Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Collaborative Editor'

Centralized systems are easier to build and maintain as compared to completely distributed systems. However, distributed systems have the potential to be responsive and robust relative to centralized systems. This thesis proposes an architecture and concurrency algorithm for collaborative editing that lies between these extremes and preserves the advantages of both approaches while minimizing their shortcomings The Jupiter collaboration system at Xerox PARC uses a 2-party synchronization protocol for maintaining consistency between two users performing unconstrained edits to the document simultaneously. The primary goal of our work has been to extend this 2-party synchronization protocol to an n-way synchronization algorithm. NetEdit is a prototype collaborative editor built to demonstrate this n-way protocol. It uses a replicated architecture with the processing and data distributed across all the clients and the server. Due to replication, the response time of the local edits performed by the users is quite close to a single user editor. The clients do not need to be aware of other clients in the system since each of them synchronizes with their counterpart at the server. All communication regarding editing operations takes place through this server. As a result this system is quite scalable (linear growth) relative to distributed systems (quadratic growth) in terms of number of communication paths required as the number of clients grow. I discuss the details of this extension and illustrate it through an editing scenario. NetEdit uses groupware widgets (telepointers, and radarview) to distribute awareness information between participants. It supports completely unconstrained editing and allows late joining into a session. It does not assume any structure in terms of roles of participants or protocol for collaboration and thus allow users to form whatever protocol suits them. The results and conclusions derived from a preliminary usability study of NetEdit, discuss its efficacy. They also investigate the role of communication and its use in a groupware setting.<br>Master of Science

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 63).<br>Player programming competitions are becoming a more popular way of introducing students to programming as well as allowing more experienced coders to hone their skills. In these competitions, teams of individuals must work together to produce a software project that will compete against other teams' projects in a well defined test. Collaboration is crucial in the overall learning experience and in determining the quality of the project. Although there are no standardized set of collaborative tools that exist for player programming IDEs, this paper documents the steps taken to investigate the ideal collaborative tools for editing player programs. These tools are a combination of frontend and backend features. Initial testing shows positive feedback from users of older systems. Future work consists of larger scale testing to perfect the standardized collaborative toolset.<br>by Sonny Thai.<br>M.Eng.

Cloud-based collaborative editors enable real-time document processing via remote connections. Their common application is to allow Internet users to collaboratively work on their documents stored in the cloud, even if these users are physically a world apart. However, this convenience comes at a cost in terms of user privacy. Hence, the growth of popularity of cloud computing application stipulates the growth in importance of cloud security. A major concern with the cloud is who has access to user data. In order to address this issue, various third-party services offer encryption mechanisms for protection of the user data in the case of insider attacks or data leakage. However, these services often only encrypt data-at-rest, leaving the data which is being processed potentially vulnerable. The purpose of this study is to propose a prototype software system that encrypts collaboratively edited data in real-time, preserving the user experience similar to that of, e.g., Google Docs.

Mobile collaborative work is a developing sub-area of Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW). The future of this field will be marked by a significant increase in mobile device usage as a tool for co-workers to cooperate, collaborate and work on a shared workspace in real-time to produce artefacts such as diagrams, text and graphics regardless of their geographical locations. A real-time collaboration editor can utilise a centralised or a replicated architecture. In a centralised architecture, a central server holds the shared document as well as manages the various aspects of the collaboration, such as the document consistency, ordering of updates, resolving conflicts and the session membership. Every user's action needs to be propagated to the central server, and the server will apply it to the document to ensure it results in the intended document state. Alternatively, a decentralised or replicated architecture can be used where there is no central server to store the shared document. Every participating site contains a copy of the shared document (replica) to work on separately. Using this architecture, every user's action needs to be broadcast to all participating sites so each site can update their replicas accordingly. The replicated architecture is attractive for such applications, especially in wireless and ad-hoc networks, since it does not rely on a central server and a user can continue to work on his or her own local document replica even during disconnection period. However, in the absence of a dedicated server, the collaboration is managed by individual devices. This presents challenges to implement collaborative editors in a replicated architecture, especially in a mobile network which is characterised by limited resource reliability and availability. This thesis addresses challenges and requirements to implement group editors in wireless ad-hoc network environments where resources are scarce and the network is significantly less stable and less robust than wired fixed networks. The major contribution of this thesis is a proposed framework that comprises the proposed algorithms and techniques to allow each device to manage the important aspects of collaboration such as document consistency, conflict handling and resolution, session membership and document partitioning. Firstly, the proposed document consistency algorithm ensures the document replicas held by each device are kept consistent despite the concurrent updates by the collaboration participants while taking into account the limited resource of mobile devices and mobile networks. Secondly, the proposed conflict management technique provides users with conflict status and information so that users can handle and resolve conflicts appropriately. Thirdly, the proposed membership management algorithm ensures all participants receive all necessary updates and allows users to join a currently active collaboration session. Fourthly, the proposed document partitioning algorithm provides flexibility for users to work on selected parts of the document and reduces the resource consumption. Finally, a basic implementation of the framework is presented to show how it can support a real time collaboration scenario.

Com o surgimento da WEB 2.0 surge um novo conceito de criação de conteúdo digital. A edição colaborativa de textos é uma prática consolidada que está se tornando cada vez mais comum em toda a internet. Com páginas totalmente dinâmicas e ferramentas específicas, surgem recursos capazes de facilitar o desenvolvimento de textos e conteúdos dos mais diversos assuntos. Apesar desta evolução na forma da criação de textos diversos na internet, o conteúdo de artigos científicos ainda é produzido da forma tradicional na maior parte dos eventos e periódicos. Com revisões ocorrendo no processo blind review o autor muitas vezes não conhece o revisor de seu trabalho. Além disso, o artigo muitas vezes é limitado a uma única versão submetida ao evento, pois não ocorre um processo de evolução, como verificado em enciclopédias online, por exemplo. Um sistema web, aberto à comunidade, que permita criar, editar, indexar e buscar artigos pode contribuir positivamente no contexto das revisões, tornando o processo mais transparente e democrático. Se este sistema permitisse também que os artigos fossem discutidos e revisados, utilizando uma abordagem aberta, seria criado um novo canal para contribuições científicas, ajudando a aumentar a qualidade das publicações. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar a utilização da técnica de edição colaborativa de textos, aplicada em contextos científicos, verificando se esta abordagem auxilia na produção de artigos de qualidade. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um protótipo que estende as características do MediaWiki, o software utilizado pela Wikipedia. Com o auxílio desta ferramenta foi realizado dois experimentos onde foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios. Baseado no resultado dos experimentos é apresentado uma seção de análise do processo que demonstra as etapas necessárias para que o processo ocorra com o propósito de que, ao final, obtenham-se artigos científicos com conteúdo qualificado.<br>The consolidation of Web 2.0 brings more attention to a new concept of digital content edition. The Collaborative Writing is a practice that is becoming increasingly common on the internet. With dynamic pages and specific tools, there are resources that can facilitate text writing. Despite such evolution in the conception of texts on the Internet the scientific articles’ content is still produced in the traditional individual and sequential way in most conferences and journals. The author often does not know the reviewer of his work due to a blind review process. Moreover, the article is often limited to a single version submitted to a conference, because there is not a process of text evolution, as seen in online encyclopedias, for example. A web system that allows creating, editing, indexing and searching articles can contribute to the quality of the reviewing process, making it more transparent and with better quality. If such a system could also allow items to be discussed and reviewed, in a transparent fashion, it will create a new model for scientific contributions, increasing the quality of publications. Hence, the main objective of this work is to evaluate the use of collaborative writing applied to scientific contexts, and to analyze whether such an approach would help in the production of quality articles. This research was developed in an environment that extends features of MediaWiki software employed by Wikipedia. With this tool, it was conducted two experiments. Based on the results of these experiments, it is presented a process analysis that demonstrates the steps necessary to ensure the quality of papers produced.

Les éditeurs collaboratifs permettent à des utilisateurs éloignés de collaborer à une tâche commune qui va de l'utilisation d'un agenda partagé à la réalisation de logiciels. Ce concept est né avec SCCS en 1972 et connait un engouement récent (ex: Wikipedia). L'absence de centralisation et l'asynchronisme sont des aspects essentiels de cette approche qui relève d'un modèle pair-à-pair (P2P). D'un autre côté, le format XML est devenu une référence pour la manipulation et l'échange de documents. Notre travail vise à la réalisation d'un éditeur collaboratif P2P pour l'édition de documents semi-structurés qui sont une abstraction du format XML. Le problème est difficile et de nombreuses propositions se sont révélées erronées ou ne passant pas à l'échelle. Nous rappelons les concepts et l'état de l'art sur l'édition collaborative, les modèles centralisés et le P2P. Ensuite, nous explorons deux approches différentes : les transformées opérationnelles et le CRDT (Commutative Replicated Data Type) avec différentes structures de données arborescentes. L'objectif est de réaliser les opérations de base (ajout, suppression et ré-étiquetage) tout en garantissant la convergence du processus d'édition. Nous proposons un algorithme générique pour l'approche CRDT basée sur une notion d'indépendance dans la structure de données. Nous avons étendu nos travaux afin de réaliser l'opération de déplacement d'un sous-arbre et de prendre en compte le typage XML. Peu de travaux abordent ces deux points qui sont très utiles pour l'édition de documents. Finalement, nous donnons les résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec un prototype permettant de valider notre approche.

Avec l'arrivée du Web 2.0, l'édition collaborative devient massive. Ce changement d'échelle met à mal les approches existantes qui n'ont pas été conçues pour une telle charge. Afin de répartir la charge, et ainsi, obtenir un plus grand passage à l'échelle, de nombreux systèmes utilisent une architecture dite pair-à-pair. Dans ces systèmes, les données sont répliquées sur plusieurs pairs et il est alors nécessaire de définir des algorithmes de réplication optimiste adaptés aux caractéristiques des réseaux pair-à-pair: la dynamicité, la symétrie et bien sûr le nombre massif d'utilisateurs et de données. De plus, ces systèmes étant des éditeurs collaboratifs, ils doivent vérifier le modèle de cohérence dit <> (Causalité, Convergence et Intention). Dans ce manuscrit, nous proposons un modèle formel pour les systèmes d'édition collaborative qui nous permet de formaliser le modèle CCI. Dans ce modèle, nous proposons Logoot, un type de données répliqué commutatif (CRDT) pour les documents texte. Par la suite, nous définissons un mécanisme d'annulation générique pour les types de données CRDT. Nous appliquons notre mécanisme d'annulation sur Logoot pour obtenir un CRDT texte avec la fonctionnalité d'annulation appelée Logoot+. Nous proposons finalement une évaluation comparative des approches Logoot et Logoot+ à partir des modifications produites sur plus de 2000 pages de Wikipédia.

L'elaborato si propone di analizzare il comportamento degli utenti nell'utilizzo di editor collaborativi per documenti di testo. La soluzione proposta è chiamata UICEM, uno strumento che include una versione modificata di Etherpad Lite per monitorare e memorizzare le azioni svolte dagli utenti, le quali poi vengono recuperate, analizzate e aggregate.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-81).<br>This thesis focuses on computational discourse models for collaboratively edited corpora. Due to the exponential growth rate and significant stylistic and content variations of collaboratively edited corpora, models based on professionally edited texts are incapable of processing the new data effectively. For these methods to succeed, one challenge is to preserve the local coherence as well as global consistence. We explore two corpus-based methods for processing collaboratively edited corpora, which effectively model and optimize the consistence of user generated text. The first method addresses the task of inserting new information into existing texts. In particular, we wish to determine the best location in a text for a given piece of new information. We present an online ranking model which exploits this hierarchical structure - representationally in its features and algorithmically in its learning procedure. When tested on a corpus of Wikipedia articles, our hierarchically informed model predicts the correct insertion paragraph more accurately than baseline methods. The second method concerns inducing a common structure across multiple articles in similar domains to aid cross document collaborative editing. A graphical model is designed to induce section topics and to learn topic clusters. Some preliminary experiments showed that the proposed method is comparable to baseline methods.<br>by Erdong Chen.<br>S.M.

L'importance des systèmes collaboratifs a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières années. La majorité de nouvelles applications sont conçues de manière distribuée pour répondre aux besoins du travail collaboratif. Parmi ces applications, nous nous intéressons aux éditeurs collaboratifs temps-réel (RCE) qui permettent la manipulation de divers objets partagés, tels que les pages wiki ou les articles scientifiques par plusieurs personnes réparties dans le temps et dans l'espace. Bien que ces applications sont de plus en plus utilisées dans de nombreux domaines, l'absence d'un modèle de contrôle d'accès adéquat limite l'exploitation de leur plein potentiel. En effet, contrôler les accès aux documents partagés de façon décentralisée et sans alourdir les performances du système collaboratif représente un vrai challenge, surtout que les droits d'accès peuvent changer fréquemment et de façon dynamique au cours du temps. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle de contrôle d'accès générique basé sur l'approche de réplication optimiste du document partagé ainsi que sa politique de contrôle d'accès. Pour cela, nous proposons une approche optimiste de contrôle d'accès dans la mesure où un utilisateur peut violer temporairement la politique de sécurité. Pour assurer la convergence, nous faisons recours à l'annulation sélective pour éliminer l'effet des mises à jour illégales. Vu l'absence d'une solution d'annulation générique et correcte, nous proposons une étude théorique du problème d'annulation et nous concevons une solution générique basée sur une nouvelle sémantique de l'opération identité. Afin de valider notre approche tous nos algorithmes ont été implémentés en Java et testés sur la plateforme distribuée Grid'5000<br>The importance of collaborative systems in real-world applications has grown significantly over the recent years. The majority of new applications are designed in a distributed fashion to meet collaborative work requirements. Among these applications, we focus on Real-Time Collaborative Editors (RCE) that provide computer support for modifying simultaneously shared documents, such as articles, wiki pages and programming source code by dispersed users. Although such applications are more and more used into many fields, the lack of an adequate access control concept is still limiting their full potential. In fact, controlling access in a decentralized fashion for such systems is a challenging problem, as they need dynamic access changes and low latency access to shared documents. In this thesis, we propose a generic access control model based on replicating the shared document and its authorization policy at the local memory of each user. We consider the propagation of authorizations and their interactions. We propose a optimistic approach to enforce access control in existing collaborative editing solutions in the sense that a user can temporarily violate the access control policy. To enforce the policy, we resort to the selective undo approach in order to eliminate the effect of illegal document updates. Since, the safe undo is an open issue in collaborative applications. We investigate a theoretical study of the undo problem and propose a generic solution for selectively undoing operations. Finally, we apply our framework on a collaboration prototype and measure its performance in the distributed grid GRID?5000 to highlight the scalability of our solution

L’édition collaborative (EC) a depuis longtemps attiré l’attention des chercheurs du Computer- supported-cooperative work (CSCW). Les premières recherches sur l’EC (dans les années 1990 et au début de 2000) se concentrent sur la description des différentes caractéristiques d’EC sur la base d’interviews de personnes qui avaient participé à certains projets d’EC. Certaines recherches récentes sur CE commencent à analyser les journaux des activités CE pour étudier comment les gens éditent ensemble avec le support des outils CE modernes tels que les systèmes de contrôle de version Git et Google Docs.D’un point de vue général, le processus d’EC est la synchronisation continue de ‘multiples, parallèles flux d’activités’ de collaborateurs. Si la synchronisation a lieu moins souvent, par exemple le développement d’un projet logiciel basé sur le système de contrôle de version Git, il est considéré comme un mode de travail ‘asynchronous’. Et si la synchronisation a lieu dans un petit intervalle, par exemple en éditant un document partagé dans ShareLaTex, il est considéré comme un mode de travail ‘synchronous’. Plus la divergence est longue, plus le conflit est susceptible de se produire pendant la synchronisation. La résolution des conflits coûte cher, surtout après une longue période de divergence. Il est important de comprendre la fréquence des conflits et la manière dont les utilisateurs résolvent les conflits dans de vrais projets CE pour garantir de bonnes performances et une expérience utilisateur dans l’édition collaborative. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous empruntons les traces de collaboration de quatre grands projets open source dans le système de contrôle de version Git pour mener notre analyse. Nous analysons différents types de conflits textuels qui surviennent au cours du développement et comment les développeurs résolvent ces types de conflits. En particulier concernant les ‘adjacent-line conflict’, nous avons constaté que les utilisateurs les résolvent principalement en appliquant les modifications des deux sites. En outre, nous analysons également la fréquence à laquelle les utilisateurs utilisent le ‘roll-back to previous version’ pour résoudre les conflits de fusion. Le processus de CE basé sur l’éditeur collaboratif en ligne est plus spécifique. Il peut être divisé en plusieurs ‘sessions’ d’édition qui sont effectuées par un seul auteur ou plusieurs auteurs. Ils sont notés respectivement ‘single-authored session’ et ‘co-authored session’. Ce processus de fragmentation nécessite un ‘intervalle’ ou ‘intervalle de temps maximal’ prédéfini qui n’est pas encore bien défini dans les études précédentes. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous analysons les journaux des travaux CE d’un étudiant d’une école d’ingénieurs utilisant ShareLaTeX qui ont été collectés et anonymisés à des fins de confidentialité. En examinant différents ‘maximum time gap’ de 30 secondes à 15 minutes sur les journaux, nous avons constaté que nous pouvons déterminer un ‘maximum time gap’ approprié pour diviser les activités d’EC en sessions en évaluant la distribution de la ‘external-distance’. De plus, nous avons analysé les activités d’édition au sein de chaque ‘co-author session’. Nous empruntons une fenêtre de position temporelle de [30 secondes, 10 caractères] pour examiner ces cas de ‘potential conflict’. Le résultat montre que les gens éditent rarement de près dans les deux positions temporelles. Cependant, les conflits sont plus susceptibles de se produire dans ces cas<br>Collaborative Editing (CE) has long captured the attention of Computer-supported- cooperative work (CSCW) researchers. Early researches about CE (in the 1990s and the early 2000) focused on describing different characteristics of CE based on interviewing people who had participated in some CE projects. Some recent researches about CE started analyzing the logs of CE activities to study how people edit together with support of modern CE tools such as Git version control systems and Google Docs. From the general view point, the process of CE is the continuous synchronization of ‘multiple, parallel streams of activity’ of collaborators. If the synchronization takes place less often, for example the development of a software project based on Git version control system, it is considered as ‘asynchronous’ work mode. And if the synchronization takes place within a small interval, for example editing a shared document in ShareLaTex, it is considered as ‘synchronous’ work mode. The longer the divergence is, more conflicts are likely to happen during the synchronization. Resolving conflicts is costly, especially after a long period of divergence. Understanding how often conflicts happen and how do user resolve conflict in real CE projects is important to ensure good performance and user experience in collaborative editing. In the first part of this thesis, we borrow the collaboration traces of four large open source projects in Git version control system to conduct our analysis. We analyze different types of textual conflicts that arise during the development and how developers resolve these types of conflict. In particular regarding ‘adjacent-lines conflicts’, we found that users mostly resolve them by applying changes from both sites. Besides, we also analyze how often users use ‘roll-back to previous version’ as a way to resolve merge conflict. The process of CE based on online collaborative editor is more specific. It can be split into several ‘sessions’ of editing which are performed by a single author or several authors. They are denoted as ‘single-authored session’ and ‘co-authored session’ respectively. This fragmentation process requires a predefined ‘interval’ or ‘maximum time gap’ which is not yet well defined in previous studies. In the second part of this thesis, we analyze the logs of CE works of students of an Engineering School using ShareLaTeX which were collected and anonymized for privacy purpose. By examining different ‘maximum time gaps’ from 30 seconds to 15 minutes on the logs we found that we can determinate a suitable ‘maximum time gap’ to split CE activities into sessions by evaluating the distribution of the ‘external-distance’. Besides, we analysed the editing activities inside each ‘co-author sessions’. We borrow a [30 seconds, 10 characters] time- position window to examine these ‘potential conflict’ cases. The result shows that people rarely edit closely in both time-position. However, conflicts are more likely to happen in these cases

In questa tesi sono state analizzate le fondamenta teoriche di Operational Transformation e Change Tracking che sono state successivamente confrontate sia teoricamente sia tramite l'implementazione e la discussione dell'editor collaborativo DOTT (Document Operational Transformation Tracking). Questa analisi è stata eseguita al fine di dimostrare che Operational Transformation e Change Tracking siano fondamentalmente modi diversi per rappresentare una stessa organizzazione dei dati basata sulla rappresentazione sequenziale delle operazioni su un documento.

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-138).<br>TaleBlazer is a platform for creating and playing educational location-based augmented reality games. These games are made by both adults and children game designers using the online TaleBlazer Editor. Oftentimes, building a TaleBlazer game is a group effort, but the previous Editor made collaboration inefficient, difficult, error-prone, and frustrating. This thesis describes a suite of features designed to improve version control for a game and assist designers in sharing their work with others. Together, these features encourage and facilitate collaboration between multiple TaleBlazer designers.<br>by Linda Wang.<br>M. Eng.

In questa dissertazione verrà affrontata la mancanza di uno strumento che permetta la stesura e la gestione delle versioni di documenti strutturati, proponendo il modello CoVE. Tale modello si fonda sull'integrazione di due tecnologie: Operational Transformation e Versioning Management System. La prima si occupa di fornire un sistema collaborativo pensato per la produzione di documenti, la seconda si occupa di gestire le possibili versioni/varianti che un documento può assumere. Una possibile implementazione di tale modello abbatterebbe tempi e costi necessari alla stesura di documenti strutturati.

The aim of this thesis is to locate current problems concerning the process of finding common ground between a creative producer and its respective client, furthermore it aims to propose a solution to this problem in the context of collaborative video editing. The paper starts off by exploring research related to the topic. After that, it establishes, through interviews with experts within fields of video editing and graphic design, what the currently existing problems are concerning communication within their line of work. As a solution to these problems, a collaborative software is proposed with the idea of bridging the understanding between the video editor and its client. The paper ends with some conclusions surrounding the current state of the topic and proposes a way forward for both practitioners and researchers.

Real-time collaboration editing is research area that has been studied for over 20 years. It involves multiple users editing a document such as plain-text, rich-text or an image concurrently over a high-latency network. Many problems involving consistency between users are associated with concurrent document editing, and an innovative technique called Operational Transformation developed by the GROVE (GRoup Outline Viewing Editor) system in 1989 addresses some of these issues. This paper will compare and contrast current implementations of real-time collaborative editors, and on the basis of this analysis describe the creation of a new web-based editor with support for concurrent editing. The design of our web editor will focus on methods of mutual communication between the individual instances of the editors, propagation of text changes, how to solve conflicts between multiple operations, and communication failures.

La question générale envisagée dans cette recherche est le développement d'une représentation de scénarios d'apprentissage adaptable et facile à utiliser sous la forme d'une table (considéré comme un artefact de facile manipulation par les enseignants), associée à un modèle informatique sous la forme d'en arbre (comme un moyen d'intégrer des services avancés). Cette représentation permet à des enseignants sans entraînement méthodologique et ayant des compétences technologiques de base d'éditer et mettre en œuvre des scénarios d'apprentissage à partir d'une interface graphique intuitive et flexible. Bien que cette thèse soit centrée sur des scénarios collaboratifs, l'approche basée sur un modèle table-arbre (nommé T2) que nous proposons présente un intérêt plus général. Dans une première phase, nous avons développé à partir de ce modèle un éditeur de scénarios d'apprentissage (nommé ediT2) proposant des notions de modélisation utilisées dans les scénarios collaboratifs. Dans une seconde phase, nous avons considéré des questions de généralisation à travers l'extension de l'implémentation initiale, de telle manière à permettre aux utilisateurs d'éditer les notions et leurs attributs. Nous avons examiné à travers des études et expériences comment des enseignants ont utilisé notre proposition en tenant en compte comme objectifs/critères d'évaluation: (1) son expressivité pédagogique, i.e., si des éditeurs basés sur tables peuvent représenter une large gamme de scénarios d'apprentissage ; (2) sa facilité et son intuitivité ; (3) son expressivité informatique, i.e., si l'approche permet l'implémentation de services demandant des manipulations informatiques complexes ; et (4) sa flexibilité informatique, i.e., s'il est facile d'adapter l'éditeur à des besoins locaux<br>The general issue considered in this research is the development of an adaptable and easy-to-use representation of learning scenarios in the form of a table (considered as an artefact of easy manipulation by teachers) associated with a computational model as a tree (as a way to integrate advanced services). In this way, teachers with basic technological skills and without methodological training can edit and operationalize learning scenarios from flexible and friendly graphical interfaces. Although this thesis has its focus on CSCL scripts, the table-tree-based approach (named T2) presents a more general interest. In a first moment, we implemented from this model a learning scenario editor (named ediT2) using notions from CSCL scripts. In a second moment, we considered generalization issues through the extension of the initial implementation, in order to allow teachers to edit their own notions and respective attributes. We investigated from different studies and experiments how teachers used our proposal considering as objectives/evaluation criteria the following features: (1) pedagogical expressiveness (can table-based editors represent a wide range of learning scenarios?); (2) usability (do teachers find the editor easy to use and intuitive?); (3) computational expressiveness (does the approach allow implementation of advanced services?), and; (4) computational flexibility (is the editor easy to adapt to local needs?)

Cette thèse vise à développer des stratégies permettant d'augmenter la puissance du calcul séquentiel et des systèmes distribués, elle traite en particulier, la décomposition séquentielle des opérations ainsi que des systèmes d'édition collaboratifs décentralisés. Nous introduisons, une méthode d'indexage avec précision contrôlée. Celle-ci permet la génération d'identifiants uniques utilisés dans l'indexage des communications dans les systèmes distribués, plus particulièrement dans les systèmes d'édition collaboratifs décentralisés. Ces identifiants sont des nombres réels avec un motif de précision contrôlé. Un ensemble fini d'identifiants est conservé pour permettre le calcul de cardinalités locales et globales. Cette propriété joue un rôle prépondérant dans la gestion des communications indexées. De plus, d'autres propriétés incluant la préservation de l'ordre sont observées. La méthode d'indexage a été testée et vérifiée avec succès. Ceci a permis la conception d'un système d'édition collaboratif décentralisé. Aussi, nous explorons les stratégies existantes, relatives a la décomposition séquentielle d'opérations, que nous étendons à de nouvelles stratégies. Ces stratégies mènent à une optimisation (processeur, compilateur, mémoire, code). Ces styles de décomposition portent un intérêt majeur à la communauté scientifique. Des recherches et des implémentations de plus en plus rapides résultent de la conception d'unité arithmétique<br>This thesis aims at developing strategies to enhance the power of sequential computation and distributed systems, particularly, it deals with sequential break down of operations and decentralized collaborative editing systems. In this thesis, we introduced precision control indexing method that generates unique identifiers which are used for indexed communication in distributed systems, particularly, in decentralized collaborative editing systems. These identifiers are still real numbers with a specific controlled pattern of precision. Set of identifiers is kept finite that makes it possible to compute local as well as global cardinality. This property plays important role in dealing with indexed communication. Besides this, some other properties including order preservation are observed. The indexing method is tested and verified by experimentation successfully and it leads to design decentralized collaborative editing system. Dealing with sequential break down of operations, we explore limitations of the existing strategies, extended the idea by introducing new strategies. These strategies lead towards optimization (processor, compiler, memory, code). This style of decomposition attracts research communities for further investigation and practical implementation that could lead towards designing an arithmetic unit

The purpose of this document is threefold. First, it demonstrates what Grieg contributes to the musical text compared with the original Peters edition, particularly, those additions that refer to expression, interpretation, and style. Second, this document focuses on presenting Grainger's changes that were approved by Grieg. Third, the document evaluates Grainger's own suggestions for pedaling, hand redistribution and fingering, addition of notes, tempo markings, and other performance guidelines.

Dans notre thèse, nous nous intéressons à la construction d'une infrastructure Pair-à-Pair (P2P) pour la réconciliation des données des applications d'édition de texte collaborative. Cependant, cette tâche est difficile à réaliser étant donné le comportement dynamique des pairs. Au regard de l'état de l'art, le modèle des transformées opérationnelles (OT) est une approche typiquement utilisée pour la gestion de la réplication optimiste dans le contexte d'édition de texte distribuée. Toutefois, la plupart des solutions d'OT ne passent pas à l'échelle et ne sont pas adaptées aux réseaux P2P. Pour répondre à ce problème, nous proposons une nouvelle approche appelée P2P-LTR (Estampillage et Journalisation P2P pour la Réconciliation) pour la réconciliation des données à base d'OT, qui assure la cohérence à terme malgré la dynamicité et les cas de pannes. P2P-LTR offre un service de journalisation P2P et un service d'estampillage fiable et réparti fonctionnant sur un modèle de réseau à base de DHT. Dans notre approche, les mises à jour sont estampillées et stockées en P2P dans des journaux à forte disponibilité. Lors de la réconciliation, ces mises à jour sont récupérées selon un ordre total continu afin d'assurer la cohérence à terme. En outre, P2P-LTR traite les cas où les pairs peuvent rejoindre ou quitter le système pendant les opérations de mise à jour. Nous avons évalué les performances de P2P-LTR par simulation. Les résultats montrent l'efficacité et le passage à l'échelle de notre solution.

Cette thèse porte sur l’oeuvre céramique de Picasso réalisé entre 1947 et 1971 en collaboration avec l’atelier Madoura à Vallauris. Il s’agit d’une étude détaillée des motifs, des approches et des principes qui expliquent le choix de l’artiste de développer cette pratique. Afin d’élargir l’accès à son oeuvre céramique, Picasso permet la reproduction d’une partie de ses créations.Cette entreprise correspond à un projet social qui voit le jour dans le contexte socio-politique de l’après-guerre marqué par son adhésion au Parti communiste français. La thèse évoque la question de l’édition sous ses différents aspects en expliquant pourquoi l’artiste avait choisi ce processus et jusqu’à quel point il l’a développé, d’une part en autorisant l’édition de ses céramiques en série limitée, et d’autre part en réalisant des dons et des legs à différentes institutions muséales. Dans la première partie, une étude contextuelle et historique montre comment s’accomplissent les premières collaborations entre artistes et céramistes de la fin duXIXe siècle jusqu’au premier quart du XXe siècle. Suit une présentation des débuts de Picasso dans le monde de la céramique puis de sa collaboration avec les Ramié à Vallauris. La deuxième partie expose d’une façon précise les techniques, les sources d’inspiration et les thèmes employés par Picasso pour réaliser ses céramiques. Quant à la troisième partie, elle situe tout d’abord l’oeuvre céramique dans le contexte politique et social de l’après-guerre, puis envisage les liens possibles entre son choix de réaliser des céramiques, son adhésion au PCF et l’ambition d’atteindre un large public. Enfin, l’oeuvre céramique de Picasso estcomparée à celle d’autres artistes afin de montrer les différents modèles de collaboration entre artistes et céramistes<br>This thesis is about the ceramic work of Picasso realized between 1947 and 1971 in collaboration with the workshop Madoura in Vallauris. It is a detailed study of the reasons, approaches and principles that explain the choice of the artist to develop this practice. To expand access to his ceramic work, Picasso allows the reproduction of some of his creations. This venture is a social project that was born in the socio-political context of the post-war marked by joining the French Communist Party. This thesis evokes the issue of publishing in its various aspects by explaining why the artist chose this process and how far he developed it, on one hand by authorizing the edition of his ceramics in limited series, and on the other hand by making donations and bequests to different museum institutions. In the first part, a contextual and historical study shows how the first collaborations between artists andceramists that take place from the end of the 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century. This is followed by a presentation of Picasso’s beginnings in the world of ceramics and his collaboration with Ramié in Vallauris. The second part shows in a precise way the techniques, the sources of inspiration and the themes used by Picasso to realize his ceramics. As for the third part, it first places the ceramic work in the political and social context of the post-war period, and then considers the possible links between its choice to make ceramics, its adherence to the PCF and the ambition to reach a wide audience. Finally, the ceramic work of Picasso is compared to that of other artists to show the different models of collaboration between artists and ceramists

La traduction automatique (TA) a connu des progrès significatifs ces dernières années et continue de s'améliorer. La TA est utilisée aujourd'hui avec succès dans de nombreux contextes, y compris les environnements professionnels de traduction et les scénarios de production. Cependant, le processus de traduction requiert souvent des connaissances plus larges qu'extraites de corpus parallèles. Étant donné qu'une injection de connaissances humaines dans la TA est nécessaire, l'un des moyens possibles d'améliorer TA est d'assurer une collaboration optimisée entre l'humain et la machine. À cette fin, de nombreuses questions sont posées pour la recherche en TA: Comment détecter les passages où une aide humaine devrait être proposée ? Comment faire pour que les machines exploitent les connaissances humaines obtenues afin d'améliorer leurs sorties ? Enfin, comment optimiser l'échange: minimiser l'effort humain impliqué et maximiser la qualité de TA? Diverses solutions sont possibles selon les scénarios de traductions considérés. Dans cette thèse, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur la pré-édition, une intervention humaine en TA qui a lieu ex-ante, par opposition à la post-édition, où l'intervention humaine qui déroule ex-post. En particulier, nous étudions des scénarios de pré-édition ciblés où l'humain doit fournir des traductions pour des segments sources difficiles à traduire et choisis avec soin. Les scénarios de la pré-édition impliquant la pré-traduction restent étonnamment peu étudiés dans la communauté. Cependant, ces scénarios peuvent offrir une série d'avantages relativement, notamment, à des scénarios de post-édition non ciblés, tels que : la réduction de la charge cognitive requise pour analyser des phrases mal traduites; davantage de contrôle sur le processus; une possibilité que la machine exploite de nouvelles connaissances pour améliorer la traduction automatique au voisinage des segments pré-traduits, etc. De plus, dans un contexte multilingue, des difficultés communes peuvent être résolues simultanément pour de nombreuses langues. De tels scénarios s'adaptent donc parfaitement aux contextes de production standard, où l'un des principaux objectifs est de réduire le coût de l’intervention humaine et où les traductions sont généralement effectuées à partir d'une langue vers plusieurs langues à la fois. Dans ce contexte, nous nous concentrons sur la TA de revues systématiques en médecine. En considérant cet exemple, nous proposons une méthodologie indépendante du système pour la détection des difficultés de traduction. Nous définissons la notion de difficulté de traduction de la manière suivante : les segments difficiles à traduire sont des segments pour lesquels un système de TA fait des prédictions erronées. Nous formulons le problème comme un problème de classification binaire et montrons que, en utilisant cette méthodologie, les difficultés peuvent être détectées de manière fiable sans avoir accès à des informations spécifiques au système. Nous montrons que dans un contexte multilingue, les difficultés communes sont rares. Une perspective plus prometteuse en vue d'améliorer la qualité réside dans des approches dans lesquelles les traductions dans les différentes langues s’aident mutuellement à résoudre leurs difficultés. Nous intégrons les résultats de notre procédure de détection des difficultés dans un protocole de pré-édition qui permet de résoudre ces difficultés par pré-traduction. Nous évaluons le protocole dans un cadre simulé et montrons que la pré-traduction peut être à la fois utile pour améliorer la qualité de la TA et réaliste en termes d'implication des efforts humains. En outre, les effets indirects sont significatifs. Nous évaluons également notre protocole dans un contexte préliminaire impliquant des interventions humaines. Les résultats de ces expériences pilotes confirment les résultats obtenus dans le cadre simulé et ouvrent des perspectives encourageantes pour des tests ultérieures<br>Machine Translation (MT) has made significant progress in the recent years and continues to improve. Today, MT is successfully used in many contexts, including professional translation environments and production scenarios. However, the translation process requires knowledge larger in scope than what can be captured by machines even from a large quantity of translated texts. Since injecting human knowledge into MT is required, one of the potential ways to improve MT is to ensure an optimized human-machine collaboration. To this end, many questions are asked by modern research in MT: How to detect where human assistance should be proposed? How to make machines exploit the obtained human knowledge so that they could improve their output? And, not less importantly, how to optimize the exchange so as to minimize the human effort involved and maximize the quality of MT output? Various solutions have been proposed depending on concrete implementations of the MT process. In this thesis we have chosen to focus on Pre-Edition (PRE), corresponding to a type of human intervention into MT that takes place ex-ante, as opposed to Post-Edition (PE), where human intervention takes place ex-post. In particular, we study targeted PRE scenarios where the human is to provide translations for carefully chosen, difficult-to-translate, source segments. Targeted PRE scenarios involving pre-translation remain surprisingly understudied in the MT community. However, such PRE scenarios can offer a series of advantages as compared, for instance, to non-targeted PE scenarios: i.a., the reduction of the cognitive load required to analyze poorly translated sentences; more control over the translation process; a possibility that the machine will exploit new knowledge to improve the automatic translation of neighboring words, etc. Moreover, in a multilingual setting common difficulties can be resolved at one time and for many languages. Such scenarios thus perfectly fit standard production contexts, where one of the main goals is to reduce the cost of PE and where translations are commonly performed simultaneously from one language into many languages. A representative production context - an automatic translation of systematic medical reviews - is the focus of this work. Given this representative context, we propose a system-independent methodology for translation difficulty detection. We define the notion of translation difficulty as related to translation quality: difficult-to-translate segments are segments for which an MT system makes erroneous predictions. We cast the problem of difficulty detection as a binary classification problem and demonstrate that, using this methodology, difficulties can be reliably detected without access to system-specific information. We show that in a multilingual setting common difficulties are rare, and a better perspective of quality improvement lies in approaches where translations into different languages will help each other in the resolution of difficulties. We integrate the results of our difficulty detection procedure into a PRE protocol that enables resolution of those difficulties by pre-translation. We assess the protocol in a simulated setting and show that pre-translation as a type of PRE can be both useful to improve MT quality and realistic in terms of the human effort involved. Moreover, indirect effects are found to be genuine. We also assess the protocol in a preliminary real-life setting. Results of those pilot experiments confirm the results in the simulated setting and suggest an encouraging beginning of the test phase

La tradition éducative coréenne serait née d'un modèle confucéen, dans lequel les concours d'état se sont très tôt imposés comme de puissants facteurs d'ascension sociale. cet engouement perdure et se traduit aujourd'hui par une forte demande en certifications officielles et par une concurrence acharnée entre des milliers d'académies privées, dont nous étudierons le recours intensif aux ressources numériques pour l'enseignement des langues.enseignant milieu universitaire coréen depuis quelques années, nous avons depuis la rentrée 2011 mis en place une plate-forme moodle dont nous constatons les effets sur l'efficacité et la relation d'enseignement apprentissage.nous essaierons donc dans un premier temps de définir la notion de dispositif numérique hybride, afin de souligner la complémentarité des situations en présentiel et à distance.nous verrons comment définir le contexte de préparation aux épreuves du delf en corée, et la raison pour laquelle nous avons choisi ce type d'épreuves pour mesurer l'efficacité du dispositif que nous étudions. ainsi, de ces contraintes fixes, nous tenterons de dégager des variables qui devraient pouvoir faire évoluer les pratiques, d'apprentissage et d'enseignement, en mais aussi hors contexte académique ; nous verrons comment la relation éducative profite de l'extension du domaine de la communication individualisée, comment sur le plan cognitif les plateformes numérique modifient le rapport à la langue et la culture étudiées, et finalement ‘si' et comment elles une influence perceptible sur les résultats des candidats aux épreuves du ciep<br>Following a brief presentation of the Korean education system, and a brief history of French language teaching in this region, from the first French missionaries to the success of the Delf-Dalf certifications, we sought to understand why, the teaching of French does not seem to have the same appeal to most of the 27,000 Korean high school students to whom it is still being taught today. Considering the recommendations of the European Commission for language teaching, giving particular attention to the conclusions of the cognitive sciences in education, we shall demonstrate that the enrolment of French exchange students as peer instructors, along with online engaging activities, would likely revive the interest of those young Korean learners. Analyzing the technological habits of this generation who was born with the Internet, led us to believe that, despite the reluctance of teachers to use these so-called ‘educational’ technologies, their implementation seems indeed appropriate, first to drive practices forward, and furthermore, to make human encounters easier. We will share our views on how our roles as instructors have evolved since setting up a participatory teaching network among secondary school and undergraduate students of French. The analysis of the interviews and surveys we have been conducting periodically over several years, in order to probe the difficulties of developing such a site, shows that beyond technology, designing and sharing teaching resources has opened promising and unexpected perspectives: along with increasing usage of internet technologies, lively student interaction is still an essential part of language acquisition

碩士<br>華梵大學<br>電子工程學系碩士班<br>100<br>Real-time collaborative editing is becoming well known and is widely developing along with the rapidly growing internet technology. The basic concept is to allow several people to edit (or draw) an internet document using different computers or internet devices. In this thesis, the “Ghost Write” a collaborative editor based on pen draw will be proposed. “WhiteBoard” and “Yahoo!Messenger” are well known collaborative real-time editors or are some kind of paint chat softwares. WhiteBoard” provides interactions between web pages via the transmission in picture format, while “Yahoo!Messenger” send only the pen draw on a PC screen. However, they both met some restrictions under the limited internet environment in early age. Now, follow with the development and improvement in advanced internet supports, we are able to demonstrate pen draw software (some kind of paint chat) compatible to the concept of real-time collaborative editing. The collaborative drawer (Ghost Write) demonstrated in this thesis, is constructed under the MVC framework and is developed by utilizing Microsoft-.NET Framework of C Sharp(C#) technique. Such a software we have developed meet features of low cost, high internet response and less system loading. It will be useful and powerful in extensive applications such as pen draw in teaching and learning activities, group meetings and discussions. Keyword: Real-time Collaborative editing, MVC,Whiteboard,Ghost Write

Hollywood film editing remains on the theoretical margins of contemporary film scholarship, and the cause of this is three-fold. First, despite advances in collaborative authorship studies, the Hollywood film director is still largely regarded as the sole creative lynchpin upon which the film’s success or failure ultimately lies. Second, Classical Hollywood film editing—commonly referred to as the continuity aesthetic—is considered successful if it remains unnoticed, if it remains invisible. Therefore, within this continuity aesthetic, the editor’s ultimate goal is to hide his or her own labor. Third, determining exactly how and where a film editor contributed to a film text during post-production is an incredibly difficult task. So, what is the solution? This dissertation explores how film archives can contribute to knowledge about the cinematic post-production process. My central research questions are: what kinds of information do film archives contain regarding the creative collaboration between the director and the editor? And, what does available archive material tell us about the changes and creative revisions in post-production? To answer these questions, I conducted original archival research on the following Hollywood Renaissance films: Bonnie and Clyde (1967), The Conversation (1974), Annie Hall (1977), and Raging Bull (1980). These films reflect a highly creative era in the Hollywood industry and are well-known for the collaborative relationship between the directors and the editors. To determine how and where collaborative authorship occurred in these films, I compared archival documents such as the storyboards and shooting scripts to the final film texts. These documents contain explicit instructions about how the scenes should be lit, decorated, and shot and how the film itself should be edited together. Therefore, I argue that any editing discrepancies between these documents and the final films were the result of a creative collaboration between the director and the editor. Ideally, this model of “script-to-screen” archival research will inspire other academics to investigate how and where a film’s creative revision occurs during post-production—and to what effect.<br>text

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática<br>The need for computer supported collaboration has grown over the last years and made collaboration processes an important factor within organizations. This trend has resulted in the development of a variety of tools and technologies to support the various forms of collaboration. Many collaborative processes, e.g. strategy building, scenario analysis, root cause analysis and requirements engineering, require various collaboration support tools. Within these synchronous collaborative applications to create, evaluate, elaborate, discuss, and revise graphical models, e.g. data flow, fishbone and brainstorming diagrams, play an important role. Currently, the necessary tools are not integrated and flexible enough to support such processes. In this thesis, we present a synchronous collaborative brainstorming diagram editor that is integrated in a flexible group support system. By this our approach goes beyond the current state of the art as we can be seamlessly integrated with other collaboration support tools such as text-based brainstorming or voting.<br>A necessidade de colaboração suportada por computador tem crescido nos últimos anos e fez dos processos colaborativos um factor importante dentro das organizações. Esta tendência resultou no desenvolvimento de uma variedade de ferramentas e tecnologias para apoiar as diversas formas de colaboração. Muitos processos colaborativos (por exemplo, análise estratégica, cenários de causa ou engenharia de requisitos), exigem o suporte de várias ferramentas de colaboração. Dentro destas aplicações colaborativas síncronas para criar, avaliar, elaborar, discutir e rever modelos gráficos destacam-se dois diagramas de fluxo de dados (data flow), diagrama “espinha de peixe” (fishbone diagrams) e brainstorming, desempenham um papel importante. Atualmente, as ferramentas necessárias não estão integradas e flexíveis o suficiente para suportar tais processos. Nesta dissertação, apresentamos um editor síncrono de diagramas de colaboração de brainstorming, integrado num sistema de apoio a grupos (GSS) flexível para este efeito. Assim, esta abordagem vai além do nosso estado da arte atual, uma vez que pode ser perfeitamente integrado com outras ferramentas de colaboração, tais como brainstorming baseado em texto ou sistemas de votação.