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Journal articles on the topic 'China – Civilization – 19th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization." International Community Law Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society,"

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2

Brundage, Mathew. "Somewhere Between Civilization and Savagery." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 23, no. 3 (2016): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02303007.

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This article examines the language in mid-19th Century accounts emphasizing Chinese cultural “stagnation” in the face of growing American influence in East Asia to investigate the emergence of a belief in the rising position of the United States on the world stage. This construction played off of critical observations that attempted to explain how the China trade was strong enough to be of u.s. national interest, while at the same time clarifying how the Chinese were weak enough to succumb to foreign influence. As such, Americans attempted to diagnose and cure the ills of stagnation through in

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Smith, Justin E. H. "Hegel, China, and the 19th Century Europeanization of Philosophy." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 45, no. 1-2 (2018): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0450102006.

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I clarify Hegel’s role in the Europeanization of philosophy over the course of the 19th century. I begin with an investigation of the way non-Western philosophy was conceptualized in Europe before, and after, I move on to a consideration of the debates about philosophy that emerged in late 19th century China because of European attempts, such as that of Hegel, to circumscribe the geographical and civilizational scope of this discipline. How may we see the emergence of a distinctly modern, generally nationalist, discourse about “Chinese philosophy” within China as a reflection of larger global

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Zhou, Ting. "Chinese Folk Photographic Creations of Western Photographers." Asian Social Science 13, no. 7 (2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n7p190.

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Folk cultures contribute to the important composition of the traditional culture in China, a multiracial ancient civilization enjoying a profound history. Folk photography opens a window for the world to enable people in other countries to understand China as well as its traditional culture. Western photographers have created a large amount of folk photographs during over a century of corresponding development. These works mean not only great significances to the documentation and heritage of Chinese folk cultures but also enormous contributions to the communication of Chinese folk cultures to

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Wongsurawat, Wasana. "Contending for a Claim on Civilization: The Sino-Siamese Struggle to Control Overseas Chinese Education in Siam." Journal of Chinese Overseas 4, no. 2 (2008): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325408788691264.

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AbstractIn the mid-19th to early 20th century, the ancient ethnocentric concept of Chinese Civilization was challenged by European — and Japanese — imperialist conquests. The West, in particular, came with the mission of bringing enlightenment; “civilization” seemed no longer seated in the Middle Kingdom for “all under heaven” to come and admire. Even the Chinese were leaving China in great numbers to seek wealth in foreign lands and Chinese rulers felt the need to reestablish the confidence of their people — at home and in faraway lands — in the worthiness of Chinese Civilization. This is a s

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HUANG, Donglan. "The Concept of “Asia” in the Context of Modern China." Cultura 16, no. 2 (2019): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul022019.0002.

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As a part of the geographical knowledge introduced by Matteo Ricci from the West into China at the beginning of the 17th century, the concept of “Asia” had undergone a cool reception for over three hundred years and did not become a common idea of world geography until the early 20th century when it was publicized by textbooks and other mass media. As the author points out, Asia is not merely a geographical concept, but also refers to history, culture, and politics. Although early Western missionaries and Chinese scholar-officials like Wei Yuan endowed Asia with a positive meaning as the origi

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Tuoheti, Alimu. "Missionaries and Orientalists Studies of Chinese Islam- Before the 20th Century." International Journal of Social Science Studies 9, no. 5 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v9i5.5296.

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In the 19th century, the development of natural science and the emergence of enlightenment gradually gave birth to social science in modern Europe. As Europe opened the door to China in the middle of the 19th century, Western academia began to pay attention to China, and Western theories and methods progressively entered China and were accepted by Chinese scholars. Most saliently, some Christian missionaries and Orientalists have completed more serious studies of Islam in China, and published several corresponding works and research results on this basis. During this period, those who studied

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8

Saburova, Tatiana. "Geographical Imagination, Anthropology, and Political Exiles." Sibirica 19, no. 1 (2020): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sib.2020.190105.

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This article is focused on several themes connected with the history of photography, political exile in Imperial Russia, exploration and representations of Siberia in the late 19th–early 20th centuries. Photography became an essential tool in numerous geographic, topographic and ethnographic expeditions to Siberia in the late 19th century; well-known scientists started to master photography or were accompanied by professional photographers in their expeditions, including ones organized by the Russian Imperial Geographic Society, which resulted in the photographic records, reports, publications

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Lutz, Jessie G. "China’s View of the West, A Comparison of the Historical Geographies of Wei Yuan and Xu Jiyu." Social Sciences and Missions 25, no. 1-2 (2012): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489412x628109.

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Wei Yuan and Xu Jiyu, civil servants in mid 19th century China, were deeply disturbed by British expansion into Asia. On the theory that one should know one's enemies, both wrote pioneer historical geographies designed to introduce Chinese officials to the sources of Western power. They both made extensive use of missionary sources; however, there were significant differences between the works of Wei and Xu. Wei never abandoned the Middle Kingdom concept whereas Xu came to realize that the West had developed its own civilization, and he encouraged China's development of trade and commerce, esp

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Kołos, Anna. "Między poczuciem wyższości cywilizacyjnej a autoidentyfikacją, między rasą a narodem. Polska i Chiny w drugiej połowie XIX wieku." Przegląd Humanistyczny 62, no. 3 (462) (2018): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7691.

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The article discusses, on the one hand, three stages of developing views about race and superiority of European civilization reflected in the second half of the 19th century in aggressive social-Darwinism of positivists, and on the other it confronts racial generalizations with nation-centered thinking, which played an extremely important role in identity discourse of the Poles. On the example of China and the Siberian-Chinese borderland, it can be noticed that perception of geography and the ethnic diversity in the world through the prism of great historiosophical and racial constructions is

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JUŽNIČ, Stanislav Jože. "Central-European Jesuit Scientists in China, and Their Impact on Chinese Science." Asian Studies 3, no. 2 (2015): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2015.3.2.89-118.

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This article describes nine Central European Jesuits from the Austrian province who embarked for China in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their European educational networks provide useful insights into the abilities of the absburg Monarchy to meet Chinese Imperial demands. The focus is on feedback of their adopted Chinese network back to their own homes. The Europeans and Chinese-based Jesuits exchanged instruments, books, artifacts, and letters. The exception was Johannes Grueber, who personally traveled back to Europe accompanied by Diestel from Carniola, and helped Athanasius Kircher to produ

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Ebenezer, King Solomon, Rekha Manivannan, Abarna Punniyamoorthy, and Chidambaram Tamilselvan. "Plant Secondary Metabolites of Antiviral Properties a Rich Medicinal Source for Drug Discovery: A Mini Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 5 (2019): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3471.

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Plants possess a unique defense mechanism unlike humans and animals that protects them from harmful microorganism to herbivores by secreting low molecular weight compounds called secondary metabolites. The compounds are concentrated in essential oil of the plants and its medicinal properties cure human illnesses too. Some of those plants still being used in traditional medicine by human, ever since civilized using plants as medicine. The ancient civilizations India, China and Europe only used plants as medicine. The emergence and enormous growth of allopathic medicine in the 19th century cause

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Hao, Zhixin, Jingyun Zheng, Yingzhuo Yu, Danyang Xiong, Yang Liu, and Quansheng Ge. "Climatic changes during the past two millennia along the Ancient Silk Road." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 5 (2019): 605–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319893919.

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The Ancient Silk Road has a history of more than 2000 years and gave birth to the diversities of culture between East and West. Climate change may have played a crucial role in this process and in the flourishing and decline of civilizations. In this work, high-resolution temperature reconstructions covering more than 1000 years along the Ancient Silk Road are reviewed, and the main characteristics of temperature and hydroclimatic changes are summarized. Four warm stages occurred that included the 1st–3rd centuries, the late 7th century to the early 11th century, the mid-12th century to the mi

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Gvili, Gal. "Gender and Superstition in Modern Chinese Literature." Religions 10, no. 10 (2019): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10100588.

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This article offers a new perspective on the study of the discourse on superstition (mixin) in modern China. Drawing upon recent work on the import of the concept “superstition” to the colonial world during the 19th century, the article intervenes in the current study of the circulation of discursive constructs in area studies. This intervention is done in two ways: first, I identify how in the modern era missionaries and Western empires collaborated in linking anti-superstition thought to discourses on women’s liberation. Couched in promises of civilizational progress to cultures who free the

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Gillis, A. R. "Literacy and the civilization of violence in 19th-century France." Sociological Forum 9, no. 3 (1994): 371–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01466315.

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Christensen, Christian O. "Karl Polanyi og utopien om det fri marked - en introduktion til Karl Polanyis The Great Transformation." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 64 (March 9, 2018): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i64.104089.

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This article offers the first comprehensive introduction to Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation (TGT) from 1944 written in Danish. Relatively unnoticed by the time of its publication, TGT has since received widespread attention, especially after the rise of economic globalisation and neo-liberal policies. The thesis of TGT is that the great wars and crisis of Western civilization in the 20th century should be seen against the backdrop of the 19th century’s liberal civilisation. Polanyi argues that the attempt to create a liberal, free market world order was crucial for the later breakdown

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T. V., Kychkyruk, and Salata H. V. "The 18th and 19th-century french thinkers on civilization: a brief overview." HUMANITARIAN STUDIOS: PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY 11, no. 4 (2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2020.04.110.

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The future development of both global and local civilizations is based on our knowledge of the past and our involvement in the present. It largely depends on rethinking the ideas of the past and reintegrating their productive elements into our worldview. The ideas of Turgot, Condorcet, Comte, Durkheim interpreted from the standpoint of today can become the missing pieces of the puzzle, the name of which is the civilization paradigm. The paper aims to explore the ideas of the famous 18th – 19th century French thinkers on civilization. The authors used cultural-historical and integrative approac

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Stoner, Allan, and Kim Hummer. "19th and 20th Century Plant Hunters." HortScience 42, no. 2 (2007): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.197.

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The latter part of the 19th and the first several decades of the 20th century can be described as a “golden age” for plant exploration and collecting. During the initial years of this period, agricultural scientists from the United States and elsewhere devoted considerable resources to collecting potential new crops for farmers as well as superior plants or cultivars of the species that farmers were already growing. Over time, there was a shift toward collecting unadapted germplasm, or raw material that possessed traits that plant breeders and other scientists could use for cultivar improvemen

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Freemantle, Harry. "Frédéric Le Play and 19th-century vision machines." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 1 (2016): 66–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116673526.

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An early proponent of the social sciences, Frédéric Le Play, was the occupant of senior positions within the French state in the mid- to late 19th century. He was writing at a time when science was ascending. There was for him no doubt that scientific observation, correctly applied, would allow him unmediated access to the truth. It is significant that Le Play was the organizer of a number of universal expositions because these expositions were used as vehicles to demonstrate the ascendant position of western civilization. The fabrication of linear time is a history of progress requiring a vis

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Yao, Joanne. "‘Conquest from barbarism’: The Danube Commission, international order and the control of nature as a Standard of Civilization." European Journal of International Relations 25, no. 2 (2018): 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066118768379.

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In recent years, International Relations scholarship has looked back to the 19th century as a watershed epoch for the formation of the current international order and the development of ‘Standards of Civilization’ to legitimate that order. However, limited attention has been paid to the role played by society’s relationship with the natural world in constructing these civilizational standards. This article argues that the control and exploitation of nature as a standard of civilization developed in the 19th century to constitute membership in a civilized European international society. The sta

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Chin-kyu, Choe. "Missionaries and Hakka’s self-consciousness in 19th century China." Society of History Education 55 (May 30, 2015): 237–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17999/sohe.2015.55.08.

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Innis, Harold A. "Printing in China in the 19th and 20th century." Continuum 7, no. 1 (1993): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304319309365593.

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Eber, Irene. "Reception of Old Testament Ideas in 19th Century China." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 45, no. 3-4 (2018): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6253.12339.

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Smith, Justin E. H. "Hegel, China, and The 19th Century Europeanization Of Philosophy." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 45, no. 1-2 (2018): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6253.12341.

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Eber, Irene. "Reception of Old Testament Ideas in 19th Century China." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 45, no. 3-4 (2018): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0450304006.

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This paper explores some of the strategies used for translating the Old Testament from Hebrew into Chinese and its subsequent reception and interpretation. Special attention will be devoted to the Ten Commandments and important personalities like Abraham or Moses. According to their reception, they were endowed with characteristics valued in Chinese history and culture. The introduction of science seemingly contradicted the questions of Creation. Since Creation and the scientific perceptions of the universe were interconnected, those people dealing with Scriptural translation had to exercise s

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PAN, Jiahua. "Building an Ecological Civilization in the New Era: Cognition, Development Paradigm and Strategic Measures." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 06, no. 02 (2018): 1850009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748118500094.

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According to Chinese President Xi Jinping’s report at the 19th CPC National Congress, realizing China’s great dream in the new era demands a great struggle, a great project, and a great cause. In terms of the construction of ecological civilization, entering a new era means China must ensure the harmony between man and nature, and undertake “a great struggle with many new contemporary features”, in response to major difficulties and challenges in nature. To realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation requires a clear understanding of the “Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristic

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Kaczmarek, Hieronim. "Manowce polskiej egiptologii XIX wieku. Jerzego Ręczyńskiego „przekład” tekstu kamienia z Rosetty." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.12.

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The paper is one of a number of publications devoted to perception of the history of ancient Egyptian civilization in Poland by the end of the 19th century. It presents Jerzy Ręczyński’s (1905-1899) ‘attempts’ to study Egyptian inscriptions (the Rosetta Stone), results of which have to be absolutely rejected according to contemporary research standards.

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Danil de Namor, A. F. "Water purification: from ancient civilization to the XXI Century." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (2007): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.004.

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Ancient civilization valued the vital role of water in human life. As reflected in the literature, environmental awareness led to early water treatments and these are briefly described in this paper. Thus the period prior to 500 BC to 1000 AD saw the use of naturally occurring materials for water purification, the building of aqueducts, and the introduction of the distillation process. This was followed by a dormant period of five centuries in which hardly any progress was made in water purification methodology. From the 17th to the 19th century, progress was made on filtration processes and t

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حسين, السوداني. "التجديد في الدراسات اللغويّة العربيّة في القرن التاسع عشر". Al Abhath 68, № 1 (2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589997x-06801005.

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This paper aims to study the emergence of tajdīd (modernization, renewal) in Arabic linguistics. The research focuses on the time period between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a time that corresponds to the popularization of evolution studies in Europe in the sciences generally, and particularly in linguistics. I examine the features of the linguistics scene in the 19th century, looking for possible characteristics of a tajdīd movement on both the technical-theoretical and the practical-procedural levels. Indeed, the 19th century witnessed a period of openness to

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حسين, السوداني. "التجديد في الدراسات اللغويّة العربيّة في القرن التاسع عشر". Al Abhath 68, № 1 (2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18115586-00680104.

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This paper aims to study the emergence of tajdīd (modernization, renewal) in Arabic linguistics. The research focuses on the time period between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a time that corresponds to the popularization of evolution studies in Europe in the sciences generally, and particularly in linguistics. I examine the features of the linguistics scene in the 19th century, looking for possible characteristics of a tajdīd movement on both the technical-theoretical and the practical-procedural levels. Indeed, the 19th century witnessed a period of openness to

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Turekulova, Zh E., and M. U. Zhumabekov. "History and development trends of Egyptian cities in the 19th century." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-77-84.

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Egypt has always attracted the attention of researchers as one of the oldest centers of civilization; many historical, geographical, cultural and religious studies have been devoted to its study. Taking into account the fact that the Arab Republic of Egypt occupies a leading position in the modern Arab East, more attention in historical and cultural studies is paid to the problems of the formation of Egypt, the history of its political, socioeconomic, cultural, literary and religious movements of modern and modern times. However, the processes of urbanization in Egypt today are on the peripher

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Mukhametshin, Azat, Svetlana Grakhova, Irina Zakharova, Nina Belyaeva, and Karina Okisheva. "Historical insight on provincial merchants of the late 19th century." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 07019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128407019.

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The authors of the article believe that it is important to study the deep essence of the writer’s works in order to understand the period of time that he depicts. D.I. Stakheyev contributed to the development of the genres of sketch and short story as he discussed new subjects and ideas through studying the life of the Russian province. In addition, the value of his works is that they touch upon a wide range of universal problems that are of great importance in our time. The article gives a broader idea of “small” forms of literary works in Russia in the mid-19th century. The interpretation of

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Covacevich Pérez, Mirko. "Utopía distópica. La “falsa calma” de las ciudades fantasma de la Patagonia." Catedral Tomada. Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana 8, no. 14 (2020): 120–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ct/2020.413.

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Falsa calma is a denunciation of the dystopia in which the Patagonian utopia of hydrocarbons of the mid-twentieth century became. The same oil camps that populated Patagonia in such a short time under the slogan of development, today succumb to the lack of opportunities. Half-done villages, abandoned by the State, whose inhabitants barely survive in an adverse environment. But it is no longer about the hostility of the "wild" nature, which the narratives of the 19th century portrayed: it is the decadence of civilization itself that corrupts the foundations of society.

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Estrada Herrera, Fabiola. "Hacha y pastos: caminos de “civilización” en el Sur Occidente de Cundinamarca." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 2, no. 4 (2010): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v2n4.13665.

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La autora interpreta el papel de la construcción de caminos y la exploración agrícola-comercial en el Suroccidente del actual Departamento de Cundinamarca durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En este recorrido, llama la atención sobre cómo el ideario republicano de civilización conllevó a una tala irracional del bosque primario y a la introducción de nuevas especies de pastos, dos agentes de transformación que estuvieron al servicio de los ritmos que la élite decimonónica impuso a la economía local, la posesión de tierras, el control social y los proyectos agroexportadores.Palabras clave: c

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Southcott, Jane E., and Angela Hao-Chun Lee. "Missionaries and Tonic Sol-fa music pedagogy in 19th-century China." International Journal of Music Education 26, no. 3 (2008): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0255761408092528.

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Chen, Qi. "Image of Confucianism and China Discourse in 19th century British Newspapers." Cultural Interaction Studies of Sea Port Cities 19 (October 31, 2018): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35158/cisspc.2018.10.19.209.

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Haiguan, Gan. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE MODERN MYTHS OF PETERSBURG IN THE 19TH CENTURY RUSSIAN LITERATURE." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 1 (2017): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_1_5_15.

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Myth creation is an integral element of human consciousness. All the images related to Petersburg, due to its unique role in the process of Russian modernization and forming cultural heritage, have been mythologized in the folk literature. Based on the folk literature of Petersburg and the special situation of Russian modernization and with the combination of historism and mythicism, Russian writers, with their unique mythological thinking and awareness, created the modern myths of Petersburg, that have the same images and consistent thinking. The modern myths of Petersburg in the 19th-century

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Breger, Claudia. "Gods, German Scholars, and the Gift of Greece." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 7-8 (2006): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069886.

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This article argues that the abundance of Greek figures and scenarios in Kittler’s recent work points to a shift in his oeuvre, which, however, does not represent a radical break with his ‘hardware studies’. At the turn of the 21st century, Kittler champions an emphatic notion of culture as a necessary supplement to science and technology. This conceptual marriage mediates grand historical narratives of cultural identity. Specifically, Kittler’s texts provide us with narratives of Greek origin which serve to re-capture collective identities in the age of globalization. On the explicit level, t

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Stefan, Dr Sc Georgescu, and Dr Sc Munteanu Marilena. "Middle East: New Balkans of the World?" ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.147.

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Middle East is a region whose geopolitical dynamics has many analogies with the role of the Balkans in the first half of the 19th century and up to the 3rd decade of the 20th century, namely a "Powder keg of Europe", defined in the same period as the "Eastern Issue".Moreover, Middle East is a region located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Africa, and along with ancient Egypt is the cradle of Western civilization, providing for it political, economic, religious, scientific, military, intellectual and institutional models.Four millennia of civilization bef

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., Pramono, Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan Hasbullah, and Herry Nur Hidayat. "MYSTICISM ELEMENTS IN THE USE OF FIREARM TECHNOLOGY IN THE MANUSCRIPT ON FIREARMS." Jurnal Humaniora 27, no. 3 (2016): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v27i3.10597.

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In the realm of Malay manuscript researches, the aspect of technology has been given little attention to be researched in a serious and specific manner. Even less is the study focused on the correlation between the Malay technology and Islamic civilization. This article seeks to shed light on the matter and discusses the Malay technology dealing with the use of hand-held firearms which was possibly inherited from the Islamic sources found in the Malay manuscripts. In particular, this article tries to analyse the mysticism elements which seems to be the underlying idea of the indigenous knowled

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정은주. "The historical research and record about the literary men’s called SungHoHakPa civilization in the 19th century, 『DongSaIlGy』." Journal of Korean Classical Chinese Literature 31, no. 1 (2015): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18213/jkccl.2015.31.1.008.

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Guo, Weiting. "What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China." Civil Wars 16, no. 3 (2014): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2014.987470.

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Miao, Meng, Guanjie Niu, and Thomas Noe. "Contracting without contracting institutions: The trusted assistant loan in 19th century China." Journal of Financial Economics 140, no. 3 (2021): 987–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.02.005.

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Markovic, Sasa. "National identity of the Serbs in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 120 (2006): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0620235m.

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An attempt to establish a specific form of global uniformity by the dominant world powers, even if it is to a certain degree flexible and economically acceptable, proved to be imprudent and controversial. Autochthonous development of specific nations in all its traditional, religious and historical entirety is inaccessible and very sensitive to the form of the dominant ideological concept. Even if multiculturalism, multinationalism and multiconfessionalism belong to civilization heritage, it turned out that their declarative respect and haughty globalization was a risky experiment. European Un

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Bulut, Mehmet. "CIVILIZATION, ECONOMY AND WAQF IN OTTOMAN EUROPE." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 5, no. 2 (2020): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp48-67.

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The prosperity, stability, and socio-economic balance observed throughout Ottoman history was largely sustained by several key institutions developed in accordance with emerging challenges of the time whilst functioning effectively. Both the Ottoman economic mindset and impact of those institutions on the socio-economic and financial development cannot be ignored. In addition to other significant economic, social and political institutions, the waqf (charitable endowments) played a crucial role in Ottoman society and contributed to the supply of primary social needs, whether related to educati

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Wesseling, H. L. "Two fin de siècles." European Review 2, no. 3 (1994): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001113.

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Is the end of the 20th century comparable with the end of the 19th century, the so-called fin de siècle? To what extent are the cultural characterizations of that decade—for fin de siècle is first and foremost a cultural concept—applicable to our days? The answer to this question is not easy to give because there are similarities as well as dissimilarities. The central preoccupation of the fin de siècle however was the feeling of decadence, the idea that European civilization was past its prime and on to the end. This notion is not a characteristic of the present day's cultural climate and the

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Del Valle-Rojas, Carlos. "A Critique of The Civilising Rationale: Strategies for producing marginalisation." Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat 4 (December 25, 2019): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-en.2019-13.

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The radical distinction between civilization and barbarism used in the discourse of the national states of Chile and Argentina during the second half of the XIX century, not only was used to justify the genocidal military intervention of the territories inhabited by the mapuche indigenous from the south of both countries; but also inaugurated a conflictive relationship that remains to the present. The main objective of the paper is to identify the scope of the “civilization project” initiated during the second part of the 19th century and expressed during the 20th and 21st centuries through di

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Mamytkhanov, D. K. "FORMATION OF THE KAZAKH DIASPORA IN MONGOLIA AND CHINA." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 74, no. 2 (2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-2.1728-8940.09.

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The article describes the border treaty between Russia and China in the 19th century, the situation with the resettlement of Kazakhs who fled for various reasons at the beginning of the last century from the partition of Mongolia during the country's independence in the early 20th century. The need to clarify the relationship between irredentists and the diaspora in these states is discussed. Indeed, in modern Kazakhstani society, raising such a topic is of great importance in the formation of a positive attitude of the people towards a foreign brother.

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Hanlon, W. Walker, and Yuan Tian. "Killer Cities: Past and Present." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (2015): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151071.

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The industrial cities of the 19th century were incredibly unhealthy places to live. How much progress has been made in reducing these negative health effects over the past 150 years? To help answer this question, we compare mortality patterns in 19th century England to those in Chinese urban areas in 2000. We document that substantial improvements have been made in improving health in cities over this period. Unlike historical English cities, large cities in China have lower mortality than less populated areas. However, we also provide evidence that in China a substantial relationship between

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Angelopoulou, Anastasia. "Early Cycladic fortified settlements: aspects of cultural continuity and change in the Cyclades during the third millennium BC." Archaeological Reports 63 (November 2017): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608418000108.

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Early Cycladic culture (third millennium BC) has been a focus of scientific interest since the late 19th century. Our knowledge of Early Cycladic civilization is based primarily on evidence gathered from a substantial number of cemeteries that have been discovered in various parts of the Cyclades. In comparison, excavations of Early Cycladic settlements are few in number. Thus, habitation comprises an essential yet understudied field of research.Despite these limitations, fieldwork as well as material and analytical studies conducted over the period 2000–2017 have contributed to a far better u

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