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Relevant bibliographies by topics / CBDS

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Academic literature on the topic 'CBDS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "CBDS"

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Breukels, Vincent, Wouter G. Touw, and Geerten W. Vuister. "Structural and dynamic aspects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding of the regulatory domains of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 2 (2012): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20110742.

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Intracellular Ca2+ regulates the activity of the NCX (Na+/Ca2+ exchanger) through binding to the cytosolic CBD (Ca2+-binding domain) 1 and CBD2. In vitro studies of the structure and dynamics of CBD1 and CBD2, as well as studies of their kinetics and thermodynamics of Ca2+ binding, greatly enhanced our understanding of NCX regulation. We describe the fold of the CBDs in relation to other known structures and review Ca2+ binding of the different CBD variants from a structural perspective. We also report on new findings concerning Mg2+ binding to the CBDs and finally we discuss recent results on

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Tanaka, Takeshi, Shinsuke Fujiwara, Shingo Nishikori, Toshiaki Fukui, Masahiro Takagi, and Tadayuki Imanaka. "A Unique Chitinase with Dual Active Sites and Triple Substrate Binding Sites from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 12 (1999): 5338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5338-5344.1999.

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ABSTRACT We have found that the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 produces an extracellular chitinase. The gene encoding the chitinase (chiA) was cloned and sequenced. ThechiA gene was found to be composed of 3,645 nucleotides, encoding a protein (1,215 amino acids) with a molecular mass of 134,259 Da, which is the largest among known chitinases. Sequence analysis indicates that ChiA is divided into two distinct regions with respective active sites. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions show sequence similarity with chitinase A1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12 and chitinas

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Suwatthanarak, Tharathorn, Vitoon Chinswangwatanakul, Asada Methasate, et al. "Surgical strategies for challenging common bile duct stones in the endoscopic era: A comprehensive review of current evidence." World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 16, no. 6 (2024): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v16.i6.305.

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While endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the primary treatment modality for common bile duct stones (CBDS) or choledocholithiasis due to advancements in instruments, surgical intervention, known as common bile duct exploration (CBDE), is still necessary in cases of difficult CBDS, failed endoscopic treatment, or altered anatomy. Recent evidence also supports CBDE in patients requesting single-step cholecystectomy and bile duct stone removal with comparable outcomes. This review elucidates relevant clinical anatomy, selection indications, and outcomes to enhance surgi

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Shojaiefard, Abolfazl, Majid Esmaeilzadeh, Ali Ghafouri, and Arianeb Mehrabi. "Various Techniques for the Surgical Treatment of Common Bile Duct Stones: A Meta Review." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2009 (2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/840208.

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Common bile duct stones (CBDSs) may occur in up to 3%–14.7% of all patients for whom cholecystectomy is preformed. Patients presenting with CBDS have symptoms including: biliary colic, jaundice, cholangitis, pancreatitis or may be asymptomatic. It is important to distinguish between primary and secondary stones, because the treatment approach varies. Stones found before, during, and after cholecystectomy had also differing treatments. Different methods have been used for the treatment of CBDS but the suitable therapy depends on conditions such as patient' satisfaction, number and size of stone

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KOZIUK, Viktor. "CONFIDENCE TO DIGITAL CURRENCIES OF CENTRAL BANKS: INSTITUTIONAL PARADOX OR AGE MATTERS." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(63) (2020): 08–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.02.008.

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Introduction. Technological innovations potentially can change monetary systems. The paper raises important problem of confidence in central bank digital currency (CBDC). Because the level of such confidence is variable across countries, it is assumed, that in the core of confidence in CBDC are non-fundamental factors. The purpose is to share the institutional analysis of money on digital currencies and empirical testing of the hypothesis, that confidence in CBDC is not determined by theoretically-driven factors, yet specific factors like age structure of the population. Results. Basing on ins

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Czauderna, Marian, Tomáš Taubner, and Wiktoria Wojtak. "Comparative Study of Gas and Liquid Chromatography Methods for the Determination of Underivatised Neutral and Acidic Cannabinoids and Cholesterol." Molecules 29, no. 10 (2024): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102165.

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The aim of our study was to develop a gas chromatographic method coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the determination of underivatised neutral (CBDs-N) and acidic (CBDs-A) cannabinoids (CBDs) and cholesterol (Chol). Emphasis was also placed on comparing our original GC-MS method with the currently developed C18-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode detection (C18-HPLC-DAD). A combination of a long GC column, shallow temperature column programme, and mass-spectrometry was employed to avoid issues arising from the overlap between CBDs and Chol and background fluctuations

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Ueda, Tatsuki, Masataka Kikuyama, Yuzo Kodama, and Takafumi Kurokami. "Short-Term Biliary Stent Placement Contributing Common Bile Duct Stone Disappearance with Preservation of Duodenal Papilla Function." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6153893.

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Aims. To investigate the effect of biliary stent placement without endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) on common bile duct stones (CBDS) disappearance and the contribution of preserving the duodenal papilla function to reduce recurrence of CBDS.Methods. Sixty-six patients admitted for acute obstructive cholangitis due to CBDS who underwent biliary stent placement without EST for 2 years from March 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. The second endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed for treatment of CBDS 3 to 4 months after the first ERCP. We estimated the rate of ston

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Saito, Hirokazu, Tatsuyuki Kakuma, Yoshihiro Kadono, et al. "Increased risk and severity of ERCP-related complications associated with asymptomatic common bile duct stones." Endoscopy International Open 05, no. 09 (2017): E809—E817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-107615.

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Abstract Background and study aims Endoscopic removal of asymptomatic common bile duct stones (CBDS) is generally recommended. Although many reports have described the risk of complications in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), no studies have addressed this problem in the context of asymptomatic CBDS. This study examines the risk of complications arising in ERCP for asymptomatic CBDS. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 425 patients with naive papilla who underwent therapeutic ERCP for choledocholithiasis at 2 institutions in Japan for 2 years. The risk

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Vindal, Anubhav, Pooja Meena, and Shreya Jain. "Laparoscopic CBD Exploration: Technical Innovations." Annals of Minimal Access Surgery & Allied Science 1, no. 1 (2025): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.4103/amas.amas_13_24.

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Abstract Common bile duct stones (CBDS) are seen commonly in patients undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. The management options available for CBDS are varied ranging from open CBD exploration to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to laparoscopic CBD exploration. The review dwells on the presentation, diagnosis and management of CBDS and discusses the advantages and disadvantages along with the technical innovations of the various treatment modalities for CBDS.

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Ye, Cheng, Wence Zhou, Hui Zhang, Long Miao, Gen Lv, and Abdelwahab Omri. "Alterations of the Bile Microbiome in Recurrent Common Bile Duct Stone." BioMed Research International 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4637560.

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Objective. Common bile duct stone (CBDS) recurrence is associated with bile microbial structure. This study explored the structure of bile microbiome in patients with recurrent CBDS, and its relationship with the recurrence of CBDS. Methods. Patients with recurrent CBDS (recurrence group) and controls without CBDS (control group) requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were prospectively included. The control group was noncholelithiasis patients, mainly including benign and malignant biliary stenosis. Bile samples were collected, and bile microbiome structure was analyz

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CBDS"

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Ha, Jaejoo. "CBDS : constraint based diagnostic system for malfunction identification in the nuclear power plant /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487776210792359.

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Henley, Benjamin. "Characterising the anti-convulsant effects of CBD and CBDV on layer II of the medial entorhinal cortex of rat and human brain tissue in vitro." Thesis, Aston University, 2018. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/37675/.

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Epilepsy is a common and serious neurological disorder, which manifests in seizures, and has an incidence of approximately 1% of the world population. In developed nations, most instances are relatively well controlled through the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). For around a third of cases, AEDs are ineffective, resulting in poorly maintained seizures otherwise known as refractory, or drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Currently, treatment of DRE often requires neurosurgery to be performed to resect seizure generating foci. Historically, such treatment was used as a last resort due to the inva

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Святенко, О. В., О. Б. Горбатюк та Ольга Анатоліївна Васильченко. "ОДЕРЖАННЯ РЕКОМБІНАНТНОГО ЗЛИТОГО БІЛКА SPA – CBD2 В E.СOLI". Thesis, Інститут математики НАН України, 2011. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/10886.

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Joshi, Kaushal V. "Novel Neuroprotectants for Sarin plus CBDP induced convulsions." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1253321185.

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Calhoun, McKenzie L. "Medical Marijuana, CBD and THC." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6880.

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Perea, Düring Max. "Generating a CBLS Invariant Structure from a FlatZinc Model." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-453097.

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Constraint-Based Local Search (CBLS) is a technology used to solve computationally hard optimisation problems. A model written in a solver-independent modelling language needs to be processed before it can be solved by a CBLS solver. In this processing step, it is necessary to identify invariants and create an invariant structure. How to best obtain such a structure, or even how to identify a good structure, is not clear. The purpose of this project is to develop a framework for evaluating invariant structures and structure identification schemes. To do this, we introduce a set of metrics, whi

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Neupane, Diptee. "Determinants of Women's Autonomy in Nepal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955067/.

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Nepal in recent times has witnessed a proliferation of community-based organization (CBOs). Established by local residents, CBOs are small level organizations that promote and defend the rights and interests of people especially that of minorities and the disadvantaged. One such minority group that CBOs greatly focus on are women. Despite dramatic increase in the number of CBOs in Nepal its impact on women is understudied. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the relationship between Nepalese women's participation in CBOs and their autonomy. Autonomy comprises of four different dimen

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Jacobsson, Hampus. "Kalibrering och tillämpning utav CBD-modellen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58002.

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Det stora behovet av att kunna prognostisera och beskriva framtida dödligheter på ett bra sätt och svårigheten i detta har lett till att många olika modeller tagits fram. En av dessa modeller är den s.k. CBD modellen. I detta arbete så har denna kalibrerats efter svensk dödlighetsdata och dess lämplighet att användas har undersökts. Inga större problem med modellen fanns, förutom att den inte var så lämplig för de allra äldsta individerna (över 95 år). Modellen jämfördes med SCB:s framtidsprognos, en jämförelse som inte gav så mycket men som antydde att dödlighet av de yngre av 65-95 åringarna

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Broussous, Sylvie. "Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) et trisomie 21 : identification, synthèse et évaluation biologique de modulateurs de la CBS". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA114805.

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La trisomie 21 est une maladie génétique caractérisée par la présence de trois chromosomes 21 au lieu de deux dans le génome. Ce phénomène ne provoque pas la synthèse de protéines anormales, mais est responsable de perturbations biochimiques quantitatives et d’anomalies métaboliques. Une de ces enzymes, la Cystathionine b-Synthase (EC 4. 2. 1. 22, CBS), nous a particulièrement intéressée. La surexpression de la CBS perturbe directement le métabolisme de l’homocystéine et a également pour conséquence une surproduction d’H2S. H2S, nouvellement connu pour être un neuromodulateur à des concentrati

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Rowley, Brock. "Kindergarten Assessment: Analysis of the Child Behavioral Rating Scale (CBRS)." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19222.

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Oregon’s Kindergarten Assessment (KA) is mandatory for all incoming Oregon kindergarteners starting in the 2013-14 school year. One component of Oregon’s KA is the Child Behavioral Rating Scale (CBRS), which Oregon has adapted into the Approaches to Learning Assessment. Teachers complete the CBRS during the first four to six weeks of school. This study uses a convenience sample of 731 kindergarten students (across two years) from one district in Oregon to analyze behavioral readiness (self-regulation and social-emotional behaviors) as well as easyCBM indicators of academic readiness. The C

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Books on the topic "CBDS"

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Weyers-Faraj, Hildegard. Evaluation of the performance of CBDs and CMMS in the districts of Zomba and Machinga formerly trained by DHS Machinga and Zomba/Malawi (May-August 2003). German Technical Cooperation District Health Services Machinga and Zomba, 2003.

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Ferguson, Alan. How are CBDs recruited?: Report of a study into the recruitment process and social networking of volunteers in the DPHC-GTZ community-based distribution of Family Planning Programme in Kenya. GTZ Family Planning Project, Division of Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, 1997.

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Sifelani, Tsiko, and Community Biodiversity Development and Conservation--Africa, eds. CBDC Africa experiences. CBDC Africa Network, 2009.

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Marion, Muller, ed. Dorfsman & CBS. American Showcase, 1987.

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København, Handelshøjskolen i., ed. Art CBS. Handelshøjskolen i København, 2002.

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Easton, Morris L. Group invariance in applications in statistics. Institute of Mathematical Statistics and American Statistical Association, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/cbms/1462061029.

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Thompson, Elizabeth A. Statistical Inference From Genetic Data on Pedigrees. Institute of Mathematical Statistics and American Statistical Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/cbms/1462106037.

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Gelfand, Alan E., and Erin M. Schliep. Bayesian Inference and Computing for Spatial Point Patterns. Institute of Mathematical Statistics and American Statistical Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/cbms/1530065028.

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Müller, Peter, and Abel Rodriguez. Nonparametric Bayesian Inference. Institute of Mathematical Statistics and American Statistical Assocation, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/cbms/1362163742.

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Lindsay, Bruce G. Mixture Models. Institute of Mathematical Statistics and American Statistical Association, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/cbms/1462106013.

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Book chapters on the topic "CBDS"

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Li, Qiang. "CBDs Development Model." In Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9451-5_9.

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Mengi, Onur, Deniz Deniz, Asli Ceylan Oner, and Buğra Gökce. "Public Green Spaces in Cbds." In The Routledge Handbook on Greening High-Density Cities. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003318385-22.

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Wang, Qianxue, Simin Yu, and Christophe Guyeux. "Chaotic Bitwise Dynamical Systems (CBDS)." In Design of Digital Chaotic Systems Updated by Random Iterations. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73549-8_3.

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Irman, Ryzalia M. A., Mulyono Mulyono, and Syamsul Shodiq. "Interpersonal Communication in CBDS Youtube Channel." In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Arts and Humanities 2022 (IJCAH 2022). Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-008-4_222.

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Zarifis, Alex, and Xusen Cheng. "The Six Ways to Build Trust and Reduce Privacy Concern in a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)." In Business Digital Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33665-2_6.

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AbstractA Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) can offer several benefits for governments and citizens such as faster transactions at a lower cost, and richer information on consumers’ behaviour. It is important however that the consumer’s perspective on the adoption of CBDCs is not neglected. A CBDC needs consumers to trust and use it, to avoid either a complete failure, or a partial failure. A partial failure may lead to CBDCs being one of two parallel systems’ consumers use. This research uses a survey analysed by structural equation modelling to identify the six ways to build trust in a CB

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Fahad, Ahmed Mohammed, Abdulghani Ali Ahmed, Abdullah H. Alghushami, and Sammer Alani. "Detection of Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks via HSA-CBDS Method." In Intelligent Computing & Optimization. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00979-3_5.

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Zarifis, Alex, and Xusen Cheng. "A Model of Trust in Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in Brazil: How Trust in a Two-Tier CBDC with Both the Central and Retail Banks Involved Changes Consumer Trust." In Financial Innovation and Technology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83402-8_4.

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Abstract Central bank digital currencies (CBDC) have been implemented by some countries and trialled by many more. The consumer has an increasing range of financial services to choose from including decentralised blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. A CBDC may use blockchain technology, but it is centralized, so the institutions that support it play an important role. Despite the centralised top-down nature of this financial technology, it still needs to be adopted so the consumer’s perspective, particularly their trust in it, is very important. Each CBDC implementation can be different, and eac

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Sanz Bayón, Pablo. "Current and Future Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Projects." In Law, Governance and Technology Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74889-9_14.

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AbstractCentral Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are monetary projects of digital public money at different stages of development, whose issuance corresponds to central banks. It is a digital representation of money with fiat currency’s legal nature. Still, like cash, and unlike electronic bank money, it has the guarantee of a central bank and not a deposit guarantee fund. This means that the monetary authority is responsible for the conditions of its issuance, distribution and value, as well as the network or infrastructure that supports its operation and possible programmability, whether reta

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Bilotta, Nicola. "The Weaponization of Finance and Digitalization: A Cooperative Approach Between the EU and LAC." In United Nations University Series on Regionalism. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68475-3_20.

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AbstractSince the demise of the Gold Standard, the US dollar has stood as the sole global currency, empowering the United States with considerable foreign policy leverage. However, developments like economic dislocations, geopolitical tensions, and digitalization pose challenges that could lead to fragmentation in the global monetary system. The risk is forming economic blocs that establish parallel, non-complementary systems that impede the free flow of capital and money across borders. The potential rise of national Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) offers a new tool to reshape the int

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Zhang, Zhijun William. "CBDC Security." In Future of Business and Finance. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58002-4_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "CBDS"

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Jing Guo, Ming Tien, and Jeffrey M Catchmark. "Biosynthesis of cellulose binding domains (CBDs)." In 2009 Reno, Nevada, June 21 - June 24, 2009. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27275.

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Ginsburg, D. "ATM support for the SMDS/CBDS." In IEE Colloquium on Practical Experience with SMDS (Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service). IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950995.

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Godse, Sachin, and Parikshit Mahalle. "Secure & Efficient Routing Mechanisms in VANET Using CBDS." In 2017 International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation (ICCUBEA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccubea.2017.8463722.

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Chen, Yiyong, and Zacharias John. "A Comparison of the Public Realm in CBDs in Shenzhen." In International Conference on Chemical,Material and Food Engineering. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cmfe-15.2015.95.

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Haghighi, Ahmad, Kiarash Mizanian, and Ghasem Mirjalily. "Modified CBDS for defending against collaborative attacks by malicious nodes in MANETs." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kbei.2015.7436163.

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Bang, J. Y., U. Navaneethan, C. M. Wilcox, R. Hawes, and S. Varadarajulu. "Validation of a protocol-based approach for endoscopic management of common bile duct stones (CBDS)." In ESGE Days 2023. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1765827.

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Chang, Jian-Ming, Po-Chun Tsou, Han-Chieh Chao, and Jiann-Liang Chen. "CBDS: A Cooperative Bait Detection Scheme to prevent malicious node for MANET based on hybrid defense architecture." In Electronic Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wirelessvitae.2011.5940839.

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Iqbal, Javed, Benjamin Giles, Chris Palmer-Jones, et al. "PTH-114 Real-world performance of non-invasive imaging modalities in the detection of common bile duct stones (CBDS)." In British Society of Gastroenterology, Annual General Meeting, 4–7 June 2018, Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-bsgabstracts.270.

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Cao, Jinxin, Shiyuan Zhang, Molin Xing, and Yinpeng Li. "A Study for the Impacts of Curb Parking to the Traffic Flow at the CBDs of Medium-Sized Cities." In 11th International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41186(421)120.

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Pirgmann, Michael. "The Evolution of CBDC in G20 Economies Design, Progress and Strategy." In Konfrence doktorandů. Vysoká škola finanční a správní, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37355/kd-2023-08.

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This paper aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the rapidly evolving landscape of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) within G20 economies. It seeks to differentiate the primary use cases of retail, wholesale, and cross-country CBDCs across the four development stages: research-, development-, pilot- and live-stage. The research reveals that, except for Argentina, all G20 economies are in advanced research or proof-of-concept stages, each with unique motivations and design considerations. Also, eastern nations, notably China, India, and Russia are progressing toward the imminent

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Reports on the topic "CBDS"

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Martínez Resano, José Ramón. CBDCs, banknotes and bank deposits: the financial stability nexus. Banco de España, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53479/38457.

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This paper explores the financial stability nexus within a monetary ecosystem that has been expanded to include a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The paper examines the new risks associated with the introduction of a CBDC, their mitigants and their potential amplification factors. Economists and academics still seem to be split on the validity of the traditional principle of separating money into two tiers of public and private money, as a structural mitigant of the risks of deposit substitution and banking disintermediation towards CBDCs. The potential amplification of the risks associa

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Cover-Kus, Heather. Central Bank Digital Currencies: Big Tech in Small States. Commonwealth Secretariat, 2021. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.345.

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In October 2020, The Bahamas became the first country in the world to nationally launch a central bank digital currency (CBDC), the Sand Dollar. The impressive growth of this new technology inspires the question: why are so many countries interested in CBDCs? This paper seeks to understand both the drive behind CBDCs in general and why so many developing countries—small states in particular—are adopting them so quickly.

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Parra-Polania, Julian A., and Constanza Martínez-Ventura. Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1310.

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We examine the optimal design of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) by focusing on two key features: the anonymity-security trade-off and the remuneration (i.e., interest rate). Building on the extended model by Agur et al. (2022), which accounts for potential negative externalities associated with the anonymity of payment methods, we incorporate the possibility of multiple CBDCs into the framework. Our findings reveal that with optimally designed CBDCs and when anonymity costs are significant, a cashless economy is the preferred choice for the central bank. Furthermore, irrespective of a

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Parra-Polania, Julian A., and Constanza Martínez-Ventura. Designing the Future of Money: The Case for Multiple CBDCs. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1311.

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Abstract:

We examine the optimal design of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) by focusing on two key features: the anonymity-security trade-off and the remuneration (i.e., interest rate). Building on the extended model by Agur et al. (2022), which accounts for potential negative externalities associated with the anonymity of payment methods, we incorporate the possibility of multiple CBDCs into the framework. Our findings reveal that with optimally designed CBDCs and when anonymity costs are significant, a cashless economy is the preferred choice for the central bank. Furthermore, irrespective of a

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Arewa, Moyo. How Will Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) Influence Tax Administration in Developing Countries? Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.026.

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This paper explores the potential benefits and risks to tax administrations of implementing central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), a digital version of national currencies that is gaining momentum worldwide. It outlines some of the key features of CBDCs and then considers their implications for tax administration in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) generally. The emergence of CBDCs provides LMICs with a significant opportunity to improve financial inclusion, improve payment systems and increase tax collection. CBDCs provide greater transparency, security and traceability, which could

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Wiley, Jenny L., Camille K. Gourdet, and Brian F. Thomas. Cannabidiol: Science, Marketing, and Legal Perspectives. RTI Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.op.0065.2004.

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Recent loosening of legal restrictions on cannabis and its chemical constituents, including phytocannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), has led to rapid proliferation and wide availability of products containing CBD. Although using pure CBD does not result in THC-like intoxication, it is not risk-free. In this review, we examine CBD from scientific, marketing, and regulatory perspectives. Specifically, we evaluate the evidence used to support statements concerning CBD’s real and putative medical effects and discuss misleading information that has been used in

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Arewa, Moyo, Celeste Scarpini, Kelbesa Megersa, Barry Cooper, Antonia Esser, and Megan Campbell. How Will Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) Influence Tax Administration in Developing Countries? Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.057.

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Developing countries are driving the emergence of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) – digital versions of sovereign currencies issued by central banks. While CBDCs can potentially improve financial inclusion, improve payment systems, and increase tax collection in lower-income countries, they are also associated with a complex combination of operational and security risks. This research sheds light on the tax implications of CBDCs, including the potential risks and benefits of their implementation. It outlines some of their key features and considers challenges common to revenue authorit

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MacDonald, R. J., and D. A. Payne. Changing mining methods at CBDC. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328669.

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Berg, Tobias, Jan Keil, Felix Martini, and Manju Puri. CBDCs, Payment Firms, and Geopolitics. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32857.

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Science, Fera. Analysis of CBD Products. Food Standards Agency, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.cis490.

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The Food Standards Agency commissioned Fera Science Ltd. to carry out a survey to obtain a snapshot of CBD products on sale in England and Wales in order to inform FSA risk assessment of CBD products. Thirty CBD products were purchased from a range of online sellers from England and Wales. Samples comprised of two broad categories: oils and sprays, and edibles (including beverages). The sampling followed a scheme suggested by FSA. This is not a statistically representative sample of the market and instead provides a snapshot of the current market, to assist the design of future sampling and su

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