kevin R. "Changing the Cadence from Military to Community through Music." Music and Medicine 12, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v12i1.710.

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PTSD symptoms among military veterans is a common response to traumatic events. Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include intrusive, avoidant, negative cognitions and mood, and increased arousal symptoms. Often these symptoms are associated with a sense of loss of personal control and a decreased ability to regulate physiologic, cognitive, and emotional responses to traumatic reminders. In general, Emotional Processing Theory focuses on the negative triggers associated with PTSD and Broaden and Build theory focuses on the potential for positive triggers associated with resilience. Music can be an effective medium for increasing a sense of personal control and impact physiologic (e.g., heart rate variability), cognitive, and emotional responses in the context of passive listening and/or active participation. Examples of physiologic, cognitive, and emotional responses to music will be discussed. In addition, clinical contexts (e.g., self-help, adjunctive treatment) will be presented in which music may assist military veterans in their response to traumatic events.

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Al-Hawari, Mohd A., Shaker Bani-Melhem, and Faridahwati Mohd Shamsudin. "Determinants of frontline employee service innovative behavior." Management Research Review 42, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 1076–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-07-2018-0266.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of workplace happiness and work engagement on employee service innovative behavior from the perspective of positive psychology. The study also examines if work engagement mediates the relationship between workplace happiness and employee service innovative behavior. Finally, it investigates how co-worker socializing and the service climate of the organization moderate the relationship between work engagement and employee service innovative behavior. Design/methodology/approach The study used survey data from 321 frontline employees working in the service sector in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Six major hypotheses were established and examined using the SPSS Statistics V22.0 Process. The measurement model was analyzed using Amos 22. Findings Workplace happiness and work engagement are found to be important factors affecting employee service innovative behavior. Workplace happiness influences employee service innovative behavior directly and indirectly through work engagement. Both service climate and co-worker socializing play a significant moderating role in the relationship between work engagement and employee service innovative behavior among frontline employees. Interestingly, service climate erodes this relationship while co-worker socializing enhances it. Practical implications This study provides guidelines for managers and practitioners in the service industry to promote frontline employee service innovative behavior. Specifically, the findings provide guidance for decision-makers on how to use workplace happiness to trigger the innovative service behaviors of frontline employees, taking into consideration the conditional role of service climate and co-worker socializing. Originality/value The literature on factors affecting the service innovative behavior of frontline employees in the service sector from the perspective of positive psychology is limited, especially in the context of the UAE. The data, framework and outcomes of this research address this gap and contribute to the current body of knowledge. Specifically, the study contributes to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions in the field of positive psychology by validating the applicability of the theory in a wider organizational context.

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Ribeiro, Neuza, Manish Gupta, Daniel Gomes, and Nelia Alexandre. "Impact of psychological capital (PsyCap) on affective commitment: mediating role of affective well-being." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 29, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 1015–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-04-2020-2122.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of affective well-being (AWB) in the relationship between psychological capital (PsyCap) and affective commitment. Design/methodology/approach The sample included 226 employees from diverse Portuguese organizations. Based on a survey, respondents reported their perceptions of own PsyCap, AWB and affective commitment to their organization. Findings Results from structural equation modeling suggested presence of mediation by AWB in the relationship between PsyCap and affective commitment. Practical implications Managers are encouraged to gain from this finding by emphasizing more on the emotional health of individuals to increase their attachment with the company. Originality/value Though there are several studies indicating the positive consequences of PsyCap on employees, studies on how PsyCap affects affective commitment through AWB is scarce. These results advance the broaden-and-build theory by suggesting that the relationship between PsyCap and affective commitment is much more complex.

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Arasli, Huseyin, Ahmet Nergiz, Mehmet Yesiltas, and Tugrul Gunay. "Human Resource Management Practices and Service Provider Commitment of Green Hotel Service Providers: Mediating Role of Resilience and Work Engagement." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 9187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219187.

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Although research on human resource management practices (HRMPs) has been ongoing for many years, studies have actually paid little attention to HRMPs and their contribution to the emotional side of the bottom line or commitment to the external environment, particularly the serial mediation of HRMPs. Hence, to fill this research void, this study extends social exchange theory, broaden-and-build theory and the conservation of resources (COR) theory in the context of green hospitality by proposing a novel conceptual model to test the mediating effects of resilience and commitment between HRMPs (training, empowerment, and rewards) and service providers’ environmental commitment. A quantitative study was performed involving 557 participants at green hotels. The findings show that the components of HRMPs (training, rewards, and empowerment) were found to be crucial tools in encouraging service providers to engage in environmental tasks while green training, empowerment and reward systems can unlock environmental commitment (EEC) for the setting. In addition, environmental commitment increased by the contribution of two mediators, resilience and engagement; and interestingly, rewards did not contribute to the environmental resilience of service providers, while all three HRMPs had a positive influence on work engagement of service providers in the research context.

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Kim, Young Do, Marshall J. Magnusen, Anthony Weaver, and Minjung Kim. "Rural community well-being through minor league sport." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 9, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 328–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-10-2018-0092.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how small-town residents’ perceptions of a minor league sport team’s socially responsible initiatives (SRI) influence several psychological responses to SRI, including feelings of gratitude, subjective well-being, place attachment and community pride. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional, survey-based research design was employed to empirically assess the effects of SRI on positive psychological responses in the context of a minor league sport team located in a rural community. The data set used in this study included a convenience sample of 307 small-town residents. Findings Residents of the rural community did perceive and feel grateful for their minor league sport team’s SRI. Grateful residents experienced higher levels of subjective well-being (happiness, pleasure and satisfaction) as well as enhanced community pride and attachment due to the local sport team’s altruistic and prosocial behaviors. Research limitations/implications This study’s findings shed light on a critical function and benefit of a minor league sport team in rural communities. Emotionally valued prosocial efforts enhance the well-being of residents in rural communities. Thus, a reasonable course of action for local community leaders and public-sector organizations is to invest in and create partnership opportunities with their local minor league sport teams. Such efforts can turn sport teams into leverageable assets that can help promote healthy and sustainable communities for current residents as well as future generations. Originality/value A contribution of this study is the integration of the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions to better understand how gratitude mediates the relationship between SRI and beneficial community-focused outcomes such as pride, attachment and well-being.

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Fredrickson, Barbara L. "What Good Are Positive Emotions?" Review of General Psychology 2, no. 3 (September 1998): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300.

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This article opens by noting that positive emotions do not fit existing models of emotions. Consequently, a new model is advanced to describe the form and function of a subset of positive emotions, including joy, interest, contentment, and love. This new model posits that these positive emotions serve to broaden an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire, which in turn has the effect of building that individual's physical, intellectual, and social resources. Empirical evidence to support this broaden-and-build model of positive emotions is reviewed, and implications for emotion regulation and health promotion are discussed.

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Totawar, Abhishek Kumar, and Ranjeet Nambudiri. "How does Organizational Justice influence Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment? Explaining with Psychological Capital." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 39, no. 2 (April 2014): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140209.

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‘Looking fair’ is the desired goal of individuals and organizations. Fairness perceptions of organizational actions, by employees, translate into various favourable work outcomes. For instance, perceptions of fairness, defined as organizational justice, significantly influences attitudinal variables as job satisfaction and organizational commitment. However, the existing literature does not offer complete picture of this influence. In other words, the ‘underlying mechanism’ governing the influence of organizational justice on job satisfaction and organizational commitment is not fully understood. On the basis of extant literature review and arguments grounded in the social exchange theory, and ‘broaden and build’ theory of positive emotions, this study identifies psychological capital (PsyCap) as an explanatory mechanism for the influence of organizational justice on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The primary objective of this study was to test a theoretical and structural model that hypothesized mediation of PsyCap in the influence of organizational justice on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. A survey-based methodology, with standardized scales was used. A pilot study was conducted to test the scale properties. A sample of 440 employees from the Indian service sector industry was drawn. A two-step process of analysis, with AMOS 16, was employed to test the structural model. The scales were assessed and found fit for reliability and validity criteria. Besides examining the significance of indirect effects using the bias-corrected confidence intervals with two-thousand bootstrap samples, the study also applied alternative⁄nested structural equation models to test the mediation hypotheses. Results are found to be consistent with the stated hypotheses thus confirming the mediation of PsyCap in the influence of organizational justice on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The findings of this study advance available knowledge on job satisfaction and organizational commitment; and provide impetus to research in this domain by identifying PsyCap as an intervening variable. The study thus extends the application of PsyCap as an organizational variable capable of translating the effect of justice on satisfaction and commitment. It also supports and extends the view of previous researchers that PsyCap is a significant positive organizational behaviour (POB) variable, as it is capable of performance improvement and is open to development. From a managerial perspective, given the ‘open to control’ nature of PsyCap, it renders a significant tool in the hands of managers to control the satisfaction and commitment of their employees. Moreover, controlling PsyCap is much easier as compared to directly controlling justice perceptions.

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Thompson, Mark A., Adam R. Nicholls, John Toner, John L. Perry, and Rachel Burke. "Pleasant Emotions Widen Thought–Action Repertoires, Develop Long-Term Resources, and Improve Reaction Time Performance: A Multistudy Examination of the Broaden-and-Build Theory Among Athletes." Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0192.

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The authors investigated relationships between emotions, coping, and resilience across two studies. In Study 1a, 319 athletes completed dispositional questionnaires relating to the aforementioned constructs. In Study 1b, 126 athletes from Study 1a repeated the same questionnaires 6 months later. In Study 2, 21 athletes were randomly allocated to an emotional (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant emotions) or control group and undertook a laboratory-based reaction-time task across three time points. Questionnaires and salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after each performance with imagery-based emotional manipulations engendered during the second testing session. Partial longitudinal evidence of the broaden-and-build effects of pleasant emotions was found. Pleasant emotions may undo lingering cognitive resource losses incurred from previous unpleasant emotional experiences. In Study 2, pleasant and unpleasant emotions had an immediate and sustained psychophysiological and performance impact. Taken together, this research supports the application of broaden-and-build theory in framing emotional interventions for athletes.

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Fredrickson, Barbara L. "Why positive emotions matter in organizations: Lessons from the broaden-and-build model." Psychologist-Manager Journal 4, no. 2 (2000): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0095887.

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Barclay, Laurie J., and Tina Kiefer. "Approach or Avoid? Exploring Overall Justice and the Differential Effects of Positive and Negative Emotions." Journal of Management 40, no. 7 (April 27, 2012): 1857–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206312441833.

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As empirical research exploring the relationship between justice and emotion has accumulated, there have been key questions that have remained unanswered and theoretical inconsistencies that have emerged. In this article, the authors address several of these gaps, including whether overall justice relates to both positive and negative emotions and whether both sets of emotions mediate the relationship between overall justice and behavioral outcomes. They also reconcile theoretical inconsistencies related to the differential effects of positive and negative emotions on behavioral outcomes (i.e., performance, withdrawal, and helping). Across two field studies (Study 1 is a cross-sectional study with multirater data, N = 136; Study 2 is a longitudinal study, N = 451), positive emotions consistently mediated the relationship between overall justice and approach-related behaviors (i.e., performance and helping), whereas negative emotions consistently mediated the relationship between overall justice and avoidance-related behaviors (i.e., withdrawal). Mixed results were found for negative emotions and approach-related behaviors (i.e., performance and helping), which indicated the importance of considering context, time, and target of the behavior. The authors discuss the theoretical implications for the asymmetric and broaden-and-build theories of emotion as well as the importance of simultaneously examining both positive and negative emotions.

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Baptist, Joyce A., and Briana S. Nelson Goff. "An Examination of the Broaden-and-Build Model of Positive Emotions in Military Marriages: An Actor-Partner Analysis." Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2012.692942.

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Chen, Xinjie, Xitao Fan, Joseph Wu, and Hoi Yan Cheung. "Factors Related to Suicidal Cognitions of Academically Gifted Students in the Chinese Social–Cultural Context: An Exploratory Study." Gifted Child Quarterly 64, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0016986220923665.

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From the perspective of positive psychology, this study examined the variables in four domains of personal resources under the broaden-and-build theory concerning their relationships with suicidal cognition among academically gifted students. A total of 386 academically gifted secondary school students in China participated in the study. First, the descriptive analysis results indicated that the mean score of suicidal cognition was below average, but these students were experiencing sleep deprivation problem in their daily lives. Second, based on the broaden-and-build theory, correlational analysis results suggested that most of the variables from the four domains of resources were significantly related to suicidal cognition. Most important, regression results showed that cognitive and psychological resources appeared to be the most influential for suicidal cognition. Furthermore, parents should be alerted that, for academically gifted students, parental relationship (social resource) is important, as lack of such a positive relationship (i.e., parents’ alienation) showed strong negative effect on suicidal cognition of these students. This was the first study that used the framework of broaden-and-build theory to study and compare the predictive effects of resources on suicidal cognition of academically gifted secondary school students in the Chinese social and cultural contexts.

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Jaiswal, Akanksha, and C. Joe Arun, S J. "What Comprises Well-being at Workplace? A Qualitative Inquiry Among Service Sector Employees in India." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 9, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977920958508.

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The notion of well-being has been evolving as research continues to unfurl its multidimensional nature. The importance of well-being in the organizational context is becoming a valuable line of inquiry, and employee well-being has emerged as a pivotal focus in positive psychology. Despite this, employees report high levels of disengagement and stress at work. Thus, we conducted 15 in-depth interviews with middle- and senior-level managers in the service sector in India to understand the factors that impact an employee’s well-being. Research question: What comprises an individual’s well-being at the workplace? Theory: Conservation-of-resources theory, broaden-and-build theory. Type of the case: Applied problem-solving. Basis of the Case: Phenomenon. Protagonist: Not needed. Findings: Data was analysed using grounded theory. We synthesized the factors contributing to employee well-being into the following themes: encouraging organizational culture, providing social support, demonstrating positive leadership, integrating work and life, finding meaning in work, providing autonomy and ensuring good working conditions. Discussion: Study findings extend the conservation-of-resources and broaden-and-build theories by emphasizing on gain spirals; that is, individuals use a positive effect to conserve, replenish, broaden, and build their inner resources and well-being. While leaders in an organization invest in enhancing employees’ well-being, they need to be cognizant of the several factors at interplay. An overall positive environment, autonomy, safety and meaningfulness contribute holistically towards the well-being of employees.

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Guo, Chutian. "The Neural Mechanism of Positive Emotion and the Effect of AI + Education on It." International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning 10, no. 3 (2020): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijeeee.2020.10.3.274-282.

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Cognitive psychology, represented by the expansion-construction theory, believes that positive emotions can broaden the scope of cognition, promote cognitive processes such as creative problem solving, executive control, cognitive flexibility, attention and decision-making. However, they cannot explain the phenomena in some experiments that are contrary to this conclusion. Thus, the motivational dimension model came into being. The theory believes that the effect of emotion on cognition is related to the motivation of emotion rather than its valance. After combing the literatures, it was found that dopamine mediates the positive emotions promoting cognitive activities. The activation of frontal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala are all the brain mechanisms for positive emotions. Looking ahead, further research on neurophysiological mechanisms will promote scholars’ more comprehensive and profound understanding of positive emotions. AI + education refers to the deep integration and development of artificial intelligence and education, taking the application of artificial intelligence based on education scenes as the path to promote education equity, improve education quality and realize education personalization. It can better perceive students' dynamic learning path and emotional change, and the teaching effect is better.

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Chiu, Chou-Kang, Chieh-Peng Lin, Yuan-Hui Tsai, and Siew-Fong Teh. "Enhancing knowledge sharing in high-tech firms." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 25, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 468–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-03-2017-0034.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of knowledge sharing from the perspectives of broaden-and-build theory and expectancy theory. Its research purpose is to understand how knowledge sharing is driven by such predictors as optimism, pessimism, and positive affect through their complex interactions with collectivism or power distance. In the proposed model of this study, knowledge sharing relates to optimism and pessimism via the partial mediation of positive affect. At the same time, the influence of optimism, pessimism, and positive affect on knowledge sharing are moderated by the national culture of collectivism and power distance, respectively. Design/methodology/approach This study’s hypotheses were empirically tested using data from high-tech firms across Taiwan and Malaysia. Of the 550 questionnaires provided to the research participants, 397 usable questionnaires were collected (total response rate of 72.18 percent), with 237 usable questionnaires from Taiwanese employees and 160 usable questionnaires from Malaysian employees. The data from Taiwan and Malaysia were pooled and analyzed using: confirmatory factor analysis for verifying data validity, independent sample t-tests for verifying the consistency with previous literature regarding cultural differences, and hierarchical regression analysis for testing relational and moderating effects. Findings This study demonstrates the integrated application of the broaden-and-build theory and expectancy theory for understanding optimism, pessimism, and positive affect in the development of knowledge sharing. The test results confirm that positive affect partially mediates the relationship between optimism and knowledge sharing and fully mediates the relationship between pessimism and knowledge sharing. Moreover, collectivism and power distance have significant moderating effects on most of the model paths between knowledge sharing and its predictors except for the relationship between pessimism and knowledge sharing. Originality/value This study extends the expectancy theory to justify how optimistic and pessimistic expectations are stable traits that dominate the way employees share their knowledge sharing. This study shows how collectivism and power distance of Hofstede’s cultural framework can be blended with the broaden-and-build theory and expectancy theory to jointly explain knowledge sharing. Besides, this study provides additional support to the adaptation theory of well-being that suggests psychosocial interventions, which manage to enhance well-being by leveraging positive affect, hold the promise of reducing stressful symptoms and boosting psychological resources among employees.

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Wang, Lin, Hua-Qiang Wang, and Yi-Ping Sun. "How spiritual leadership contributes to followers' helping behavior." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9557.

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We integrated social information processing theory and the broaden-and-build theory of positive affect to investigate how spiritual leadership affects employees' helping behavior, thus incorporating both cognitive and affective perspectives. Data were collected from 342 employees of companies operating in three cities in China, who completed scales measuring spiritual leadership, positive affect, and organizational identification, and the 71 immediate supervisors of these employees, who assessed their followers' helping behavior. The results indicate that spiritual leadership had a significant positive effect on employees' helping behavior, and that both positive affect and organizational identification mediated this relationship. Our results can be used by managers seeking to promote the effectiveness of spiritual leadership and employees' helping behavior.

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Leisterer, Sascha, and Darko Jekauc. "Students’ Emotional Experience in Physical Education—A Qualitative Study for New Theoretical Insights." Sports 7, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7010010.

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Physical education (PE) can be the starting point for many students to be physically active throughout their lives. Positive emotional experiences in PE are discussed as beneficial for long-term physical activity, however, triggers of students’ emotions are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore, from a student’s perspective, emotions and their triggers, which occur in PE classes. N = 12 students (male: six, female: six, ø-age: 15.6 ± 1.2 years) have been interviewed using a focused semi-structured interview to identify their emotions in PE and to explore the situations in which they occurred. An inductive approach with elements of the Grounded Theory Method was implemented to analyze the data. Students reported a wide range of positive and negative emotions. Furthermore, four crucial triggers were identified: (I) Attractiveness of the task, (II) social belonging, (III) competence and (IV) autonomy. Parallels to existing theories, especially the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), will be discussed. These results can be used to improve teachers’ knowledge about students’ emotions in PE in order to build a basis for lifelong physical activity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Broaden and build theory of positive emotions'

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