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Journal articles on the topic 'Canopy layer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Wang, Yanyan, Hiroki Oue, Zhijun Luo, et al. "Estimating Rice Panicle Temperature with Three-Layer Model." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (March 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6468909.

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Rice panicle temperature (Tp) is a key factor for studying high temperature impacts on spikelet sterility. Comparing with measuring Tp by hand, a Tp simulation model could obtain Tp data readily. The two-layer energy budget model which divides the soil layer and canopy layer was widely used to predict rice canopy temperature (Tc), but panicle existed mostly in the upper layer canopy, and we have proved that Tc was different from the upper layer canopy temperature (Tc1), and the upper layer must be separated from the whole canopy for the purpose of estimating Tp. Thus, we developed the three-la

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2

Bartha, Dénes, Péter Ódor, Tibor Horváth, et al. "Relationship of Tree Stand Heterogeneity and Forest Naturalness." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 2, no. 1 (2006): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2006-0001.

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The aim of our study was to investigate if compositional (tree species richness) and structural (vertical structure, age-structure, patterns of canopy closure) heterogeneity of the canopy layer is related to individual naturalness criteria and to overall forest naturalness at the stand scale. The naturalness values of the assessed criteria (tree species composition, tree stand structure, species composition and structure of shrub layer and forest floor vegetation, dead wood, effects of game, site characteristics) showed similar behaviour when groups of stands with different heterogeneity were

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3

Xia, Chengcheng, Guodong Liu, and Jian Luo. "Stable Isotopes Reveal the Effect of Canopy and Litter Layer Interception on Water Recharge in a Subtropical Manmade Forest of Southwest China." Forests 14, no. 1 (2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010129.

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In areas completely covered by vegetation, the rainwater that passes through the canopy layer and litter layer is the source supplying surface runoff and seeping into the soil layer. To reveal the influence mechanisms of the canopy and litter layer on water supply in forest areas, this study conducted event-scale water sampling and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic comparison for the rainfall, canopy throughfall and litter layer throughfall in a manmade forest. The results show that canopy interception will lead to a more concentrated distribution and lower isotopic variability. The d-excess and th

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Chen, Yiying, James Ryder, Vladislav Bastrikov, et al. "Evaluating the performance of land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 on water and energy flux estimation with a single- and multi-layer energy budget scheme." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 9 (2016): 2951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2951-2016.

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Abstract. Canopy structure is one of the most important vegetation characteristics for land–atmosphere interactions, as it determines the energy and scalar exchanges between the land surface and the overlying air mass. In this study we evaluated the performance of a newly developed multi-layer energy budget in the ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 land surface model (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy), which simulates canopy structure and can be coupled to an atmospheric model using an implicit coupling procedure. We aim to provide a set of acceptable parameter values for a range

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Xu, X., C. Yi, and E. Kutter. "Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 21 (2014): 28483–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-28483-2014.

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Abstract. The characteristics of stably stratified canopy flows in complex terrain are investigated by employing the Renormalized Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model. In this two-dimensional simulation, we imposed persistent constant heat flux at ground surface and linearly increasing cooling rate in the upper canopy layer, vertically varying dissipative force from canopy drag elements, buoyancy forcing induced from thermal stratification and the hill terrain. These strong boundary effects keep nonlinearity in the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations high enough to generate turbulent behavior.

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6

Tian, Jinyan, Le Wang, Xiaojuan Li, et al. "Canopy Height Layering Biomass Estimation Model (CHL-BEM) with Full-Waveform LiDAR." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (2019): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121446.

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Forest biomass is an important descriptor for studying carbon storage, carbon cycles, and global change science. The full-waveform spaceborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) provides great possibilities for large-scale and long-term biomass estimation. To the best of our knowledge, most of the existing research has utilized average tree height (or height metrics) within a GLAS footprint as the key parameter for biomass estimation. However, the vertical distribution of tree height is usually not as homogeneous as we would expect within such a large f

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7

Ye, Huichun, Wenjiang Huang, Shanyu Huang, Bin Wu, Yingying Dong, and Bei Cui. "Remote Estimation of Nitrogen Vertical Distribution by Consideration of Maize Geometry Characteristics." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (2018): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121995.

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The vertical leaf nitrogen (N) distribution in the crop canopy is considered to be an important adaptive response of crop growth and production. Remote sensing has been widely applied for the determination of a crop’s N status. Some studies have also focused on estimating the vertical leaf N distribution in the crop canopy, but these analyses have rarely considered the plant geometry and its influences on the remote estimation of the N vertical distribution in the crop canopy. In this study, field experiments with three types of maize (Zea mays L.) plant geometry (i.e., horizontal type, interm

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8

Jacobs, A. F. G., J. H. van Boxel, and R. H. Shaw. "The dependence of canopy layer turbulence on within-canopy thermal stratification." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 58, no. 3-4 (1992): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90064-b.

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9

Kuusk, Andres. "A two-layer canopy reflectance model." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 71, no. 1 (2001): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4073(01)00007-3.

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10

Mills, G. "An urban canopy-layer climate model." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 57, no. 3-4 (1997): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863615.

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11

Seidel, Dominik, Peter Annighöfer, Christian Ammer, et al. "Quantifying Understory Complexity in Unmanaged Forests Using TLS and Identifying Some of Its Major Drivers." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (2021): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081513.

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The structural complexity of the understory layer of forests or shrub layer vegetation in open shrublands affects many ecosystem functions and services provided by these ecosystems. We investigated how the basal area of the overstory layer, annual and seasonal precipitation, annual mean temperature, as well as light availability affect the structural complexity of the understory layer along a gradient from closed forests to open shrubland with only scattered trees. Using terrestrial laser scanning data and the understory complexity index (UCI), we measured the structural complexity of sites ac

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12

Zhang, G., M. Y. Leclerc, and A. Karipot. "Local flux-profile relationships of wind speed and temperature in a canopy layer in atmospheric stable conditions." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (2010): 4505–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-4505-2010.

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Abstract. The particularities of the physics of the canopy layer pose challenges to the determination and use of traditional universal functions so helpful in the atmospheric surface layer. Progress toward "universal-like functions" such as those provided by Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the canopy layer has been modest. One of the challenges lies in that the assumptions underlying Monin-Obukhov similarity theory do not hold within a canopy layer. This paper thus examines the local flux-profile relations for wind (φm) and for temperature (φh) using three different stability parameters, i

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STEPHENSON, STEVEN L., and BRYCE KAHLERT. "Myxomycetes associated with canopy organic matter in temperate rainforests of southern New Zealand." Phytotaxa 360, no. 2 (2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.360.2.8.

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The dead plant material (canopy organic matter) associated with the mats of vascular plants and bryophytes found on tree branches in temperate rainforests along the southwestern coast of New Zealand was investigated for the presence of myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds or myxogastrids). Samples of both the superficial litter layer (canopy litter) on the surface of the mat and the humus-like layer (canopy soil) beneath the mat were collected and used to prepare a series of moist chamber cultures. Canopy soil yielded more positive cultures (57%) but only three species of myxomycetes, whereas e

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14

Jonker, A. S., J. J. Bosman, E. H. Mathews, and L. Liebenberg. "Flow over a glider canopy." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1204 (2014): 669–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009428.

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Abstract In order to minimise drag, the front part of most modern glider fuselages is shaped so that laminar flow is preserved to a position close to the wing-to-fuselage junction. Experimental investigations on a full-scale JS1 competition glider however revealed that the laminar boundary layer in fact trips to turbulent flow at the fuselage-to-canopy junction position, increasing drag. This is possibly due to ventilation air leaking from the cockpit to the fuselage surface through the canopy seal, or that the gap is merely too large and therefore trips the boundary layer to turbulent flow. T

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15

Ziemer, Jonas, Clémence Dubois, Christian Thiel, Jose-Luis Bueso-Bello, Paola Rizzoli, and Christiane Schmullius. "Relationship between Lidar-Derived Canopy Densities and the Scattering Phase Center of High-Resolution TanDEM-X Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 14 (2023): 3589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143589.

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The estimation of forestry parameters is essential to understanding the three-dimensional structure of forests. In this respect, the potential of X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been recognized for years. Many studies have been conducted on deriving tree heights with SAR data, but few have paid attention to the effects of the canopy structure. Canopy density plays an important role since it provides information about the vertical distribution of dominant scatterers in the forest. In this study, the position of the scattering phase center (SPC) of interferometric X-band SAR data is in

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16

Patton, Edward G., Peter P. Sullivan, Roger H. Shaw, John J. Finnigan, and Jeffrey C. Weil. "Atmospheric Stability Influences on Coupled Boundary Layer and Canopy Turbulence." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 4 (2016): 1621–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0068.1.

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Abstract Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layers interacting with a coupled and resolved plant canopy reveals the influence of atmospheric stability variations from neutral to free convection on canopy turbulence. The design and implementation of a new multilevel canopy model is presented. Instantaneous fields from the simulations show that organized motions on the scale of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) depth bring high momentum down to canopy top, locally modulating the vertical shear of the horizontal wind. The evolution of these ABL-scale structures with increasing insta

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17

Zhang, Baogang, Ming Liu, Ruicong Li, et al. "Evaluation of Urban Microscopic Nighttime Light Environment Based on the Coupling Observation of Remote Sensing and UAV Observation." Remote Sensing 16, no. 17 (2024): 3288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16173288.

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The urban canopy refers to the spatial area at the average height range of urban structures. The light environment of the urban canopy not only influences the ecological conditions of the canopy layer region but also serves as an indicator of the upward light influx of artificial nighttime light in the urban environment. Previous research on urban nighttime light environment mainly focused on the urban surface layer and urban night sky layer, lacking attention to the urban canopy layer. This study observes the urban canopy layer with the flight and photography functions of an unmanned aerial v

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18

Zhang, G., M. Y. Leclerc, and A. Karipot. "Local flux-profile relationships of wind speed and temperature in a canopy layer in atmospheric stable conditions." Biogeosciences 7, no. 11 (2010): 3625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3625-2010.

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Abstract. The particularities of the physics of the canopy layer pose challenges to the determination and use of traditional universal functions so helpful in the atmospheric surface layer. Progress toward "universal-like functions" such as those provided by Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the canopy layer has been modest. One of the challenges lies in that the assumptions underlying Monin-Obukhov similarity theory do not hold within a canopy layer. This paper thus examines the local flux-profile relations for wind (Φm) and for temperature (Φh). It uses three different stability parameters

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19

Song, Bo, Jiquan Chen, and Janet Silbernagel. "Three-Dimensional Canopy Structure of an Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forest." Forest Science 50, no. 3 (2004): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/50.3.376.

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Abstract In this study, the structurally heterogeneous canopy of a 12-ha plot in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest was analyzed using three-dimensional (3-D) canopy modeling, geographic information system (GIS), and spatial statistics. Using this approach, we were able to depict how species composition and spatial distribution affect the 3-D structure of canopies. We were also able to slice the canopy and calculate the canopy coverage at various heights, and therefore were able to calculate the cumulative canopy volume at individual crown bases. Information generated by GIS allowed us to calcul

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20

Zhu, Longhuan, and Qingping Zou. "THREE-LAYER ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR WAVE ATTENUATION BY SUSPENDED AND NONSUSPENDED VEGETATION CANOPY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.waves.27.

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A generalized three-layer analytical solution for the wave attenuation by suspended and non-suspended vegetation canopy is developed in this study. The analytical solution reduces to the two-layer analytical solution by Kobayashi et al. (1993) for the non-suspended vegetation canopy rooted at the sea bed. The present theory is verified using laboratory experiments and field observations of a suspended and non-suspended as well as emerged and submerged vegetation canopy. The wave attenuation increase with the drag coefficient, blade diameter and length, canopy density and length, the elevation

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21

Tang, Hao, and Ralph Dubayah. "Light-driven growth in Amazon evergreen forests explained by seasonal variations of vertical canopy structure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 10 (2017): 2640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616943114.

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Light-regime variability is an important limiting factor constraining tree growth in tropical forests. However, there is considerable debate about whether radiation-induced green-up during the dry season is real, or an apparent artifact of the remote-sensing techniques used to infer seasonal changes in canopy leaf area. Direct and widespread observations of vertical canopy structures that drive radiation regimes have been largely absent. Here we analyze seasonal dynamic patterns between the canopy and understory layers in Amazon evergreen forests using observations of vertical canopy structure

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22

Luo, Kaisheng. "Spatial Pattern of Forest Carbon Storage in the Vertical and Horizontal Directions Based on HJ-CCD Remote Sensing Imagery." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (2019): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070788.

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To provide a comprehensive understanding of the spatial distribution of forest carbon reserves, this study explores carbon storage and its spatial pattern in the horizontal and vertical directions on a provincial scale using HJ-CCD remote sensing imagery. Results show that carbon storage in the forests of Hubei Province was 784.46 Tg. In the horizontal direction, Enshi Prefecture contributed the most, with a contribution rate of 22.01%, followed by Yichang (18.74%), Shiyan (15.21%), and Xiangfan (10.61%). Coniferous forests contributed the most to the total carbon reserves of the forests, with

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23

Gouttevin, I., M. Lehning, T. Jonas, D. Gustafsson, and M. Mölder. "A two-layer canopy model with thermal inertia for an improved snowpack energy balance below needleleaf forest (model SNOWPACK, version 3.2.1, revision 741)." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 8 (2015): 2379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2379-2015.

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Abstract. A new, two-layer canopy module with thermal inertia as part of the detailed snow model SNOWPACK (version 3.2.1) is presented and evaluated. As a by-product of these new developments, an exhaustive description of the canopy module of the SNOWPACK model is provided, thereby filling a gap in the existing literature. In its current form, the two-layer canopy module is suited for evergreen needleleaf forest, with or without snow cover. It is designed to reproduce the difference in thermal response between leafy and woody canopy elements, and their impact on the underlying snowpack or grou

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Zhang, Taijin, Xiaoting Liu, Qinhui Zhang, et al. "Novel Patterns of Photosynthetic Activity Within Canopies of Poplar Stands with Different Densities." Plants 14, no. 6 (2025): 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060898.

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(1) Background: Planting density is an important factor affecting the yield of poplar per unit area. Therefore, determining the optimal height of the photosynthetic canopy layer for different planting densities is critical. (2) Methods: This study takes Populus euramericana ‘N3016’ × Populus ussuriensis as the research object. According to on the average tree height, diameter at breast height, and crown width of the stand, one standard tree was selected from each planting density for the experiment. The canopy of the standard tree was divided into five canopy layers from top to bottom, and the

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Oke, T. R. "Street design and urban canopy layer climate." Energy and Buildings 11, no. 1-3 (1988): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(88)90026-6.

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26

Deepak, Maya, Sarita Keski-Saari, Laure Fauch, Lars Granlund, Elina Oksanen, and Markku Keinänen. "Leaf Canopy Layers Affect Spectral Reflectance in Silver Birch." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (2019): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242884.

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The availability of light within the tree canopy affects various leaf traits and leaf reflectance. We determined the leaf reflectance variation from 400 nm to 2500 nm among three canopy layers and cardinal directions of three genetically identical cloned silver birches growing at the same common garden site. The variation in the canopy layer was evident in the principal component analysis (PCA), and the influential wavelengths responsible for variation were identified using the variable importance in projection (VIP) based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Leaf traits, s

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Todt, Markus, Nick Rutter, Christopher G. Fletcher, and Leanne M. Wake. "Simulated single-layer forest canopies delay Northern Hemisphere snowmelt." Cryosphere 13, no. 11 (2019): 3077–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3077-2019.

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Abstract. Single-layer vegetation schemes in modern land surface models have been found to overestimate diurnal cycles in longwave radiation beneath forest canopies. This study introduces an empirical correction, based on forest-stand-scale simulations, which reduces diurnal cycles of sub-canopy longwave radiation. The correction is subsequently implemented in land-only simulations of the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) in order to assess the impact on snow cover. Nighttime underestimations of sub-canopy longwave radiation outweigh daytime overestimations, which leads to underestimat

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Xu, X., C. Yi, and E. Kutter. "Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 13 (2015): 7457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7457-2015.

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Abstract. Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain has been considered a difficult condition for measuring net ecosystem–atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water vapor, and energy. A long-standing advection error in eddy-flux measurements is caused by stably stratified canopy flow. Such a condition with strong thermal gradient and less turbulent air is also difficult for modeling. To understand the challenging atmospheric condition for eddy-flux measurements, we use the renormalized group (RNG) k–&amp;varepsilon; turbulence model to investigate the main characteristics of stably strat

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29

Ismail, MIRGHANI ISMAIL. "Ecological Assessment of the Woody Vegetation, Along Canopy and Regeneration Layers in Al Galabat District, Al Gadarif State, Sudan." Agriculture and Forestry Journal 5, no. 1 (2021): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5121661.

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This study aimed to determine and compare the composition, diversity and density of canopy and regeneration layers; and to examine how the understory species richness differ from the overstory in the forests in AlGalabat area, AlGadarif State The data were collected from 36 systematic circular sample plots of 0.1 ha., with intervals of 200 m between each plot representing six vegetation sites along different topographical feature. A total of 1163 stems of mature woody vegetation and 962 stems of regeneration, representing 37 species, belonging to 16 families were identified. Number of ecologic

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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to urban morphology." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (2010): 25909–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-25909-2010.

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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research

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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban representation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 6 (2011): 2951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2951-2011.

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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research

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Plake, D., M. Sörgel, P. Stella, A. Held, and I. Trebs. "Influence of meteorology and anthropogenic pollution on chemical flux divergence of the NO–NO<sub>2</sub>–O<sub>3</sub> triad above and within a natural grassland canopy." Biogeosciences 12, no. 4 (2015): 945–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-945-2015.

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Abstract. The detailed understanding of surface–atmosphere exchange fluxes of reactive trace gases is a crucial precondition for reliable modelling of processes in atmospheric chemistry. Plant canopies significantly impact the atmospheric budget of trace gases. In the past, many studies focused on taller forest canopies or crops, where the bulk plant material is concentrated in the uppermost canopy layer. However, within grasslands, a land-cover class that globally covers vast terrestrial areas, the canopy structure is fundamentally different, as the main biomass is concentrated in the lowest

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Zha, Qiaozhi, Chao Yan, Heikki Junninen, et al. "Vertical characterization of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) below and above a boreal forest canopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (2018): 17437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17437-2018.

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Abstract. While the role of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) in new particle formation (NPF) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is not in dispute, the interplay between HOM chemistry and atmospheric conditions continues to draw significant research attention. During the Influence of Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions on the Reactive Nitrogen budget (IBAIRN) campaign in September 2016, profile measurements of neutral HOMs below and above the forest canopy were performed for the first time at the boreal forest SMEAR II station. The HOM concentrations and composition distributions bel

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Alam, Muhammad Shahinur, David William Lamb, and Nigel W. M. Warwick. "A Canopy Transpiration Model Based on Scaling Up Stomatal Conductance and Radiation Interception as Affected by Leaf Area Index." Water 13, no. 3 (2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030252.

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Estimating transpiration as an individual component of canopy evapotranspiration using a theoretical approach is extremely useful as it eliminates the complexity involved in partitioning evapotranspiration. A model to predict transpiration based on radiation intercepted at various levels of canopy leaf area index (LAI) was developed in a controlled environment using a pasture species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea var. Demeter). The canopy was assumed to be a composite of two indistinct layers defined as sunlit and shaded; the proportion of which was calculated by utilizing a weighted model

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Takahashi, Atsuhiro, and Tetsuya Hiyama. "A Momentum Exchange Model for the Surface Layer over Bare-Soil and Canopy-Covered Surfaces." Journal of Applied Meteorology 43, no. 10 (2004): 1460–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2144.1.

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Abstract A multilayered turbulent transport model for the surface layer based on collisions between atmospheric layers is developed. The model can represent the average and perturbed components of turbulence relatively well, for both bare-soil and canopy-covered surfaces. The number of collisions increases linearly with height for a bare-soil surface, and decreases as the leaf-area density increases within the canopy layer. The intermittent nature of turbulent motion is reproduced in the model, even though the model is one-dimensional. The number of collisions increasing with height may cause

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Chang, Kuang-Yu, Kyaw Tha Paw U, and Shu-Hua Chen. "Canopy profile sensitivity on surface layer simulations evaluated by a multiple canopy layer higher order closure land surface model." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 252 (April 2018): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.027.

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Wiggins, Matthew, Brian Leib, Thomas Mueller, and Christopher Main. "Cotton Growth, Yield, and Fiber Quality Response to Irrigation and Water Deficit in Soil of Varying Depth to a Sand Layer." Journal of Cotton Science 18, no. 2 (2014): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/ahmx4797.

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Research was conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the West Tennessee Research and Education Center in Jackson, TN to investigate irrigation response in cotton. The objective of this study was to evaluate plant response to four different irrigation regimes by using main-stem node counts, quantification of canopy light interception, and canopy temperature, while making comparisons across two soils that vary in depth to a sandy layer. PHY 375 WRF cottonseed was planted in a no-tillage system in 9-m rows on 97-cm spacing with 10.5-12 seed m-1 of row. Irrigation was applied from drip tape lying in the row

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Madhushani, K. P. P., H. M. P. A. Subasinghe, R. M. Fonseka, and T. Sivananthawerl. "Modified Canopy Architecture Enhanced Yield of Black Pepper (<em>Piper nigrum</em> L.) through High Absorption and Distribution of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)." Tropical Agricultural Research 35, no. 3 (2024): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v35i3.8788.

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Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), is a woody perennial climbing plant belonging to family Piperaceae and the most consumed spice in the world. Although the support tree Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) is pruned 3 to 4 times per year, pepper vines are not annually pruned in Sri Lanka. The characteristic cylindrical compact canopy of pepper is inefficient in intercepting solar radiation compared to most other vine crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of different canopy pruning practices on the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) interception efficiency of the

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Ryder, J., J. Polcher, P. Peylin, et al. "A multi-layer land surface energy budget model for implicit coupling with global atmospheric simulations." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 1 (2016): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-223-2016.

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Abstract. In Earth system modelling, a description of the energy budget of the vegetated surface layer is fundamental as it determines the meteorological conditions in the planetary boundary layer and as such contributes to the atmospheric conditions and its circulation. The energy budget in most Earth system models has been based on a big-leaf approach, with averaging schemes that represent in-canopy processes. Furthermore, to be stable, that is to say, over large time steps and without large iterations, a surface layer model should be capable of implicit coupling to the atmospheric model. Su

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Li, Dasui, Qingqing Hu, Jinzhi Zhang, Yuanyong Dian, Chungen Hu, and Jingjing Zhou. "Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Variation and Estimation of Citrus Tree under Two Labor-Saving Cultivation Modes Using Hyperspectral Data." Remote Sensing 16, no. 17 (2024): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16173261.

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Understanding canopy nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) differences is crucial for optimizing plant nutrient distribution and management. This study evaluated leaf N and P content in citrus trees across three cultivation modes: traditional mode (TM), wide-row and narrow-plant mode (WRNPM), and fenced mode (FM). We used hyperspectral data for non-destructive quantification and compared 1080 leaf samples from upper, middle, and lower canopy layers. Four models—Random Forest (RF), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Partial Least Squares (PLS), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—were employed for l

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Arthur, Robert S., Jeffrey D. Mirocha, Katherine A. Lundquist, and Robert L. Street. "Using a Canopy Model Framework to Improve Large-Eddy Simulations of the Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 1 (2019): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0204.1.

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A canopy model framework is implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model to improve the accuracy of large-eddy simulations (LES) of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The model includes two options that depend on the scale of surface roughness elements. A resolved canopy model, typically used to model flow through vegetation canopies, is employed when roughness elements are resolved by the vertical LES grid. In the case of unresolved roughness, a modified “pseudocanopy model” is developed to distribute drag over a shallow layer above the surface. Both canopy model options are v

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Gouttevin, I., M. Lehning, T. Jonas, D. Gustafsson, and M. Mölder. "A two-layer canopy with thermal inertia for an improved modelling of the sub-canopy snowpack energy-balance." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 1 (2015): 209–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-209-2015.

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Abstract. A new, two-layer canopy module with thermal inertia as part of the detailed snow model SNOWPACK (version 3.2.1) is presented and evaluated. This module is designed to reproduce the difference in thermal response between leafy and woody canopy elements, and their impact on the underlying snowpack energy balance. Given the number of processes resolved, the SNOWPACK model with its enhanced canopy module constitutes a very advanced, physics-based atmosphere-to-soil-through-canopy-and-snow modelling chain. Comparisons of modelled sub-canopy thermal radiation to stand-scale observations at

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Misik, Tamás, Imre Kárász, and Béla Tóthmérész. "Understory Development in an Oak Forest in Northern -Hungary: the Subcanopy Layer." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 10, no. 1 (2014): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aslh-2014-0001.

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Abstract Structural changes in the shrub layer were analysed in a Hungarian oak forest after the oak decline pandemics. This paper focuses on the following questions: (1) which of the woody species tolerated better the forest conditions after oak decline? (2) What are the ecological factors that explain the successful response of woody species to changes in light and thermal conditions? In the monitoring plot, the structural condition of specimens only above 8.0 m was observed. After the appearance of oak decline some Acer campestre, Cornus mas and Acer tataricum specimens appeared that reache

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Zhang, G., G. M. Zeng, Y. M. Jiang, et al. "Modeling and measurement of two-layer-canopy interception losses in a subtropical mixed forest of central-south China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 5 (2005): 1995–2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-2-1995-2005.

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Abstract. The original Gash analytical model and the sparse Gash's model have been applied to simulate rainfall interception losses from the two canopy layers in Shaoshan forest of central-south China during 2003. The total estimated interception loss from the two canopy layers is 478.4 mm with an error of 12.4 mm or 2.7% of total measured interception loss (466.0 mm). Both the original Gash model for top-canopy interception loss and the sparse model for sub-canopy loss overestimate interception losses. The simulated results show that the interception losses in top-canopy is 182.6 mm with an o

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Serna-Escolano, Vicente, María José Giménez, María Serrano, et al. "Fruit Position on Tree Canopy Affects Fruit Quality Traits in ‘Sanguinelli’ Blood Oranges." Horticulturae 10, no. 9 (2024): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090949.

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In modern orchard systems, the tree canopy is designed to ensure homogeneity in fruit quality. However, even in those crops there are some variables that affect the fruit maturation process and fruit quality properties. The aim of this work was to determine if canopy layer (upper vs. lower), fruit shoot position (grouped vs. individual) and orientation (west vs. east) affect fruit quality attributes of ‘Sanguinelli’ blood oranges. Thus, different quality traits, such as weight, internal colour (IC), external colour (EC), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and maturity index (M

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Sibgatullin, Rustam Z. "Reforestation of forest cuts of different ages in Visimskiy Federal Biosphere Reserve (Sverdlovsk Region)." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 6-2021 (2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.6.12.9.007.

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The paper represents the results of structure and dynamics studies of secondary forest types shaped by forest cuts performed at different periods. The dominant canopy layer tree species is Betula pubescens Ehrh. In the areas cut in 1995, it forms a thick contiguous canopy layer with none of the conifers participating, with open gaps dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv and Calamagrostis langsdorffii (Link) Trin. In the 1980 cuts the Betula stands are sparser, have a secondary conifer tree layer, which in future will out-compete and predominate Betula.

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Zhan, Dongxia, Chao Zhang, Ying Yang, Honghai Luo, Yali Zhang, and Wangfeng Zhang. "Water Deficit Alters Cotton Canopy Structure and Increases Photosynthesis in the Mid-Canopy Layer." Agronomy Journal 107, no. 5 (2015): 1947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0426.

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Tribbeck, Melody J., Robert J. Gurney, Elizabeth M. Morris, and David W. C. Pearson. "A new Snow-SVAT to simulate the accumulation and ablation of seasonal snow cover beneath a forest canopy." Journal of Glaciology 50, no. 169 (2004): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756504781830187.

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AbstractA new snow—soil—vegetation—atmosphere transfer (Snow-SVAT) scheme, which simulates the accumulation and ablation of the snow cover beneath a forest canopy, is presented. The model was formulated by coupling a canopy optical and thermal radiation model to a physically based multi-layer snow model. This canopy radiation model is physically based yet requires few parameters, so can be used when extensive in situ field measurements are not available. Other forest effects such as the reduction of wind speed, interception of snow on the canopy and the deposition of litter were incorporated w

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Todorovic, Mladen. "Single-Layer Evapotranspiration Model with Variable Canopy Resistance." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 125, no. 5 (1999): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1999)125:5(235).

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Nabuurs, G. J. "Quantification of herb layer dynamics under tree canopy." Forest Ecology and Management 88, no. 1-2 (1996): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(96)03820-0.

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