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Books on the topic 'Degree of infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Debbie, Indyk, ed. The geometry of care: Linking resources, research, and community to reduce degrees of separation between HIV treatment and prevention. Haworth Social Work Practice Press, 2005.

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2

Vasquez, Vanessa. Infection in the Pregnant Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0059.

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Infections in pregnancy can result in significant complications for both the mother and fetus and can increase the risk of preterm labor. Fever in a pregnant woman also raises concern for its associated risk of preterm birth due to the release of prostaglandins and cytokines that stimulate uterine contractility. Infection can be passed to the neonate hematogenously or ascend from the genital tract. Treatment during pregnancy creates problems, as many antimicrobials cross the placenta and may have a teratogenic risk. Prophylaxis, vaccination, a high degree of suspicion, and early intervention c

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3

Sillis, Margaret, and David Longbottom. Chlamydiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0017.

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Chlamydial pathogens cause a wide-range of infections and disease, known as chlamydioses, in humans, other mammals and birds. The causative organisms are Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that undergo a unique biphasic developmental cycle involving the infectious elementary body and the metabolically-active, non-infectious reticulate body. At least two species, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus, are recognized as causes of zoonotic infections in humans worldwide, mainly affecting persons exposed to infected psittacine and other birds, especially ducks, turkeys, and p

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4

Saha, Sudip. Septic Thrombophlebitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0021.

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Septic (suppurative) thrombophlebitis is venous thrombosis in the setting of bacteremia. There is usually a degree of perivascular inflammation seen on histology. Septic thrombophlebitis occurs most commonly with intravenous catheters. However, most cases of infection related to intravenous catheters are not complicated by septic thrombophlebitis. Catheter-related septic thrombophlebitis includes erythema, tenderness, and/or drainage at the site of an intravenous catheter. Jugular vein septic thrombophlebitis, also known as Lemierre’s syndrome, is a subset of septic thrombophlebitis. This cond

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5

Lawson, A. J. Campylobacteriosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0016.

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Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are frequent cause of bacterial enteritis in industrialised countries and is a major cause of childhood illness in the developing world. Although deaths due to campylobacteriosis are rare, the morbidity and public health and economic burden is high because of its very high incidence. Campylobacters normally inhabit the intestinal tract of wild birds and domestic animals. Poultry is a major source of campylobacter infection and a large proportion of retail chicken meat is contaminated. Other meats are contaminated to a lesser degree. Human infection is mostly sp

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6

Ball, Jonathan. Antimicrobial stewardship in the intensive care setting. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0012.

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Intensive care units (ICUs) care for patients with life-threatening infections and thus harbour reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, as a direct consequence of their critical illness/injury, ICU patients commonly have a significant degree of acutely acquired, innate, and adaptive immune system dysfunction. Critically ill patients therefore present unique challenges for antibiotic stewardship. Antibiotic stewardship in ICUs should address both the timely delivery of effective empiric therapy and the minimization of the use of broad-spectrum agents. Solutions to these challenges

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7

Putman, Shannon B. Cervicitis and Vulvovaginitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0038.

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Cervicitis is inflammation and irritation of uterine cervix often caused by sexually transmitted infection (STI); it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, and pregnancy complications. Vulvovaginitis (inflammation of vagina and/or vulva with itching, erythema, and mucopurulent discharge) may or may not be related to STI. Sexually active women 25 years or younger with STIs should be offered empiric treatment for gonorrhea and chlamydia in addition to counseling regarding safe sex and testing for syphilis, HIV, and viral hepatitis at the time of presentation and prior to nucleic

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8

Idahosa, Osamudiamen, and David T. Huang. Assessment of sepsis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0295.

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Sepsis is the presence of a known or suspected infection and a systemic inflammatory response. Severe sepsis is sepsis with acute organ dysfunction. Septic shock is a subset of severe sepsis characterized by systemic arterial hypotension or occult hypoperfusion. Severe sepsis is common, affecting more than 750 000 individuals in the United States each year with a hospital mortality of about 30%.Severe sepsis is a medical emergency that requires early identification, prompt evaluation, and treatment. The signs and symptoms of sepsis are influenced by the virulence of the pathogen, the portal of

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9

Ehmann, Michael. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0042.

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Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) are characterized by extensive and rapidly progressive necrosis that may involve the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, or muscle and are associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Preceding trauma, foreign body penetration, wound contamination, and surgical intervention are all risk factors for NSTI. Clinical examination often reveals extensive tissue involvement with pain but commonly without signs of cellulitis. Crepitant cellulitis occurs most commonly in patients with preexisting lower extremity peripheral arterial disease, decubitu

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10

Boat, Anne C., and Senthilkumar Sadhasivam. Myelomeningocele Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0056.

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Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a spinal birth defect that occurs due to failure in the closure of the embryologic neural tube. The meninges and/or neural structures are exposed, resulting in nerve damage. MMCs are associated with significant direct morbidity as well as with Chiari II malformations and hydrocephalus. The degree of sensory and motor deficits depends on the level of the defect, with bowel and bladder function often affected. Due to the risk of infection with an exposed spinal cord, surgical repair is usually performed in the first 24 to 48 hours of life. Anesthesia for MMC repair pres

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11

Reynard, John, and Ben Turney. Bladder stones. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0030.

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The majority of bladder stones in Western practice are secondary to underlying pathology—bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic enlargement in men and urethral obstruction from pelvic prolapse or cystocele in women, chronic infection in the neuropathic or augmented bladder, or in the neobladder. While the pathology of endemic bladder stones remains as it always was, the advent of augmentation cystoplasty and rising use of the neobladder after cystectomy has, through a different pathological mechanism, led to a rise in frequency of bladder stones. The mode of presentation of bladder

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12

Grulich, Andrew E., Fengyi Jin, and I. Mary Poynten. Anal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0037.

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Anal canal cancer is a generally uncommon cancer that has been increasing in incidence for several decades. In most geographic locations, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for 70% or more of cases, and incidence is slightly higher in women than in men. The remaining cases are mainly adenocarcinoma, but the degree to which this represents misclassified rectal cancer is uncertain. In almost all cases, anal SCC is caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV); HPV-16 accounts for 75% or more of all cases. Survival is highly stage-dependent, and cure is usu

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13

Bianconi, Ginestra. Classical Percolation, Generalized Percolation and Cascades. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0012.

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This chapter characterizes the robustness of multiplex and multilayer networks using classical percolation, directed percolation and antagonistic percolation. Classical percolation determines whether a finite fraction of nodes of the multilayer networks are connected by any type of connection. Classical percolation can be affected by multiplexity since the degree correlations among different layers can modulate the robustness of the entire multilayer network. Directed percolation describes the propagation of a disease requiring cooperative infection from different layers of the multiplex netwo

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14

Geometry of Care: Linking Resources, Research, and Community to Reduce Degrees of Separation Between HIV Treatment And. Routledge, 2014.

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15

(Editor), Debbie Indyk, Gary Rosenberg (Editor), and Andrew, Ph.D. Weissman (Editor), eds. The Geometry of Care: Linking Resources, Research, And Community to Reduce Degrees of Separation Between HIV Treatment And Prevention. Haworth Social Work, 2006.

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16

(Editor), Debbie Indyk, Gary Rosenberg (Editor), and Andrew, Ph.D. Weissman (Editor), eds. The Geometry of Care: Linking Resources, Research, And Community to Reduce Degrees of Separation Between HIV Treatment And Prevention (Social Work in Health Care,) (Social Work in Health Care,). Haworth Press, 2006.

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17

Boulton, Jill E., Kevin Coughlin, Debra O'Flaherty, and Alfonso Solimano, eds. ACoRN: Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197525227.001.0001.

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The Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns (ACoRN) program trains health care providers to stabilize that most challenging and enigmatic of medical patients: the unwell newborn. Early assessment, intervention, and management of at-risk or unstable infants can be critical for their survival and long-term health. Clinical care standards and educational programs to address these requirements are needed. The ACoRN program provides a unique, prioritized, and systematic approach to newborn stabilization for health care professionals with any degree of experience. ACoRN-trained providers learn to gather info

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18

de Bie, Robertus M. A. An Iatrogenic Catatonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0030.

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an iatrogenic movement disorders emergency characterized by rigidity, altered consciousness, and autonomic instability of varying degrees of severity. In severe cases this can be a fatal syndrome, so recognition and withdrawal of potentially causative medications is the priority. Management is otherwise supportive, and some patients will require admission to an intensive care unit. Creatine phosphokinase can be used to monitor the disease course; a decreasing creatine phosphokinase level with an increasing temperature may indicate an infection. The incidence o

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19

Davey, Patrick, Sherif Gonem, and David Sprigings. Interstitial lung disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0139.

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The interstitial lung diseases, also known as the diffuse or diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, are a broad group of pulmonary disorders which mainly affect the lung parenchyma as opposed to the airways. By convention, infectious and malignant conditions are excluded from this definition. Thus, the interstitial lung diseases comprise a group of conditions characterized by variable degrees of inflammation and fibrosis, centred on the lung interstitium and alveolar airspaces.

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20

Keogh, Karina A. Vasculitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0277.

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The vasculitic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by degrees of inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Intensive care treatment is most commonly required for vasculitis involving small blood vessels, including capillaries. Involvement of these vessels in the lung causes alveolar haemorrhage, which may lead to respiratory failure. In the kidneys it may cause glomerulonephritis leading to renal failure. Severe cardiac, neurological, and gastrointestinal manifestions can also be seen. Non-vasculitic manifestation

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21

Gale, Daniel P., and Terry Cook. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulopathy. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0080.

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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is synonymous with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and refers to light microscopic appearances of a kidney biopsy in which there are increased mesangial cells and matrix with thickening of the glomerular capillary walls, often with a double contour appearance. MPGN represents morphological appearances caused by a wide range of diseases, most of which are systemic and involve activation of the immune system. It commonly presents as nephrotic syndrome, alternatively with proteinuria, haematuria, and varying degrees of hypertension and renal dy

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22

Lopez, Berenice, and Patrick J. Twomey. Biochemical investigation of rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0062.

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It is important for rheumatologists to have an understanding of biochemical tests including an awareness of their limitations. The biological variability of an analyte both within and between individuals, the limitations of the measurement technology, the sensitivity of laboratory internal quality control and external quality assurance procedures, as well as interlaboratory variations in practices including sample collection procedures, may all impact on the interpretation of a result. Biochemical tests are often requested to monitor organ-specific dysfunction arising as an adverse consequence

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23

Kuypers, Dirk R. J., and Maarten Naesens. Immunosuppression. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0281_update_001.

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Combination immunosuppressive therapy produces excellent short-term results after kidney transplantation. Long-term graft survival has improved, but less dramatically. Death with a functioning graft remains the primary cause of graft loss. Dosing of current immunosuppressive therapy balances between careful clinical interpretation of time-driven immunological risk assessments and drug-related toxicity on the one hand, and the use of simple surrogate drug exposure indicators like blood/plasma concentrations on the other. The combined use of calcineurin-inhibitors (CNIs) with mycophenolic acids

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