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Journal articles on the topic 'Currency law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Prof., Dr. Shah Mohyuddin Hashmi. "Sharia Ruling on Financial Risk Management in the context of Currency swap." Journal of Academic Research for Humanities Vol.3, Issue 1 (2023): 1 of 8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8242890.

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<em>Currency swaps are a common financial tool, but because they might involve interest payments and exchange rate changes, there are some doubts regarding whether they adhere to Sharia law. Islamic finance is governed by Sharia law, which forbids engaging in speculative activities and charging or paying interest (riba). This has sparked a discussion among experts over whether currency swaps are permissible in Islamic finance and if they comply with Sharia law. Some academics are wary of using currency swaps in Islamic banking, but others contend that they can be set up in a way that complies

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Ignatenko, Yevgeniy A. "CRYPTOCURRENCY: SOME ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION." LEGAL ORDER: History, Theory, Practice 38, no. 3 (2023): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2311-696x-2023-38-3-82-86.

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The article discusses certain features of the legal regulation of cryptocurrency, taking into account the specifics of building a model for the functioning of blockchain networks, which consists in combining various tools, technologies and principles that form a logical and secure structure for distributed data storage. The problems of criminal law protection of digital currency are highlighted and the most common scientific approaches are identified, on the basis of which the author indicates that the use of the concepts of “digital currency” and “cryptocurrency” as synonyms does not correspo

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Uspenskiy, Mikhail A. "Nature of the Digital Currency in Common Law and Continental Law." Zakon 20 (September 2023): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-9-87-101.

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Currently, neither doctrine, legislators nor courts have a clear understanding of cryptocurrency as an object of civil law in the context of Article 128 of the Civil Code, and even the definition of digital currency in the federal law on DFA (digital financial assets) does not help to solve this problem. As a result, the court practice on cryptocurrency is contradictory, plaintiffs are denied protection of their rights, while the pace of lawmaking has slowed down significantly. A comparative legal analysis of the best international law enforcement practice on cryptocurrency has led to the conc

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Arminanto, Eduardus Robert, and Kukuh Ari Firmansyah. "Bitcoin's Position in Indonesian Currency Law." Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) 5, no. 2 (2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/islrev.v5i2.47491.

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The influence of technology and developing information is indeed extraordinary on human life. Economic development is also inseparable from the growing technology, for example in transaction procedures in a matter. Bitcoin came up with a new innovation in the form of a cryptocurrency that uses a payment network from user to user. Crypto has become a phenomenon nowadays. Based on the results of the Global Web Index Survey, 10% of internet users in Indonesia already own digital currencies, it can be said that Indonesia is ranked 5th most crypto users in the world. Crypto or can be called crytocu

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Zaalishvili1, Vakhtang, and Aleksandre Giorgidze2. "Mistake, Sales, Consumer Law." Journal of Contemporary Law 1, no. 1 (2019): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/jcl.v1i1.41.

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R.B. has addressed to currency exchange office owned by “ -a” LLC, located in Tbilisi to exchange500 US dollars where the dollar was purchased “at first sight with the highest”4 exchange rate. Hehanded 500 USD to a woman, that worked at the currency exchange office who, in turn, gave him1020 GEL. R.B.'s expectation was to receive 1200 GEL. He protested instantly there, but he wasanswered that the currency exchange office was purchasing dollar for this price and since theoperator had already drawn a cheque, the money (500 USD) could not be returned.Neither R.B. agreed to take 1020 GEL, nor the

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Oleksandra, Vasylchyshyn. "CURRENCY ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: REGULATORY PRIORITIES AND TRANSFORMATION OF CONTROL." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 3 (May 31, 2018): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2018.00656.

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The article is devoted to the topical subject – the study of currency aspects of the financial security of the banking system of Ukraine, taking into account the threats of liberalization of cross-border capital transfer and currency regulation. The main objectives of the article are studying the main threats to the currency security of the banking system of Ukraine in the context of the transformation of currency control within the liberalization of currency relations. In particular, the study found that currency security is one of the main components of the financial security of the ba

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Zaynutdinova, Elizaveta. "Digital Rights and Digital Currency in Russian Law: The Issues of Legal Nature and Relations." Legal Concept, no. 4 (December 2022): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2022.4.22.

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Introduction: currently, all countries are facing the challenges of the legal regulation of new digital phenomena that receive various names – digital rights, tokens, digital assets, digital currency, cryptocurrency. The Russian legislator has chosen the concepts of digital rights and digital currency as fundamental in this area. Questions arise about the correlation of such objects of rights, the selection of their qualifying features and the definition of the features of their legal regimes in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to identify significant qualifying features of

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Sagalaeva, E. S., and L. E. Botasheva. "Public law and private law principles in the regulation of digital currency." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 11, no. 2 (2024): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2024.2.20.

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Introduction. The article discusses issues of interdisciplinary regulation of centralized digital currencies issued by central banks. Attention is paid to the public legal and fair principles of digital currency of the Central Bank. Materials and Methods. The theoretical basis was formed by scientific publications of domestic and foreign authors on research issues. The study is based on the analysis of legal provisions of financial and civil legislation that determine the legal regime of the digital ruble. The formal legal method, as the main method of the research, made it possible to reveal

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Solovyev, Oleg G., and Alexander A. Knyazkov. "The current state of domestic legislation in the field of turnover of digital currencies and digital assets and law enforcement issues in the criminal sphere." Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki 18, no. 3 (2024): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1996-5648-2024-3-440-447.

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The article analyzes the provisions of Federal Law No. 259-FZ dated 07/31/2020 «On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation» regarding the legal regulation of the circulation of digital currencies, including issues of law enforcement in criminal proceedings. Based on the study of such concepts as «digital currency», «digital ruble», «issue of digital currency», «turnover of digital currency», «cryptocurrency», their disadvantages are noted. In general, the adoption of Law No. 259-FZ did not lead to the creation of a full

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Tugushev, R. A. "Islamic Law on Cryptocurrencies." Islam in the modern world 19, no. 3 (2023): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2023-19-3-83-98.

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This paper provides a brief explanation of the block chain and the concept of “crypto currency”, followed by an analysis of Bitcoin for permissibility from the point of view of Shari‘ah. The decisions of well-known houses of fatwas were considered, and a number of criteria were developed and adopted with the help of which the Shari‘ah position of a particular crypto currency can be assessed. The article identifi es provisions and decisions that can become the basis for issuing fatwas related to issues that concern many Muslims who care about the permissibility of their earnings.

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Skubiszewski, Krzysztof. "International Responsibility for Occupation Currency." Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza 12 (March 31, 2022): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2021.12.03.

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The paper is an English translation of Odpowiedzialność międzynarodowa za pieniądz okupacyjny by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1960. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.

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Efimova, L. G. "The Concept of Digital Property in the Context of Doctrinal Disputes." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 9 (2024): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2024.121.9.025-039.

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The article analyzes in detail the points of view expressed in the doctrine on the legal nature of digital financial assets, digital currency, as well as critical comments regarding the category of “digital property” proposed by the author, which the author substantiated in a number of his other works. In the work, the author argues the legal position that digital financial assets and digital currency are independent objects of civil law, included in the group called “digital property.” The opponents’ arguments that digital financial assets cannot be considered as an independent object of civi

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., Clara, and Siti Nurbaiti. "KEDUDUKAN HUKUM BITCOIN SEBAGAI MATA UANG VIRTUAL DI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG MATA UANG." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, no. 1 (2018): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i1.2215.

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Nowadays people rely on many things in order to do daily activity. As time goes by, global economy has changed and has had significant growth. The form of money has also changed, from only being available in the physical form, such as coins and banknotes, now we have the digital form of money, otherwise known as virtual currency. This paper discusses about the legal status of Bitcoin as virtual currency in Indonesia according to Law Number 7 of 2011 regarding Currency Law. The author examines the problem by using normative legal research methods with descriptive approach. The data was collecte

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Jati, Ridho Bawana, Wardah Yuspin, and Arief Budiono. "Reconstruction of Law Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in Indonesia." Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum 23, no. 3 (2024): 1664–84. https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v23i3.4893.

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The current era of digitalization has made everything digital, including currency. Other countries' currencies have implemented a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) or an official digital currency issued by a central bank, such as El Salvador, Bahamas, China and Nigeria. The background to this research is that until now, there has been no precise legal regulation for using this digital currency in implementing CBDC use in Indonesia, even though the digital currency has been implemented in several countries, as mentioned above. This research uses qualitative research methods by implementing t

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Iqbal, Muh, HS Salim, and Lalu Wira Pria Suhartama. "Legal Protection for Digital Currency Investment Activities according to Positive Law in Indonesia." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, no. 3 (2024): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n03.015.

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This study aims to understand and examine the position of digital currency according to positive laws in Indonesia and to determine the Financial Services Authority's (OJK) protection against illegal digital currency investment activities in Indonesia. This research uses a normative research approach. The position of digital currency according to Positive Law in Indonesia is that digital currency in Indonesia is only considered a trade commodity under the supervision of the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency or Bappebti, as stipulated in Article 1 Number 7 of the Commodity Futures Tra

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Suryaprabaswara, Muhammad Excel, and Pujiyono. "PROBLEMATIK HUKUM PENERAPAN CURRENCY BOARD SYSTEM DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Privat Law 11, no. 2 (2023): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/privat.v11i2.49342.

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<p><em>This article describes and examines the problem. First, how is the legal problematic if the application of the Currency Board System is carried out in Indonesia. Based on the results of the research, it shows that the problems found are that the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2009 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 1999 concerning Bank Indonesia and Law Number 24 of 1999 concerning Foreign Exchange Flows and the Exchange Rate System have not accommodated application of the Currency Board System. The law clearly stipulates that Indonesia only ad

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Abdillah, Hilmi. "Hukum Cryptocurrency sebagai Mata Uang dan sebagai Komoditas (Analisis Fatwa MUI tentang Hukum Cryptocurrency)." Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 9, no. 3 (2023): 4245. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v9i3.10269.

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The decision of the Ijtima Ulama of the VIIth Indonesian Fatwa Commission of the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia) in 2021 considers cryptocurrency as a digital currency and also as a commodity or tradable asset. However, there are differences in the law of cryptocurrency as a currency and as a commodity. This research will elaborate on the analysis of legal sources and legal ‘illat used in the fatwa and the reasons why there are legal details in the fatwa. This research includes qualitative research in the form of library research. The data analysis technique used in this res

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Radović, Mirjana. "Punovažnost valutne klauzule nakon stupanja na snagu Zakona o konverziji." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 69, no. 1 (2021): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_21107a.

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This paper deals with legality of the currency clause in light of the Law on Conversion of Housing Loans Indexed in Swiss Francs. The first part analyses characteristics of the currency clause, in order to explain effects of its possible illegality on validity of the loan agreement. The author emphasizes inconsistency in the way Serbian courts approach this issue and suggests arguments for treating the loan agreement as being only partially invalid. The second part presents different opinions regarding legality of the Swiss francs currency clause, which is generally treated as an invalid contr

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Denhere, Varaidzo, and David Mhlanga. "THE USE OF SURROGATE CURRENCY TO ADDRESS LIQUIDITY CRISIS: THE ZIMBABWEAN EXPERIENCE." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 9, no. 3 (2021): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2021.09.03.002.

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Zimbabwe has experienced an economic meltdown dating back to 2000, which created perennial economic woes such as a liquidity crisis that continued haunting the country to date. Various possible solutions were explored but did not yield the desired results. Amongst the explored solutions was an introduction of surrogate currency specifically to curb the liquidity crisis. This paper sought to explore the effects of using "surrogate currency" to address the liquidity crisis in Zimbabwe by employing a desk review. Currently, there is a dearth of literature on using surrogate currency in African co

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Kadhim, Zainab Khairallah, and Suhad Ateyah Shahad. "Comparison Between Original and Counterfeit Currency Images." American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 5, no. 5 (2025): 280–87. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume05issue05-57.

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Study of counterfeiting needs to know the methods using in the counterfeiting. Here we are working to compare between original and counterfeit currency and find difference between them, the study takes the Iraqi currency as an example or element to make testing. with applications on many parameters in Iraqi currency design such as type of paper and ink using in printing and the saturation degree of the color in each one of them. It’s very important to remember the penalty in Iraqi law against the counterfeiting and explain that penalties to show the effects on the persons whom working in this

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Fageh, Achmad. "Digital Currency under the Perspective of Islamic Law." Maliyah : Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Islam 11, no. 1 (2021): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/maliyah.2021.11.1.110-128.

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Fatwa Number: 28/DSn-MUI/III/2002 regulates the sale and purchase of money in the fatwa which reads: Currency buying and selling transactions are basically allowed, provided that: Not for chancy (speculation), just in case (savings), the transaction needs if the currency transactions are of the same type, they must be of the same value and cash. If different types, it must be based on the exchange rate at the time of transaction and cash delivery. The concept of digital currency for buying and selling transactions has met the requirements and pillars. However, in the mechanism, there is an ele

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Carruthers, Bruce G., and Melike Arslan. "Sovereignty, Law, and Money: New Developments." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15, no. 1 (2019): 521–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042625.

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Money has remained closely connected to political sovereignty even as polities changed from empires and kingdoms to dictatorships and democracies, and as money shifted from coin to paper and now to digital currency. Money constitutes a claim on value in exchange and a store and measure of value, so we consider the role law plays in these three articulations between money and value. We examine research on different instances of legal control over official currency, monetary innovations, standards of monetary measurement and valuation, counterfeiting, terror financing, and money laundering to sh

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Dr, Hifsa Munawar, and Tariq Asma. "DIGITAL CURRENCY (CRYPTOCURRENCY) ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE." Al-Misbah Research Journal 03, no. 01 (2023): 48–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7742438.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> This study aims to determine the role of Digital Currency according to Islam. According to the legal instructions of Islam, digital currency lacks properties like that of a physical or financial asset such as Gold or Local Currency backed up by a country’s government. Now that the world is progressing towards digitalization, Governments and International businesses have started to experience and work with Digital Currencies, which needs an Islamic perspective as physical currency has started to transform into Digital Currency. Centralized form of currency like b

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Novoselova, L. A. "The Paradoxes of Cryptocurrency Regulation: in Search of a Solution." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 4 (2025): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2025.128.4.023-031.

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The Author exposes various civil-law approaches to the regulation of the use of cryptocurrency. The analysis focuses on the specific features of the concepts of cryptocurrency and digital currency, the latter having been introduced by the Russian Law on Digital Financial Assets. The Russian legislation considers digital currency as ‘property’, but does not assimilate it to money or other objects mentioned in the civil legislation. Restrictions are imposed on digital currency for its use as a means of payment, but no detailed legal regime of this subject-matter is defined, despite numerous refe

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Gunnarsson, Eyvindur G. "Default Interest Rates in International Transaction: Analyses of Private Law Application." European Review of Private Law 25, Issue 4 (2017): 765–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2017048.

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Abstract: A legal problem that regularly arises in the event of default of monetary obligations in international contracts, or contracts which contain a foreign element, is which law to apply to default interest rates. This is of significant importance as default interest rates can vary to a great extent between countries. Iceland was hit hard by the 2008 financial crisis, especially by the spill-over effects of its banking failure which, inter alia, lead to the collapse of the currency (ISK). As a result, both the failed banks as well as many debtors defaulted on their obligations. This has p

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IVASHCHENKO, Alla, Anhelina DEBYCH, and Artem KARPIKOV. "Overview of the foreign exchange market of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law." Economics. Finances. Law 11/2023, no. - (2023): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2023.11.8.

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The paper examines the peculiarities of the functioning of the currency market of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law and takes into account the aspect of economic and political components. The data of the study of the currency market of Ukraine during the war period are presented and their content is analyzed. The causes and factors influencing the formation and activity of the foreign exchange market are identified, and proposals are given for carrying out stabilization measures and minimizing currency risks in conditions of stress and uncertainty caused by the war. The main elements of

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Bal, Aleksandra. "Developing a Regulatory Framework for the Taxation of Virtual Currencies." Intertax 47, Issue 2 (2019): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2019019.

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This article reviews virtual currency regulations in five selected countries (Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United States and the Unites Kingdom), develops a methodology for creating an effective regulatory framework for the taxation of virtual currencies, and makes recommendations for the improvement of certain characteristics of the existing income tax systems that currently struggle with the enforcement of tax compliance obligations regarding transactions in virtual currencies. The author advocates the use of legislation to clarify the fundamental aspects of virtual currency tran

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Skubiszewski, Krzysztof. "Responsibility for Currency in an Occupied Territory." Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza 10 (September 15, 2019): 297–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2019.10.11.

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The paper is an English translation of the chapter Odpowiedzialność za pieniądz na terytorium okupowanym from Pieniądz na terytorium okupowanym. Studium prawnomiędzynarodowe ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem praktyki niemieckiej by Krzysztof Skubiszewski published originally in Polish by Instytut Zachodni Publishing House in 1960. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review “100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewi

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Shulgin, Andrew. "LEGAL REGULATION OF DIGITAL CURRENCY UNDER EU LAW." Knowledge, Education, Law, Management 2, no. 8 (2021): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51647/kelm.2021.8.2.27.

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Megliani, Mauro. "Changing Currency Under a Monetary Union: Some Remarks." European Business Law Review 29, Issue 4 (2018): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2018022.

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This paper analyses the problems related to the change of currency in the case of the withdrawal of a Euro country from the single currency. Following withdrawal, the withdrawing state recovers the sovereign power over its own currency and is entitled to depreciate or revaluate it. The rules of conversion between the new and the old currency are given by the lex monetae. However, when the two currencies co-exist it is dubious what lex monetae applies to the obligations incurred before the withdrawal. This problem may be resolved by having recourse to the criterion of the proper law of contract

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Shevchuk, Dmytro. "The Concept of Currency Supervision." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (23) (December 20, 2024): 96–105. https://doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2024-2(23)-9.

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This article aims to explore the content of currency supervision as a legal phenomenon in Ukraine by analyzing the opinions of scholars on the content of currency supervision, the provisions of Law No. 2473-VIII, Law No. 679-XIV, Resolution No. 13, and the NBU Letter, and by outlining the main features, forms and/or methods, as well as the subjects of currency supervision in Ukraine. To achieve this goal, the author uses general scientific, empirical, and, specifically, legal methods of scientific knowledge, namely analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, formal legal metho

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Fomenko, Ya Ye. "Specific features of the protection of rights and interests of the creditor in case of breach of monetary obligation with a foreign currency equivalent." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 58 (February 28, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.58.20-26.

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In the course of the research the normative-legal analysis was carried out and a number of general theoretical and practical problems of the national legislation of Ukraine on protection of the rights and interests of the creditor in case of breach of monetary obligation with a foreign currency equivalent were identified. The purpose of the research is to analyze the general theoretical and practical problems of the national legislation of Ukraine regarding the protection of the rights and interests of the creditor in case of breach of monetary obligation with a foreign currency equivalent. Th

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Al Munawar, Faishal Agil, and Yuanggi Nur Wiria Tarita. "Law Enforcement of Paper Rupiah Mutilation Practice from the Perspective of Law Number 7 of 2011 Concerning Currency and Jarimah Ta’zir." Al-Daulah : Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 13, no. 1 (2024): 50–63. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-daulah.v13i1.47759.

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The practice of mutilating paper currency notes is very dangerous. This practice not only damages the currency, but also attempts to counterfeit it. The emergence of this practice not only shakes economic stability, but also reflects the weakness of law enforcement. Law enforcement against this practice is still relatively weak. This research is an empirical juridical legal research with a legal sociology approach. Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. The data collection method uses direct interviews, documentation, and literature study. The purpose of the research is to fi

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Jati, Hardian Satria, and Ahmad Arif Zulfikar. "Transaksi Cryptocurrency dalam Pandangan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah." Al-Adalah: Jurnal Hukum dan Politik Islam 6, no. 2 (2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35673/ajmpi.v6i2.1616.

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The increasingly widespread development of the digital era has led to changes in the payment system which then affects the economic behavior of the community in line with the increase in various services that facilitate economic activity. An example is the emergence of crypto currency or Cryptocurrency as a digital currency that has almost the same function as other currencies. The thing that distinguishes this digital currency from conventional currencies in general is that it does not have a physical form of money like currency currency but only a block of data bound by a hash as validation.

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Bobrus, E. A., and E. O. Baranytska. "Procedure for the movement of currency values across the customs border of Ukraine in wartime." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 86 (2025): 232–37. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.3.35.

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The article analyzes the procedure for conducting currency transactions, including the cross-border movement of currency values, as this is subject to currency regulation. It highlights the key principles of currency regulation enshrined in the Law of Ukraine No. 2473-VIII. The following principles are considered: freedom of currency transactions, risk orientation, transparency and efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the role of the customs border as an important component of the financial security of the state, which ensures control over the movement of currency values. The author ana

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Inzitari, Bruno. "The Legal Doctrine Concerning the Introduction of the Euro as the Single European Currency." European Review of Private Law 7, Issue 2 (1999): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/241841.

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1. The economic and historical significance of the introduction of a single European currency, the emotional aspects involved in the substitution of national currencies: loving the mark. - 2. The overall picture as regards regulatory matters. - 3. The draft regulation proposed by the Council on 24 January 1997, in compliance with Art. 109 l., par. 4, third phase, of the Treaty. - 4. Currency and pecuniary obligations in European monetary unification. - 5. Conversion of the national currency into euro and vice versa during the transitional period excludes the applicability of the contract of cu

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Lisitsa, Valeriy N. "Digital currency, digital ruble and electronic money in Russian Civil Law: problems of correlation." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1026945224020118.

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The article compares digital currency with the digital ruble and other non-cash funds (on bank accounts as well as electronic money) and justifies their different civil law nature that, due to the use of the common digital characteristic in their names, leads to their confusion, but not to the clear distinction among them. In order to ensure digital currency with the necessary civil law treatment, it is concluded that it be recognized as property in civil law. By analogy with intellectual property, it is argued to distinguish between an intangible object – a digital sign (digital code, token)

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Larfi, Aicha. "Bitcoin Between The Economy and Islamic Law." International Conference on Islamic Economic (ICIE) 1, no. 1 (2022): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58223/icie.v1i1.106.

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From the womb of cyberspace bitcoin, the first decentralized digital currency, differed from the traditional currencies that we used to revolutionize the world of finance, and in light of its rapid spread, became a source of concern and question about the impact of this child on the economy of states and individuals, opinions differed around him between supporters and opponents, hence this study came in order to search and extrapolate this currency to know the positions of countries and major companies and what economists expected for their future, and the legitimate vision is not yet clear, a

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Korennaya, A. A. "DIGITAL CURRENCY AS A SUBJECT OF CRIME AND A MEANS OF COMMITTING CRIMES." Russian-Asian Legal Journal, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ralj(2021)3.1.

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In this article, the author examines the issues of the criminal legal status of digital currency as an objectand as a means of committing a crime. In 2020, a special Federal law was adopted defining the legal status ofdigital assets, as well as amendments were made to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation concerning theestablishment of the legal status of cryptocurrency or digital currency in the terminology of these regulationsas an object of civil rights. Significant changes in the civil legal regulation of cryptocurrencies have led to achange in approaches to assessing the criminal legal

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Aji, Beni, and Lathifah Hanim. "The Process of Investigation on Criminal Currency." Law Development Journal 2, no. 4 (2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.2.4.504-510.

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The objectives of this study are as follows: To identify and analyze the investigation process of currency crimes. To find out and analyze obstacles to the process of investigating currency crimes. To find out and analyze solutions to overcome barriers to the investigation of currency crimes. The method used by researchers is juridical sociological approach to law and The specifications in this research are descriptive. Based on the results of that research The process of investigating currency crimes actions in the form of: (a) arrest; (b) Detention; (c) Confiscation of evidence; (d) Witness

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Zembatova, B. V. "Current approaches to the formation of the legal foundations of domestic exchange control." Economics and Management 28, no. 2 (2022): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2022-2-185-196.

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Aim. The presented study aims to substantiate approaches to the formation of the legal foundations of domestic exchange control based on the relevant features of currency relations.Tasks. The authors analyze currency relations to identify their distinctive features as monetary relations that are being formed and developing in the transboundary sphere. Based on the results of the analysis of currency relations, the authors develop initial positions for the formation of relevant legal foundations of domestic exchange control: provisions establishing the content of the basic concepts regulating t

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Pyrzyńska, Agnieszka. "Pecuniary performance in Polish law." Pravovedenie 65, no. 2 (2021): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.205.

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The article aims to describe the institution of pecuniary performance in the Polish civil law system, taking into account EU regulations and case law of the Polish Supreme Court. Due to its importance for civil law transactions, pecuniary performance is regulated separately both at the level of general and specific regulations. These regulations are contained in the Civil Code and special laws, including those relating to bank agreements. In particular, the Act recognizes nominalism as the basic principle for providing pecuniary performance in the strictest sense, introduces the possibility of

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Erwanto, Erwanto, and Aris Prio Agus Santoso. "Study of Crypto Currency in Indonesia." JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan) 8, no. 3 (2024): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v8i3.6870.

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Currency as a legal means of payment is needed in domestic and international economic activities to achieve the social welfare of Indonesian society as a whole. Regulations regarding the nature and price of currency are contained in Article 23 B of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. To ensure legal certainty and legal protection, another law was enacted, namely Law Number 7 of 2011 concerning currency. The aim of this research is to analyze the use of crypto money as a means of payment in Indonesia. This research uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data analys

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Paleczna, Magdalena, and Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska. "Uprawnienia kredytobiorcy zaciągającego kredyt denominowany lub indeksowany do waluty innej niż polska w świetle ustawy antyspreadowej." Ekonomia 24, no. 1 (2018): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.3.

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Rights of the borrower committing denominated or indexed loan in a foreign currency in light of the Anti-spread ActIn 2004–2008 banks offered consumer denominated loan in a foreign currency, which was a competitive position in relation to a PLN credit facility. Banks had not informed about foreign exchange differences, therefore had caused increase in household indebtedness. Banks also had reserved that consumer has to buy currency only from the bank-lender. In 2011 the Anti-spread Act was adopted, which amended banking law and consumer credit law. Creditors were obligated to inform consumer a

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Tsvetkov, Andriy Mykhailovych. "Legal aspects of currency restrictions introduced by the National Bank of Ukraine for business under martial law." Alʹmanah prava, no. 15 (September 1, 2024): 472–80. https://doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2024-15-472-480.

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The article examines the definition of such concepts as «currency», «currency transaction», «currency values» and «currency regulation» in the legislation of Ukraine and scientific works of domestic scientists. The introduced currency restrictions and prohibitions were analyzed in accordance with the Resolution of the NBU Board «On the operation of the banking system during the introduction of martial law» No. 18 of February 24, 2022. In addition, a number of resolutions of the NBU Board in 2023–2024 regarding softening and optimization of a number of currency restrictions in order to prevent

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Hartanto, Hartanto, and Subakir Syafiqurrohman. "THE PROBLEMS OF INVESTIGATING PERPETRATORS OF COUNTERFEIT MONEY DEALERS." Economics & Law 4, no. 2 (2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v4i2.5.

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Circulation of counterfeit (fake) money is a part of crimes against currency. At present, crimes against currency continue to occur and are latent, the most important impact caused by crimes against currency is public interest and can threaten monetary conditions and the national economy. This research was conducted to see how the problem of criminal investigations against criminals as money dealers and their obstacles. The research method used in this research is descriptive research method, and examples of legal events at the Umbulharjo Police, Yogyakarta City. Next, what are the legal settl

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Wu, Chien-Huei, and Mao-Wei Lo. "Is Currency Undervaluation a Subsidy: US Law and Practice and the WTO Compatibility." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 6 (2021): 1017–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021043.

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On 4 February 2020, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) adopted revised Regulations Regarding Benefit and Specificity in Countervailing Duties Proceedings after reviewing solicited comments. Soon after, the Commerce initiated countervailing investigations against Vietnamese passenger vehicle tires and Chinese twist ties, and for the first time imposed preliminary countervailing duties (CVDs) against these two countries based on currency undervaluation. This article considers the revised regulations, two CVD investigations and their WTOcompatibility. We argue that views on whether or not curr

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Hassan, Tauseef Adeel, and Shaukat Hussain Bhatti. "International Business Law and Regulations." Winter 2023 3, no. 1 (2023): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.122.

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This section covers foreign business corporation law and other corporate legislation. Foreign commerce may boost revenues, customer base, and product quality. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may help businesses attract more talent. International commercial law governs international interactions via conventions, treaties, national laws, and economic practices. It's also called common law. These policies allow nations to cooperate in commerce, licensing, tariffs, taxes, and other commercial areas. Foreign commerce may help a corporation increase sales, revenue, and product durability. Curren

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Dr., Vidya M. Jirage. "A Case Study on Crypto Currency in India." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 4, no. 26 (2023): 136–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8288719.

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The current surge in awareness in block chain and crypto currencies has been linked to a basic misunderstanding of the benefits and problems that this new generation of technology presents. Crypto currency, like all important technical transactions, has advantages and disadvantages and is full of risks. Crypto currency is not recognized as legal currency in India, although it may be traded owing to a lack of a regulatory framework. It has also not been regularized, despite a law being in the works. This article aims to thoroughly analyze crypto currency, weighing its advantages and disadvantag

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Eich, Stefan. "Between Justice and Accumulation: Aristotle on Currency and Reciprocity." Political Theory 47, no. 3 (2018): 363–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591718802634.

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For Aristotle, a just political community has to find similarity in difference and foster habits of reciprocity. Conventionally, speech and law have been seen to fulfill this role. This article reconstructs Aristotle’s conception of currency ( nomisma) as a political institution of reciprocal justice. By placing Aristotle’s treatment of reciprocity in the context of the ancient politics of money, currency emerges not merely as a medium of economic exchange but also potentially as a bond of civic reciprocity, a measure of justice, and an institution of ethical deliberation. Reconstructing this

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