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Journal articles on the topic 'Chronically infected'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

PARAMESWARAN, N., R. M. O'HANDLEY, M. E. GRIGG, A. WAYNE, and R. C. A. THOMPSON. "Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Australian marsupials." Parasitology 136, no. 9 (2009): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009006453.

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SUMMARYTo date, little is known about the dynamics of vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Australian marsupials. Studies in mice demonstrate that vertical transmission of T. gondii is common and that chronically infected mice can transmit T. gondii to successive generations. In this study, PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to detect T. gondii in chronically infected marsupial dams and their offspring. T. gondii was detected in the unfurred pouch young of 2 out of 10 chronically infected western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and in the unfurred pouch young of a brush-tail

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2

Krajden, Mel. "Hepatitis." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 6 (2001): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/428059.

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Worldwide, approximately 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and another 350 million individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) (1,2). Canada is estimated to have 240,000 to 300,000 HCV and 200,000 to 280,000 HBV chronic carriers (3,4). Without intervention, over multiple decades, approximately 15% to 30% of chronic HBV- and HCV-infected individuals will develop cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease or liver cancer, or will require liver transplantation (1,2,5). From a public health perspective, the major challenge is how best to avoid a

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3

Reed, S. G., K. H. Grabstein, D. L. Pihl, and P. J. Morrissey. "Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor restores deficient immune responses in mice with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections." Journal of Immunology 145, no. 5 (1990): 1564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.145.5.1564.

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Abstract Spleen cells from mice with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection generate a minimal plaque-forming response to SRBC in vitro. Addition of granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF to cultures of spleen cells from chronically infected mice restored the plaque-forming cells (PFC) response to normal levels. Splenic adherent cells from chronically infected mice were deficient in their ability to reconstitute the PFC response of accessory cell-depleted normal spleen cells. Preincubation of splenic adherent cells from infected mice with GM-CSF restored their ability to reconstitute the PFC response of

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4

Cadogan, Elaine, Natalie Hopkins, Shay Giles, John G. Bannigan, John Moynihan, and Paul McLoughlin. "Enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase without vasodilator effect in chronically infected lungs." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 277, no. 3 (1999): L616—L627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.3.l616.

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We hypothesized that abnormal ventilation-perfusion matching in chronically infected lungs was in part due to excess nitric oxide (NO) production after upregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. Rats were anesthetized and inoculated intratracheally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa incorporated into agar beads (chronically infected) or with sterile agar beads (placebo inoculated) and killed 10–15 days later. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased expression of iNOS and reduced expression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) in chronically infected compared with placebo-inoculated or noninocu

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5

Olds, G. R., S. el Meneza, A. F. Mahmoud, and T. F. Kresina. "Differential immunoregulation of granulomatous inflammation, portal hypertension, and hepatic fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis mansoni." Journal of Immunology 142, no. 10 (1989): 3605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.142.10.3605.

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Abstract The present study investigates the immunoregulation of hepatic fibrosis in experimental murine schistosomiasis. Disease parameters measured were portal pressure, hepatic granuloma area, hepatic interstitial collagen, and glycosaminoglycans. C57BL/6 mice were infected with 25 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and administered splenocytes or serum derived from uninfected mice or chronically infect syngeneic mice at 6 and 7 wk of infection. Immunologically mediated modulation was noted in animals receiving splenocytes derived from chronically infected mice. Both a reduction in portal pressur

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6

Feehally, John. "Glomerulonephritis from a chronically infected implanted device." Lancet 386, no. 10010 (2015): 2364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00826-0.

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7

Basaras, M., E. Arrese, S. Blanco, M. Sota, B. de las Heras, and R. Cisterna. "Hepatitis B Virus in Chronically Infected Patients." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 12 (December 2008): e421-e422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.1236.

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8

Tepekule, Burcu, Anthony Hauser, Viacheslav N. Kachalov, et al. "Assessing the potential impact of transmission during prolonged viral shedding on the effect of lockdown relaxation on COVID-19." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (2021): e1008609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008609.

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A key parameter in epidemiological modeling which characterizes the spread of an infectious disease is the generation time, or more generally the distribution of infectiousness as a function of time since infection. There is increasing evidence supporting a prolonged viral shedding window for COVID-19, but the transmissibility in this phase is unclear. Based on this, we develop a generalized Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Resistant (SEIR) model including an additional compartment of chronically infected individuals who can stay infectious for a longer duration than the reported generation time,

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9

Obaid, Mustafa A., and A. M. Elaiw. "Stability of Virus Infection Models with Antibodies and Chronically Infected Cells." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/650371.

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Two virus infection models with antibody immune response and chronically infected cells are proposed and analyzed. Bilinear incidence rate is considered in the first model, while the incidence rate is given by a saturated functional response in the second one. One main feature of these models is that it includes both short-lived infected cells and chronically infected cells. The chronically infected cells produce much smaller amounts of virus than the short-lived infected cells and die at a much slower rate. Our mathematical analysis establishes that the global dynamics of the two models are d

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10

dos Santos, R. R., M. A. Rossi, J. L. Laus, J. S. Silva, W. Savino, and J. Mengel. "Anti-CD4 abrogates rejection and reestablishes long-term tolerance to syngeneic newborn hearts grafted in mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi." Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, no. 1 (1992): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.175.1.29.

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The contribution of autoimmunity in the genesis of chronic Chagas' heart pathology is not clear. In the present study, we show that: (a) BALB/c mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi reject syngeneic newborn hearts; (b) in vivo treatment with anti-CD4 but not anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) abrogates rejection; (c) CD4+ T cells from chronically infected mice proliferate in vitro to syngeneic myocardium antigens and induce heart graft destruction when injected in situ; (d) anti-CD4 treatment of chronically infected mice establishes long-term tolerance to syngeneic heart grafts;

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11

Krishnan, Vyjayanthi, and Steven L. Zeichner. "Host Cell Gene Expression during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Latency and Reactivation and Effects of Targeting Genes That Are Differentially Expressed in Viral Latency." Journal of Virology 78, no. 17 (2004): 9458–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.17.9458-9473.2004.

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ABSTRACT The existence of reservoirs of cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major obstacle to the elimination of HIV infection. We studied the changes in cellular gene expression that accompany the reactivation and completion of the lytic viral cycle in cell lines chronically infected with HIV-1. We found that several genes exhibited altered expression in the chronically infected cells compared to the uninfected parental cells prior to induction into lytic replication. A number of gene classes showed increased expression in the chronically infected cells, notab

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12

Mahmood, N., A. Burke, S. Hussain, R. M. Anner, and B. M. Anner. "Inhibition of the Production of HIV-1 from Chronically Infected H9 Cells by Metal Compounds and Their Complexes with L-cysteine or N-acetyl-L-cysteine." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 6, no. 3 (1995): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029500600308.

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A number of metal compounds and their complexes with cysteine and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) were tested for their ability to inhibit HIV replication in vitro, specifically in chronically infected H9 cells (which produce virus continuously). Out of seven metal compounds tested, only bismuth nitrate and bismuth sodium tartrate inhibited virus production in chronically infected H9 cells. The complexes made with metals and cysteine or NAC had slightly improved selective indices.

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13

Livingston, Brian D., Jeff Alexander, Claire Crimi, et al. "Altered Helper T Lymphocyte Function Associated with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and its Role in Response to Therapeutic Vaccination in Humans." Journal of Immunology 162, no. 5 (1999): 3088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.3088.

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Abstract Theradigm-hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an experimental lipopeptide vaccine designed to stimulate induction of HBV-specific CTL responses in HLA-A2 individuals. Previous studies had demonstrated high immunogenicity in healthy volunteers, but comparatively weak CTL responses in chronically infected HBV patients. Herein, we examined helper T lymphocyte (HTL) responses in chronically infected patients. Despite normal proliferation and IL-2 secretion, IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion in vitro in response to the vaccine was reduced compared with healthy volunteers. A similar pattern of cytokine secr

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14

Schafer, Jamie L., Haiying Li, Tristan I. Evans, Jacob D. Estes, and R. Keith Reeves. "Accumulation of Cytotoxic CD16+NK Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Lymph Nodes Associated withIn SituDifferentiation and Functional Anergy." Journal of Virology 89, no. 13 (2015): 6887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00660-15.

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ABSTRACTRecent evidence suggests that even in treated infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication may continue in lymph nodes (LN), serving as a potential virus reservoir. Here we investigated the effects of lentivirus infection on natural killer (NK) cell frequencies, phenotypes, and functions in naive and acutely or chronically SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques. Compared to that in naive animals, we observed a 3-fold-greater frequency of cytotoxic CD16+CD56−NK cells in LN of chronically infected macaques. However, NK cells did not appea

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15

Kao, Sandra, Hirofumi Akari, Mohammad A. Khan, Markus Dettenhofer, Xiao-Fang Yu, and Klaus Strebel. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Is Efficiently Packaged into Virions during Productive but Not Chronic Infection." Journal of Virology 77, no. 2 (2003): 1131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.2.1131-1140.2003.

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ABSTRACT Packaging of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein into virus particles is mediated through an interaction with viral genomic RNA and results in the association of Vif with the nucleoprotein complex. Despite the specificity of this process, calculations of the amount of Vif packaged have produced vastly different results. Here, we compared the efficiency of packaging of Vif into virions derived from acutely and chronically infected H9 cells. We found that Vif was efficiently packaged into virions from acutely infected cells (60 to 100 copies per virion), while packaging

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16

Khedr, Ahmed, Ahmed B. Barakat, and Mohamed S. Salama. "Assessment of Factor V Gene G1691A Mutation (Factor V Leiden) among Chronic Hepatitis C Patients with Thrombocytopenia." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 12 (2022): 1589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1640.

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Background: Factor V plays a crucial role in the coagulation process. Factor V Leiden (FVL) is considered a mutant form of factor V, which may contribute to blood vessel thrombosis. Also, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection may exert some coagulation changes leading to Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT). Thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic HCV infection constitutes a major challenge. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the incidence of FVL (factor V gene G1691A mutation) and its influence on coagulation among HCV chronically infected patients suffering from thrombocytopenia. Besides, it w

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17

Andrade, Sonia G., Igor Marcelo Oliveira Mesquita, Jamile F. Jambeiro, Isis F. Magalhães Santos, and Renata Siqueira Portella. "Treatment with benznidazole in association with immunosuppressive drugs in mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi: investigation into the possible development of neoplasias." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 36, no. 4 (2003): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822003000400002.

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Benznidazole is recommended in Brazil for the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in acute and early chronic phases of Chagas' disease. Observations by others have indicated a higher incidence of neoplasias in immunosuppressed patients, presenting Chagas' disease reactivation, submitted to treatment with benznidazole. In the present study, we investigated whether there is a potentiation in the generation of lymphomas in chronically infected mice, treated with immunosuppressive drugs and benznidazole. For this, 142 Swiss mice chronically infected with the 21 SF strain of T. cruzi and 72 no

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Elbim, Carole, Valérie Monceaux, Stéphanie François, Bruno Hurtrel, Marie-Anne Gougerot-Pocidalo, and Jérome Estaquier. "Increased neutrophil apoptosis in chronically SIV-infected macaques." Retrovirology 6, no. 1 (2009): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-6-29.

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19

Stahl, W., Y. Kaneda, and T. Noguchi. "Reproductive failure in mice chronically infected withToxoplasma gondii." Parasitology Research 80, no. 1 (1994): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00932619.

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20

Koga, M., and Y. Ishii. "Persistence of Gnathostoma hispidum in chronically infected rats." Journal of Helminthology 64, no. 1 (1990): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x0001186x.

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ABSTRACTGnathostomiasis by Gnathostoma hispidum has occurred mainly in southern and western areas of Japan since 1980. In all cases, patients had eaten live loaches, freshwater fish imported from southeast Asia. Chief symptoms were creeping linear skin eruptions and eosinophilia, both of which disappeared in most patients within three months after the onset, and never recurred thereafter. In order to study how gnathostome larvae may survive and behave in humans, rats were infected with gnathostome larvae. Loaches were purchased in city markets in Fukuoka. Gnathostome larvae (G. hispidum) were

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21

Tsukamoto, Saeki, Shoji Shindo, Tetsuya Niino, et al. "Removal of a Chronically Infected Bipolar Pacemaker Electrode." Japanese Circulation Journal 64, no. 6 (2000): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/jcj.64.452.

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22

Scheller, C., S. Sopper, C. Jassoy, V. ter Meulen, P. Riederer, and E. Koutsilieri. "Dopamine activates HIV in chronically infected T lymphoblasts." Journal of Neural Transmission 107, no. 12 (2000): 1483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020070012.

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23

Yamashita, T., and D. L. Boros. "IL-4 influences IL-2 production and granulomatous inflammation in murine schistosomiasis mansoni." Journal of Immunology 149, no. 11 (1992): 3659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.149.11.3659.

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Abstract In previous studies the dynamics of IL-2 production by splenic cells of Schistosoma mansoni infected mice was correlated with the intensity of hepatic granulomatous inflammation. To extend those observations, the present studies examined the role of IL-4 on the immune responsiveness of infected mice. The dynamics of IL-4 production by soluble egg Ag-stimulated splenic cells was similar to that of IL-2: minimal levels at the pre-oviposition or early worm egg deposition stages (4 to 6 wk) peak production coincident with maximal granulomatous response (8 wk) followed by a concurrent decl

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24

Guo, Hongyan, Levon G. Abrahamyan, Chang Liu, et al. "Comparative analysis of the fusion efficiency elicited by the envelope glycoprotein V1–V5 regions derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmitted perinatally." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 12 (2012): 2635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.046771-0.

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Understanding the properties of viruses preferentially establishing infection during perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is critical for the development of effective measures to prevent transmission. A previous study demonstrated that the newly transmitted viruses (in infants) of chronically infected mother–infant pairs (MIPs) were fitter in terms of growth, which was imparted by their envelope (Env) glycoprotein V1–V5 regions, than those in the corresponding chronically infected mothers. In order to investigate whether the higher fitness of transmitted viruse

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Yu, Qigui, Tohti Amet, and Daniel Byrd. "Premature senescence of circulating T cells in HCV-chronically infected patients (105.41)." Journal of Immunology 188, no. 1_Supplement (2012): 105.41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.105.41.

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Abstract Persistent HCV infection is characterized by chronic immune system activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Thus, HCV infection may result in features characteristic of premature aging of immune cells (immune senescence), driven by chronic antigen exposure and immune system activation. To determine if untreated HCV infection is associated with premature aging of naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 24 individuals chronically infected with HCV and 13 healthy blood donors were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, an

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DALIRY, ANISSA, ISABELA RESENDE PEREIRA, PEDRO PAULO PEREIRA-JUNIOR, et al. "Levels of circulating anti-muscarinic and anti-adrenergic antibodies and their effect on cardiac arrhythmias and dysautonomia in murine models of Chagas disease." Parasitology 141, no. 13 (2014): 1769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001097.

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SUMMARYAntibodies (Ab) recognizing G-protein coupled receptors, such as β1 and β2 adrenergic (anti-β1-AR and anti-β2-AR, respectively) and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (anti-M2-CR) may contribute to cardiac damage, however their role in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is still controversial. We describe that Trypanosoma cruzi-infected C3H/He mice show increased P and QRS wave duration, and PR and QTc intervals, while the most significant ECG alterations in C57BL/6 are prolonged P wave and PR interval. Echocardiogram analyses show right ventricle dilation in infected animals of both mouse l

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Radka, S. F., S. Nakamura, S. Sakurada, and S. Z. Salahuddin. "Correlation of oncostatin M secretion by human retrovirus-infected cells with potent growth stimulation of cultured spindle cells from AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma." Journal of Immunology 150, no. 11 (1993): 5195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.11.5195.

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Abstract Oncostatin M (OM), a 30-kDa glycoprotein, recently was identified as a major growth-promoting factor in the conditioned medium (CM) of the 38-0 cell line, a CD4,+ chronically human T lymphotropic virus type (HTLV)-II-infected, transformed T cell line. CM 38-0 induced the proliferation of spindle cells cultured in vitro from AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) cells. To determine how much of the AIDS-KS cell growth activity present in 38-0 CM was because of the presence of OM, we depleted OM by using specific mAb-affinity chromatography. OM purified from this CM stimulated AIDS-

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Vollmer, T. L., M. K. Waldor, L. Steinman, and F. K. Conley. "Depletion of T-4+ lymphocytes with monoclonal antibody reactivates toxoplasmosis in the central nervous system: a model of superinfection in AIDS." Journal of Immunology 138, no. 11 (1987): 3737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.11.3737.

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Abstract Central nervous system toxoplasmosis causes disability and death in up to 30% of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The source of the toxoplasma infection in these patients and the specific immune deficit that allows for this virulent form of the infection are unknown. By using a mouse model of toxoplasmosis, we found that selective depletion of T-4+ lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells) produces overwhelming infection and death in both acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. However, the pattern of infection is remarkably different in chronically infected mice as compared with a

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Ma, Jia, Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf, Jesse M. Jaynes, Linda M. Thurmond, and Wayne A. Tompkins. "Inhibitory Activity of Synthetic Peptide Antibiotics on Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infectivity In Vitro." Journal of Virology 76, no. 19 (2002): 9952–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.19.9952-9961.2002.

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ABSTRACT Natural peptide antibiotics are part of host innate immunity against a wide range of microbes, including some viruses. Synthetic peptides modeled after natural peptide antibiotics interfere with microbial membranes and are termed peptidyl membrane-interactive molecules (peptidyl-MIM [Demegen Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa.]). Sixteen peptidyl-MIM candidates were tested for activity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) on infected CrFK cells. Three of them (D4E1, DC1, and D1D6) showed potent anti-FIV activity in chronically infected CrFK cells as measured by decreased reverse transcriptase

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Yerly, Sabine, Stéphanie Jost, Amalio Telenti, et al. "Infrequent Transmission of HIV-1 Drug-Resistant Variants." Antiviral Therapy 9, no. 3 (2003): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350400900312.

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Transmission of drug-resistant variants is influenced by several factors, including the prevalence of drug resistance in the population of HIV-1-infected patients, HIV-1 RNA levels and transmission by recently infected patients. In order to evaluate the impact of these factors on the transmission of drug-resistant variants, we have defined the population of potential transmitters and compared their resistance profiles to those of newly infected patients. Sequencing of pol gene was performed in 220 recently infected patients and in 373 chronically infected patients with HIV-1 RNA >1000 copie

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Fries, Bettina C., Emily Cook, Xiabo Wang, and Arturo Casadevall. "Effects of Antifungal Interventions on the Outcome of Experimental Infections with Phenotypic Switch Variants of Cryptococcus neoformans." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 1 (2005): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.1.350-357.2005.

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ABSTRACT In cryptococcal infection, phenotypic switching from a smooth to a mucoid variant can occur in vivo, producing variants with enhanced virulence that are subsequently selected and affect the outcome of infection. Here, we demonstrate that antifungal treatment of the chronically infected host can promote this phenomenon. Amphotericin B treatment reduces fungal burden less effectively in mucoid variant-infected than in smooth variant-infected mice. Consequently, amphotericin B treatment resulted in a more pronounced prolongation of survival in smooth variant-infected than in mucoid varia

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Mani, Rajesh, and Yasuhiro Suzuki. "The Absence of CXCL10 Activity Does Not Affect the Capability of CD8+ T Cells to Migrate and Eliminate the Tissue Cysts of Toxoplasma gondii from the Brains of Chronically Infected Mice." Microorganisms 12, no. 11 (2024): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112172.

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Toxoplasma gondii forms tissue cysts in neurons and astrocytes in the brain to establish chronic infection, and astrocytes express the CXCL10 chemokine in chronically infected mice. Since chemokines mediate the migration of T cells to attack their targets, and since CXCL10 plays key roles in T cell-mediated control of the proliferation of tachyzoites (the acute stage form) of T. gondii during the acute stage of infection, we examined whether CXCL10 is involved in recruiting anti-cyst CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to eliminate the cysts in their brains. We employed adoptive transfer of CD8+ immune T c

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SHAPIRO, KAREN, MELISSA A. MILLER, ANDREA E. PACKHAM, et al. "Dual congenital transmission ofToxoplasma gondiiandSarcocystis neuronain a late-term aborted pup from a chronically infected southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis)." Parasitology 143, no. 3 (2015): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015001377.

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SUMMARYToxoplasma gondiiandSarcocystis neuronaare protozoan parasites with terrestrial definitive hosts, and both pathogens can cause fatal disease in a wide range of marine animals. Close monitoring of threatened southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) in California allowed for the diagnosis of dual transplacental transmission ofT. gondiiandS. neuronain a wild female otter that was chronically infected with both parasites. Congenital infection resulted in late-term abortion due to disseminated toxoplasmosis.Toxoplasma gondiiandS. neuronaDNA was amplified from placental tissue culture, as

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Mota-Santos, T. A., A. F. S. Oliveira, S. E. Gerken, and N. M. Vaz. "Anaphylaxis with Schistosoma mansoni extracts in normal and infected mice." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 27, no. 4 (1985): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651985000400004.

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Methods generally utilized for studies on anaphylaxis to protein antigens such as determination of histamine release to the blood, hemoconcentration, histamine release from peritoneal mast cells and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) were used to investigate some aspects of the anaphylaxis to parasite antigens in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. The release of histamine to the blood and significant rates of hemoconcentration were induced by intravenous injection of schistosomula or cercarial extracts into 10-13 weeks infected mice. Cercarial, schistosomula, worm tegument and soluble egg ant

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Schmitz, Jörn E., Ronald S. Veazey, Marcelo J. Kuroda, et al. "Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in gastrointestinal tissues of chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys." Blood 98, no. 13 (2001): 3757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v98.13.3757.

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Abstract Although systemic virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are of critical importance in controlling virus replication in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), little is known about this immune response in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study investigated the GI tract CTL response in a nonhuman primate model for HIV-1 infection, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)–infected rhesus monkeys. Lymphocytes from duodenal pinch biopsy specimens were obtained from 9 chronically SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys and GI tract lymphocytes were harveste

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Elbeialy, Ramy. "Evaluation of immediate implant placement in chronically infected site." Egyptian Dental Journal 63, no. 3 (2017): 2275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/edj.2017.75763.

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Moura, S. B., D. M. M. Queiroz, G. A. Rocha, L. B. Comunian, and D. C. Cara. "Hepatic changes in mice chronically infected with Helicobacter trogontum." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36, no. 9 (2003): 1209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2003000900010.

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Gutierrez, C., J. A. Corbera, K. Bayou, and F. van Gool. "Use of Cymelarsan in Goats Chronically Infected withTrypanosoma evansi." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1149, no. 1 (2008): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1428.095.

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Muñoz-Elías, Ernesto J., Juliano Timm, Tania Botha, Wai-Tsing Chan, James E. Gomez, and John D. McKinney. "Replication Dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Chronically Infected Mice." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (2005): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.546-551.2005.

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ABSTRACT The dynamics of host-pathogen interactions have important implications for the design of new antimicrobial agents to treat chronic infections such as tuberculosis (TB), which is notoriously refractory to conventional drug therapy. In the mouse model of TB, an acute phase of exponential bacterial growth in the lungs is followed by a chronic phase characterized by relatively stable numbers of bacteria. This equilibrium could be static, with little ongoing replication, or dynamic, with continuous bacterial multiplication balanced by bacterial killing. A static model predicts a close corr

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Temesgen, Zelalem, Francesca Cainelli, David Warnke, and Janak Koirala. "Initial antiretroviral therapy in chronically-infected HIV-positive adults." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5, no. 3 (2004): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.5.3.595.

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Garibal, Julie, Mireille Laforge, Ricardo Silvestre, et al. "IL-2 immunotherapy in chronically SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques." Virology Journal 9, no. 1 (2012): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-9-220.

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Cole, Basiel, Maja Kiselinova, Sherry McLaughlin, et al. "O8 Integration site detection in 10 chronically infected patients." Journal of Virus Eradication 3 (September 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30824-4.

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Cruz-Rivera, M., J. C. Carpio-Pedroza, A. Escobar-Gutierrez, et al. "Rapid Hepatitis C Virus Divergence among Chronically Infected Individuals." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51, no. 2 (2012): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03042-12.

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Pattison, S., E. Johnston, D. Gibson, D. Pappin, and J. S. Elborn. "WS11.10 Proteomic analysis of the chronically infected CF airways." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 11 (June 2012): S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-1993(12)60084-8.

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Froehner, Michael, Steffen Jahn, Verena Plodeck, Michael Laniado, and Manfred P. Wirth. "Chronically Infected Urachal Remnant Mimicking Tumor With Peritoneal Carcinomatosis." Urology 116 (June 2018): e3-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2018.03.002.

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Russell, Robert D., Stephen J. Incavo, Michael T. Mineo, and Tue Dinh. "Vesicoacetabular Fistula in a Chronically Infected Total Hip Arthroplasty." Journal of Arthroplasty 25, no. 4 (2010): 659.e9–659.e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2009.04.017.

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Venturiello, S. M., S. N. Costantino, and G. H. Giambartolomei. "Blocking anti-trichinella spiralis antibodies in chronically infected rats." Parasitology Research 82, no. 1 (1996): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050072.

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Tanner, A. G., E. R. T. C. Owen, and D. V. Seal. "Successful treatment of chronically infected wounds with sugar paste." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 7, no. 4 (1988): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01962604.

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Ferguson, D. J. P., W. M. Hutchison, and E. Pettersen. "Tissue cyst rupture in mice chronically infected withToxoplasma gondii." Parasitology Research 75, no. 8 (1989): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00930955.

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dos Santos, Thaís Rabelo, Gabriela da Silva Magalhães Faria, Bruna Martins Guerreiro, et al. "Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Chronically Infected and Subsequently Challenged Ewes." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (2016): e0165124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165124.

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