Academic literature on the topic 'Credit obligations'

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Journal articles on the topic "Credit obligations"

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Degeling, Simone, and Jessica Hudson. "Credit Advisers, Consumer Credit and Equitable Fiduciary Obligations." Federal Law Review 47, no. 1 (2019): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x18816235.

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Consumers use financial intermediaries such as brokers and other credit advisers to navigate complex financial markets and to provide guidance on credit products. In 2017 ASIC reported that ‘[b]rokers … are responsible for arranging … half of all home loans in Australia’ (Australian Securities & Investments Commission, Report 516: Review of Mortgage Broker Remuneration (2017) 8 [18]). The National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth) (‘Credit Regime’) regulates the conduct of such advisers including requiring disclosure of fees and some commissions. The Credit Regime also permits conf
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Hazzazi, Ashwaq. "Credit Controls and Banking Obligations." International Journal of Law Research and Studies 4, no. 4 (2025): 144–73. https://doi.org/10.59992/ijlrs.2025.v4n4p5.

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This study aims to clarify the nature of bank credit and the controls for granting it to customers according to the position of the Saudi regulator and compare it with the Jordanian legislator. The study also addressed the obligations that banks must take into account when conducting credit business in order to reduce credit risks that lead to default. In addition, it is possible that violating these duties will result in civil or criminal liability. The study relied on the comparative analytical approach through analyzing and discussing the Saudi texts and regulations related to the subject o
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Elvandi Christian Saragih. "Juridical Implications of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Credit Agreements in Indonesia." YURISDIKSI : Jurnal Wacana Hukum dan Sains 17, no. 3 (2021): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55173/yurisdiksi.v17i3.109.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in many people losing their jobs, if the person concerned is a bank debtor, it can result in him failing to make credit instalments to the bank as the creditor. This study aims to find out how the legal consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic have on credit agreements in Indonesia and how to resolve them in case of default. The results showed that the Covid-19 Pandemic resulted in difficulties for debtors to pay credit instalments to banks as creditors and made debtors in default. Settlement steps that can be taken if the debtor is in default are Termination of
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Cahyanto, Aris Dwi, Sunardi, and Joko Setiyono. "Legal Reconstruction of Loan; Consumer Protection Perspective." International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 5, no. 1 (2023): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2023.5.1.11.

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This study aims to analyze the legal reconstruction of bad credit settlements from the perspective of consumer protection. The problem described above is that the debtor is unable to fulfill his obligation to repay the debt as a customer in the credit agreement, which results in bad credit problems. The research method used in this research is empirical juridical law research. The results of the research on the implementation of credit granted by the debtor are not all the fault of the debtor alone, but there are also external causes that cause bad credit so that the debtor is unable to fulfil
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Muhammadyusuf, Shukhratpur. "Identifying conceptual gaps in the concept of natural personhood in the banking and credit system of Tajikistan." E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 05021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337605021.

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The question around the subject of bank credit has always been in the view of legal jurisprudence and doctrine. One of these issues is that the legal personality of a natural person in banking-credit relations is devoid of comprehensive scientific and legal study. This emphasizes the necessity of further research into the issue. This article is devoted to the participation of natural persons in the banking-credit obligations of the Republic of Tajikistan. It also provides an overview of the reality of the existence of natural persons as a subject of civil law obligations. It also investigates
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MARTONO, MARTONO. "MANFAAT PENDIDIKAN DASAR BAGI ANGGOTA KOPERASI SIMPAN PINJAM CREDIT UNION PANCUR KASIH TEMPAT PELAYANAN BENGKAYANG." Jurnal Ekonomi Integra 10, no. 2 (2020): 098. http://dx.doi.org/10.51195/iga.v10i2.140.

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There are five pillars of credit cooperatives, namely Education, Self-help, Solidarity, Innovation and Unity. Basically Credit Union was born from the stage of education, developed through education and dependent on education. For this reason, every prospective member (community) who will join the Credit Union is required to attend education, because the educational aspect within the scope of the development of savings and loan cooperatives is very important. Plus the main goal of basic education is to recognize and deepen the ins and outs of Credit Union, the unification of vision and mission
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GROMOVA, A. O. "SOME ISSUES OF INVALIDITY OF CREDIT OBLIGATIONS." Law and Society 1, no. 6-2 (2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2020.6.2.1.10.

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S, Sujana Donandi. "PENYELESAIAN WANPRESTASI PADA PERJANJIAN KREDIT DENGAN JAMINAN HAK TANGGUNGAN OLEH KOPERASI." Problematika Hukum 2, no. 1 (2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/ph.v2i1.560.

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In a credit agreement with mortgage in Credit Union (Koperasi SImpan Pinjam/KSP), it is very likely that default happened or the debtor fail to fulfill obligation. The Process of resolving this problem is interesting to be discussed to determine how KSP solves problems of rights and obligations emerging from bad performing loan in which involves morgage. The research is a legal normative-empirical research and the type is descriptive. The result showed that the the resolving of credit with mortgage in KSP could be pursued through the handling procedure, legal effort, and the execution assuranc
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Johan, Suwinto. "Material Adverse Change: An Alternative Solution to Suspension of the Debt Payment." Humaniora 11, no. 3 (2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v11i3.6606.

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The research aimed to provide alternative solutions with Material Adverse Change (MAC) before reaching the suspension of the debt payment obligation stage. The pandemic situation had caused many companies to experience difficulties in fulfilling their obligations, including payment obligations or debts to suppliers and creditors. If there were circumstances where the company could not fulfill its obligations, then the creditor would be able to collect through debt-restructuring to bankruptcy. The restructuring was carried out through the suspension of the debt payment obligation (Penundaan Kew
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Anugerah Putri, Sherina. "Calculation of Pension Funds Using the Unit Credit Method." Operations Research: International Conference Series 1, no. 3 (2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47194/orics.v1i3.144.

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Everyone certainly wants a welfare in the future, including employees. The company provides a pension program as a form of the company's concern for its employees. This pension fund provides pension benefits to employees at the time of retirement. Funding for this pension requires actuarial calculations which are normal costs and actuarial obligations. This discussion aims to calculate the amount of normal costs and actuarial obligations that must be incurred. The method used in this discussion is the ordinary credit unit method and projecting credit units by analyzing the use of actuarial for
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Credit obligations"

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Iscanoglu, Cekic Aysegul. "Pricing And Hedging Of Constant Proportion Debt Obligations." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613112/index.pdf.

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A Constant Proportion Debt Obligation is a credit derivative which has been introduced to generate a surplus return over a riskless market return. The surplus payments should be obtained by synthetically investing in a risky asset (such as a credit index) and using a linear leverage strategy which is capped for bounding the risk. In this thesis, we investigate two approaches for investigation of constant proportion debt obligations. First, we search for an optimal leverage strategy which minimises the mean-square distance between the final payment and the final wealth of constant proporti
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Neier, Mark. "Pricing of collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps using Monte Carlo simulation." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2308.

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Neill, Jon Patraic. "Credit Default Swaps Regulation and the Use of Collateralized Mortgage Obligations in U.S. Financial Institutions." Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3622160.

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<p> The fast and easy global movement of capital throughout the financial system, from lenders to borrowers and through intermediaries and financial market participants, has been recognized as a source of instability associated with illiquidity and financial crises. The purpose of this research was to better understand how regulation either enables or constrains capital movement. The theoretical framework comprised 2 contrasting public policymaking models, Arrow's rational-comprehensive model and Kingdon's garbage can model, which were used to derive opposing hypotheses. The research question
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Neill, Jon Patraic. "Credit Default Swaps Regulation and the Use of Collateralized Mortgage Obligations in U.S. Financial Institutions." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1135.

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The fast and easy global movement of capital throughout the financial system, from lenders to borrowers and through intermediaries and financial market participants, has been recognized as a source of instability associated with illiquidity and financial crises. The purpose of this research was to better understand how regulation either enables or constrains capital movement. The theoretical framework comprised 2 contrasting public policymaking models, Arrow's rational-comprehensive model and Kingdon's garbage can model, which were used to derive opposing hypotheses. The research question addr
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Brommundt, Bernd Michael. "Advances in the pricing of collateralized debt obligations /." lizenzfrei, 2009. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/610285289.pdf.

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Seddik, Achraf. "Coporate Bond Valuation and Credit Spreads : Lessons from the Finacial Crisis." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD081/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à améliorer le calcul de la valorisation des obligations d'entreprise, notamment en essayant de tirer des leçons de la récente crise économique et financière. Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, nous proposons une approche basée sur les spreads de crédit. Nous commençons, dans un premier chapitre, par une analyse des principaux modèles de valorisation existants, que nous reformulons du point de vue des spreads et que nous simulons numériquement. Nous montrons que, malgré les caractéristiques attrayantes des modèles de type structurel, ceux ci comportent p
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Loulit, Ahmed. "Valuing credit risky bonds: generalizations of first passage models." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210756.

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This work develops some simple models to study risky corporate debt using first passage-time approach. Analytical valuation expression derived from different models as functions of firm’s values and the short-term interest rate with time-dependent parameters governing the dynamics of the firm values and interest rate. We develop some numerical approximation of the analytical valuation, which is given implicitly through Voltera integral equation related to the density of the first-passage- time that a firm reaches some specified default barrier. For some appropriate default barrier arising from
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Owlett, Robert H. "A Re-Examination of Rating Shopping and Catering using Post-Crisis Data on CDOs." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1408.

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I re-examine “rating shopping” and “rating catering” in the market for AAA rated collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) by replicating the study of Griffin and Tang (2013) using post-crisis data. I find a sharp increase in the amount of CDOs that received a single rating, suggesting that CDO underwriters were more cautious about formally soliciting multiple ratings. However, I also find a decrease in AAA rating disagreements between S&P and Moody’s, implying that issuers shopped their CDOs through informal conversations with agencies. Finally, I find investors correctly accepted tighter credit
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Löhr, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Essays on collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps : dynamic correlation modeling, measuring systematic risk, and cross-sectional pricing of common risks / Sebastian Löhr." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1041652135/34.

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Садовник, В. А. "Сучасний стан та тенденції розвитку міжнародного ринку боргових зобов’язань". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2021. http://local.lib/diploma/Sadovnik.pdf.

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Доступ до роботи тільки на території бібліотеки ОНЕУ, для переходу натисніть на посилання нижче<br>У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти засади функціонування міжнародного ринку боргових зобов’язань: досліджена сутність боргових зобов’язань та їх роль у міжнародному фінансуванні; розглянуте поняття та основи функціонування міжнародного ринку боргових зобов’язань; охарактеризовані основні інструменти міжнародного ринку боргових зобов’язань. Проаналізовано практичні аспекти функціонування міжнародного ринку боргових зобов’язань в сучасних умовах: розглянуті особливості еволюційного розвитку
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Books on the topic "Credit obligations"

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Roncero, Francisco Capilla. La responsabilidad patrimonial universal y el fortalecimiento de la protección del crédito. Universidad de Cádiz, 1989.

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Kästle, Martina. Rechtsfragen der Verwendung von Covenants in Kreditverträgen. Duncker & Humblot, 2003.

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Hwang, Tong-nyong. Chʻaekwŏn kwalli sŏsikchip. Hanʼguk Kyŏngyŏng Pŏmmu Yŏnʼguso, 1994.

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Wāyuphāp, Phairōt. Khamʻathibāi pramūan kotmāi phǣng læ phānit wādūai nī. 9-те вид. Samnak ʻOprom Sưksā Kotmāi hǣng Nētibandittayasaphā, 2011.

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Pasquier, Silvia Tevini Du. Le crédit documentaire en droit suisse: Droits et obligations de la banque mandataire et assignée. Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1990.

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Sandoval, Carlos Sepúlveda. De los derechos personales, de crédito u obligaciones. Editorial Porrúa, 1996.

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Fender, Ingo. CDO rating methodology: Some thoughts on model risk and its implications. Bank for International Settlements, 2004.

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Dağdelen, Ahmet Hakan. 818 ve 6098 sayılı borçlar kanunlarında borçlular arasında teselsül. XII Levha, 2011.

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Smith, Darren. Cash CDO modelling in Excel: A step by step approach. Wiley, 2010.

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Smith, Darren. Cash CDO modelling in Excel: A step by step approach. Wiley, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Credit obligations"

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Sifri, Jacob E. "Obligations." In Standby Letters of Credit. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230594210_3.

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Marcantoni, Enrico. "Credit Risk Modeling." In Collateralized Debt Obligations. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04846-4_3.

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McDermott, Glen, William E. Deitrick, Alexei Kroujiline, and Robert Mandery. "Collateralized Loan Obligations." In The Structured Credit Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119201564.ch10.

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Johnson, Kathleen W. "Recent Developments in the Credit Card Market and the Financial Obligations Ratio." In Household Credit Usage. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230608917_2.

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Srnicek, Nick. "Abstraction and Value." In Speculative Medievalisms. punctum books, 2013. https://doi.org/10.21983/p3.0021.1.09.

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We live in an era plagued by the debilitating fallout of finan-cial implosion. By now credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations, options, futures, and other “financial weap-ons of mass destruction” have all entered into the common lexicon. While the economically speculative nature of finance is abundantly clear, the philosophically speculative nature of finance is less well recognized. Perhaps surprisingly, it is in finance that we find the purest attempt at the quantification of all available material, to an extent conceivably greater than even modern natural science. Empirical an
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Sifri, Jacob E. "Reimbursement Obligation." In Standby Letters of Credit. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230594210_9.

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Muldrew, Craig. "The Structure of Credit Networks." In The Economy of Obligation. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26879-5_5.

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Muldrew, Craig. "The Sociability of Credit and Commerce." In The Economy of Obligation. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26879-5_6.

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"Collateralized Debt Obligations." In Credit Risk. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv30pnvpg.15.

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"11 Collateralized Debt Obligations." In Credit Risk. Princeton University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400829170-013.

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Conference papers on the topic "Credit obligations"

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Binder, Michael. "Premature Debt Repayment Then and Now. A comparison of D. 12.6.10 and § 1434 ABGB." In International Legal History Meeting of PhD Students. Masaryk University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0628-2024-1.

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In certain cases, the debtor is not forced to make the payment immediately because either the payment or the obligation is deferred. In such cases, the creditor cannot immediately enforce his claim. However, if the debtor makes a premature payment to the creditor by mistake, it is questionable whether he can claim this payment back from the creditor with a condictio indebiti. Such an action seems problematic because after the lapse of the deferral, the debtor would have to pay that which he received from the creditor back to the creditor. In this article, cases with a premature debt repayment
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Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "Guarantor Situation in the Bank Credit Restructurings." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02408.

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In Turkish bank practice a great variety of bank credits are extended. Banks take or convey by mortgage such as real security or surety as personal guarantee to secure loans. In the surety regulated in the Turkish Code of Obligations in essence, very strict requirements have been arranged for the purpose of protecting the guarantor. Bank credit relations are continued over a long period of time. In this process, new contracts of surety are signed or credit restructurings are in question. Here are the changes in this relation the situation of guarantor was tried to be legally disclosed in the l
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Zhou, Hao, Yongzhao Wang, Konstantinos Varsos, et al. "A Strategic Analysis of Prepayments in Financial Credit Networks." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/337.

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In financial credit networks, prepayments enable a firm to settle its debt obligations ahead of an agreed-upon due date. Prepayments have a transformative impact on the structure of networks, influencing the financial well-being (utility) of individual firms. This study investigates prepayments from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. We first establish the computational complexity of finding prepayments that maximize welfare, assuming global coordination among firms in the financial network. Subsequently, our focus shifts to understanding the strategic behavior of individual firms in
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Covaliov, Sveatoslav. "Participating whole life insurance as a tax-sheltered investment risk-transfer strategy." In Modern finance from the perspective of sustainability of national economies. International Scientific Conference. Academy of Economic Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53486/mfsne2024.27.

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Since the turn of the century, the scale of household debt increased drastically for the vast majority of OECD countries (OECD, 2024a). Household debt refers to the financial liabilities of a household that require payments to creditors at a fixed date in the future (OECD, 2024a), which primarily consists of mortgages, car and education loans, and credit card debt. For as long as an individual is able to earn income and fulfill their financial obligations to creditors, their household debt can be managed. In the event of their death however, one of the very first responsibilities of the surviv
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Szymanska, Katarzyna. "MEDIATION IN ENFORCING OBLIGATIONS AND MAIN TAINING LIQUIDITY OF SUPPLY IN THE CONTEXT OF PANDEMIC AND RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR." In THE MEDIATION IN THE DIFFERENT PUBLIC SPHERES 2022. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/mdps2022.13.

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Recent years have been a challenging time for businesses. The pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war have affected business activities and shaken the trade exchange. Problems have emerged with maintaining supply chains, maintaining production capacity, rising prices, difficulties in obtaining raw materials and components, financial liquidity, being cut off from eastern markets and the outflow of Ukrainian workers. Problems are also exacerbated by sanctions against Russia, which have caused price increases in energy raw materials, metals and food, as well as time and form of transportation. Ent
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Jerebic, Janja, Anja Kozinc, and Alenka Brezavšček. "Vpliv angažiranosti študentov v pedagoškem procesu na uspešnost pri izpolnjevanju študijskih obveznosti pri metodoloških predmetih." In Interdisciplinarity Counts. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2023.32.

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In this paper, we present the results of a case study with social science students in which we examined the influence of various factors of student engagement on success in fulfilling teaching responsibilities in a mathematics subject. In the analysis, we considered the following forms of student engagement: attending lectures, participating in tutorials, engaging in regular e-activities in the online classroom, and participating in earning extra credit. We found that all of these factors were positively related to exam performance. The latter means that students who engage more intensively in
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Artekin, Ayşe Özge, and Haldun Soydal. "Asset Management Companies and the Place in the Turkish Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02304.

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With the crisis that started in our country in 2000s, those who owe the bank could not complete their payment obligations, the collection process was damaged and thus the number of problematic loans increased. However, as a result of structural deterioration, bank mergers were experienced, banks' capital was strengthened and many of them were seized by TMSF. This situation has created a distrust of the banking system. In order to change the negative perception, problematic loans which prevent the flow of funds should be solved. At this stage, Asset Management Company has become a need and star
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Trinkūnienė, Eva, and Tatajana Viškelienė. "PROTECTION OF CREDITORS' INTERESTS IN AN EXTRAJUDICIAL DISSOLUTION." In 13th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2023“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2023.1043.

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Modern society increasingly adopts the products of companies, institutions, and organizations that provide credit services in order to meet its needs and improve general quality of life, as a result of which, when terminating a marriage, questions of a mandatory nature often arise, related to the determination of the nature of the obligations of the spouses and their division between the spouses, hence in divorce cases it is not uncommon for a third party to appear – a creditor whose interests must also be protected. In family relations cases, the protection of the public interest dominates, b
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Reide, Alise. "Kreditors mantojuma lietā." In Latvijas Universitātes 81. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.81.16.

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According to Article 382 of the Latvian Civil Law that includes the principle of universal succession, an estate is the whole and it comprises all immovable and movable property, as well as transferable rights and obligations. Thus, a person involved in an inheritance case might also be a creditor who has an interest to receive a fulfilment of an obligation either from the estate as the whole based on Article 383 or an heir, if the heir has accepted the inheritance based on Article 705 of the Latvian Civil Law. Therefore, the author reveals the meaning of the term “creditor” in the inheritance
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Costin, Arina. "Clauza penală – mijloc de garantare a executării obligațiilor." In Simpozion Ştiinţific al Tinerilor Cercetători, Ediţia a 21-a. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/sstc.v2.58.

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The penalty clause is an important mechanism in civil contracts to protect the rights and interests of the contracting parties if one of them fails to fulfil its obligations. In the Republic of Moldova, this provision is regulated by the Civil Code, which sets out the conditions and limits under which a penalty clause may be included in civil contracts. When a contract is concluded, it is uncertain whether one partner or the other will fulfil their contractual obligations properly. Sometimes a contracting party may not be able to perform its obligations, sometimes it may, in bad faith, try to
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Reports on the topic "Credit obligations"

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Martín, Alberto, Sergio Mayordomo, and Victoria Vanasco. Banks vs. Firms: Who Benefits from Credit Guarantees? Banco de España, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53479/39805.

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Governments often support private credit with guarantee schemes, compensating lenders for borrower defaults. Such schemes typically rely on banks allocating guarantees among borrowers, but how banks do so is not well understood. We study this in an economy where entrepreneurial effort, crucial for efficiency, is not contractible, creating a debt overhang problem. Credit guarantees can boost efficiency only if they lower repayment obligations, but their allocation by banks is subject to two distorsions. First, insofar as guarantees are scarce, banks extract rents from all allocated guarantees.
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2

Gamba-Santamaria, Santiago, Luis Fernando Melo-Velandia, and Camilo Orozco-Vanegas. What can credit vintages tell us about non-performing loans? Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1154.

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Using Colombian credit vintage data, we decompose the non-performing loans into one component that captures the evolution of the payment capacity of borrowers, and other component that captures changes in the credit risk taken by the financial system at the time of loan disbursement. We use intrinsic estimators and penalized regression techniques to overcome the perfect multicollinearity problem that the model entails. We find that these two type of components have evolved differently over time, and that good economic conditions and loose financial conditions improve the payment capacity of bo
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3

Perraudin, William, Andrew Powell, and Peng Yang. Multilateral Development Bank Ratings and Preferred Creditor Status. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011741.

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This paper analyzes influences on the credit standing of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), specifically the quality, diversification and single name concentration of their portfolios, and on the market practice known as Preferred Creditor Status (PCS), whereby sovereigns that default on other debt rarely fail to meet their obligations to MDBs. The paper examines how rating agencies assess MDB ratings, focusing in particular on how Standard &amp; Poor's assesses capital as part of its MDB rating process. The results are compared with those implied by an industry-standard, ratings-based Cre
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4

Lees, Adrienne. Beyond the Tax Bill: Measuring Tax Compliance Costs for Ugandan Firms. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2025.030.

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Low-income countries require increased tax revenue to support economic development. An important barrier to increasing tax collection is the growing complexity of the tax system, which many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) struggle to navigate. Tax compliance is often time consuming, confusing, and requires frequent in-person interactions with tax officials. This all contributes to the time, money, and effort incurred by taxpayers in meeting their obligations, over and above their actual tax liabilities. While compliance costs directly increase the total effective tax burden faced by
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5

Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted
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