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Journal articles on the topic 'Bulk chemical'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gushee, Judy. "Bulk drugs and chemical substances." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189, no. 8 (1986): 878–79. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1986.189.08.878.

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2

Deng, Shu Zhang, and Zhao Xin Zhou. "Liquid Chemicals in Bulk Security Operations Guide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4511.

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in recent years, with the development of the chemical industry, marine liquid chemicals a steady growth. Research guidelines for the safe operation of dangerous chemicals in bulk liquid, and to ensure the smooth operation of bulk liquid chemicals Terminal, meet the needs of production and domestic and foreign trade, creating huge economic and social benefits, while safeguarding the operational safety of bulk liquid chemicals, maintenance of port operations, protection of shipping, handling, storage, safety of lives and property as well as the entire city is of great significance.

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3

Kobayashi, Yasukazu, Shohei Tada, and Ryuji Kikuchi. "Simple chemical synthesis of intermetallic Pt2Y bulk nanopowder." Materials Advances 1, no. 7 (2020): 2202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00419g.

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4

Prentice, Andrew J. R., and Daniel Jontof-Hutter. "Origin and Bulk Chemical Composition of Mercury." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015112.

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AbstractThe origin of Mercury’s high metal content is examined within a gas ring model for the condensation of the planetary system. Mercury’s axial moment-of-inertia factor is predicted to be 0.325 ± 0.002.

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5

SELTZER, RICHARD. "Bulk of chemical campaign giving to GOP." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 44 (1992): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n044.p005.

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6

Weyher, J. L., S. Müller, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski. "Chemical polishing of bulk and epitaxial GaN." Journal of Crystal Growth 182, no. 1-2 (1997): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(97)00320-5.

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7

Sutherland, Ken. "Back to basics: Bulk chemical industry separations." Filtration & Separation 44, no. 8 (2007): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(07)70250-1.

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8

Easton, A. J. "SEVEN NEW BULK CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF AUBRITES." Meteoritics 20, no. 3 (1985): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1985.tb00052.x.

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9

Uhlmann, D. R., B. J. J. Zelinski, G. Teowee, J. M. Boulton, and A. Koussa. "Wet chemical synthesis of bulk optical materials." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 129, no. 1-3 (1991): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(91)90082-h.

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10

Dai, Xue Ting, Yuan Yu, Fang Qiu Zu, and Zhong Yue Huang. "Effect of Chemical Plating with Ni Content on Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties of P-Type Bi_0.5Sb_0.15Te₃ Bulk Alloys." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.177.

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In this work, Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 powders were coated with various nickel (Ni) contents by chemical plating, and then consolidated into bulk by hot pressing. The results show that Ni particles uniformly coat on the surface of powders and then transform into NiTe2 during the sintering process, after that NiTe2 mainly concentrated at the grain boundaries of bulk. With Ni content increasing, the resistivity of bulk samples and Seebeck coefficient decreased rapidly while thermal conductivity increased. The maximum value of ZT for Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/Ni sample with 1wt.% Ni is 0.55. Moreover, due to the excell

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11

Schumacher, Ernst, Fritz Blatter, Martin Frey, et al. "Metal Clusters: Between Atom and Bulk." CHIMIA 42, no. 11 (1988): 357. https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.1988.357.

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The basic question of metal cluster research is the following: How do the macroscopic metallic properties – conductivity, optical lustre, chemical and catalytical reactivity, magnetism, malleability and ductility – evolve as a function of cluster size starting from the electronic states of the atom? It turns out that in a cluster of 20-40 atoms most of what we acknowledge as «metallic» is already fully developed.This is the reason why the beautiful chemistry of metal cluster complexes has not contributed to an understanding of the transitionfrom the atom to the bulk: The chemical interaction o

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12

Gu, Z. H., P. C. Arnold, and A. G. McLean. "Consolidation-related bulk density and permeability models for bulk solids." Powder Technology 72, no. 1 (1992): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(92)85019-r.

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13

Li, Xiao Jing, Xiao Jie Wang, and Yun Zhe Ji. "Applications of Chemical Factors in Steroid Bioconversion." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.159.

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Microbial conversion is a key process in the biosynthetic routes of steroid medicine.The whole process of bioconversion includes two essential steps: (1) enzymatic reaction step where the enzyme-catalyzed substrate transformation takes place inside the cells, and (2) diffusion step that includes the diffusion of substrate molecules from the surface of solid substrate particles into bulk media (i.e., the solubilization of solid substrate), the diffusion of solubilized substrate molecules from bulk media into cells, and the diffusion of formed product molecules from inside cells into bulk media.

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14

Liang, Xiaoqiang, Kun Cai, Feng Zhang, Jia Liu, and Guangshan Zhu. "A proton-conductive lanthanide oxalatophosphonate framework featuring unique chemical stability: stabilities of bulk phase and surface structure." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 48 (2017): 25350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03744a.

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We select a chemically stable lanthanide oxalatophosphonate framework with proton conductivity as an example, analyzing and evaluating its chemical stability based on the bulk phase and surface structure.

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15

Schäfer, Thomas, and Kevin Dusling. "Bulk viscosity, chemical equilibration and flow at RHIC." Nuclear Physics A 904-905 (May 2013): 393c—396c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2013.02.032.

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16

Griesche, A., M. P. Macht, and G. Frohberg. "Chemical diffusion in bulk glass-forming Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 melts." Scripta Materialia 53, no. 12 (2005): 1395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.08.024.

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17

Baryshev, I. N., Yu V. Volkov, A. F. Suvorov, A. I. Maryshev, and I. A. Egorov. "Equipment for packing and wrapping bulk chemical products." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 29, no. 7 (1993): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01150505.

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18

Abdelraheem, Eman M. M., Hanna Busch, Ulf Hanefeld, and Fabio Tonin. "Biocatalysis explained: from pharmaceutical to bulk chemical production." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 11 (2019): 1878–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9re00301k.

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19

Li, D. J., J. P. Zhang, L. C. Qin, and L. D. Marks. "Indications of flux pinning by chemical defects in 123." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (1990): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100173406.

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A problems with bulk high temperature superconductors for some time has been obtaining specimens which show high critical currents; typical critical currents in bulk materials lie in the range of 103 Amps/cm2 whereas thin film specimens now routinely reach the 106 Amps/cm2 range. There has recently been indications of higher critical currents in some materials, with suggestions that there is flux pinning by 1/3(301) type defects. We have previously studied in some detail bulk materials with excess copper that contain large number of such defects. In the light of the recent results, we have ret

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20

Xian, Mo, Yujin Cao, and Huizhou Liu. "Combination of chemical and biological transformation for the sustainable manufacturing of bulk chemicals." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 45, no. 5 (2015): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n032014-00284.

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21

Clark, Gary A., and Allen G. Smajstrla. "Injecting Chemicals into Drip Irrigation Systems." HortTechnology 6, no. 3 (1996): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.3.160.

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The injection of chemicals into irrigation systems is discussed in terms of injection systems, concentration injections, bulk injections, quantity of chemicals to be injected, injection system calibration, and injection periods. Sufficient clean-water flush time should be scheduled to purge irrigation lines of injected chemicals unless it is desired to leave that particular chemical in the irrigation system for maintenance purposes. Chemical injection rates vary with desired chemical concentration in the irrigation water, concentration of the stock solution, volume of chemical to be injected,

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22

WANG, MING-MIN, YU JIANG, BIN WANG, WEI-MIN SUN, and HONG-SHI ZONG. "CALCULATION OF BULK VISCOSITY OF QCD AT ZERO TEMPERATURE AND FINITE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 24 (2011): 1797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311036164.

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In this paper, based on Kubo's formula and the QCD low energy theorem, we propose a direct formula for calculating the bulk viscosity of QCD at finite chemical potential μ and zero temperature. According to this formula, the bulk viscosity at finite μ is totally determined by the dressed quark propagator at finite μ. We then use a dynamical, confining Dyson–Schwinger equation model of QCD to calculate the bulk viscosity at finite μ. It is found that no sharp peak behavior of the bulk viscosity at finite μ is observed, which is quite different from that of the bulk viscosity at finite temperatu

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23

Khurram, Muhammad, Zhaojian Sun, Ziming Zhang, and Qingfeng Yan. "Chemical vapor transport growth of bulk black phosphorus single crystals." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 7, no. 15 (2020): 2867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qi00582g.

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Recent progress in growth of bulk black phosphorus single crystal by CVT method has been briefly reviewed with the emphasis on reaction system, nucleation and growth mechanism as well as advancement in growth of doped BP bulk single crystal.

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24

WANG, C. P., S. K. KIM, F. JONA, D. R. STRONGIN, B. R. SHEU, and P. M. MARCUS. "CHEMICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TiAl(010) SURFACE." Surface Review and Letters 02, no. 02 (1995): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x95000200.

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The atomic structure of a clean (010) surface of the ordered binary alloy TiAl (with tetragonal bulk structure of the CuAu I type) is studied with quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (QLEED). Two different surface phases are found depending on the preparation procedure. After a cleaning step in vacuo by means of Ar-ion bombardments, anneals at 750−850°C produce a 2×1 surface and anneals at about 900° C produce a 1×1 surface. A QLEED intensity analysis of the 1×1 structure reveals the occurrence of chemical reconstruction, whereby the Ti atoms in the first layer exchange places with th

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25

OKSANEN, ANTTI, TUOMO HJELT, JANI LEHMONEN, TIMO RANTANEN, JAAKKO ASIKAINEN, and KRISTIAN SALMINEN. "New opportunities in the paper and nonwovens industries with foam-assisted web forming and chemical application." January 2023 22, no. 1 (2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj22.1.61.

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Foam-assisted web forming and chemical application technologies have great potential to improve manufacturing efficiency and product quality in the paper and nonwovens industries. In this study, the benefits of foam forming and foam-assisted application of chemicals were demonstrated in a pilot machine trial. Uniform high-bulk webs of unrefined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and viscose fibers were manufactured by foam forming. It was shown that foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk viscose fiber webs can be strengthened by foam-assisted application of latex onto the wet web. Correspondi

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26

Persson, Ingmar, Josephina Werner, Olle Björneholm, Yina Salamanca Blanco, Önder Topel, and Éva G. Bajnóczi. "Solution chemistry in the surface region of aqueous solutions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, no. 10 (2020): 1553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-1106.

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AbstractSolution chemistry is commonly regarded as the physical chemistry of reactions and chemical equilibria taking place in the bulk of a solvent, and between solutes in solution, and solids or gases in contact with the solution. Our knowledge about such reactions and equilibria in aqueous solution is very detailed such as their physico–chemical constants at varying temperature, pressure, ionic medium and strength. In this paper the solution chemistry in the surface region of aqueous solutions, down to ca. 10 Å below the water–air interface, will be discussed. In this region, the density an

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27

Xu, Yuanqing, Weibiao Wang, Zhexue Chen, et al. "A general strategy for semiconductor quantum dot production." Nanoscale 13, no. 17 (2021): 8004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr09067k.

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28

Bishop, S. R., K. L. Duncan, and E. D. Wachsman. "Surface and bulk oxygen non-stoichiometry and bulk chemical expansion in gadolinium-doped cerium oxide." Acta Materialia 57, no. 12 (2009): 3596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.04.017.

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29

Nadira, Mahamood K., and V. Prakash. "A Study on Surface Chemical Behaviour of Solid State Nuclear Track Detector Films by Etching." Pearl Multidisciplinary Journal 6, no. 1 (2020): 3–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3688893.

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The etching is a process of modifying the flat smooth surface to identify the structure, phases, and other effects such as the orientation of grains, deformation and distribution of solute elements.  Due to the chemical reaction between the etchant and the detector material, some molecules of the detectors are removed.  The etchant used for LR-115 detectors in the present study is aqueous NaOH solution with 2.5 N.  The bulk etch rate has been estimated by varying the etching time, keeping the etching temperature constant. It has seen that, the bulk etch rate remai

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30

Jafarov, M. A., E. F. Nasirov, V. Mammadov, and S. A. Jahangirova. "Optimization of chemical bath deposited CdSSe thin films." Chalcogenide Letters 20, no. 9 (2023): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2023.209.657.

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CdSSe nanoparticles were organized by chemical process at ambient conditions. XRD analysis confirmed that CdSSe NPs. The UV-VIS absorption spectra for CdSSe nanoparticles shown .The range of the absorption edge lies between 650 nm to 420 nm, which is apronounced blue shift from 712 nm of the bulk CdSSe indicating that particles in nanoscale. There is a blue shift compared with the bulk CdSSe because of the quantum confinement effect. The Photoluminescence emission spectra of CdSSe nanoparticles at the different excitation wavelength are show.

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31

Polyakov, A. Y., Mark A. Fanton, Marek Skowronski, Hun Jae Chung, Saurav Nigam, and Sung Wook Huh. "Halide-CVD Growth of Bulk SiC Crystals." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.21.

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A novel approach to the high growth rate Chemical Vapor Deposition of SiC is described. The Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) method uses SiCl4, C3H8 (or CH4), and hydrogen as reactants. The use of halogenated Si source and of separate injection of Si and C precursors allows for preheating of source gases without causing premature chemical reactions. The stoichiometry of HCVD crystals can be controlled by changing the C/Si flow ratio and can be kept constant throughout growth, in contrast to the Physical Vapor Transport technique. HCVD was demonstrated to deposit high crystalline quality

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32

Lin, Jiangtao, Yujuan Gu, and Ke Bian. "Bulk and Surface Chemical Composition of Wheat Flour Particles of Different Sizes." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (April 22, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5101684.

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Chemical composition and particle size are the critical factors influencing the quality and application of flour. The present study investigated the microstructure and distribution of bulk and surface chemical composition in wheat flour particles of different size. Eight samples of wheat flour of different particle size were obtained from the same native wheat flour by sieving (sieve aperture from 25 to 112 μm). Results from scanning electron microscopy and bulk chemical composition analyze showed that flour particles of different sizes differed in microstructure, protein, and starch compositi

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33

Raut, Sharvari, Gardis J. E. von Gersdorff, Jakob Münsterer, Klaus Kammhuber, Oliver Hensel, and Barbara Sturm. "Impact of Process Parameters and Bulk Properties on Quality of Dried Hops." Processes 8, no. 11 (2020): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111507.

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Hops are critical to the brewing industry. In commercial hop drying, a large bulk of hops is dried in multistage kilns for several hours. This affects the drying behavior and alters the amount and chemical composition of the hop oils. To understand these changes, hops of the var. Hallertauer Tradition were dried in bulks of 15, 25 and 35 kg/m² at 60 °C and 0.35 m/s. Additionally, bulks of 25 kg/m² were also dried at 65 °C and 0.45 m/s to assess the effect of change in temperature and velocity, respectively. The results obtained show that bulk weights significantly influence the drying behavior

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34

Terauchi, Masami, Yohei K. Sato, and Masatoshi Takeda. "Chemical State Mapping of p/n-Controlled SrB6 Bulk Specimens by Soft X-ray Emission Electron Microscope." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (2021): 9588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209588.

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Elemental and chemical state maps of p/n-controlled SrB6 bulk specimens are presented by using a soft X-ray emission spectroscopy electron microscope. Those bulk specimens were obtained by sintering powder specimens, prepared by the molten-salt method with different compositions of initial materials. A Sr-map, a chemical shift map of B K-emission, and the spectra of characteristic regions of those materials were compared. It was observed that a local Sr deficiency caused a local hole-doped region, confirmed by a chemical shift in the B K-emission spectrum. n-type SrB6 was rather homogeneous. O

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35

Fanton, M., Marek Skowronski, David Snyder, et al. "Growth of Bulk SiC by Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition." Materials Science Forum 457-460 (June 2004): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.457-460.87.

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36

Flinn, Christopher. "Bulk chemical effluent: Treating and recycling concrete waste water." Filtration & Separation 45, no. 6 (2008): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70119-8.

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37

Tandon, Pushkar. "Chemical annealing of oxygen hole centers in bulk glasses." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 336, no. 3 (2004): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.02.001.

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38

Di Giuseppe, Dario, Massimiliano Melchiorre, Umberto Tessari, and Barbara Faccini. "Relationship between particle density and soil bulk chemical composition." Journal of Soils and Sediments 16, no. 3 (2015): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1275-3.

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39

Smith, F. T. J., E. Carnall, and L. S. Ladd. "The chemical vapor deposition of bulk polycrystalline silicon carbide." International Journal of High Technology Ceramics 3, no. 4 (1987): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3762(87)90088-9.

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40

Skupiński, Paweł, Krzysztof Grasza, Andrzej Mycielski, et al. "Seeded growth of bulk ZnO by chemical vapor transport." physica status solidi (b) 247, no. 6 (2010): 1457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200983232.

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41

Kim, Sang-Mi, and Dahl-Young Khang. "Bulk Micromachining of Si by Metal-assisted Chemical Etching." Small 10, no. 18 (2014): 3761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201303379.

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42

Craig Bettenhausen. "Entegris will sell bulk electronic chemical unit to Fujifilm." C&EN Global Enterprise 101, no. 16 (2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10116-buscon1.

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43

Tao, Zhang, Tianzhuang Li, Yadi Chen, and Xiaoyue Huang. "Does geopolitical risks drive the extreme spillovers of bulk energy and chemical commodity." PLOS One 20, no. 6 (2025): e0326268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326268.

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Geopolitical risks (GPR) can affect the prices of natural resources, which are crucial for survival and sustainable economies. Based on the TVP-VAR-BK models, this paper examines the asymmetric risk contagion between geopolitical risk, bulk energy, and chemical commodity from a time-frequency perspective. The results show that the risk contagion of geopolitical risks, bulk energy and chemical commodity markets has time-varying asymmetry and periodicity, and is susceptible to extreme events. Furthermore, the main driving factor is high-frequency spillover, which has “short-term fragility”, that

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44

van Heck, Hein J., J. Huw Davies, Tim Elliott, and Don Porcelli. "Global-scale modelling of melting and isotopic evolution of Earth's mantle: melting modules for TERRA." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 4 (2016): 1399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1399-2016.

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Abstract. Many outstanding problems in solid-Earth science relate to the geodynamical explanation of geochemical observations. Currently, extensive geochemical databases of surface observations exist, but satisfying explanations of underlying mantle processes are lacking. One way to address these problems is through numerical modelling of mantle convection while tracking chemical information throughout the convective mantle. We have implemented a new way to track both bulk compositions and concentrations of trace elements in a finite-element mantle convection code. Our approach is to track bul

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45

van Heck, H. J., J. H. Davies, T. Elliott, and D. Porcelli. "Global scale modeling of melting and isotopic evolution of Earth's mantle." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 11 (2015): 9553–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-9553-2015.

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Abstract. Many outstanding problems in solid Earth science relate to the geodynamical explanation of geochemical observations. Currently, extensive geochemical databases of surface observations exist, but satisfying explanations of underlying mantle processes are lacking. One way to address these problems is through numerical modelling of mantle convection while tracking chemical information throughout the convective mantle. We have implemented a new way to track both bulk compositions and concentrations of trace elements in a finite element mantle convection code. Our approach is to track bul

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46

Lamas Lara, César Augusto, José Luis Rojas Barrios, and Tammy Margarita Honores Solano. "Estado actual de las resinas compuestas bulk fill." Kiru 20, no. 1 (2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24265/kiru.2023.v20n1.04.

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47

Yu, Bin, Yong Xing Jin, Bin Zheng, and Xiao Dong Zhang. "An Application of FSA Methodology to the Safety of Bulk Chemical Tankers." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.937.

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Based on detailed analysis of the risk of bulk chemical tanker transportation, a societal risk acceptance criterion is established. The criterion takes advantage of formal safety assessment (FSA) methodology, which is widely used to analyze risk in maritime industry. In the end of this paper, the negligible range, the ALARP range and the intolerable range of bulk chemical tanker in China are estimated in the criterion.

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48

Shiraiwa, M., C. Pfrang, and U. Pöschl. "Kinetic multi-layer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB): the influence of interfacial transport and bulk diffusion on the oxidation of oleic acid by ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 1 (2010): 281–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-281-2010.

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Abstract. We present a novel kinetic multi-layer model that explicitly resolves mass transport and chemical reaction at the surface and in the bulk of aerosol particles (KM-SUB). The model is based on the PRA framework of gas-particle interactions (Pöschl et al., 2007), and it includes reversible adsorption, surface reactions and surface-bulk exchange as well as bulk diffusion and reaction. Unlike earlier models, KM-SUB does not require simplifying assumptions about steady-state conditions and radial mixing. The temporal evolution and concentration profiles of volatile and non-volatile species

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49

Shiraiwa, M., C. Pfrang, and U. Pöschl. "Kinetic multi-layer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB): the influence of interfacial transport and bulk diffusion on the oxidation of oleic acid by ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 8 (2010): 3673–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3673-2010.

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Abstract. We present a novel kinetic multi-layer model that explicitly resolves mass transport and chemical reaction at the surface and in the bulk of aerosol particles (KM-SUB). The model is based on the PRA framework of gas-particle interactions (Pöschl-Rudich-Ammann, 2007), and it includes reversible adsorption, surface reactions and surface-bulk exchange as well as bulk diffusion and reaction. Unlike earlier models, KM-SUB does not require simplifying assumptions about steady-state conditions and radial mixing. The temporal evolution and concentration profiles of volatile and non-volatile

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50

Pfrang, C., M. Shiraiwa, and U. Pöschl. "Coupling aerosol surface and bulk chemistry with a kinetic double layer model (K2-SUB): oxidation of oleic acid by ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 6 (2009): 26969–7019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-26969-2009.

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Abstract. We present a kinetic double layer model coupling aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (K2-SUB) based on the PRA framework of gas-particle interactions (Pöschl et al., 2007). K2-SUB is applied to a popular model system of atmospheric heterogeneous chemistry: the interaction of ozone with oleic acid. We show that our modelling approach allows de-convoluting surface and bulk processes, which has been a controversial topic and remains an important challenge for the understanding and description of atmospheric aerosol transformation. In particular, we demonstrate how a detailed treatment of

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