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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chinese to English translation'
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Huang, Xiaocong. "Stylistic approaches to literary translation : with particular reference to English-Chinese and Chinese-English translation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2949/.
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This thesis reports a study applying stylistics in the analysis and assessment of literary translation, with specific reference to translations between English and Chinese. It focuses on how to maintain the original style in the translation – in terms of techniques or linguistic features in the literary texts and their correspondent functions – and on how to assess the style of the individual translation and translator as measured by quantitative data derived from corpus linguistic analyses. The thesis starts with an overview of the specific challenges of literary translation and the value of stylistics as an approach assisting in a better understanding of the literary texts, which shows the need for using stylistics in literary translation. It then illustrates how to apply stylistics in literary translation, taking the examples of central stylistic phenomena such as metaphor, free indirect speech, heteroglossia, repetition, and transitivity in the English translations of the celebrated Chinese novella《阿Q正传》(The True Story of Ah Q) (Lu Xun, 1921) and in the Chinese translations of the English short stories “Two Gallants” and “The Dead” (Joyce, 1914). I investigate the distinguishable “fingerprints” of the Chinese translators of the 《阿Q正传》 through scrutinizing the data uncovered by corpus tools, taking into consideration each translator’s individual style alongside any detectable motivations pertaining to their personal experiences, the publishing context, and so on. This study argues that literary texts – as distinct from non-literary texts – have a real but hard-to-define “added value”, carried by the particular way in which they exploit lexis, grammar, and pragmatics; this added value is everything to do with the text’s style. A good literary translation must reproduce something of the source text’s style; otherwise the distinguishing literariness in the original will not be conveyed in the target text. Stylistic and corpus methods can help identify important stylistic features in the original, and can help us to evaluate whether equivalent features are or are not present in one or several translations of that original.
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Su, Dan. "Target-Dominant Chinese-English Machine Translation." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd609.pdf.
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Yeung, Ka-wai. "Pragmatics and translation with reference to English-Chinese and Chinese-English examples /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38280097.
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Shen, D. "Literary stylistics and translation : With particular reference to English translations of Chinese prose fiction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379342.
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Kuo, Chen-Li. "Interpreting intonation in English-Chinese spoken language translation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492917.
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This thesis presents a system for translating spoken English into Mandarin, paying particular attention to the relationship between the phonologically marked emphatic/ contrastive focus in English and the lexical/syntactic focus constructions in Mandarin. This is based on the assumption that information carried by intonation in English may be expressed using lexical/syntactic devices in tone languages.
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Yeung, Ka-wai, and 楊家慧. "Pragmatics and translation: with reference toEnglish-Chinese and Chinese-English examples." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38280097.
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Yim, Wing-ha, and 嚴泳霞. "Onomastics translation: with reference to Chinese-English and English-Chinese examples in Hong Kong street names." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40687545.
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Yim, Wing-ha. "Onomastics translation with reference to Chinese-English and English-Chinese examples in Hong Kong street names /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40687545.
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Wen, Yun. "Behavioural and electrophysiological investigations of Chinese translation activation during English word recognition in Chinese-English bilinguals." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43208/.
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Bilinguals have the unique ability to translate words between their languages. Although translation is a seemingly deliberate and conscious process, recent research has shown that first language (L1) translation equivalents can be automatically and quickly activated during second language (L2) word reading. Automatic translation activation strongly supports the idea of non-selective lexical access. This thesis investigates L1 (Chinese) translation activation during L2 (English) word reading in Chinese-English bilinguals, mainly through using the hidden translation repetition paradigm. In a series of behavioural and electrophysiological experiments using carefully selected stimuli, English words were subliminally or visibly presented to Chinese-English bilinguals in an attempt to seek the source of automatic translation activation (phonology: segment and/or tone, and/or orthography) and to explore to what extent translation activation is automatic. In contrast to previous studies, the behavioural investigations revealed that automatic translation only occurs for target words, which were visible to bilinguals, but not for the invisible masked primes. In addition, in the electrophysiological study, the event-related brain potentials and event-related brain oscillations provided evidence for the dominant role of Chinese segmental (consonants and vowels) activation during English word reading. Possible interpretations for these new findings are provided. Theoretical and methodological implications of the present thesis are also discussed.
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Sun, Sanjun. "Measuring difficulty in English-Chinese translation: Towards a general model of translation difficulty." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1340740285.
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Li, Hui. "Use types for English to Chinese translation of prepositions." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26692.
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Although prepositions play an essential role in language, there is still no systematic approach for selecting the proper prepositions in a target language. This thesis explores such systemic approach and suggests a semantic framework, called Use Types, to play an important role in the automatic translation of prepositions. A Use Type gives a semantic interpretation to a context of use of a preposition based on its surrounding elements. Our hypothesis is that if we can automatically do this semantic interpretation in the source language, than we can reduce the set of possible target language prepositions. This thesis focuses on two widely spoken languages, English and Chinese. We give primary attention to translation from English to Chinese, and we specifically look at three prepositions: in, on and at. The thesis systematically analyzes the differences between Chinese prepositions and English prepositions. It explains in details what the Use Types semantic framework is and how it is used and expanded to better address the translation task. The thesis describes how machine learning experiments are designed and conducted. Results and future work are analyzed and discussed at the end. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Wang, Baorong, and 汪宝荣. "Lu Xun's fiction in English translation: the early years." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46969081.
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Zhou, Yuan Hua Claire. "A Chinese-English translation project :General Secretary Xi Jinping's growth story." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954268.
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Zhang, Jia Yun. "Coming alive in context : a case of idiom translation in Camel Xiangzi." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586618.
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Wang, Yifang. "Translating linguistic metaphors in both directions : a process-oriented study on English-Chinese translation." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7291/.
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Distinguished from conceptual metaphor, linguistic metaphor refers to metaphor in fixed linguistic form (words, phrases or sentences) of expression. (Lakoff 1993, pp. 202-203) With the development of modern technology, researchers started to investigate the translation process of linguistic metaphor from empirical approaches (e.g. Sjørup, 2013; Zheng and Xiang, 2011 etc.). However, one critical issue remains unexplored: the relationship between translation directionality and the process of linguistic metaphor translation. To fill this gap on the language pair Chinese and English, this study is designed to investigate the impact of linguistic metaphor on cognitive effort, and whether this impact is affected by directionality. Thirty-eight novice translators performed a series of translation tasks (first language (L1): Chinese; second language (L2): English), and their performances were recorded by eye tracking, key logging and cue-based Retrospective Think Aloud devices. For objective description, four eye-key combination indicators are calculated in Generalised Linear Models to demonstrate translators’ allocation of cognitive resources, namely, Total Attentional Duration (TA duration), AU count, AU duration and pupil dilation. The findings suggest that: for the sequential and parallel coordination of Source Text (ST) processing and Target Text (TT) processing, TT processing receives significantly more cognitive effort than ST processing and parallel processing, which partially confirms that Carl and Dragsted (2012) and Hvelplund (2011)’s views on translators’ allocation of cognitive resources are valid for the language pair English and Chinese. Furthermore, it is discovered that the qualitative data from the subjective reflection vary with the quantitative results in this study. For metaphor’s impact on cognitive effort, expression type (linguistic metaphor) can significantly affect participants’ allocation of cognitive resources in both translation directions (Sjørup, 2013; Dagut, 1987; Newmark, 1988), but the results of different indicators are not consistent. And there is also a significant difference between eye-key data and participants’ subjective self-reflections. For the translation directionality, the results partially confirm that the “translation asymmetry” (Chang, 2011) is valid on metaphor related processing: at some perspectives, the translation directionality can significantly affect the relationship between metaphor related expression types and attention-distribution pattern of translation process.
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Liao, Min-Hung. "Chinese to English machine translation using SNePS as an interlingua." Buffalo, N.Y. : Dept. of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1997. http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/tech%2Dreports/97%2D16.ps.Z.
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SONG, Ge. "Re-conceptualizing foreignness : the English translation of Chinese calligraphic culture." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2018. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd/29.
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Foreignness is one primary concern of Translation Studies. Chinese calligraphy, with its unique aesthetic pursuits and cultural underpinnings, presents an unusual case of foreign otherness in relation to the English language. Thus, theories derived from the translation of Chinese calligraphic culture into English can contribute to our existing knowledge of the nature of translation. Despite sporadic endeavors, translation issues related to Chinese calligraphy remain largely under-researched. This thesis constructs a theoretical framework that offers new perspectives on translating foreignness by exploring how the culture of Chinese calligraphy, concretized in the discourses of classical treatises, has been translated into English since the early 20th century. The study of English discourses on Chinese calligraphy, which include linguistic translation, cultural translation, cultural domestication, and statements of facts, reveals a special translational mode that features an interactive and flexible re-contextualization of Chinese calligraphic culture. This study finds that while the traditional practice of translation does not guarantee cross-cultural comprehensibility, the English texts have accommodated the culture of Chinese calligraphy by reconstructing its basics and resorting to visual means of representation. This thesis divides textual manifestations of Chinese calligraphic culture into three parts –– terms, descriptions and metaphors. For terms, I hold that the study of their translations from etymological perspectives implies the possibility of an endless debate on what constitutes a good translation. My study demonstrates that the repeated use of some widely accepted translations is harmless to cultural genuineness and cross-cultural understanding. For descriptive expressions, translation effects diverge from bringing out literal meanings to revealing cultural meanings. Besides, cultural dilution of varying degrees is found in translation. Calligraphic metaphors, which exemplify traditional Chinese worldviews and correlative thinking patterns, are largely unfamiliar to English-speaking readers. My study reveals a re-contextualizing endeavor that revitalizes these metaphors in the Anglo-American context. On the basis of the case study of the English texts on Chinese calligraphy, this thesis proposes a new theoretical framework for re-conceptualizing foreignness. The three components of this framework are bicultural competency, intercultural competency, and cross-cultural attitudes, all gravitating towards the goal of understanding foreignness. In addition, I introduce three levels of foreign knowledge that cover one’s perception of foreignness at different stages of understanding and with different depths. I also propose to expand the meaning of intercultural integration that is a key manifestation of intercultural competency. One salient part of this framework is that I place anthropological and traditional Chinese zhihui approaches under the structure of cross- cultural attitudes. Such a theoretical advancement empowers the explanative mechanism of the framework. Finally, I argue that the representation of foreignness as it is can be accomplished by strategic re-contextualization, and thus meanings lost in one place can be regained somewhere else.
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Long, Sin Sai. "Analyzing English translation of Chinese menus from a cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2178630.
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Liu, Wei. "Evaluating parallel corpora and translation quality for Chinese and English." Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/evaluating-parallel-corpora-and-translation-quality-for-chinese-and-english(1b7e0166-2487-4173-bc2a-d39cdc7c8287).html.
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Parallel bilingual corpora are important basic resources for statistical machine translation. Accurate alignment of textual elements (e.g. documents, paragraphs, sentences) in a parallel bilingual corpus is a crucial step for statistical machine translation. Rather than using sentence length, word co-occurrence, cognates, dictionaries or parts of speech, this thesis uses compression code lengths based on the Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM) compression algorithm to measure when two sentences are aligned for parallel Chinese-English corpora. PPM has been found to be an effective method as a measure of whether the information conveyed by the texts is similar at estimating the entropy of the text. Evaluation of the quality of sentence alignment is a way to measure the quality of a corpus. Evaluating parallel bilingual corpora is also an important process and usually the last step for parallel bilingual corpus creation. However, most statistics of parallel bilingual corpora are based on counts of characters, words, tokens, sentences or files. As there is a lack of advanced parallel bilingual corpus evaluation methods, this thesis adopts a new PPMbased method for parallel bilingual corpus evaluation. The method has been used to evaluate the quality of three existing parallel bilingual corpora|the DC Corpus, the Hong Kong Yearbook Corpus and the UN Corpus. The compression-based method has also been applied to the problem of the automatic creation of new parallel corpora. The quality of sentence alignment for automatically created parallel bilingual corpora is always lower than manually checked corpora. This thesis processed the Corpus of United Nations by using the PPM-based metric and sought the best code length threshold value that can be used for automatically determining satisfactory or unsatisfactory sentence alignment in terms of translation quality in the corpus. The thesis also collected bilingual textual elements from the web and improved the quality based on the threshold code length ratio of 1.5. The approach has also been adapted to use as a method to perform translation system evaluation by comparing the compression code lengths of back translations at the sentence level. Compared to Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) scores, the back translation-based evaluation method was able to present differences at the sentence level between original sentences and their back translations more accurately when used to evaluate some common Chinese-English translation systems.
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Lei, Sin I. Cindy. "Applying the equivalent theory to a translation project :Lore of Running into Chinese." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954270.
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Mak, Kit-man. "A functional approach to subordinate relations in legal translation (Chinese-English)." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43959209.
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Law, Wai-On. "Translation students' use of dictionaries : a Hong Kong case study for Chinese to English translation." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2096/.
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The use of the dictionary and translation are both common language experiences. The dictionary is an indispensable tool to translating. Yet dictionary skills are grossly neglected in translator training, which assumes that students have acquired all the necessary knowledge and skills before training. In order to reveal the situation in Hong Kong, this case study attempts to investigate the dictionary use pattern of 107 translation students from five local universities for Chinese to English translation, and the dictionary consultation process of four respondents. Triangulation methods were employed: questionnaire survey interview, think-aloud protocol, and performance exercise. A coding system for think-aloud protocols has been adopted from Thumb (2004), with modifications for Chinese-English dictionary use for production. Results found that most of the respondents had not been trained to use the Chinese-English dictionary, and that they had difficulties in using it for Chinese to English translation. Curricular assessment discovered a gap between student needs in dictionary skills and the curriculum. Pedagogical recommendations are made, and the notion of Dictionary Use Competence is proposed for translation students, while dictionary skills should be treated as a learning strategy across the curriculum from the primary to university levels. The study contributes to the teaching and learning of dictionary skills, with special relevance to Chinese-English translation, and to the research on dictionary use for production in terms of the language combination of Chinese/English, and to the method of introspection.
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Cheung, Yu-kit, and 張宇傑. "A critical study of Frederick Tsai's approaches to translation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45870834.
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Gao, Z. M. "Automatic extraction of translation equivalents from a parallel Chinese - English corpus." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488455.
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Mak, Kit-man, and 麥潔雯. "A functional approach to subordinate relations in legal translation (Chinese-English)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43959209.
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Wang, Yuguang. "Trends of LIS education in China [in Chinese, with English translation]." School of Communication & Information, Nanyang Technological University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105239.
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Text in English and Chinese, with the presentation slides.This paper summarizes the Education of Library and Information Science in China Nowadays in such aspects as general status, main courses, main research directions, and the problems in it, and put forward some personal opinions on the development of Education of Library and Information Science in China.
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Lei, Yan Bo. "Metaphors in Chinese literary translation : a case study of Fortress Besieged." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525529.
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Fu, Xing. "On the hybridity of Chinese-English translation of Report on the Work of the Government." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2456355.
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CHAN, Chi Man Cecilia. "Cultural re-presentation and translation : Chinese and English anthologies of Tang poetry." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2017. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/tran_etd/18.
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Due to its unique prestige, classical Chinese poetry written during the Tang dynasty is often anthologised. These anthologies serve various purposes (e.g. recreational, educational, or both), but they are generally expected to feature works high in aesthetic value, and represent the culture wherein they are produced. While the functions of anthologies are seldom contested, representations of Tang poetry in anthologies have many different manifestations.
Using China’s most famous anthology, Tangshi sanbaishou 唐詩三百首, as an opening case study, research shows that within its home culture, the anthologising of Tang poetry has a long history by itself, and anthologists negotiate between ideological agendas, aesthetic judgments, and cultural norms to form representations which suit their purposes best. Complex as the anthologising behaviour in the source culture is, the considerations involved in anthologising translated Tang poetry in the Anglo-American culture are even more complicated, since target-cultural concerns/demands (such as translatability, aesthetic predilection of the target readership, social norms, etc.) are introduced. This study attempts to delineate the differences in various source and target cultural representations of Tang poetry, and explicate the contributing causes engendering such differences. A survey of anthologies of translated classical Chinese literature/poetry reveals that key factors governing anthologising decisions include: the target cultural condition, the intended service to a mostly uninformed, non-native readership, the anthologist-translators’ personal preferences and missions, among others. The canonical landscape of Tang poetry changes often in the West even though the principle of representativeness demands a degree of conformity to the source tradition. The complexity of anthologising is further amplified when the activity of translation takes place. Translation may enhance or discount the aesthetic appeal of poets and poems, thus implicating their claim for canonicity. Besides, questions of form and prosody also shape the target-culture product, and hence the readership’s perception. The representations of Tang poetry and Chinese culture in anthologies are often taken for granted due to the sense of authority attached to anthologies. It is therefore important to take note of and examine how anthologist-translators have shaped literary perceptions by negotiating between source and target cultures.
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Wheeler, Dan Lowe. "Machine translation through clausal syntax : a statistical approach for Chinese to English." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46535.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-82).
Language pairs such as Chinese and English with largely differing word order have proved to be one of the greatest challenges in statistical machine translation. One reason is that such techniques usually work with sentences as flat strings of words, rather than explicitly attempting to parse any sort of hierarchical structural representation. Because even simple syntactic differences between languages can quickly lead to a universe of idiosyncratic surface level word reordering rules, many believe the near future of machine translation will lie heavily in syntactic modeling. The time to start may be now: advances in statistical parsing over the last decade have already started opening the door. Following the work of Cowan et al., I present a statistical tree-to-tree translation system for Chinese to English that formulates the translation step as a prediction of English clause structure from Chinese clause structure. Chinese sentences are segmented and parsed, split into clauses, and independently translated into English clauses using a discriminative feature based model. Clausal arguments, such as subject and object, are translated separately using an off-the-shelf phrase-based translator. By explicitly modeling syntax at a clausal level, but using a phrase-based (flat-sentence) method on local, reduced expressions, such as clausal arguments, I aim to address the current weakness in long-distance word reordering while still leveraging the excellent local translations that today's state of the art has to offer.
by Dan Lowe Wheeler.
M.Eng.
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Chen, Yi-Chiao. "A corpus-based study of the English translation of Chinese empty words." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11142.
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This study aims to investigate the translation procedures adopted for the English translation of Chinese empty words. To begin with, the methods which translators adopt to tackle empty words are identified by examining examples in a specially-constructed parallel corpus, which includes Chinese literary texts and their English translations. Eventually, eight translation procedures (1) Match; 2) Paraphrase; 3) Shared Match; 4) Implicitation; 5) Amplification; 6) Grammatical Conveyance; 7) Borrowing; 8) Omission) and one non-procedure (Mismatch) are identified. It is noted that Grammatical Conveyance is a procedure which could be deemed as a newly-identified method. As a further step, the proportion of these procedures/non-procedure is investigated to identify the most-/least-adopted ones (Match and Amplification respectively) and to discuss category-specific ones (Shared Match and Borrowing). In addition to identifying the procedures for translating Chinese empty words into English, this research also makes contributions in the following two aspects. Firstly, this study, to my knowledge, is the first research which examines all Chinese empty words at a time to identify the ways translators tackle them. Secondly, it is known from the results that difficult-to-tackle empty words are found in the categories of Adverb and Particle. In other words, not all empty words are difficult to translate as former scholars have described.
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Yung, Hiu-yu, and 翁曉羽. "Theorizing the translation of body language: a study of nonverbal behaviors in literature." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44051785.
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Lam, Oi Lin. "Communication via Vinay and Darbelnet's translation strategies : a case study of the book Common Knowledge about Chinese Culture." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2456351.
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Lu, Chengye. "Peer to peer English/Chinese cross-language information retrieval." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/26444/1/Chengye_Lu_Thesis.pdf.
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Peer to peer systems have been widely used in the internet. However, most of the peer to peer information systems are still missing some of the important features, for example cross-language IR (Information Retrieval) and collection selection / fusion features. Cross-language IR is the state-of-art research area in IR research community. It has not been used in any real world IR systems yet. Cross-language IR has the ability to issue a query in one language and receive documents in other languages. In typical peer to peer environment, users are from multiple countries. Their collections are definitely in multiple languages. Cross-language IR can help users to find documents more easily. E.g. many Chinese researchers will search research papers in both Chinese and English. With Cross-language IR, they can do one query in Chinese and get documents in two languages. The Out Of Vocabulary (OOV) problem is one of the key research areas in crosslanguage information retrieval. In recent years, web mining was shown to be one of the effective approaches to solving this problem. However, how to extract Multiword Lexical Units (MLUs) from the web content and how to select the correct translations from the extracted candidate MLUs are still two difficult problems in web mining based automated translation approaches. Discovering resource descriptions and merging results obtained from remote search engines are two key issues in distributed information retrieval studies. In uncooperative environments, query-based sampling and normalized-score based merging strategies are well-known approaches to solve such problems. However, such approaches only consider the content of the remote database but do not consider the retrieval performance of the remote search engine. This thesis presents research on building a peer to peer IR system with crosslanguage IR and advance collection profiling technique for fusion features. Particularly, this thesis first presents a new Chinese term measurement and new Chinese MLU extraction process that works well on small corpora. An approach to selection of MLUs in a more accurate manner is also presented. After that, this thesis proposes a collection profiling strategy which can discover not only collection content but also retrieval performance of the remote search engine. Based on collection profiling, a web-based query classification method and two collection fusion approaches are developed and presented in this thesis. Our experiments show that the proposed strategies are effective in merging results in uncooperative peer to peer environments. Here, an uncooperative environment is defined as each peer in the system is autonomous. Peer like to share documents but they do not share collection statistics. This environment is a typical peer to peer IR environment. Finally, all those approaches are grouped together to build up a secure peer to peer multilingual IR system that cooperates through X.509 and email system.
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Lu, Chengye. "Peer to peer English/Chinese cross-language information retrieval." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/26444/.
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Peer to peer systems have been widely used in the internet. However, most of the peer to peer information systems are still missing some of the important features, for example cross-language IR (Information Retrieval) and collection selection / fusion features. Cross-language IR is the state-of-art research area in IR research community. It has not been used in any real world IR systems yet. Cross-language IR has the ability to issue a query in one language and receive documents in other languages. In typical peer to peer environment, users are from multiple countries. Their collections are definitely in multiple languages. Cross-language IR can help users to find documents more easily. E.g. many Chinese researchers will search research papers in both Chinese and English. With Cross-language IR, they can do one query in Chinese and get documents in two languages. The Out Of Vocabulary (OOV) problem is one of the key research areas in crosslanguage information retrieval. In recent years, web mining was shown to be one of the effective approaches to solving this problem. However, how to extract Multiword Lexical Units (MLUs) from the web content and how to select the correct translations from the extracted candidate MLUs are still two difficult problems in web mining based automated translation approaches. Discovering resource descriptions and merging results obtained from remote search engines are two key issues in distributed information retrieval studies. In uncooperative environments, query-based sampling and normalized-score based merging strategies are well-known approaches to solve such problems. However, such approaches only consider the content of the remote database but do not consider the retrieval performance of the remote search engine. This thesis presents research on building a peer to peer IR system with crosslanguage IR and advance collection profiling technique for fusion features. Particularly, this thesis first presents a new Chinese term measurement and new Chinese MLU extraction process that works well on small corpora. An approach to selection of MLUs in a more accurate manner is also presented. After that, this thesis proposes a collection profiling strategy which can discover not only collection content but also retrieval performance of the remote search engine. Based on collection profiling, a web-based query classification method and two collection fusion approaches are developed and presented in this thesis. Our experiments show that the proposed strategies are effective in merging results in uncooperative peer to peer environments. Here, an uncooperative environment is defined as each peer in the system is autonomous. Peer like to share documents but they do not share collection statistics. This environment is a typical peer to peer IR environment. Finally, all those approaches are grouped together to build up a secure peer to peer multilingual IR system that cooperates through X.509 and email system.
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Wan, Teng Long. "Reconstructing cultural identity through translation : a case study of the Chinese and English translations of a Macanese novel." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2178648.
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Choy, Maria Po-suen Cheng. "The role of translation in bilingual editing of magazines." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/70434.
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"November, 1994"Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of English & Linguistics, 1995.
Bibliography: leaves 199-212.
Introduction -- Bilingual editing of magazines -- Bilingual editing of magazines in Hong Kong -- Survey and interviews -- Grammatical bases for textual analysis -- Textual analysis -- Discussion and conclusion.
In cross-cultural or intercultural encounters of the modern age, mass communication has become a daily feature of our technological civilisation, and mass media have facilitated effective international information flow. Bilingual editing becomes an important medium of mass communication. The effectiveness of such communication rests upon the grammatical, lexical, sociolinguistic, socio-cultural, discourse and strategic competence of participants (editors, writers, translators and readers). It rests upon their ability to creatively use and to sensitively respond to language. In this dynamic process of communication, a bilingual editor not only plays the role of translator but also acts as a mediator; as Hatim and Mason (1990:223) suggest, s/he "has not only a bilingual ability but also a bi-cultural vision". -- In view of the diversity of usage of bilingual editing in the media, this research delves into the role of translation from English to Chinese in the bilingual editing of magazines in Hong Kong. This area is of interest for four reasons: first, since the press medium engages most translation practitioners, a study in this area may help future practitioners to have a better understanding of this science and art and its practice; second, text types are highly diverse, allowing room for discussion of translation devices; third, Hong Kong is a typical meeting place of the East and West and bilingual editing serves as a tool of information flow; fourth, the rising status of Chinese in Hong Kong approaching 1997 will enhance the role of bilingual editing. -- The study focuses on translation only from English and Chinese, or vice versa. In as much as there is very little academic attention to bilingual editing and its nature, processes and techniques, or to the role of translation in bilingual editing, it is believed that this research will help facilitate cross-cultural communication between Westerners and Chinese. -- The objective of this study is to derive new insights into the translation process with the support of contemporary approaches, and to descant on different lexical, grammatical and cultural features between English and Chinese; and most important, to elicit from the above features a set of parameters which may promote consistency and precision in the discussion of translating articles of the abovementioned press medium. -- Editors and theorists agree that an understanding of the source language text is essential. To review the basis for understanding the source language correctly, a text analysis of an English text and its Chinese translation will be performed. This analysis will take a functional approach which is based on Halliday's model of analysing the functional grammar of English. The first concern is with the analysis of clause complexes. The thinking behind this concern is influenced by Bell's approach to the clause. Such a functional approach is applied to the Chinese text. This does not' mean a complete application of Halliday's functional model to the Chinese language, but the functional approach will be used as a tool to reveal the relationship between the two languages as well as to analyse the source language. -- Case studies developed from the textual analysis of different types of magazines and from discussions with the translators or bilingual editors about their views of the translating process will be presented. Samples of articles illustrating the difficulties and challenges are also cited.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
viii, 212 [28] leaves ill
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Deng, Jing, and 邓静. "Proposing a frame-based principle for fictional translation: with special reference to Eileen Chang'stranslation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4437253X.
Full textAbstract:
In the light of frame semantics, a linguistic sign is understood in terms of frame, which is a structured background of knowledge and experiences. Meanings are thus relativized to frames. With a holistic consideration of interrelated elements such as prototype, context, schema and semantic memory, this meaning theory provides a promising starting point for an integrative theory of translation. Adopting a frame semantic approach, the thesis looks into the mechanism of the translator’s decision-making on meaning transfer in fictional translation. It proposes that a translator’s decisions are generally controlled by the “Proper Scene Principle”, which requires that the translator should ensure that the target reader can generally gain access through the target text (TT) to proper scenes to construct a coherent text world comparable to the one underlying the source text (ST). The principle consists of two maxims, i.e. the Maxim of Relevance and the Maxim of Coherence, of which the former is concerned with the relationship between a ST scene and a TT scene, and the latter, the integrity of the network of scenes evoked by the TT.
To test the validity of the Proper Scene Principle, a detailed model of text comprehension is delineated, which specifies the progressive path of comprehension from individual semantic structures to a holistic text world, taking into account such factors as the framing pattern, framing criteria, highlighted and basic frame features, perspective, scene extension and scene-scene relations. Authentic data taken from Eileen Chang’s conventional translation and self-translation are carefully categorized and discussed within the framework of this model. As evidenced by ample exemplifications, the frame/scene notion and the prototypical approach to the ST-TT relation are of both explanatory strength and problem-solving advantages for fictional translation. The proposed principle is proved to be effective, which may well serve as a diagnostic tool for translation problems, a yardstick for translation quality and a reference point for the translator’s obligation and freedom. As a whole, being a comprehensive investigation that concerns both theory and practice, the thesis attempts to shed some new light on certain basic issues of translation studies and it is of particular relevance to the practice of literary translation. The concepts and methods developed in the thesis might also contribute to the progress of frame semantic theory.published_or_final_version
Chinese
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Chan, Hung-chong. "A comparison of the English and Chinese patterns of modification of noun phrases and the difficulties created by the differences between the two patterns in translation." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1868533X.
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He, Ping. "The application of computer-assisted translation tools to the teaching of scientific and technological translation English to Chinese." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25987.
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This research project investigates the function and potentiality of translation technology - including computer assisted translation tools, electronic corpora and internet search engines - in the teaching of scientific and technological translation. English into Chinese is the language pair under discussion in this study. The research is conducted on the basis of empirical methodology, which in this particular case consists of the following procedures: discussing and highlighting the key features of scientific and technological texts; analysing the ways in which translation technology are used in the teaching of translation; positing hypotheses on how the training in the use of translation technology influences the student's ability to translate; conducting experiments with control and experimental groups in order to test the validity of these hypotheses. The author designed and implemented a controlled experiment on two groups of Master's students of Translation, in which the experimental group was trained with access to computer-assisted translation tools while the control group was not. Before their training, a translation test was given to students from both groups so as to define their level of translation competence at that time. Afterwards, the experimental group was trained with access to computer-assisted translation tools for four months, while the control group was not exposed to such training. On finishing the training, the students from both groups sat another test which was of approximately the same difficulty as the first test. In addition, a questionnaire was attached to each of the two tests in order to understand the factors behind the students' performance. The scores obtained for both tests were collected and analysed across horizontal and longitudinal dimensions, with the horizontal analysis comparing the scores of the same test between the two groups and the longitudinal analysis comparing the scores of the two tests done by the same group. The horizontal analysis yielded two major and some minor findings, while the longitudinal analysis led to three major and two minor findings. The ultimate purpose of the thesis is to investigate the impact of translation technology training on the students' translation competence when dealing with scientific and technological texts.
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Li, J. "Translating Chinese political discourse : a functional-cognitive approach to English translations of Chinese political speeches." Thesis, University of Salford, 2013. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/29385/.
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This thesis presents a theoretical attempt to look into the process of political translation in China and the textual products from a functional-cognitive perspective by combining the CDA models of Fairclough and van Dijk. The functional linguistic parameters parallel to Fairclough’s functional forms of textual analysis serve as a micro-level device for the close examination of texts. At the macro-level, van Dijk’s direction of CDA from a socio-cognitive perspective accounts for the core relation between the power enactment and discourse production in a more profound manner. Meanwhile, anchored in the Chesterman’s model of translation norms, it sets out to argue that political translation in China is both an institutional operation and a reciprocal process of norm-reformation practice in specific context models. The theoretical propositions are instantiated by comprehensive text analysis from a functional perspective. The corpus of data is formed by five sets of Chinese political speeches and their English translations delivered by the state leaders in each of their periods of leadership. The focus is on presenting a holistic picture of the translation of Chinese political discourse through a spectrum of political genres. The thesis is concluded with the theoretical insights that the roles translation intends to play in mediating between the source and target communities manifest themselves as the power-mediated knowledge transfer between the source group and the target group depending on which group holds more discursive power in specific context models. Practically, it is observed that translation, as a form of political engagement in an era when China is governed under a more open and settled leadership, demonstrates a growing tendency to interact with the target readership and engages in the negotiation with the orthodox norms.
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Cheong, Sin Wan. "From language of a HCC to a LCC : a study of Chinese-Eenglish translation of MAM articles." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525835.
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Xu, Yushi Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Combining linguistics and statistics for high-quality limited domain English-Chinese machine translation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44726.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-87).
Second language learning is a compelling activity in today's global markets. This thesis focuses on critical technology necessary to produce a computer spoken translation game for learning Mandarin Chinese in a relatively broad travel domain. Three main aspects are addressed: efficient Chinese parsing, high-quality English-Chinese machine translation, and how these technologies can be integrated into a translation game system. In the language understanding component, the TINA parser is enhanced with bottom-up and long distance constraint features. The results showed that with these features, the Chinese grammar ran ten times faster and covered 15% more of the test set. In the machine translation component, a combined method of linguistic and statistical system is introduced. The English-Chinese translation is done via an intermediate language "Zhonglish", where the English-Zhonglish translation is accomplished by a parse-and-paraphrase paradigm using hand-coded rules, mainly for structural reconstruction. Zhonglish-Chinese translation is accomplished by a standard phrase based statistical machine translation system, mostly accomplishing word sense disambiguation and lexicon mapping. We evaluated in an independent test set in IWSLT travel domain spoken language corpus. Substantial improvements were achieved for GIZA alignment crossover: we obtained a 45% decrease in crossovers compared to a traditional phrase-based statistical MT system. Furthermore, the BLEU score improved by 2 points. Finally, a framework of the translation game system is described, and the feasibility of integrating the components to produce reference translation and to automatically assess student's translation is verified.
by Yushi Xu.
S.M.
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Lin, Fu-ying, and 林馥瑩. "Preferred Structures in Chinese-English Translation." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69068518493432289076.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
英語學系
90
Abstract The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the preferred structures in Chinese-English translation with Chinese as the source language and English, the target language. This thesis is also an attempt to bring these two types of research─syntactic structures and translation -- together to see how structural differences between English and Chinese are actually handled in translation. Because of the limitation of time, we will examine only four syntactic structures in Chinese-English translation; they are topic chains, the passivization, the relative clauses, and the connectives. For example, topic deletion is prevalent in a Chinese sentence cast in the shape of a topic chain; some transitive verbs in Chinese are middle voiced, i.e. while they are active in form, they are passive in meaning and they are passivized in English translation; the relative pronoun can serve as the function of a conjunction in English, yet it lacks such a function in Chinese; it is necessary to use a conjunction as two finite clauses are put together in English, yet no much a requirement exists in Chinese. Authentic linguistic data from Sino not only provides supportive proof about our generalization and assumption in this study, but also serves as the contrastive group to students’ translating work in the experiment. The outcome of this study proves that this property, i.e., topic chains, in Chinese, plays a vital role in Chinese-English translation. And the concept─Chinese is a discourse-oriented language and English is a sentence-oriented─proposed by Prof. Tsao (1977) has much to do this Chinese-English translation.
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Yang, Chih-Hsuan, and 楊芷璇. "English Chinese Translation System Using Attention Model." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9w68wb.
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碩士國立中央大學
資訊工程學系
106
Deep neural network (DNN) has performed impressively in the natural language processing. Machine Translation is one of the important project in natural language processing. It depends on two kinds of neural network architectures, convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network(RNN). But the result of machine translation is based on the vocabulary and grammatical structure, the sentences translated by the deep learning model may cause some problems such as grammar errors and bilingual vocabulary misalignment. In recent years, the Google team propose attention model--transformer which does not use convolutional neural network and recurrent neural network, and get significant result by using the attention mechanism on encoder and decoder. The architecture proposed in this paper is based on transformer. The model consists of multilayer encoder and decoder. Using multi-head attention to match the sentence of source language with the sentence of target language and align the vocabulary of two languages. The goal in this paper is to improve the quality of translation results, so we propose the architecture which applies residual and dense connection on transformer to avoid information loss. Therefore, back layer is connected with the previous layer to optimize the model. Finally, we will apply proposed architecture and baseline model on English-Chinese translation system in the experiment, and use BLEU and WER to compared two translate sentence. And the translation result of proposed attention architecture is better than baseline model.
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Liao, Ruo-fan, and 廖若帆. "An Analysis of Translation Strategies Applied in English-Chinese Journalese Translation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39149667688545320934.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
應用外語系碩士班
101
The study aims to explore how translation strategies overcame obstacles encountered in translation process, how frequently each strategy occurred, and reasons for the frequency of these strategies used in news translation. To resolve the above questions, content analysis and interview were chosen as methodology and thirty The New York Times texts reprinted in United Daily News were analyzed within the framework of the coding category, which is formed by strategies repeatedly appearing in three translation scholars’ books. According to the results, three categories of strategies, (1) Adding, Omitting, and Repeating (2) Reversing and (3) Conversion of Parts of Speech, accounted for major percentages in the study because they facilitated translators to conform to target idiomatic expressions in spite of the syntax disparities between two languages. Besides, the study found three other strategies extensively applied in news translation, including (4) Dividing, (5) Interpreting, and (6) Transposing Modifier, most of which were adopted to surmount translation barriers. The journalism feature of concise writing entailed the frequent adoption of Dividing strategy. Interpreting was used to elucidate terminologies, foreign information, and culture-laden problems. Additionally, Transposing Modifier mainly coped with syntax differences because endless English sentences can be formed by connecting numerous postmodifiers, while Chinese lacks such syntax structure. The text analysis in combination with the advice from translation practitioners offers fresh perspectives to future researchers and readers in general.
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Yi-feng, Kuo. "Commentary on Chinese to English NER News Translation." 2005. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0021-2004200716381848.
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Chang, Chin-Jung, and 張晉榮. "English to Chinese Machine Translation through Phrase Reordering." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51358209642174517046.
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碩士國立交通大學
資訊科學與工程研究所
100
There are many important applications for machine translation language learning assistance and cross-lingual information retrieval. Some statistic phrase-based translation systems, e.g, Moses, translate sentences on the basis of a language model and a phrase table. Such systems do not consider word order difference between source sentences and target sentences. Some previous researches suggest that reordering source words with lexicon phrase information will increase the structure similarity between source and target sentences. However, it is difficult to do long distance reordering due to the shortage of lexicon information in sentences. In order to resolve this issue, some researches suggest to reorder source phrases using syntax trees and part of speeches. However, translation performance with respect to different maximum phrase lengths was not considered in their results. In this thesis, hierarchical reordering models using lexical and syntactic phrases and syntax tree phrase reordering model are proposed and discussed. In the experiments, the proposed approaches were verified on the real corpus containing 1085 English sentences. Experimental results showed that our approaches outperformed the previous models in different kinds of phrase lengths.
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Kuo, Yi-feng, and 郭儀風. "Commentary on Chinese to English NER News Translation." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24472319134506439994.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
翻譯研究所
94
With the coming of globalization, Taiwan government intends to be more internationalized to catch up with the changing world. Matching plan is to build an English living environment. In the plan, English broadcast news is one of the most important schemes. The purpose of the scheme is to serve local expatriates to make them learn more about Taiwan in many respects. But how the messages can be successfully and precisely conveyed lies in the quality of news translation and anchors. Also the quality of English broadcast news should be decided by the target audience.
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朱家霈. "A Study of Chinese-English Bilingual-Translation Literature." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43047973778712560766.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
華語文教學研究所
99
For an intermediate language learner, we usually set up a final step for that person’s learning or reading as an ability to appreciate literary works or periodical materials written by native speakers. In literary works, there are universal feelings and experiences not only used to console people but also to empower the effect of language learning. Also, that person will obtain high grade from examinations. The objects of this study are foreign college students studying in Taiwan; the method is to apply Chinese-English translated literature into the design and research of teaching Mandarin reading and writing. Thus, in order to accomplish the purpose of this study, we focus on the practical effectiveness and learning achievement of the reading and writing pedagogy on Chinese-English translated literature, and on the ancillary effect of the reading and writing pedagogy on the texts translated into English. Two conclusions of this research are as the following: (1) The objects’ learning difficulties and needs are analized to help teachers create curriculum for students themselves. The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is conducive for teachers and students to mutually construct and develop an ideal program. Then, we will see the promotion of reading ability and encouragement of writing performance from the use of various methods: Computer-Assisted Instruction, Discussion Teaching Method, Interactive Model, Reading with Timing, Process-oriented Writing, Teaching from the Integration of Reading and Writing, and the selection of Chi Chun’s Chinese-English translated works. (2) Under the language limitation of the researcher and objects, this study cannot demonstrate the contrast of the teaching-translation method between language and culture. Also, the time-limited writing does not have eminent effect on the objects’ writing potential. Based on the result of this study, we can make three conclusions on teachers, students, and teaching materials: (1) As a designer of the reading and writing curriculum, an instructor, and a researcher, a teacher should equip culture cultivation. (2) For intermediate or the highly equipped level of studying groups, they can elaborate the Discussion Teaching Method and study with cooperation. (3) To directly read Mandarin literature or to select Chinese-English translated literature are both helpful for students to improve their reading and writing abilities. Finally, the Reading and Writing Pedagogy, and the prospective study are provided with many discussions.