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1

MacDonald, R. Youth enterprise and business start-up in a depressed area of Britain. Social Statistics Research Unit, City University, 1990.

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2

D'Attore, Pier Paolo. Italian reconstruction and "depressed areas": The Marshall Plan in the "Mezzogiorno". Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University, 1988.

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3

(Bilancio, tesoro e. programmazione) Italy Parlamento Camera dei deputati V. commissione. L'utilizzazione delle risorse nazionali e comunitarie nelle aree depresse. Camera dei deputati, Segreteria generale, Ufficio pubblicazioni e informazione parlamentare, 1999.

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4

Jonas, Bruce S. Negative mood and urban versus rural residence: Using proximity to metropolitan statistical areas as an alternative measure of residence. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1997.

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5

Jonas, Bruce S. Negative mood and urban versus rural residence: Using proximity to metropolitan statistical areas as an alternative measure of residence. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1997.

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6

Southall, Humphrey R. The origins of the depressed areas: Unemployment, growth, and regional economic structure in Britain before 1914. Blackwell, 1988.

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7

Istituto di studi politici, economici e sociali., ed. Cacciatori ed agricoltori per una nuova economia integrata dei territori marginali e delle aree rurali depresse, ovvero, un'idea per cercare di mettere d'accordo ecologisti, cacciatori ed agricoltori e creare 20.000 posti di lavoro. Merlo, 1988.

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8

Zabyelina, Olga, Farida Islamudinovna Mirzabalaeva, Larisa Sankova, et al. The labor market of socially vulnerable groups: potential, new trends and problems of regulation. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2141609.

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The monograph presents a comprehensive characteristic of the problems of labor market development and regulation for socially vulnerable groups of the population. It allows to make recommendations for improving the state employment policy and increasing efficiency of the public employment service in the Russian Federation. The study focuses on four main population groups whose development and labor potential are crucial for stabilizing and improving the labor shortage in the Russian labor market in the future: persons with disabilities; women with minor children; persons of older working age a
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9

Night Comes To The Cumberlands: A Biography Of A Depressed Area. Independently published, 2017.

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10

Caudill, Harry M. 1922-1990. Night Comes to the Cumberlands, a Biography of a Depressed Area. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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11

Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area. Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2001.

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12

Caudill, Harry M., and Stewart L. Udall. Night Comes To The Cumberlands: A Biography Of A Depressed Area. Literary Licensing, LLC, 2011.

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13

Caudill, Harry M. 1922-1990. Night Comes to the Cumberlands, a Biography of a Depressed Area. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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14

Caudill, Harry M. Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area. Forgotten Books, 2017.

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15

Passow, A. Harry. Education in Depressed Areas. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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16

Nydegger, Rudy. Understanding Depression. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216029380.

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Straightforward and easy to read yet thorough and accurate, this book provides a complete overview of depression that describes the historical background of clinical depression, the various types of mood disorders, and their impact on the health and well-being of people and society. Depression is a serious health issue that affects a greater proportion of people than many would suspect. A recent report by the World Health Organization stated that depression is the predominant cause of illness and disability for those age 10 to 19 worldwide, and more than 40 percent of U.S. college students rep
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17

Foster, Charles. On Being Not Depressed. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0003.

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This chapter is written from the perspective of someone who claims never to have suffered from depression. When asked if he has ever been depressed, the author of this chapter reports that he responds vaguely. He states he can be evasive and pompous, insisting that he does not think he satisfies all the clinical criteria. The reason why he is reluctant to accept the notion that he is depressed is not because he feels ashamed about being depressive. On the contrary, he feels that he does not belong to the community of the depressed—an elite club with a black, glorious fellowship of agony in whi
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18

Shorter, Edward. How Everyone Became Depressed. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199948086.001.0001.

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About one American in five receives a diagnosis of major depression over the course of a lifetime. That's despite the fact that many such patients have no mood disorder; they're not sad, but suffer from anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, or a tendency to obsess about the whole business. "There is a term for what they have," writes Edward Shorter, "and it's a good old-fashioned term that has gone out of use. They have nerves." In How Everyone Became Depressed, Edward Shorter, a distinguished professor of psychiatry and the history of medicine argues for a return to the old fashioned concept of nervous
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19

Petrak, Frank, and Bonnie Röhrig. Treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a brief overview of the current scientific evidence for the treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Considering the multiple adverse interactions between both conditions, treatment targets should always focus on diabetes-related medical outcome and improvement or remission of depression at the same time in people with diabetes. Depression can be treated with moderate to good results in depressed patients with type 2 diabetes by a variety of psychological and pharmacological interventions, with comparable results to the treatment of depressive patients without diabetes
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20

Hopko, Derek R., Crystal C. McIndoo, Michael Gawrysiak, and Stevie Grassetti. Psychosocial Interventions for Depressed Breast Cancer Patients. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.004.

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Clinical depression affects many people and is associated with several risk factors that include being diagnosed with a serious medical illness such as breast cancer. Objectives of this chapter were to elucidate the prevalence of depression in breast cancer patients, the impact of depression as it pertains to life functioning and quality of life, highlight the bidirectional relationship of breast cancer and depression, outline assessment strategies and measurement issues relevant to assessing depression, and review the treatment outcome literature addressing the efficacy of psychosocial interv
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21

Davies, Carole Boyce. Between the Twilight Zone and the Underground Railroad. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038020.003.0002.

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This chapter sets up the discussion of “twilight zones.” Twilight refers to that space of unreality between night and day, where spirits begin to roam and objects that seem perfectly normal in the daylight assume strange patterns and shapes, that gap between different realities, that zone of instability between darkness and light, that time when transformation happens. The author begins by describing how she found herself lost, one rainy night, amid the emptiness and sameness of the buildings and the depressed grayness in the area around Antique Row on Clinton Street in Binghamton, New York. W
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22

Foster, Charles. Depression and Civil Liability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0022.

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This chapter discusses the law in England and Wales relating to civil liability where people with depression are parties to litigation. It begins by considering how depression can truncate one’s capacity to conduct litigation. Where it does, and the person consequently ‘lacks capacity to conduct the proceedings’, litigation either for or against the depressed person has to be conducted through a ‘litigation friend’. No step in the litigation can occur unless a litigation friend has been appointed. In the Civil Procedure Rules, the term ‘lacks capacity’ is defined by reference to the Mental Cap
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23

Il Ruolo delle regioni e delle autonomie nel sistema delle politiche pubbliche per le aree depresse. Camera dei deputati, Segreteria generale, Ufficio pubblicazioni e informazione parlamentare, 1999.

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24

Konsalt. Konzeptionen Gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit : Beispiel: Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg. eine Fallstudie Im Rahmen der OECD-Untersuchung ,,Disadvantaged Youth in Depressed Urban Areas. VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH, 2013.

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25

Konzeption gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit: Beispiel : Hamburg - Wilhelmsburg ; Eine Fallstudie im Rahmen der OECD-Untersuchung "Disadvantaged Youth in Depressed Urban Areas". Leske & Budrich, 1990.

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26

Maksimowski, Michael, and Zheala Qayyum. Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0026.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on major depressive disorder. What are the drug–placebo differences among antidepressants when both published and unpublished data are analyzed? Does antidepressant efficacy depend on the severity of initial depression scores? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The main finding from this meta-analysis is that antidepressant-placebo differences a
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27

Igwe, Sandra. My Black Motherhood. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781805016489.

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Joyful. Graceful. Blessed. Strong. Anxious. Depressed. Stigmatised. Stereotyped. What happens when motherhood isn’t what you expected - and when you reach out for support, you are met with judgment and prejudice? Sandra Igwe shares her journey as a young Black mother, coping with sleepless nights, anxiety and loneliness after the birth of her first daughter. Burdened by cultural expectations of the ‘good mother’ and the ‘strong Black woman’ trope, her mental health struggles became an uphill battle. Black women are at higher risk of developing postnatal depression but are the least likely to b
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28

Griffiths, Jay. Tristimania. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0002.

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This chapter uses theBlack Hole as a metaphor for depression based on personal experience with the disease. Like a Black Hole, depression consumes and contorts time. Depression sucks an entire human life into itself, the chapter states. Nothing can withstand its relentless tug into sheer black nothingness; it is a force field of pure negativity, a Black Hole. Depression slows one’s sense of time as—in what is called ‘gravitational time dilation’—an object falling into a Black Hole appears to slow down as it approaches the event horizon, taking an infinite time to reach it. The chapter describe
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29

Ishii, Makoto. Thyroid Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0186.

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Thyroid diseases including hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are common endocrine disorders that have widespread systemic and neurologic manifestations. The neurologic complications of thyroid diseases range from subtle muscle loss in chronic thyrotoxicosis to severely depressed consciousness in myxedema coma. Because many patients may not have overt systemic manifestations of thyroid disease, accurately identifying the thyroid disease as the underlying etiology and treating the underlying thyroid disease is critical, as restoring the patient to a euthyroid state can rapidly reverse the neurol
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30

Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Problem-Solving Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0005.

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Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a psychosocial intervention that teaches clients to cope with the stress of “here-and-now” problems in order to reduce negative health and mental health outcomes. In this chapter, the six stages of PST—problem orientation, problem definition, solution generation, decision-making, solution implementation, and outcome evaluation—are explained and exemplified via vignettes. Areas for which problem-solving therapy has been found useful are summarized, including depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, and distress related to medical problems such as cancer a
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31

Quântica, Sabrina. Depressão, em busca da libertação - Um estudo sobre a cura sem medicamentos. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-424-1.

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Is it possible to develop techniques and mechanisms so that women can get out of a depression without the help of medication, even though they are in a deep state of apathy? It is scientifically proven that moving, eating well, cultivating good relationships and even meditating are actions that help the human being to become fuller and happier. The recipe is easy. There is a step-by-step that, most of the time, provides positive results to those who follow it. But what about when the individual is listless? At that stage of unwillingness, lack of strength and courage to change the stage? He ma
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32

Chovan, John D. Depression and Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0008.

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Depression is a symptom that can negatively affect quality of life. Depressive symptoms are an expected response to psychosocial stress as well as grief. Although a depressed mood is a natural response of patients and their families to a diagnosis of, being treated for, living with, and dying from a chronic, life-threatening illness, depression can lead to thoughts and actions of self-harm that can result in death. In this chapter, depression assessment tools and interview questions are offered. Depression across the illness trajectory is discussed along with evidence-based guidelines to treat
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33

Saunders, David, and Michael H. Bloch. Suicidality in Pediatric Patients Treated with Antidepressant Drugs. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0023.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark meta-analysis on the treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. The results of this study prompted the Food and Drug Administration to issue a black box warning on antidepressant use in pediatric populations. Do antidepressants increase suicidality in children and adolescents who are depressed? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations.
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34

Ntarangwi, Mwenda. Hip Hop’s Recasting of Christianity and Gospel Music in Kenya. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040061.003.0003.

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This chapter explores the ways in which the intersection between hip hop and Christianity brings about a recasting of what is assumed to be the norm within Christianity. It provides examples of how contemporary hip hop and Christianity in Kenya interact through a focus on youth, both in their historical roots and in current practices. Although music and Christianity have been regarded as incarnational processes that narrate themselves in lived experiences that document social reality, the chapter argues that hip hop provides Christianity a contested arena for self-expression and indigenization
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35

Ashcroft, Richard. Ethics and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the ethics of depression from a personal perspective. The author, an academic who has worked in the field of medical ethics or bioethics, has suffered episodes of depression throughout his life, some lasting several months. Here he shares a few quite informal things about how these two facts about him are connected. He first considers the paradigm of autonomy and autonomous decision-making, as well as the problem with functional accounts of autonomy with regard to depression. He then reflects on an approach to ethics and depression that involves thinking about the ethics
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36

Sutor, Bruce. Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0603.

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An understanding of psychiatric illness is critical to the practice of internal medicine. Since 30% to 40% of ambulatory primary care visits have a psychiatric component to the chief complaint, successful disease management often hinges on successful treatment of comorbid psychiatric illness. A comprehensive psychiatric evaluation is essential because many psychiatric symptoms are nonspecific. This situation is analogous to a patient presenting in general internal medicine with fever or nausea. The presence of a single symptom (eg, depressed mood) is never pathognomonic for a specific disorder
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37

Hayhow, Bradleigh, and Sergio Starkstein. Biological Effects of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the bidirectional relationship between depression and stroke. It is now clearly established that depression is a significant risk factor for stroke, and vice-versa. We review the main biological and demographic factors underlying the association between stroke and depression, the predicted mortality, the mechanism of post-stroke depression, and recent findings on its pharmacological prevention. We conclude by stressing the need for developing effective strategies to manage the burden of illness associated with these interacting conditions. As with the cardiovascular syste
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38

Gorman, Jack M. Sadness and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0004.

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Two cellular processes are affected by stressful life events: dendritic remodeling and neurogenesis. Dendritic remodeling occurs when dendrites—projections from neurons that receive signals from the axons of other neurons—either grow or retract. Stress causes retraction of dendrites and disrupts brain connections. This may occur when people are depressed and is responsible for the inability of the logical brain to communicate with the emotional brain. Psychotherapy and antidepressant medications may both cause the dendritic tree to grow and restore connections. Neurogenesis is the creation of
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39

Schneck, Christopher. Treating Depression and Bipolar Disorder in Integrated Care Settings. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0012.

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Primary care clinics are the de facto treatment settings for patients with major depression and bipolar disorder. Primary care patients with mood disorders are more difficult to assess and treat than patients without such disorders, often have comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions, and require greater practice resources for optimal management. Because current treatment of mood disorder patients in primary care settings is often minimally adequate, changes in overall management strategies are needed to improve outcomes. This chapter describes pathways by which primary care providers can i
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40

Keen, Ernest. Depression. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400639272.

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Most studies of depression focus on the psychiatric or medical interpretation of the experience. Sadness and guilt are human experiences, Keen argues, not disease symptoms. They involve the intricate layers of enacting a style for others, of coping with moral crises, and enduring disappointment. Depression tells us of life and death, good and evil, but not sickness and health. Keen begins with human consciousness, in contrast to the non-reflective consciousness of animals. It becomes clear that the social meanings of being depressed complicate and may even obscure the experiences of sadness an
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41

Crowell, Sheila E., Mona Yaptangco, and Sara L. Turner. Coercion, Invalidation, and Risk for Self-Injury and Borderline Personality Traits. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.16.

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Self-inflicted injury (SII) is defined as a deliberate act in which a person seeks to cause bodily harm or death. The etiology and developmental course of SII are unclear. Converging evidence suggests coercive family processes may heighten risk for SII and related clinical problems among vulnerable youth. This chapter outlines a developmental theory of SII with particular attention to contextual risk factors. It proposes that risk for SII is highest when vulnerable youth are exposed repeatedly to coercive and invalidating family environments. Evidence in support of this theory is drawn from lo
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42

Howland, Robert H. Multidisciplinary Treatments and Medications for Depressive Disorders and Comorbidity. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.008.

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Compared with episodic depression, chronic depression and treatment resistant depression have higher rates of comorbidity, more persistent social and vocational disability, an increased risk of suicide, greater medical morbidity and mortality, and greater health care utilization and costs. A large number of antidepressant medications and other psychotropic drugs, depression-focused psychotherapies, and neuromodulation therapies are available for the treatment of depression. Many drugs or psychotherapies are used for the treatment of other psychiatric disorders or medical conditions, and they s
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43

Gibbs, Kevin. Lung Abscess. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0025.

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Lung abscesses are intraparenchymal collections of purulent and necrotic tissue caused by infectious organisms that present with subacute pulmonary symptoms. Primary lung abscess is classically a disease of middle-aged men. Infection and subsequent abscess formation result from large-volume aspiration of oral secretions. Therefore, conditions that predispose to aspiration also predispose to lung abscess. Such conditions include all causes of depressed sensorium as well as both mechanical and neurologic causes of dysphagia. The burden of oral anaerobes also plays an important role in disease pa
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44

Duman, Ronald S. Neurotrophic Mechanisms of Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0027.

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Early theories of depression and treatment response were centered on the monoamine neurotransmitters, but more recent work has focused on functional and structural synaptic plasticity and the role of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurotrophic factors regulate all aspects of neuronal function, including adaptive plasticity, synapse formation, and neuronal survival. Chronic stress and depression cause reductions in levels of BDNF and other key factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), in cort
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45

Segre, Lisa S., Michael W. O'Hara, and Elena Perkhounkova. Adaptations of Psychotherapy for Psychopathology During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.013.

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Women experiencing depressive symptoms often do not seek timely treatment from a mental health professional. This review focuses specifically on adapted approaches and tailored interventions for perinatal depression that increase their acceptability and accessibility. The effects of these adapted depression interventions cover a broad range; to compare these new treatments only those resulting in statistically significant improvement are reviewed. Some adaptations, even those provided by non–mental health specialists, produced effects equal to or surpassing those achieved by traditional treatm
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46

Izaute, Marie, and Elizabeth Bacon. Metamemory in Psychopathology. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.20.

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This chapter explores the degree to which various psychopathologies influence metamemory. The literature suggests such patients suffer different impairment patterns rather than global, nonspecific impairments of metamemory processes and the memory-metamemory relationships: Depressed patients present memory and metamemory difficulties; obsessive-compulsive patients appear to suffer from metamemory impairments rather than memory disturbances. ADHD patients suffer more from control process impairments than from monitoring deficits. Patients with autism present metamemory and memory difficulties t
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47

Biernacki, Carolina, Prerna Martin, Pablo H. Goldberg, and Moira A. Rynn. Treatments for Pediatric Depression. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0012.

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Practice guidelines recommend psychosocial interventions for mild or brief cases of pediatric depression. In moderate to severe cases, medication treatment is recommended, with or without cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Fluoxetine and escitalopram are the only antidepressants approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration for acute pediatric depression. Among psychosocial interventions, CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A) have the largest evidence base for treatment of depressed youth. Combination treatment with CBT and antidepressant medication is superior to
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48

Huxtable, Richard. Depression and Assisted Dying. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0025.

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This chapter examines the relationship between depression and assisted dying, or euthanasia, by drawing on the metaphor of a ‘black dog’ being ‘put to sleep’. Focusing on English law, it argues that the law has been guilty of obfuscation in its dealings with assisted dying. The chapter proceeds by discussing situations involving compassionate killing and the notion that medically assisted dying should no longer be prohibited in England. The chapter considers two arguments for medically assisted dying, one premised on respect for autonomy and the other tethered to the obligation to remove suffe
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49

Ehrlich, Benjamin. Cajal’s Psyche and His Readings of Freud. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619619.003.0008.

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Cajal’s interest in hypnosis and suggestion extended into the realm of dreams. After one promising paper, he did not address the subject for the next decade. At sixty-six years of age Cajal started to record a personal dream diary. Although framed as an intellectual project aimed at disproving Freud’s theory, Cajal’s dream diary was deeply personal, as its writing spans a period during which he was acutely depressed, continuing intermittently until his death. In his diary, Cajal notes the interruption of many of his dreams due to intense attacks of emotional anguish. However, Cajal never inqui
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50

Dietz, Laura J., Jennifer Silk, and Marlissa Amole. Depressive Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.19.

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Depressive disorders onset early in development. Depression during childhood and adolescence is associated with serious disruptions in emotional, social, and occupational functioning into adulthood and a high likelihood of recurrence. This chapter discusses clinical manifestations, prevalence, and course of depression presenting in early childhood (ages 3–6), middle childhood/preadolescence (ages 7–12), and adolescence (13–18). An overview is presented of standardized interviews and questionnaires for clinical assessment of depression in children and adolescents; the chapter summarizes researc
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