Relevant bibliographies by topics / Currency structure

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Currency structure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Currency structure"

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Arapova, E. "Asian Currency Unit: Searching for Optimal Currency Basket Structure." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2015): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-1-40-51.

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The article examines the prospects of monetary integration in East Asia and the specific issue of the Asian Currency Unit (ACU) that could potentially become a core element of Asian monetary integration in the long run. The research explores main initiatives underlying financial cooperation and key obstacles hampering monetary integration in the region. The concept of Asian currency unit was introduced by the East Asian countries as one of the mechanisms aimed to ensure regional financial stability. Being a weighted average of regional currencies ACU is highly negatively affected by
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Lustig, Hanno, and Robert J. Richmond. "Gravity in the Exchange Rate Factor Structure." Review of Financial Studies 33, no. 8 (2019): 3492–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz103.

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Abstract We relate the risk characteristics of currencies to measures of physical, cultural, and institutional distance. Currencies of countries which are more distant from other countries are more exposed to systematic currency risk. This is due to a gravity effect in the factor structure of exchange rates: When a currency appreciates against a basket of other currencies, its bilateral exchange rate appreciates more against currencies of distant countries. As a result, currencies of peripheral countries are more exposed to systematic variation than currencies of central countries. Trade netwo
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Gavieta, Rommel C. "Currency Exchange Risk and Financing Structure." Journal of Structured Finance 6, no. 4 (2001): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2001.320235.

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Singh, Shikha, and Mandira Sarma. "Financial Structure and Stability: An Empirical Exploration." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 9, s1 (2020): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2020-0021.

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AbstractThis paper attempts to investigate empirically whether financial and macroeconomic stability of economies are significantly affected by the structure of their financial systems, viz., bank-based and market-based structures. Using panel data estimations based on data from 82 countries for the period of 1996-2012, we find that in general, bank-based financial system contributes significantly to instability of the financial sectors and currency market. We also find some evidence that within the bank-based structure, higher presence of foreign banks is positively associated with currency m
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Бунич, Г. А., and Е. Р. Шарма. "Modern aspects of the theory and practice of international reserves." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 12(125) (February 16, 2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.125.12.004.

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Официальные международные резервы являются институциональной категорией финансовой политики стран. В настоящее время в условиях трансформации международного валютного рынка в условиях валютных и торговых «войн», изменяется структура международных резервов, особенно в части структуры валютных резервов. Дедоллоризация, развитие региональных валютных систем способствуют кардинальному изменению международных валютных резервов. Official international reserves are an institutional category of countries ' financial policies. Currently, in the conditions of transformation of the international monetary
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Lustig, Hanno, Andreas Stathopoulos, and Adrien Verdelhan. "The Term Structure of Currency Carry Trade Risk Premia." American Economic Review 109, no. 12 (2019): 4142–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180098.

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Fixing the investment horizon, the returns to currency carry trades decrease as the maturity of the foreign bonds increases. Across developed countries, the local currency term premia, which increase with the maturity of the bonds, offset the currency risk premia. Similarly, in the time-series, the predictability of foreign bond returns in dollars declines with the bonds’ maturities. Leading no-arbitrage models in international finance do not match the downward term structure of currency carry trade risk premia. We derive a simple preference-free condition that no-arbitrage models need to repr
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ORTEGA, GUILLERMO J., and DAVID MATESANZ. "CROSS-COUNTRY HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE AND CURRENCY CRISES." International Journal of Modern Physics C 17, no. 03 (2006): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918310600856x.

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Using data from a sample of 28 representatives countries, we propose a classification of currency crises consequences based on the ultrametric analysis of the real exchange rate movements time series, without any further assumption. By using the matrix of synchronous linear correlation coefficients and the appropriate metric distance between pairs of countries, we were able to construct a hierarchical tree of countries. This economic taxonomy provides relevant information regarding liaisons between countries and a meaningful insight about the contagion phenomenon.
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KORN, OLAF, and PHILIPP KOZIOL. "THE TERM STRUCTURE OF CURRENCY HEDGE RATIOS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 14, no. 04 (2011): 525–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024911006723.

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This paper investigates the variance minimizing currency forward hedge of an exporting firm that is exposed to different sources of risk. In an empirical study, we quantify the corresponding hedge ratios of a "typical" German firm for different hedge horizons. Based on cointegrated vector autoregressive models of prices, interest rates and exchange rates, we show that hedge ratios decrease substantially with the hedge horizon for different currencies, reaching values of one half or less for a ten-years horizon. Our findings can partly explain underhedging of long-term exchange rate exposures a
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Fang, Hsing, Kon S. Lai, and Michael Lai. "Fractal structure in currency futures price dynamics." Journal of Futures Markets 14, no. 2 (1994): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.3990140205.

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Melecky, Martin. "CHOOSING THE CURRENCY STRUCTURE OF FOREIGN-CURRENCY DEBT: A REVIEW OF POLICY APPROACHES." Journal of International Development 24, no. 2 (2010): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1711.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Currency structure"

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Drakos, K. S. "The dynamics of term structure risk and exchange rates." Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313099.

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Fehle, Frank Rudolf. "Market structure, default risk, and swap spreads : international evidence /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Pedrono, Justine. "Banking stability and currency diversification." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0283/document.

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La crise financière de 2008 a mis en exergue l'instabilité financière des banques en identifiant le caractère procyclique du levier bancaire, la sous-capitalisation des banques, et la nécessité de définir une nouvelle régulation bancaire. La dimension internationale des activités bancaires et l'identification des banques globales complètent ce constat. Les banques européennes, par leurs expositions aux marchés financiers américains, sont diversifiées internationalement: une part de leurs actifs et de leurs dettes est libellée en dollar américain. Le taux de change flottant entre le dollar et l
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Yilmaz, Aycan. "Pricing Default And Financial Distress Risks In Foreign Currency-denominated Corporate Loans In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613707/index.pdf.

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The globalization leads to integration of the economies worldwide. As the firms&#039<br>businesses also get integrated with each other, the financing choices of the firms diversify. Among these choices, the popularity and the share of foreign currency borrowing in total borrowing by non-financial firms increase in Turkey similar to the global developments. The main purpose of this thesis is to price the risks of default and financial distress due to foreign currency denominated loans of non-financial firms in Turkey. The valuation model of foreign currency corporate loans is established by two
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Tisch, Timothy Daniel. "Seasonal variability of the geostrophic velocity and water mass structure off Point Sur, California." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA241374.

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Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Ramp, Steven R. ; Collins, Curtis A. "September 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on December 21, 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): California Current. Author(s) subject terms: California Current, California Undercurrent, Spiciness Anomaly, Geostrophic Velocity, Water Mass Characteristics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-146). Also available in print.
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Хомутенко, Я. В. "Формування та управління структурою золотовалютних резервів країн світу". Master's thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/55892.

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Дипломна робота присвячена питанням формування та управління золотовалютними резервами. В дипломній роботі здійснено аналіз ефективності управління золотовалютними резервами України, розглянуто світові тенденції у формуванні резервів країн, визначено напрямки вдосконалення управління золотовалютними резервами; запропоновано напрямок вдосконалення організаційної структури НБУ щодо управління міжнародними резервами; здійснено оцінку адекватності резервів України.<br>The master’s thesis is devoted to issues of formation and foreign exchange reserves management. The paper analyzes the effectivenes
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Fredheim, Arne. "Current Forces on Net Structure." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-559.

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<p>The trend in recent years has been that the amount of wild catch is stagnating. In this perspective the selectivity of fishing gear has become an important issue. The aim of the present work has been to develop a three-dimensional model for the flow in front and inside a net structure, such as a trawl, to be able to predict and calculate selectivity of net structures. A net consist of twines which connect in knots and make up a mesh. The diameter of a twine can be from 1 [mm] in net cages up to a few centimeters in the front part of a trawl. And similar the size of the mesh can be from 1 [c
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Nankoe, M. Hakiem. "The Caribbean in the flow of global currents." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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Shah, Ajay, Achim Zeileis, and Ila Patnaik. "What is the New Chinese Currency Regime?" Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1000/1/document.pdf.

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The revaluation of the yuan in July 2005 was described by the Chinese central bank as a change in the currency regime, rather than merely a changed level of the exchange rate. The reform was said to involve a shift away from the fixed exchange rate, a gradual movement towards greater flexibility, and a peg to a basket of currencies. This paper closely examines the post-July Chinese currency regime utilising contemporary ideas in the econometrics of structural change. We find that the yuan has remained pegged to the US dollar, rather than to a basket, and has extremely limited currency flexibil
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Sparrow, Michael Dylan. "Current structure of the South Indian Ocean." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309941.

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Books on the topic "Currency structure"

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Ahmad, Khan Masood. Euro-currency market: Structure and working. Indus Pub. Co., 1992.

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Svensson, Lars E. O. The term structure of interest rate differentials in a target zone: Theory and Swedish data. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1991.

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Svensson, Lars E. O. The term structure of interest rate differentials in a target zone: Theory and Swedish data. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Larson, Douglas J. Structure of the magnetotail current sheet. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Pierce, Stephen D. Gulf Stream velocity structure through combined inversion of hydrographic and acoustic Doppler data. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1986.

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Institution, Woods Hole Oceanographic, National Science Foundation (U.S.), and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. Gulf Stream velocity structure through combined inversion of hydrographic and acoustic doppler data. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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Ghosh, Swati R. Structural vulnerabilities and currency crises. International Monetary Fund, Policy Development and Review Department, 2002.

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Tepfenhart, William M., Judith P. Dick, and John F. Sowa, eds. Conceptual Structures: Current Practices. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58328-9.

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Sarukhani͡an, Ė I. Structure and variability of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Edited by Smirnov N. P. A.A. Balkema, 1986.

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Drew, J. D. Wideband current-mode amplifier structures. UMIST, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Currency structure"

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Rubner, Alex. "The Structure of the Foreign Currency Controls." In The Economy of Israel. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032676784-19.

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Pan, Lizheng, Dashuai Zhu, Shigang She, Jing Ding, and Zeming Yin. "Paper Currency Sorting Equipment Based on Rotary Structure." In Advanced Manufacturing and Automation VIII. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2375-1_40.

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Xia, Bingyu. "Analysis of China’s Digital Payment and Currency Structure Changes." In Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83595-7_35.

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Pastpipatkul, Pathairat, Paravee Maneejuk, and Songsak Sriboonchitt. "The Best Copula Modeling of Dependence Structure Among Gold, Oil Prices, and U.S. Currency." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49046-5_42.

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Pastpipatkul, Pathairat, Woraphon Yamaka, and Songsak Sriboonchitta. "Dependence Structure of and Co-Movement Between Thai Currency and International Currencies After Introduction of Quantitative Easing." In Causal Inference in Econometrics. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27284-9_36.

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Sinha, Sitabhra, and Uday Kovur. "Uncovering the Network Structure of the World Currency Market: Cross-Correlations in the Fluctuations of Daily Exchange Rates." In Econophysics of Agent-Based Models. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00023-7_11.

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Wilson, David, Chris Game, Steve Leach, and Gerry Stoker. "Current Structures." In Local Government in the United Kingdom. Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23377-9_5.

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Wilson, David, and Chris Game. "Current Structures." In Local Government in the United Kingdom. Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26082-9_5.

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Gardiner, Geoffrey W. "The Currency Principle." In The Evolution of Creditary Structures and Controls. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230288447_9.

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Ding, Min. "Current Hualish Structure." In Rethinking Chinese Cultural Identity. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9961-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Currency structure"

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Lemieux, Edward J., and William H. Hartt. "Galvanic Anode Current and Structure Current Demand Determination Methods for Offshore Structures." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03078.

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Abstract Cathodic protection systems for offshore petroleum production platforms have commonly been designed for 20 years; however, because service life has been extended beyond this in many cases, retrofitting is required. A fundamental parameter needed for efficient, effective design of such retrofits is the structure current demand or maintenance current density at the time of the cp redesign. Five possible methods are identified for assessing this parameter, including 1) polarization of the structure, 2) anode potential measurements, 3) field gradient measurements, 4) the potential differe
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Alam, Qazi Muneeb, Aslam Faqeer Mohammad, and Syed Salman Mobeen. "Evaluation of Effects of Pounding on RC Building Structures under Strong Seismic Events." In 14th International Civil Engineering Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-5qsitm.

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During earthquakes, structures move laterally and since usually a proper gap distance between structures is not provided so the structures can collide with each other. Building codes which are commonly used, do not offer any provisions for designing the structures for additional forces due to pounding and so structures are susceptible to damage subjected to pounding during strong seismic events. Therefore, in the current study, effect of pounding on a structure is studied considering different parameters including number of stories, total weight, story stiffness and floor alignment with adjace
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Fitzgerald, John H., and David H. Kroon. "Stray Current Interference Control for HVdc Earth Currents." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94574.

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Abstract High voltage direct current transmission lines exist in various parts of the world. There are several in the United States. While designed to carry all the current in the wires, in case of emergency or if it is necessary to take one conductor out of service, earth may be used as a conductor. The earth current may be accumulated on, conducted by and discharged from underground metallic structures that cross the voltage gradient created by the current. This paper describes ground current operation tests made in June 1992 on two HVdc lines that run from Minnesota to North Dakota as a fol
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Zhang, Xuefeng. "Analysis of Currency Internationalization with Trade Structure." In 2017 3rd International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education. Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsshe-17.2017.12.

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Абдурахманов, Артем Сергеевич, and Елена Валерьевна Жегалова. "CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENCY DERIVATIVES IN THE WORLD CURRENCY MARKET." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июль 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt198.2022.58.25.004.

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В статье рассматривается динамика и структура внебиржевого и биржевого рынка валютных деривативов. Приведена сравнительная характеристика их составляющих показателей. The article discusses the dynamics and structure of the over-the-counter and exchange market of currency derivatives. Comparative characteristics of their constituent indicators are given.
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Bai, Xuyun, and Liping You. "Notice of Retraction: Currency Structure Optimization in China's External Debt Management." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5448814.

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Yang, Jun, and Zhiguang Li. "Impact of Bitcoin's Distributed Structure on the Construction of the Central Bank's Digital Currency System." In 2020 Fourth International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icisc47916.2020.9171195.

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Kaya, Fadime, Glenda Amaral, Francisco Javier Perez, Marc Makkes, Tina van der Linden, and Jaap Gordijn. "An Ontological Exploration of Central Bank Digital Currency Governance Design." In Digital Restructuring and Human (Re)action. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.4.2022.19.

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Financial ecosystems and their related transactions are increasingly relying on big tech payment service providers, such as ApplePay and WeChat. By offering these services, transacting in unregulated cryptocurrencies becomes easier. Consequently, big tech companies take a powerful position in the ecosystem, such dominance may be avoided by a decentralized ecosystem, in which decision making power is distributed over several actors. Emergence of several highly unregulated cryptocurrencies and increased reliance on big tech, motivates central banks to investigate alternatives, called Central Ban
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Murthy, A. Sampath Dakshina, Paritala Jhansi Rani, Sarah Majeed Almakassees, K. Saikumar, Mohammed Saleh, and Sajjad Ali Ettyem. "A novel classification model for high accuracy detection of Indian currency using image feature extraction process." In PHYSICAL MESOMECHANICS OF CONDENSED MATTER: Physical Principles of Multiscale Structure Formation and the Mechanisms of Nonlinear Behavior: MESO2022. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0170991.

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Rodionova, K. A., and E. V. Murashova. "THE EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY'S EXPORT ACTIVITY." In New forms of production and entrepreneurship in the coordinates of neo-industrial development of the economy. PD of KSUEL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0731-8-2020-130-137.

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The article represents the results of the analysis of the main probabilistic risks of export using the example of RFP Group LLC, which deserve attention: currency risk, non-payment risk under the terms of the contract, introduction of legislative restrictions. In order to study the effective risk management in the export activities of the company, the authors consider the economic capacity of such export risk management methods as diversification of the currency structure, hedging instruments.
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Reports on the topic "Currency structure"

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Grubb, Farley. Common Currency versus Currency Union: The U.S. Continental Dollar and Denominational Structure, 1775-1776. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21728.

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Lustig, Hanno, Andreas Stathopoulos, and Adrien Verdelhan. The Term Structure of Currency Carry Trade Risk Premia. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19623.

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Maggiori, Matteo, Brent Neiman, and Jesse Schreger. Corporate Debt Structure with Home and International Currency Bias. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31891.

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Bekri, Mahmoud. Inflation Dependence Structure in a post-COVID-19 World. Islamic Development Bank Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/re24025.

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Inflation may be defined as the decline of purchasing power of a determined currency over time. It also determines the erosion of living standards. Inflation may be measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), a quantitative estimate of the inflation that may be captured in the rise of an average price level of a basket of determined goods and services, which are typically purchased by specific groups of households in an economy over a specific period. We use the inflation data provided by OECD, measured in terms of the monthly growth rate, where the CPI index is estimated as a series of summar
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Boyarchenko, Nina, and Leonardo Elias. Corporate Debt Structure over the Global Credit Cycle. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2024. https://doi.org/10.59576/sr.1139.

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We study the determinants of active debt management through issuance and refinancing decisions for firms around the world. We leverage instrument-level data to create a comprehensive picture of the maturity, currency, and security type composition of firms' debt for a large cross-section of countries. At the instrument level, we estimate a predictive model of prepayment as a function of interest costs savings and maturity lengthening motives. We document that there is substantial heterogeneity in prepayment across bonds and loans and across firms, depending on their reliance on bank lending. W
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Cavallo, Eduardo A. Debt Management in Latin America: How Safe Is the New Debt Composition? Inter-American Development Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008403.

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While public debt ratios in Latin America increased in 2009 amid the global financial crisis, they remain below levels reached following the Asian and Russian crises of the late 1990s. Moreover, debt composition has continued to shift towards "safer" debt (domestic debt with a higher prevalence of domestic currency liabilities). However, the current debt structure poses risks and policy challenges that should not be overlooked. Reviewing the latest available data on debt levels and composition for the region's largest countries, this brief concludes that debt managers should avoid complacency
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Calderón, César, Alberto E. Chong, and Ernesto H. Stein. Trade Intensity and Business Cycle Synchronization: Are Developing Countries any Different? Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010806.

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Some key criteria in the optimal currency area literature are that countries should join a currency union if they have closer international trade links and more symmetric business cycles. However, both criteria are endogenous. Frankel and Rose (1998) find that trade intensity increases cycle correlation among industrial countries. We study whether the same result holds true for the case of developing countries, as their different patterns of international trade and specialization may lead to cyclical asymmetries among them and between industrial and developing countries. We gather annual infor
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Davies, Martin H., and Marcel Schröder. The Path to Kina Convertibility: An Analysis of Papua New Guinea’s Foreign Exchange Market. Asian Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220228-2.

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This paper recommends an immediate and frontloaded exchange rate depreciation that can encourage an adjustment process to address the foreign exchange shortage in Papua New Guinea. Due to a shortage in foreign exchange (forex) since 2015, the central bank of Papua New Guinea rationed forex that led to a large backlog of orders and import compression. The study finds that the policy proposals discussed in the country are inadequate to restore currency convertibility, based on surveys of the forex market structure and analysis of recent market conditions. It recommends more exchange rate flexibi
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Williamson, C. H. Structure Dynamics, Vortex Dynamics and Fluid Loading on Structures in Waves and Currents. Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416599.

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Prats Cabrera, Joan Oriol, and María Eugenia Pereira. Standardized Sovereign Debt Statistics for Latin America and the Caribbean: Analysis of Regional and Country Trends and Cross-Country Comparisons. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004387.

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This document analyzes gross and net public debt data for countries in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region up to December 2020. It provides a unique overview of the main characteristics of the regions debt and a comparative analysis of its most pressing risks (currency, maturity, rate, and credit). Its main purpose is to assess the changes in size and composition of debt for the region and to provide a comparative analysis of the diverse country cases that comprise it. 2020 was an atypical and pressing year in fiscal demands motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to increased fi
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