Dissertations / Theses: 'Differentiation of consumption expenditure'

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Sarno, Lucio. "Essays in macroeconomics and international finance." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364179.

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Tolar, Martin, of Western Sydney Macarthur University, and Faculty of Business and Technology. "Satisficing versus optimising behaviour in the non-durable consumption expenditure decision making process." THESIS_FBT_XXX_Tolar_M.xml, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/108.

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The new classical school's dominance of mainstream economic thought in recent years has brought with it the associated adoption of rational economic agents ( in the Muthian sense) by mainstream economists. This thesis challenges this underlying assumption of human behaviour in the context of the non-durable consumption expenditure decision making process. In doing so, our attention will be placed upon the weak or more general form of the hypothesis, which has come to be known as optimisation. We employ a behavioural methodology in an attempt to ascertain if individuals adhere to the optimising or satisficing model of human behaviour. In doing so time will be spent examining the bounded rationality hypothesis. We also employ a behavioural methodology in producing a non-durable consumption function that is econometrically comparable with an optimising model of non-durable consumption expenditure (namely the permanent income rational expectations hypothesis). The micro results produced in this thesis suggest that the respondents surveyed from non-durable consumption expenditure decisions that are sub-optimal in nature. The formation of these sub-tropical expenditure decisions appear to be a consequence of the cognitive constraints faced by our respondents, which in turn provides empirical support for the bounded rationality hypothesis. On a macro level, our behavioural consumption function generates results that are comparable with those produced by the optimising model employed in this thesis. Our results also question the rational expectations permanent income hypothesis (as it is usually applied), despite making adjustments to the model which remove the underlying assumption of known, constant real interest use Master of Commerce (Hons)

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Kondeh, Sahr M'Gbenbo. "The determinants of household consumption expenditure patterns in Sierra Leone : an empirical investigation." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336839.

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Tolar, Martin. "Satisficing versus optimising behaviour in the non-durable consumption expenditure decision making process." Thesis, [Campbelltown, N.S.W. : The Author], 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/108.

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The new classical school's dominance of mainstream economic thought in recent years has brought with it the associated adoption of rational economic agents ( in the Muthian sense) by mainstream economists. This thesis challenges this underlying assumption of human behaviour in the context of the non-durable consumption expenditure decision making process. In doing so, our attention will be placed upon the weak or more general form of the hypothesis, which has come to be known as optimisation. We employ a behavioural methodology in an attempt to ascertain if individuals adhere to the optimising or satisficing model of human behaviour. In doing so time will be spent examining the bounded rationality hypothesis. We also employ a behavioural methodology in producing a non-durable consumption function that is econometrically comparable with an optimising model of non-durable consumption expenditure (namely the permanent income rational expectations hypothesis). The micro results produced in this thesis suggest that the respondents surveyed from non-durable consumption expenditure decisions that are sub-optimal in nature. The formation of these sub-tropical expenditure decisions appear to be a consequence of the cognitive constraints faced by our respondents, which in turn provides empirical support for the bounded rationality hypothesis. On a macro level, our behavioural consumption function generates results that are comparable with those produced by the optimising model employed in this thesis. Our results also question the rational expectations permanent income hypothesis (as it is usually applied), despite making adjustments to the model which remove the underlying assumption of known, constant real interest use

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Sherringston, Richard Ian. "Developing disparities : consumption and social differentiation in post-adjustment Dar es Salaam." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685310.

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Owusu, Ansah Michael. "Income and Price Effect on Bilateral Trade and Consumption Through Expenditure Channel: A Case of Chickpea." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31829.

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Income and price affect chickpea trade expenditure and consumption expenditure share respectively. An empirical model was estimated to examine the trade effect through the expenditure channel using Almost Ideal Demand System and thus considering non-homotheticity in preferences. The results of the analysis indicated that global chickpea trade has increased from 100000 metric tons in 1988 to about 2.5 million metric tons in 2015. Between the same period consumption and production of chickpea had an increasing trend. USA and Canada had become part of the top 10 chickpea producers by 2015 signifying the increasing demand of chickpea in western countries. Factors that affected relative chickpea trade to importers income were relative market size of the exporter, bilateral distance and contiguous borders. Also, a percentage increase in the adjusted mean income of chickpea consuming country will lead to 94% decrease in the consumption of chickpea when country pair effects are considered.

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Dehkordi, Feridoon Koohi-Kamali. "Welfare and consumption rationing : a study in behaviour based on a war-time Iranian household expenditure survey." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422457.

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Plechanovaite, Samanta, and Carolin Strömgren. "National economic performance and alcohol consumption : A study on the Baltic and Nordic countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-47204.

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Europe is known for being the continent, in which most alcohol is consumed. The amount consumed varies across the continent and is highest in the Nordic and Baltic countries. The tradition of how alcohol is consumed differs across Europe. Generally, the south of Europe consumes alcohol more frequently, but in smaller quantities. While in the north part of Europe larger quantities are consumed on fewer occasions, this is also referred to as binge drinking. However, this alone is not able to explain the variance in consumption patterns. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the selected national performance measurements on alcohol consumption. The average annual wage, unemployment rate and percentage of GDP spent on health expenditure were chosen based on previous research. The price-setting on alcohol was chosen as a representation of consumption restricting policies. A panel data regression is performed on eight countries from the period 2008 to 2017. The results show that there is a relationship between the dependent variable's health expenditure and price index and the independent variables. More specifically that health expenditure and price indexes have a negative relationship with alcohol consumption. Furthermore, in the last chapter future studies and policies are suggested.

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Irvine, Christopher J. "The Determination of Total Energy Expenditure During and Following Repeated High-Intensity Intermittent Sprint Work." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1431340262.

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Thuesen, Anna Helena, and Benjamin Lindahl. "Comparison of oxygen consumption while walking on treadmill wearing MBT Shoes versus Orthopedic Shoes : A treatise on shoe mass." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-13695.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate if there was any difference in energy expenditure (kcal/min) and oxygen consumption (VO2) between subjects walking with Masai Barefoot Technology ® (MBT) shoes and regular orthopedic shoes. The research hypothesis was that MBT shoes demand more energy expenditure than regular orthopedic shoes. Methods: Seven women aged 49-65 were recruited for the study. The subjects were tested in two sessions, with a minimum of two weeks in between each sesssion. On each test session the subjects walked with both MBT shoes and orthopedic shoes which were adjusted in mass (g) to match the mass of the MBT shoes. While the subjects walked on a treadmill, the oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (min-1) and self selected velocity (m/s) for each of the shoe types was measured. Results: Results showed that there is no significant difference in oxygen consumption (VO2) between the MBT and orthopedic shoes. Energy expenditure (kcal/min) was also calculated from the data and the results revealed that there is no significant differ-ence between MBT and orthopedic shoes in energy expenditure (kcal/min) either. The self selected velocity (m/s) between the two shoe types was also found to be insignificant. Conclusion: The results showed no significant difference between the shoes. This could indicate that the specific construction of the MBT shoe has no effect on the energy expenditure (kcal/min) of its user. This lack of difference may be due to the equal mass of the shoes, but since oxygen consumption (VO2) was not investigated in orthopedic shoes with different shoe masses, this conclusion cannot be confirmed. The self selected velocity (m/s) was found to be insignificant and this finding could suggest to that prolonged usage of the MBT shoe may diminish gait parameters dissimilarities during ambulation. This study should therefore be seen as a pilot study and further investigation in this area should be pursued.

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Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.

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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption. The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income. In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.

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St-Onge, Marie-Pierre. "Effect of medium versus long chain triglyceride consumption on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and body composition in overweight men and women." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84436.

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Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have long been advocated as potential weight-lowering agents or potential tools in the treatment and prevention of human obesity. These statements have been made after findings from human and animal trials that consumption of MCT increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation compared to long chain triglycerides (LCT). In addition, animal studies have resulted in lower body weight gain and smaller fat depots when animals were fed MCT compared to those fed LCT. However, long-term controlled trials studying the effects of consumption of MCT in humans have not been conducted and the longest trial to date, 14 d of duration, has shown that the effect of MCT on energy expenditure may be transient. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether, in controlled feeding conditions, consumption of MCT for 4 wk would lead to differences in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation versus consumption of an isocaloric diet rich in LCT. Furthermore, our aim was to establish whether consumption of MCT for 4 wk would lead to greater changes in body composition than would LCT consumption. We conducted two randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trials involving overweight women and men to test our objectives. A secondary objective was to examine the potential satiating effect of MCT, and this was tested in men. Finally, a third objective was to determine whether, when combined with phytosterols and flaxseed oil, MCT consumption would result in different blood lipid profile compared to LCT. Nineteen healthy overweight women and 24 healthy overweight men participated in two separate randomized controlled trials to test these objectives. Energy expenditure and body composition were assessed at the beginning and end of each experimental phases, which differed only in the type of fat included in the controlled diets. Blood samples were also taken at baseline and endpoint of each phase to determine plasma lipid concentrations. Result

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Saisekar, Avantika. "Did Consumers Really Change Their Consumption Habits After the 2008 Recession? A Look into Consumer Expenditure Using Milton Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/508.

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This paper focuses on the consumer expenditure habits in the years following the 2008 recession as compared to Milton Freidman’s Permanent Income Hypothesis. Panel data collected at the household level from the Consumer Expenditure Survey was used to analyze the change in consumption based on the change in income for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011. To achieve a greater understanding of expenditure patterns, this essay also analyzes the income elasticity of demand for elastic goods including expenditure on apparel, food eaten at restaurants, entertainment and transportation. With the use of panel and time series regressions we find that the Permanent Income Hypothesis holds true and consumers only marginally responded to a change in income in their consumption patterns. We hypothesize that the large spike in savings that was seen in May of 2008 resulted because of low consumer confidence, which in turn lead to a change in transitory consumption. Furthermore, we find that older adults spent more money on elastic goods than younger adults. This may be because older adults tend to have other assets that can financially support them in the case of a drastic change in income.

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Okore, Jeremiah K. "The Impact of Alcohol Beverage Price and Tax on Alcohol Consumption." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1433437600.

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Čapek, Dušan. "Relativní chudoba českých domácností a jejich spotřební chování." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-19179.

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One of the key tasks ahead for EU countries is assessment and fight against poverty and social exclusion. Each member of european community has to concern with poverty measurement and prediction of households, which are by poverty endangered. Related to household income decrease under certain level (poverty line) is change of consumer behaviour, which can lead to increase of material inanition. This diploma work is therefore focused on determination of indicators, which either increase the risk of czech household decreasing below poverty line or monitor differences in customer behaviour of relatively "poor" and "rich" households.

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Atchison, Sunny Blue. "The Effects of Hiking Pole Use on Physiological Variables and Rate of Perceived Exertion While Hiking Uphill." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/310.

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An increasing amount of hikers have added hiking poles to their outings to aid in reducing fatigue of the lower body and enhance stability. However, very little research has been conducted on the use of poles during continuous uphill hiking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pole use under field conditions on the rate of perceived exertion, physiological variables [oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), non-protein respiratory exchange ratio (RER), & total energy expenditure (TEE)], and time to completion during a 1.68 km continuous uphill (12.6% grade) hike. Ten male and ten female (Mean age = 22.7 ± 2.0 years) hikers participated in this experimental study using a within subject cross over design with randomized, counter-balanced order. Participants hiked with and without poles, at self-selected speeds. Rate of perceived exertion was collected at five minute intervals. Physiological measures (V02, HR, RER, and METs) were measured continuously (every two seconds) during all hiking conditions using a portable metabolic system (VmaxST, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA). Heart rate data was recorded by a Polar transmitter belt worn by the participant with a receiver integrated into the VmaxST base system. Hiking pole use resulted in increased oxygen consumption (M= 29.8 ± 2.6 ml∙kg⁻¹∙min⁻¹ vs. M= 28.6 ± 2.8 ml∙kg⁻¹∙min), and total energy expenditure (M= 223.3 ± 57.9 kcals vs. 209.6 ± 47.7 kcals) compared to hiking without poles. Duration, RER, HR, and RPE were not significantly different between conditions. These results indicate that the use of hiking poles during uphill hiking increases the energy cost of hiking without increasing the perceived exertion in novice pole users. To fully evaluate the effects of hiking pole use and confirm the results from this study, future field research should be conducted with and without poles, including novice and expert groups, at grades above and below 15 %.

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Tolar, Martin. "Satisficing versus optimising behaviour in the non-durable consumption expenditure decision making process : an empirical examination of Australian data for the period 1976(1) - 1994(2) /." [Campbelltown, N.S.W. : The Author], 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030703.130007/index.html.

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Yang, Vicky (Mengyue). "The Forecasting Power of the Index of Consumer Sentiment: How Robust is It to Alternative Specifications?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1180.

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Using data from the Michigan Consumer Survey, I explore alternatives for constructing the Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS) to improve its forecasting power regarding consumption and its components. Questions which seemed to matter in the past are no longer good predictors. For more recent sample periods, expectations of automobile purchases, unemployment, and current economic situations are more important than categories selected previously. An alternative index is constructed accordingly. Applying different techniques suggested in the literature, the new index significantly outperforms the ICS in both in-sample and out-of-sample tests. Furthermore, the new index also produces more accurate results when forecasting recessions.

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Bjellerup, Mårten. "Essays on Consumption : - Aggregation, Asymmetry and Asset Distributions." Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Ekonomihögskolan, EHV, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-406.

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The dissertation consists of four self-contained essays on consumption. Essays 1 and 2 consider different measures of aggregate consumption, and Essays 3 and 4 consider how the distributions of income and wealth affect consumption from a macro and micro perspective, respectively. Essay 1 considers the empirical practice of seemingly interchangeable use of two measures of consumption; total consumption expenditure and consumption expenditure on nondurable goods and services. Using data from Sweden and the US in an error correction model, it is shown that consumption functions based on the two measures exhibit significant differences in several aspects of econometric modelling. Essay 2, coauthored with Thomas Holgersson, considers derivation of a univariate and a multivariate version of a test for asymmetry, based on the third central moment. The logic behind the test is that the dependent variable should correspond to the specification of the econometric model; symmetric with linear models and asymmetric with non-linear models. The main result in the empirical application of the test is that orthodox theory seems to be supported for consumption of both nondurable and durable consumption. The consumption of durables shows little deviation from symmetry in the four-country sample, while the consumption of nondurables is shown to be asymmetric in two out of four cases, the UK and the US. Essay 3 departs from the observation that introducing income uncertainty makes the consumption function concave, implying that the distributions of wealth and income are omitted variables in aggregate Euler equations. This implication is tested through estimation of the distributions over time and augmentation of consumption functions, using Swedish data for 1963-2000. The results show that only the dispersion of wealth is significant, the explanation of which is found in the marked changes of the group of households with negative wealth; a group that according to a concave consumption function has the highest marginal propensity to consume. Essay 4 attempts to empirically specify the nature of the alleged concavity of the consumption function. Using grouped household level Swedish data for 1999-2001, it is shown that the marginal propensity to consume out of current resources, i.e. current income and net wealth, is strictly decreasing in current resources and net wealth, but approximately constant in income. Also, an empirical reciprocal to the stylized theoretical consumption function is estimated, and shown to bear a close resemblance to the theoretical version.

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Fallon, Kristine M. "The impact of wearable weights on the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to treadmill walking." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002975.

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Brasil, Maria Cristina de Faria. "Espelhos e imagens: um estudo sobre o consumo e distinção de mulheres da “alta classe” gaúcha." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4616.

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Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-23T00:27:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaBrasil.pdf: 872957 bytes, checksum: 1b3b71e61cc6340d3b0221de8eb9f3a8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T00:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaBrasil.pdf: 872957 bytes, checksum: 1b3b71e61cc6340d3b0221de8eb9f3a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-30 Nenhuma O presente estudo tem como principal objeto de investigação e análise o consumo das mulheres de uma fração da “alta classe” do Rio Grande do Sul como forma de obtenção de prestígio e conseqüente fornecedor de símbolos de distinção. A tese parte da hipótese de que o consumo distintivo das mulheres pertencentes a uma fração da “alta classe” gaúcha é, em sua maioria, de bens imateriais que, agregados ao estilo de vida, incorporam um capital social e cultural inimitável, e não de bens conspícuos ou de luxo. A pesquisa compreendeu trabalho de campo, com a aplicação de questionários a 32 (trinta e duas mulheres) de uma fração da “alta classe” gaúcha, e após 6 (seis) entrevistas em profundidade, a fim de identificar quais os bens constituem veículos de interação e proporcionam fatores ou indicadores de distinção social, de que forma é realizada a escolha e classificação destes bens de consumo em detrimento de outros. Apresenta inicialmente o referencial teórico-metodológico para o desenvolvimento do estudo, conceitos como os de luxo, habitus de classe e de gosto articulando às estratégias da obtenção do prestígio e da distinção social. Em um segundo momento, o estudo traz uma análise do processo de acumulação de riqueza da “alta classe” rural gaúcha e suas transformações diante do processo de industrialização que fez emergir uma nova “alta classe”. Ainda neste capítulo problematizamos o discurso do senso comum e difundido pela mídia em relação ao consumo da “alta classe” a partir da exposição dos dados obtidos na pesquisa de campo. O estudo permitiu-nos concluir que o consumo de bens imateriais ou simbólicos é a principal estratégia de distinção social das mulheres da “alta classe” gaúcha, e que o padrão de consumo material que no discurso do senso comum, seria distintivo, a investigação demonstrou que para o grupo estudado não é elemento forte. The present study has had as the main object of investigation and analysis the consumption of women from a fraction of the high-class of Rio Grande do Sul State as a way of obtaining some prestige and some consequential supplier of distinction symbols. The thesis is from the hypothesis that women’s distinctive consumption that belong to this fraction of “gaúcha” high-class is, in the most, referring to non-material possessions which based on their lifestyle, have been incorporated into social and cultural capital and no referring to luxury possessions. The research has been based on fieldwork with some questionnaires applied to 32 women from this fraction of “gaúcha” high-class and subsequently six interviews in order to identify what possessions are considered interactional resources and what ones provide some factors or indicators of social distinction, besides how the choice and the classifications of these consumptions possessions are made in relation to the others. Firstly it has been presented the theoretical-methodological framework for the development of that study, the concepts about luxury, habitus class and taste linking to some strategies of obtaining prestige and social distinction. Secondly the study has brought some analysis out about the process of amassing wealth of the “gaúcha” rural high-class and its transformations against industrialization process from that high-class has been emerged. In this chapter we have discussed about the common sense speech that has been spread by the media in relation to the high-class’ consumption through the exposition of research data. From this study we have concluded that the consumption of non-material or symbolic possessions is the main strategy of social distinction of “gaúcha” high-class women and that the standard of material consumption which in the common sense speech would be distinctive, the investigation has demonstrated it is not a strong element for the studied group.

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Björklund, Johanna. "Emergy analysis to assess ecological sustainability : strengths and weaknesses /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5794-7.pdf.

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Bohman, Lennart. "Energiförbrukning vid havspaddling." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11081.

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Syfte med denna studie var att undersöka energiförbrukningen vid havspaddling. Energiförbrukningen undersöktes i vila och vid två olika hastigheter (4 och 7 km/h), först med en olastad och sedan med en lastad kajak (20 kg). Dessutom undersöktes hur det passiva motståndet förändrades vid successivt ökad hastigheten. Studien genomfördes i en försöksgrupp med jämn könsfördelning och med varierande ålder och paddlingserfarenhet. I studiens första del uppmättes försökspersonernas hjärtfrekvens i förhållande till syrgasupptag och koldioxidproduktion vid en successivt ökad belastning i en kajakergometer. För varje försöksperson kunde sedan en korrelationskurva beräknas mellan hjärtfrekvens och syrgasupptag. Utifrån den hjärtfrekvens som sedan försökspersonen hade under paddlingen kunde syrgasupptaget beräknas. Vid paddling med en olastad kajak och en hastighet av 4 km/h beräknades syrgasupptaget till 5 ml/kg/min. Vid en hastighet 7 km/h så ökade syrgasupptaget signifikant till 11.5 ml/kg/min (p< 0.05). Vid paddling med en lastad kajak så ökade syrgasupptaget signifikant från 6,5 ml/kg/min vid 4 km/h till 14,5 ml/kg/min (p< 0.05) vid 7 km/h. Om energiförbrukningen beräknas utifrån syrgasupptaget för en person på 75 kg skulle en paddelhastighet på 4 km/h innebära en förbrukning på 458 kJ (107,4 kcal/h) med en olastad kajak och 585 kJ (139.8 kcal/h) med en lastad kajak. Vid 7 km/h var motsvarande värden 1080 kJ (258 kcal/h) (olastad kajak) och 1350 kJ (322 kcal/h) (lastad kajak). Det passiva motståndet ökade exponentiellt med ökad hastighet. The aim of this study was to examine energy consumption when sea kayaking. The energy consumption was examined at rest and at two different speeds (4 and 7 km/h respectively), first with an empty and then with a packed kayak (20 kg). Moreover, the kayaks’ passive drag in the water was measured in order to examine how this was influenced by the speed through the water. The study was implemented in a group of paddlers with even gender distribution but with varying age and experience. In the first part of the experiment, we measured the participants’ heart frequency, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production during gradually increased work load in a kayakergometer. For each test subject correlation curves were constructed from the recorded heart rate and oxygen uptake. Based on the persons heart rate during paddling, oxygen uptake was calculated using the individual regression equation which was calculated in the first part of the experiment. When paddling at 4 km/h with an unpacked kayak, the oxygen uptake was measured to 5 ml/kg/min. At 7 km/h, it increased significantly to 11.5 ml/kg/min (p< 0.05). Paddling with a packed kayak oxygen consumption increased to 6.5 ml/kg/min at 4 km/h and significantly to14.5 ml/kg/min at 7 km/h. If energy consumption is calculated on the basis of oxygen uptake for a person weighing 75 kg, at 4 km/h this corresponds to a consumption of 450 kJ (107.4 kcal/h) when kayaking with an unpacked kayak and 585 kJ (139.8 kcal/h) with a packed ditto. At 7 km/h, energy consumption was calculated to 1080 kJ (258 kcal/h) (empty kayak) and 1350 kJ (322 kcal/h) (packed kayak). The passive drag increased exponentially with increased speed.

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Costa, Tatienne Neder Figueira da. "Análise do gasto energético em diferentes exercícios físicos realizados na intensidade do limiar anaeróbio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-09062010-101703/.

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Sabe-se que as diferentes respostas metabólicas advindas da realização de um exercício físico são influenciadas por fatores como idade, gênero, estado nutricional, assim como pelas próprias variáveis do exercício físico, em especial a intensidade e duração. Embora estas últimas variáveis sejam bastante estudadas, há uma lacuna na literatura sobre o comportamento do consumo de oxigênio (\'VO IND.2\'), gasto energético e lactacidemia quando diferentes exercícios são realizados na intensidade do limiar anaeróbio (AT). Além disso, não há relatos sobre uma possível fase estável do lactato em exercício resistido. Desta forma, a proposta deste estudo foi primeiramente verificar a possibilidade de identificação do AT em oito exercícios resistidos e posteriormente analisar o \'VO IND.2\', gasto energético e lactacidemia durante e após os exercícios em esteira, circuito, circuito/esteira e esteira/circuito, ambos realizados na intensidade do AT e com similar duração de execução de movimento. Para tanto, foram avaliados oito indivíduos do gênero feminino, saudáveis e fisicamente ativas, submetidas aos testes de determinação de uma repetição máxima (1RM), identificação do AT em oito exercícios resistidos, identificação do AT no exercício em esteira e realização dos protocolos de exercícios em esteira, circuito, circuito/esteira e esteira/circuito. Os resultados demonstraram a possibilidade de identificação do AT em todos os exercícios propostos. Durante o exercício, as variáveis metabólicas (\'VO IND.2\' e gasto energético) no exercício em esteira foram significativamente maiores quando comparadas aos exercícios em circuito, circuito/esteira e esteira/circuito. Nenhuma diferença significante foi constatada entre os protocolos circuito/esteira e esteira/circuito, para ambas as variáveis mencionadas. Já o exercício em circuito mostrou ser estatisticamente menor que os demais protocolos. No componente rápido do excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), o \'VO IND.2\' e gasto energético no exercício em esteira foram significativamente diferentes dos exercícios em circuito e em esteira/circuito. O exercício em circuito mostrou ser estatisticamente diferente do circuito/esteira, assim como também foi verificada uma diferença entre os protocolos mistos, para \'VO IND.2\' e gasto energético (p < 0,05). A duração e magnitude do \'VO IND.2\' no componente lento do EPOC não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os protocolos, porém uma diferença foi constatada (p < 0,05) na magnitude da produção calórica entre os protocolos esteira e esteira/circuito, neste mesmo período de tempo. Nossos resultados não encontraram nenhuma diferença na duração total do EPOC entre os protocolos estudados. Ao computar o gasto energético total da sessão, somente o exercício em circuito apresentou um dispêndio significativamente maior em relação às calorias dispendidas apenas durante a realização deste exercício. Em relação à lactacidemia, foi possível identificar uma fase estável do lactato nos exercícios em esteira e em circuito. Conclusões: a realização de diferentes tipos de exercício exerce influência sobre o \'VO IND.2\' e gasto energético durante e após o exercício, ao passo que a ordem de execução dos mesmos em uma única sessão, para essas mesmas respostas metabólicas, só é influenciada no período pós-exercício. A duração total do EPOC independe da realização de diferentes tipos de exercícios, assim como da ordem de execução. Além disso, há a existência de uma fase estável do lactato em exercício resistido, quando realizado em forma de circuito. It\'s known that differents metabolic responses that come from the practice of physical exercises are influenced by factors, such as age, gender, nutritional condition, as well as by their own exercise variable, in especially the intensity and duration. Although the latter variables are well studied, there is a gap in the literature about the behavior of oxygen consumption (\'VO IND.2\'), the energy expenditure and \"lactacidemia\" when different exercises are performed in the intensity of the anaerobic threshold (AT). In addition, there is no account about a possible stable phase of the lactate in a resistance exercise. This way, the proposal of this study was first to verify the possibility of identification of the AT in eight resistance exercises and then to analyze the \'VO IND.2\', the energy expenditure and the \"lactacidemia\" during and after the exercises at a treadmill, at a circuit, at a circuit/treadmill and at a treadmill/circuit, all done in the intensity of the AT and with similar duration of the movement execution. For this, eight female participants, healthy and physically active, were evaluated, submitted to tests of determination of a maximum repetition (1RM), identification of the AT in eight resistance exercises, identification of the AT in a treadmill exercise and the development of the protocols of exercise at a treadmill, at a circuit, at a circuit/treadmill and at a treadmill/circuit. The results demonstrated the possibility of identification of AT in all exercises. During exercise, the metabolic variables (\'VO IND.2\' and energy expenditure) in the exercise at the treadmill were significantly higher when compared to the exercises in circuit, circuit/treadmill and treadmill/circuit. No significant differences were found between the protocols circuit/treadmill and treadmill/circuit, for both variables mentioned. When it concerns the exercise in the circuit, it showed to be statistically lower than the other protocols. In the fast component of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the \'VO IND.2\' and the energy expenditure at the treadmill exercise were significantly different when compared to the exercises at the circuit and at the treadmill/circuit. The exercise at the circuit was statistically different from the circuit/treadmill, and it was also verified a difference between the mixed protocols for the \'VO IND.2\' and the energy expenditure (p < 0,05). The duration and the magnitude of the \'VO IND.2\' in the slow component of the EPOC were not statistically different between the protocols, but there was a difference (p < 0,05) in the magnitude of the calorific production between the treadmill and the treadmill/circuit protocols. Our results didn\'t find any difference in the total duration of the EPOC in the protocols analyzed. When determining the total energy expenditure of the session, only the exercise at the circuit showed a significantly bigger energy expenditure in comparison with the expended calories just during the exercise. Concerning the \"lactacidemia\", it was possible to identify a stable phase of the lactate in the exercises at the treadmill and at the circuit. Conclusions: the performance of different types of exercise influences the \'VO IND.2\' and the energy expenditure during and after the exercise, while the order of the exercise practice in a single session, concerning the same metabolic answers, is just influenced in the period after the exercise. However, the total duration of the EPOC has nothing to do with the development of the different kinds of exercise, nor with the practice order. Besides, there is existence of a stable phase of the lactate in the resistance exercise, when performed in circuit.

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31

Sancassani, Andrei [UNESP]. "Custo energético durante a prática do Kendō e proposição de protocolo específico para avaliação da aptidão aeróbia em praticantes." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138294.

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Submitted by Andrei Sancassani null (andreisanca@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-09T12:37:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-4.pdf: 1004721 bytes, checksum: 5e21e3f1719813a43afcc58ade609212 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-12T13:01:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sancassani_a_me_rcla.pdf: 1004721 bytes, checksum: 5e21e3f1719813a43afcc58ade609212 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T13:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sancassani_a_me_rcla.pdf: 1004721 bytes, checksum: 5e21e3f1719813a43afcc58ade609212 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 Enquanto luta, o Kendō apresenta movimentos dinâmicos e estáticos, com manejo da espada em diferentes planos e amplitudes articulares, além do deslocamento vertical e horizontal do corpo. Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar o custo energético (Ė) durante a prática do Kendō, bem como analisar a aptidão aeróbia de seus praticantes (consumo máximo de oxigênio (V̇O2max), limiar de permuta gasosa (LPG) e ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR)) e propor um protocolo progressivo máximo com técnicas do Kendō para a avaliação específica da aptidão aeróbia. Dez participantes homens (29,0 ± 7,6 anos, 82,0 ± 14,2 kg, 174,4 ± 7,5 cm) foram submetidos à (1) avaliação da composição corporal pelo DXA, (2) teste progressivo em esteira para avaliação cardiorrespiratória, (3) protocolo de desempenho: 11 exercícios de aquecimento e 31 de waza, aplicando técnicas de Kendō e (4) protocolo específico para o Kendō. Parâmetros ventilatórios foram amostrados respiração-a-respiração, usando uma unidade portátil (K4b2, COSMED®). O Ė (kcal×min-1) foi obtido pela equação: Ė = 3,941 × V̇O2 + 1,106 × V̇CO2. Para cada fase do protocolo (aquecimento e waza) foram considerados: ĖPico (ĖPicoAquec e ĖPicoWaza, em kcal×min-1), ĖMédia (ĖMédiaAquec e ĖMédiaWaza, em kcal×min-1) e ĖTotal (ĖTotalAquec, ĖTotalWaza e ĖTotalProt, em kcal). A transformação em equivalente metabólico (MET) foi realizada com o emprego da constante 4.184 (kJ×kg-1×h-1) a partir do V̇O2 de repouso (avaliado na posição sentada durante 10 minutos). A quantidade (gramas) e taxa (gramas∙min-1) de oxidação de carboidratos (CHO) e gorduras (FAT) foi determinada por: CHO = 4,585 V̇CO2 – 3,226 V̇O2 e FAT = 1,695 V̇O2 – 1,701 V̇CO2. O coeficiente de Pearson analisou as correlações entre as variáveis do custo energético e da composição regional e corporal. Em todas as análises adotou-se  ≤ 0,05. Os valores de ĖTotal foram: 76,2 ± 13,2 kcal (ĖTotalAquec) e 142,2 ± 26,5 kcal (ĖTotalWaza). Os valores de pico foram: 13,5 ± 2,7 kcal×min-1 (ĖPicoAquec) e 14,3 ± 2,9 kcal×min-1 (ĖPicoWaza). Em METs, os valores alcançaram picos de 6,9 ± 1,4 e 7,7 ± 1,8 kJ×kg-1×h-1 durante a execução do aquecimento e waza, respectivamente. As quantidades de CHO e FAT utilizadas foram 21,5  7,4 gramas e 2,0  1,1 gramas (aquecimento) e 52,0  6,4 gramas e 0,1  0,2 gramas (waza). A massa total e área regional e corporal não diferem quanto à influência sobre as variáveis de Ė e oxidação de substratos, porém a massa isenta de gordura regional (MIG) é mais influente sobre as variáveis de Ė, quando comparada à MIG corporal. Assim, a demanda energética durante a execução das técnicas do Kendō está associada à área e à quantidade de tecido regional metabolicamente ativo. As fighting, the Kendō is a combination of dynamic and static movements handling the sword in different plans and range of motion, as well as vertical and horizontal body displacement. This study aimed to quantify the energy cost during the practice of Kendō, and also analyze the aerobic level of the practitioners (maximal oxygen consumption (V̇ O2max), gas exchange threshold (GET) and respiratory compensation point (RCP)), and finally propose a progressive protocol from Kendō techniques to the specific assessment of aerobic condition. Ten male participants (29.0 ± 7.6 years, 82.0 ± 14.2 kg, 174.4 ± 7.5 cm) were underwent (1) assessing body composition by DXA, (2) progressive treadmill test for cardiac evaluation, (3) Performance protocol: 11 warm-up exercises and 31 waza, applying techniques Kendō, and (4) specific Kendō protocol. Ventilatory parameters were sampled breath-by-breath using a portable unit (K4b2 , Cosmed). The Ė (kcal×min-1 ) was obtained from: Ė = 3.941 × 1.106 × V̇ O2 + V̇ CO2. For each phase of the protocol (warm-up and waza) were considered: ĖPeak (ĖPeakWarm and ĖPeakWaza, in kcal×min-1 ), ĖMean (ĖMeanWarm and ĖMeanWaza, in kcal×min-1 ), and ĖTotal (ĖTotalWarm, ĖTotalWaza and ĖTotalProt, in kcal). The metabolic equivalent (MET) was obtained by the constant 4.184 (kJ× g-1 ×h-1 ) from the rest V̇ O2 (measured in sited position for 10 minutes). The amount (grams) and rate (grams×min-1 ) for carbohydrate (CHO) and fat (FAT) oxidation were measured from CHO = 4,585 V̇ CO2 – 3,226 V̇ O2 e FAT = 1,695 V̇ O2 – 1,701 V̇ CO2. The Pearson’s coefficient analyzed the correlation between the variables of energy cost and regional/whole body composition. The level of significance was set at  ≤ 0.05. The values for ĖTotal were: 76.2 ± 13.2 kcal (ĖTotalAquec) and 142.2 ± 26.5 kcal (ĖTotalWaza). The peak values were: 13.5 ± 2.7 kcal×min-1 (ĖPeakWarm) and 14.3 ± 2.9 kcal×min-1 (ĖPeakWaza). The MET values reached peaks at 6.9 ± 1.4 and 7.7 ± 1.8 kJ×kg-1 ×h-1 during the warm-up and waza, respectively. The amount of CHO and FAT oxidized were 21.5  7.4 grams and 2.0  1.1 grams (warm-up), and 52.0  6.4 grams and 0.1  0.2 grams (Waza). The regional and whole-body total mass and area had no different for the influence on the expenditure of Ė and substrate, although regional FFM exerted greater influence on Ė variables than whole-body FFM have presented. Thus, the energy demand during Kendō performance is related to the area and the amount of regional tissue metabolically active.

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32

Almojel, Suliman. "Characteristics of United States Seafood Consumers." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/38.

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In this thesis, I conducted an analysis of the consumption patterns associated with demographic and socio-economic characteristics, using Tobit and double-hurdle models. Data were collected for 11,574 households from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics for the year of 2014. Specific determinants included household size, age, income, gender, education, race, region, marital status, and whether the household lived in a coastal state. The results reveal that seafood expenditures are sequential decisions. Asian racial groups, households headed by married couples, a large number of members in households, higher income households, and households residing in the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts were variables that significantly impacted seafood expenditures.

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33

Leuck, Marlene Pooch. "Aplicação dos aspectos cronobiológicos da terapia nutricional enteral em pacientes internados em um hospital geral terciário." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/37298.

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Introdução: O reconhecimento da importância da nutrição enteral em pacientes hospitalizados gerou novos métodos de administração, o que leva a muitas perguntas: quais são os efeitos cronobiológicos da terapia nutricional contínua ou intermitente? Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do horário de administração da nutrição enteral como Zeitgeber do ritmo biológico no gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio, mensurados por calorimetria indireta. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado de dezembro de 2009 a novembro de 2010, em 34 pacientes com doença neurológica, com idade entre 52 e 80 anos, alimentados através de uma sonda nasoenteral, 15 através de infusão contínua por 24 horas/dia e 19 em quantidades comparáveis de forma intermitente, a cada 4 horas, dás 8 às 20 horas. Foram realizadas 4 medidas de calorimetria indireta nas 24 horas (A: 07:30 h, B: 10:30 h, C: 14:30 h e D :21:30 horas), durante 3 dias, para cada paciente. Resultados: A idade média foi de 69,5±8,50% eram do sexo masculino, IMC 22 ±3,9 kg/m²(homens) e 25±5,6 kg/m²(mulheres). O gasto energético e o consumo de oxigênio mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos contínuo e intermitente: 1478±817 kcal/24h, (IC: 1249 – 1706), 1782±862 kcal/24h (IC: 1579 – 1984) (p=0.05); 212±117 ml/min (IC: 179 – 245); 257±125 ml/min (IC: 227 – 286) (p=0.048), respectivamente. No gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre as mensurações A, B, C e D em ambos os grupos. Comparando o gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio entre os grupos por Mann-Whitney, houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa em tempo B e C (p = < 0,01). Conclusão: Foi observado neste estudo uma variação circadiana do gasto energético e consumo de oxigênio nos dois métodos de administração da nutrição enteral, sugerindo que apenas uma medida de calorimetria indireta no dia não é capaz de mostrar a verdadeira necessidade do paciente. Observamos também que o gasto energético foi mais elevado à noite nos dois métodos de administração da alimentação. Além disso, o gasto energético e o consumo de oxigênio foi maior no método de administração intermitente em todos os tempos. Introduction: The importance of enteral nutrition has grown in recognition resulting in new methods of administration. That leads to many questions such as: what are the chronobiologic effects of continuous or intermittent nutrition therapy? Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of enteral nutrition as a Zeitgeber of biological rhythm. Energy expenditure and oxygen consumption were measured by indirect calorimetry in continuous or intermittent nutrition patterns. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted from December 2009 to November 2010. Thirty four neurological patients received through the same kind of calibrated nasogastric tube the standard protein and energy intakes calculated for each subject, 15 through continuous infusion for 24 hours/day and 19 intermittently in comparable quantities, every 4 hours, from 8:00 to 20:00 h. Four indirect calorimetry measures were carried out during the 24 hours (A: 07:30h, B: 10:30h, C: 14:30h and D: 21:30h), for 3 days, for each patient. Results: The mean age was 69.5±8, 50% were male; BMI 22±3.9kg/m² (men), 25±5.6 kg/m² (women). Energy expenditure end oxygen consumption presented a significant difference between the continuous and intermittent groups (1478±817 kcal/24h, (CI: 1249 – 1706), 1782±862kcal/24h (CI: 1579 – 1984) (p=0.05); 212±117 ml/min (CI: 179 – 245); 257±125 ml/min (CI: 227 – 286) (p= 0.048), respectively). In the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption, statistically significant differences were found between the A, B, C and D measures in both groups. By comparing the energy expenditure and the oxygen consumption between the groups by the Mann-Whitney test a statistically significant difference was observed for times B and C (p=< 0.01). Conclusion: A circadian variation of energy expenditure and oxygen consumption was observed in both enteral nutrition administration methods used in this work, suggesting that only one indirect calorimetry measure per day is not able to show the patient’s true needs. It was also observed that the energy expenditure was higher at night in both food administration methods. Moreover, the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption was higher in the intermittent administration method in all times.

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Salameh, Ahlam. "Graded Exercise Stress Testing: Treadmill Protocols Comparison Of Peak Exercise Times In Cardiac Patients." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1249833172.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Sport Science and Wellness Education-Physical Education, 2009. "August, 2009." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 10/7/2009) Advisor, Ronald Otterstetter; Committee members, James Rosneck, Laura Richardson; Department Chair, Victor Pinheiro; Dean of the College, Mark D. Shermis; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

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Sousa, Julio Cesar Silva de. "Jogos de realidade virtual em indivíduos pós-acidente vascular cerebral: respostas fisiológicas agudas e sua reprodutibilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39135/tde-13072017-100150/.

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Os jogos de realidade virtual (JRV) são utilizados como estratégia complementar de reabilitação motora em indivíduos pós-acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Porém, o impacto cardiovascular e metabólico desses jogos foi pouco investigado, o que é essencial para uma reabilitação completa. Com esse intuito, este estudo avaliou as respostas de frequência cardíaca (FC) e consumo de oxigênio (VO2) durante os JRV, comparando-as ao limiar anaeróbio (Lan) e ao ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR) e calculando o gasto energético (GE). Além disso, investigou-se as respostas da FC, pressão arterial (PA) e duplo produto (DP) no período pós-JRV e a reprodutibilidade de todas as respostas aos JRV. Para tanto, 12 indivíduos (84% homens, 56±12 anos) em fase crônica após um único AVC participaram, em ordem aleatória, de três sessões experimentais, sendo duas delas de JRV e uma controle. Nas sessões de JRV, os indivíduos foram submetidos a 4 blocos de jogos intercalados por 2 min de pausa; cada bloco foi composto por 3 min do jogo Tênis de Mesa, seguidos de 1 min de pausa e 4 min do jogo Boxe (Xbox360+Kinect). Na sessão controle, os indivíduos assistiram a um filme sentados por 38 min. A FC e o VO2 foram continuamente medidos durante as sessões, e a PA e FC foram medidas antes e aos 15 e 30 min após as intervenções. O GE foi calculado a partir do VO2. As respostas de FC e VO2 nos JRV tiveram boa reprodutibilidade (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse > 0,75 e baixo erro médio da medida). Os valores de FC medidos durante os JRV foram semelhantes ao Lan e significantemente inferiores ao PCR, com mais de 50% dos indivíduos apresentando FC abaixo do Lan em todos os JRV. O VO2 medido durante os JRV foi significantemente menor que o Lan e o PCR, com mais de 75% dos indivíduos com VO2 abaixo do Lan em todos os jogos. O GE médio da sessão de JRV foi de ? 4,6±0,1 kcal/min, totalizando 169±11 kcal. Após a sessão de JRV, a PA não se modificou, a FC e o DP permaneceram aumentados por 30 min. Conclui-se que, em indivíduos pós-AVC, a sessão de JRV proposta promoveu respostas fisiológicas reprodutíveis, que corresponderam a uma intensidade próxima e abaixo do Lan, gerando um GE médio de cerca de 4 kcal/min (3 METS) e mantendo o trabalho cardíaco aumentado por até 30 min após a sessão Virtual reality games (VRG) has been used as a complementary strategy for motor rehabilitation in stroke survivors. However, the cardiovascular and metabolic impacts produced by these games has been poorly investigated, which is important for a complete rehabilitation. To investigate this impact, this study evaluated heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) responses during VRG, comparing these responses with anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP), and calculating the energy expenditure (EE). Furthermore, the responses of HR, blood pressure (BP) and rate pressure product (RPP) after the VRG session as well as the reproducibility of all the responses to VRG were evaluated. For that, 12 chronic post-stroke patients (84% men, 56±12 years) underwent, in random order, 3 experimental sessions: two composed by VRG and one control session. The VRG sessions were composed by 4 blocks of games interpolated by 2 min of rest, and each block was composed by 3 min of the table tennis game followed by 1 min of rest and 4 min of the boxing game (Xbox360+Kinect). In the control session, the subjects watched a film in the seating position for 38 min. HR and VO2 were continuously measured during the sessions, and HR and BP were also measured before and at 15 and 30 min after the interventions. EE was calculated from VO2. HR and VO2 responses to VRG showed good reproducibility (intraclass correlation index > 75% and low standard error of measurement). HR measured during the VRG was similar to AT and significantly lower than RCP, with more than 50% of the subjects presenting HR below AT in all the games. VO2 measured during the VRG was significantly lower than AT and RCP, with more than 75% of the subjects presenting VO2 below AT in all the games. VRG EE was ?4.6±0.1 kcal/min, totalizing 169±11 kcal. After the VRG session, BP did not change, while HR and RPP remained significantly increased up to 30 min. In conclusion, in post-stroke survivors, the proposed VRG session produced physiological responses that have good reproducibility and corresponded to an intensity near to and below the AT, generating a mean EE of 4 kcal/min (3 METs), and maintaining cardiac work elevated for at least 30 min after its end

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Kramulová, Jana. "Regionalizace výdajů na konečnou spotřebu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124518.

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The aim of this diploma thesis is to regionalize the final consumption expenditure of households, general government and also non-profit organisations serving households. It is necessary to search for suitable regionalisation keys (weights) for each of consumption expenditure of all three sectors mentioned above. With these keys it is then possible to divide the national value (taken from national accounts) into the regions. The national values are regionalised to NUTS 3 level (14 regions called "kraj" in the Czech Republic). In the thesis obtained results are also assessed from the regional point of view. Further, the potential alternative indicators are being discussed, that are not possible to use now, but could be a good aim for further research in this topic.

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Botton, Florent. "Mesure et modélisation bioénergétique des exercices intermittents : application au tennis." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863609.

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L'objectif de ce travail était de valider une méthode simple permettant de déterminer la sollicitation des métabolismes aérobie et anaérobie en cours d'activité en prenant l'exemple du tennis. Son principe général est de séquencer l'activité globale composite en sous-activités appelées activités fondamentales AF et de déterminer pour chacune d'entre elles la consigne énergétique DEc(i) afin de modéliser l'adaptation des filières énergétiques grâce au modèle bioénergétique Astrabio©. Des étalonnages permettent d'obtenir les fonctions d'astreinte qui relient DEc(i) à un paramètre mécanique M pertinent, vitesse de déplacement ou cadence de coups, pour les 6 AF sélectionnées au tennis. Une méthode d'analyse vidéo simple utilisant une seule caméra est appliquée lors des matchs de tennis pour déterminer les AF et estimer M. Ces paramètres sont introduits dans le modèle Astrabio© qui détermine la DEc(i) de chaque AF, DE aérobie et DE anaérobie par différence. Les quantités d'énergie aérobie prédites à chaque jeu des matchs ne présentent pas de différence statistique avec celles réellement mesurées par la méthode d'analyse directe de DE (K4b2). Elle met en évidence qu'en dépit d'une DE aérobie moyenne assez faible comprise entre 40% et 60% VO2max, le tennis se caractérise en réalité par des efforts supra-maximaux pouvant atteindre 300% VO2max lors des frappes de balle et le métabolisme anaérobie représente environ 30% de l'énergie totale dépensée sur un match. Cette méthode présente l'intérêt majeur d'être facilement applicable et de décrire l'astreinte réelle d'une activité en fournissant une estimation des DE aérobie et anaérobie à partir de l'analyse vidéo de l'activité

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Simonsson, Per. "Bidrag till familjens ekonomiska historia : Inflytande över konsumtionen inom svenska hushåll under 1900-talet." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-688.

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This dissertation deals with consumption in Swedish households between 1913 and 2001. More specifically, it asks whose resources matter most in determining consumption patterns. As a second question, the dissertation also attempts to establish whether the fact that simple covariance between a spouse’s background variables implies that the spouse has any influence at all over the household’s consumption decisions. The theoretical background is mostly drawn from literature regarding intra-household allocations: on the one hand cooperative game theory and on the other hand sociological theory. Cooperative game theory establishes influence, say or power within the household as a function of the marriage’s or cohabitation’s alternative cost, i.e., the difference between the utility level for a married or cohabiting person as opposed to a single person. Sociological theory considers the contribution one makes to the total level of utility in the household, whether in the form of monetary income, household work or as something else. This is in part conceptualized as a difference between exit and voice. The dissertation’s statistical analysis uses three surveys of household expenditure conducted in 1913, 1952 and 1999-2001. They give us an excellent picture of what they actually purchased during that year. The sample sizes are 552, 596 and 3,501, respectively. The dissertation’s main result is that human capital is a previously underestimated determinant of influence in consumption decisions. As the female stock of human capital increases, so does her influence over the household’s consumption decisions. In an attempt to determine the level of democracy within households, the dissertation uses a complementary data source: a questionnaire called “The Swedish People 1955”. Here, one of the questions directed to females was whether they checked with their husbands before deciding on a purchase, as a measure of intra-household democracy. This was then regressed upon the female share of total income, ideological position and two forms of human capital, one general and one for household work. Both forms of human capital lead to democratic households, which is taken to mean that human capital is important not only because it increases labor opportunities in the event of divorce (exit) but also because it increases female voice.

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Yuba, Tania Yuka. "Evolução dos preços relativos e da estrutura de gastos com alimentos no município de São Paulo: uma aplicação do banco de dados do IPC-FIPE de 1939 a 2010." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-14092012-140908/.

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Introdução: A análise das principais tendências sobre consumo de alimentos tem apontado para a diminuição do consumo de alimentos in natura e o aumento do consumo de produtos industrializados. Este padrão de consumo pode levar à deficiências nutricionais e propiciar o surgimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como a obesidade, dislipidemias e hipertensão. Os hábitos de consumo alimentar são afetados por uma grande variedade de fatores em que se destacam os econômicos, como preços relativos de alimentos e renda da população. Analisar a evolução dos preços relativos pode nos fornecer subsídios que possibilitam visualizar as tendências da relação entre os grupos alimentares. Objetivos: Analisar a evolução dos preços relativos dos grupos de alimentos a partir da elaboração dos números-índices dos preços relativos para o período de 1939 a 2010 com a utilização do banco de dados do Índice de Preços ao Consumidor da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (IPC/FIPE). Metodologia: Para analisar a evolução dos preços relativos, foram utilizados o banco de preços da FIPE e as estruturas de ponderação da FIPE (1939-1988) e do IBGE (1989-2010), desagregadas por classe de renda a partir de 1972. O banco de preços foi organizado, sua consistência foi testada e os preços foram deflacionados pelo IPC/FIPE. Os preços relativos foram calculados e depois agregados por grupo alimentar. Por fim, o índice de preços foi calculado por duas fórmulas: Laspeyres e Konüs-Byushgens. Resultados: Comparou-se o índice geral da alimentação com os índices de cada grupo alimentar, e é possível notar que os grupos de gorduras, óleos, condimentos, açúcares e alimentos processados tiveram um seguimento de queda, por outro lado o índice dos alimentos in natura como frutas e verduras tiveram um ligeiro aumento. Os grupos de cereais, farinhas e massas e os grupos de carnes, leite e ovos tiveram uma tendência mais estável. Conclusão: A evolução dos preços relativos dos alimentos indica uma tendência desfavorável para uma alimentação saudável. Introduction: Analyses of major trends on food consumption point out decreasing fresh food consumption and increasing processed food consumption. Processed food may cause nutritional deficiencies and ease onset of chronic non communicable diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Food consumption habits are affected by many factors, and the ones that stand out are the economic factors such as food relative price and population income. Studying the evolution of relative price may give us support to visualize the relationship trends among food groups. Objectives: Analyze the evolution of relative price of food groups by calculating the index-numbers of relative prices from 1939 to 2010 using the Consumer Price Index database from the Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (Institute for Economic Research Foundation) (IPC/FIPE). Methodology: To analyze the evolution of relative price, we used FIPE´s price database and also the weight structure from FIPE (1939-1988) and from IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) (1989-2010), which were separated by income class since 1972. Price database was arranged, it´s consistency was tested and prices were deflated by IPC/FIPE. Relative prices were calculated and then associated by food group. Ultimately, price index was calculated according to: Laspeyres and Konüs-Byushgens. Results: When comparing total food index against indexes of each food group we noticed that the groups of fat, oil, spices, sugars and sweets and processed food showed decreased indexes whereas fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables showed swift increased indexes. Grain, flour and pasta groups along with meat, milk and egg groups showed a steadier trend. Conclusion: The evolution of relative price of food points out an unfavorable trend toward healthy eating.

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Ekman, Mattias. "Studies in health economics : modelling and data analysis of costs and survival." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 2002. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/598.htm.

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Brockwell, Erik. "State and industrial actions to influence consumer behavior." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93334.

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This thesis consists of an introductory part and three papers. Paper [I] examines how taxes affect consumption of commodities that are detrimental to health and the environment. Specifically, this paper examines if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change, which is referred to as the signaling effect from taxation. The analysis uses aggregated cross-sectional time series data and information on major legislation introductions in Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom from 1970 to 2009. We find the main result to be that the signaling effect is significant for “Electricity” in Sweden and Denmark and significant for “Electricity” and “Petrol” in the United Kingdom. Paper [II] examines how sin taxation changes long-term consumer behavior regarding commodities which are deemed harmful for both health and the environment. These include tobacco, alcoholic beverages, sugar and confectionary, household energy, and motor fuel. Specifically, we examine the signaling effect from taxation which is seen if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change. The empirical analysis is conducted by a US panel data study, during the period 1988-2012 for the four US census regions, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). We find the main result to be that the signaling effect from taxation is significant for tobacco as well as for electricity and motor fuel. Paper [III] examines state and industry responses on consumption of cigarettes and petroleum in the United States from 1998-2012. Upon facing consumption choices, the consumer faces two competing sets of messages, one from the government and another from the industry. The objective of the state is to steer consumption in the right direction due to the harmful effects from consumption and asymmetric information among consumers. This is done mainly via taxation and state media expenditures. The industry, on the other hand, seeks to incentivize the public to ignore or reject state research and signals as well as maximizing net economic returns. This is mainly done via industry media and lobbying expenditures. We find that the main results indicate, for cigarettes, industrial media and lobbying expenditure is statistically significant on consumption. For petroleum, we find that producer prices, state media expenditure, and industrial lobbying expenditure are statistically significant on consumption.

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Björk, Christian. "Den sociala differentieringens retorik och gestaltning : Kritiska perspektiv på funktionalistisk förorts- och bostadsplanering i Stockholm från 1900-talets mitt." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-125914.

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In this thesis, I analys suburb- and housing planning and interior decoration carried out primarily in Stockholm between the 1930s and the 1950s. Functionalism, the overall concept of the period, has perhaps been interpreted in terms of ideological concepts, interpreted as "democratic" and as a progressive dividing line between the past and the future. I examine how housing and suburban planning in Sweden in the mid-20th century was affected by how housing and town planning related to that period's clear class boundaries and well-defined gender roles. I analyse both rhetoric and physical planning. Whether the architect had explicit ambitions to achieve spatial differentiation of socio-economic categories, how suburban planners dealt with their historical inheritance and the principles about categorisation and spatial separation. I also analyse how ideas of class, gender and spatial differentiation of family members affected the organisation and design of rooms in the housing planning of the mid-20th century. The general conclusion of the thesis as a whole is that ideas about class, sex and familial hierarchy were reflected in functionalist housing and interior decoration. The planned suburbs in Stockholm involved explicit strategies for differentiating population categories in different suburbs. The planned suburbs, which were regarded as paradigmatic cases for the suburban planning of the period, involved explicit strategies for differentiating population categories in different suburbs, a strategy that was concretised in physical suburban planning. Terraced housing in one area, småstugor in another, blocks of flats in a third, detached houses in a fourth. Sociological arguments justified this type of suburban planning. The emotional affinity between neighbours was considered to be better if the neighbours belong to the same socio economic category. Planned homes, which were regarded as paradigmatic cases for the housing planning of this period, involved explicit strategies for differentiating family members into different rooms, distinguishing between private and public rooms within the sphere of the home, a strategy that was concretised in physical housing planning. I analyse how the magazine's editorial content contributed to producing a middle-class housing ideal. A central aspect of modern housing planning and the debate in around 1930 was the launch of the home as an essentially private sphere. The editorial team behind the magazine Hem i Sverige launched the home as a reaction against the idea of the home as essentially a private sphere, with a clear spatial hierarchy and division between different family members, between private and public spheres. I examined the participation of the Nordiska Kompaniet department store in the 1930 Stockholm exhibition. As an influential commercial actor, the store's management had a strategy of combining consumption with both benefit and enjoyment, dreams, pastimes and goal-oriented purchases. The starting point for Nordiska Kompaniet's interior decoration approach was the organisation and content of the upper middle-class home. The drawing rooms, the dining room, the serving area, the homes with clear dividing lines between private and public sphere. Family structures and familial hierarchy were emphasised on the basis of the upper middle-class family's tradition. Forskarskolan för estetiska vetenskaper

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Meyimdjui, Carine. "Essays on Public Policies of Food Crises and Exports Upgrading in Developing Countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD027_MEYIMDJUI.pdf.

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Les montées de prix des produits alimentaires au cours de la dernière décennie ont attiré l’attention sur une des sources de vulnérabilité les plus sévères dans les pays en développement. Au regard des défaillances du système financier (en l’occurrence le manque de produits d’assurance appropriés pour faire face aux chocs extérieurs), ces pays pour la plupart importateurs nets, ont vu leurs factures d’importations exploser à la suite des dernières flambées de prix de produits alimentaires. Cette thèse présente quelques essais analysant, d’une part les politiques publiques en réponse aux crises alimentaires, et d’autre part l’amélioration des exportations dans les pays en développement. Constituée de trois essais, la première partie de cette thèse se focalise sur les liens entre des variantes de politiques budgétaires et les chocs de prix alimentaires à l’importation. Le premier essai présente l’effet des chocs de prix alimentaires sur les dépenses publiques, tandis que les essais 2 et 3 s’attellent à analyser les effets des politiques budgétaires discrétionnaires et des relances budgétaires sur la consommation des ménages et l’instabilité socio-politique. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur les distorsions des prix au commerce agricole international, et l’amélioration des exportations. Dans le quatrième essai, nous analysons l’impact des variations climatiques sur les distorsions de prix au commerce international. L’essai 5, s’intéresse quant à lui, aux effets de la concentration et de la qualité des exportations sur la volatilité de la consommation des ménages The recent surges in food commodity prices have drawn attention on one of most severe sources of vulnerability for developing countries. In addition to financial constraints that these countries already face, (among these, the lack of insurance system to weather external shocks), their households also spend an outsized portion of their budgets on food consumption. Consequently, they experienced substantial increase in their import bills in the wake of surges in food prices. This thesis presents several essays that examine on one hand the public policies taken in response to import food shocks. On the other hand, since trade-related policies as well as exports concentration may also heighten countries’ vulnerability, relevant aspects of international trade are also discussed.The first half of this dissertation examines the link between import food price shocks and fiscal policy. Essay 1 describes the effect of food price shocks on governments' expenditure structure, while Essays 2 and 3 turn to how governments' use of discretionary fiscal policy and fiscal stimulus during food price shocks affect household consumption and socio-political instability.The second half of the thesis consists of two essays addressing agricultural price distortion and exports upgrading. Essay 4 lays out the impact of climatic variability on agricultural price distortions, while essay 5 focuses on how exports concentration and exports quality upgrading impact household consumption volatility

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I-Ning, Chu, and 朱宜寧. "Consumption Expenditure, Disposable Income, Principal Component Analysis." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62446341304615629720.

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碩士 輔仁大學 應用統計學研究所 93 The family consumption mainly satisfies member each kind of life on the demand, therefore the different characteristics maybe have different family consumption pattern. The purpose of this study was to know the influence of family characteristics on the consumption expenditure in Hsinchu City. According to the finding, we have made suggestions for business market policy. This research based on Hsinchu City sub-sample of “The survey of family income and expenditure in Taiwan area of Republic of China,2001&2002” conducted by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan of R.O.C. The influence of region and family characteristics and economical head of household on family consumption have been studied. Dalenius-Hodges stratification method, correlation analytic method, Chi-square automatic interaction(CHAID),classification and regression tree (CART),Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis are employed as method of research to find out the characteristics and sort out family consumption expenditure patterns. This research found there is a positive relationship between consumption expenditure and disposable income, and has a negative relationship between consumption expenditure and savings rate. On family consumption expenditure, the low consumption expenditure families can be classified into “Based Health Life Type” and “Housing Type”. The medium consumption expenditure families can be classified into “Safe Health Consumption Type” and “Food, Recreation and Education Type”. The high consumption expenditure families are classified into “Clothing, Recreation and Education Type” and “Health Living Type”. Also, the basic characters of the different kind families are not same.

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Pan, Zheng-Xi, and 潘政熙. "Income-Varying Intertemporal Allocation of Consumption Expenditure." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26624154805490385076.

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碩士 國立臺北大學 經濟學系 92 With income inequality deteriorates in Taiwan gradually, the thesis analyzes the evolution of income distribution in Taiwan from 1981 to 2002 by utilizing a representative individual model. I use the mechanism of a individual''s rational preference to explain why the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. In different consumption propensity, the intertemporal elasticity of substitution and the expenditure elasticity of demand for food are the tools that measure the evolution of income distribution. The study uses generalized method of moments (GMM) to measure the estimates of extended addilog utility parameters, and then calculates the value of income-varying intertemporal elasticity of substitution and expenditure elasticity of demand for food. By the behavior of intertemporal consumption allocation and satisfying Engel''s law, the empirical results depict a change of income distribution in Taiwan.

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Lee, Jean-Yu, and 李正俞. "The Consumption and Leisure Expenditure of Taiwan." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68797994725027337298.

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CHEN, YU-MIN, and 陳昱閔. "The Effect of Family Structure on Consumption Expenditure." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31725517520447933902.

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碩士 國立暨南國際大學 經濟學系 104 This study examines the effect of family structure on consumption expenditure by using multiple regression analysis on data of nine recent Report on the Survey of Personal Income Distribution in Taiwan Area of the Republic of China. The methodologies of this study are Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-stage Least Squares (2SLS).2SLS can overcome the endogenous problem of family structure which may leads to confounding results of OLS. 2SLS uses the sex of the firstborn child as an instrument to family structure. This study finds that offer controlling for family backgrounds and omitted variables by using 2SLS, that effect of family structure on personal consumption expenditure is not significant.

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Chiang, Chia-Hui, and 江佳慧. "Study on Structure of Family Leisure Consumption Expenditure." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67106698170941093596.

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碩士 輔仁大學 應用統計學研究所 90 Due to the rapid development in both economy and society in recent years, national income has been growing incessantly. Fueling with the prevalence of education, people on Taiwan, in additional for pursuing for material life, have turned their emphasis on recreational and leisure activities. In January, 1998, Bureau of Personnel Affairs, Executive Yuan announced 5-working- day-week, the working time and leisure pattern changed drastically, leaving lot more time for free use for people here. Under the circumstance of changed concept on leisure and traveling and increased disposable time, it is increasingly important to find out how the public perceive about the leisure and recreational activities. This research based the 2000 Family Income / Expenditure Survey Conducted by Statistics Division of Taipei City Government as the main source of data and information. The research structure is from the socioeconomic characteristics of economic house-master (such as gender, education background, occupation, line of business), Family situation (size of family, form of organization, with or without child) and family economic situation (family disposable income) to individually investigate the family factors that affect family leisure consumption expenditure, domestic traveling expenditure and overseas traveling expenditure. Cross interrelationship, Auto-Interact Examination, Tree Type categorized regression and logic regression analysis are employed as the methods of research to find out the major structure, attributes interactive, structural feature and variables composition. The empirical result indicate position relationship to the family spending capacity, the disposable income, education background of economic house master and district stayed. It indicate the economic feature of a family is still the most important factor affecting leisure consumption. In addition to understand the affecting factors, we has make suggestion on structure of family leisure consumption expenditure, domestic traveling consumption expenditure and overseas traveling consumption expenditure, so that it may give light to the decision makers to planned for a leisure activities that suitable for all nationals.

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Hsien, Kuang-Chung, and 謝光中. "The empirical research of housing repair consumption expenditure." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30615937064732093556.

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Chen, Jia-Fen, and 陳家芬. "Association Between Comorbidity, Medical Consumption/Expenditure for Depression." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qx5ktu.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Differentiation of consumption expenditure'

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