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1
Wandrol, Ivo, Karel Frydrýšek, and Daniel Čepica. "Analysis of the Influence of Thermal Loading on the Behaviour of the Earth’s Crust." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (2023): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074367.
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The article focuses on the deformation and strain-stress analysis of the Earth’s crust under external thermal loading. More specifically, the influence of cyclic changes in the surface temperature field on the stress and displacement inside the crust over a two-year time span is investigated. The finite element program MSC.Marc Mentat was used to calculate the stresses and displacements. For practical analysis reasons, the Earth’s crust is simplified as a planar, piecewise homogeneous, isotropic model (plane strain), and time-varying temperature functions of illumination (thermal radiation) from the Sun are considered in the local isotropy sections of the model. Interaction between the Earth’s crust and mantle is defined by the Winkler elastic foundation. By applying a probabilistic approach (Monte Carlo Method), a new stochastic model of displacements and stresses and new information on crustal displacements relative to the Earth’s mantle were obtained. The results proved the heating influence of the Sun on the Earth’s crust and plate tectonics.
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Timofeev, V. Yu, D. G. Ardyukov, A. V. Timofeev, and E. V. Boiko. "MODERN MOVEMENTS OF THE CRUST SURFACE IN GORNY ALTAI FROM GPS DATA." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 10, no. 1 (2019): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2019-10-1-0407.
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In 2000–2017, the GPS technology was first applied to study inter-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic processes in the crust of the Altai Mountains (Gorny Altai). Our study aims at investigating the fields of displacement and deformation in the Gorny Altai region as a part of Asia.The 3D displacement fields are reconstructed for the period before the M 7.3 Chuya earthquake that occurred in the southern sector of the Altai GPS network (49° to 55°N, and 81° to 89°E)on 27 September 2003.Anomalous behavior features are discovered in the displacement orientations, as well as in the distribution of velocities and deformation in the zone of the future earthquake.The spatial displacement pattern defined for the period of co-seismic displacements corresponds to the right-lateral strike-slip along the vertical fault. The fault depth is estimated using the elastic model and the experimental data (change in displacement from 0.30 m to 0.02 m at the distances of 14 km and 84 km from the fault, respectively); it amounts to 8–10 km.The co-seismic deformation field is investigated.In the post-seismic stage (2004–2017), displacements revealedin the epicentral zone show the right-lateral strike-slip along the fault at the rate of 2 mm/yr. Therefore, two-layer viscoelastic models can be considered. The estimated viscosity of the lower crust ranges from 6×1019to 3×1020Pa×s, and the elastic upper crust thickness is 25 km. Analyzed are modern movements in the Gorny Altai region outside the Chuya earthquake area.The results of our study show that modern horizontal displacements occur in the NNW direction at the rate of 1.1 mm/yr, which is twice lower than the displacement rate before the earthquake.
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Tretyak, Kornyliy, Ivan Brusak, and Volodymyr Babchenko. "Recent deformations of the Earth's crust in Ukraine based on GNSS network data from GEOTERRACE AND SYSTEM.NET." Geodynamics 2(37)2024, no. 2(37) (2024): 56–68. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2024.02.056.
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The paper analyzes the recent trends of horizontal and vertical displacements of Ukraine's territory based on the GeoTerrace and System.Net GNSS network data. This includes the construction of relevant movement maps and the selection of deformation zones of the upper crust. The object of research is horizontal and vertical deformations of the upper crust. The goal is to identify and analyze deformation zones in Ukraine's territory. The source data includes the horizontal and vertical displacement rates of GNSS stations from the GeoTerrace network for 2018 to 2023 and the System.Net network for 2021 to 2023. This data is complemented by known tectonic map of the territory, sourced from the National Atlas of Ukraine, along with descriptive materials. The methodology includes comparison and analysis of recent deformations of the Earth's crust in the region with its known tectonic structure. New maps of recent horizontal displacement velocities of Ukraine's upper crust have been created, along with vertical displacement velocities of GNSS stations. These studies indicate that the recent horizontal movements within Ukraine are complex and closely linked to the known tectonic structure. Additionally, these movements were compared with regional model values derived from the ITRF-2020 model. Most GNSS stations have vertical subsidence trend, likely due to denudation processes. This study outlines the recent movements of the Earth's crust, however, a detailed interpretation should incorporate additional data from specialists in the Earth sciences. When observed over extended time intervals, the measured velocities of GNSS stations will help identify the spatial distribution characteristics of Earth's crust movement across Ukraine. This, in turn, will facilitate the development of regional geodynamic models for specific tectonic structures or regions, including Ukraine as a whole. Such models hold practical significance for advancing accurate navigation through precise positioning using networks of active GNSS stations.
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Carlotto, Mark. "Toward a New Theory of Earth Crustal Displacement." Journal of Scientific Exploration 36, no. 1 (2022): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20221621.
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Snapshot/Lay Summary—In 1958 Charles Hapgood proposed that mass imbalances created by a buildup of polar ice could displace the earth’s crust over the mantle and that resulting pole shifts were the cause of catastrophic climate changes and ice ages. We contrast the first part of his theory with plate tectonics and true polar wander and propose a new mechanism that is triggered by short-term reversals of the geomagnetic field that “unlock” the crust from the mantle, driven by earth–moon–sun tidal forces, the same forces that move earth’s oceans. It is shown that by combining a modified version of the second part of Hapgood’s theory with elements of existing climate theories it may be possible to account for periodic sea-level changes associated with the buildup and melting of polar ice over past glacial cycles with a combination of Milanković cycles and Hapgood pole shifts.
 
 Abstract—In previous studies of more than two hundred archaeological sites, it was discovered that the alignments of almost half of the sites could not be explained, and about 80% of the unexplained sites appear to reference four locations within 30° of the North Pole. Based on their correlation with Hapgood’s estimated positions of the North Pole over the past 100,000 years, we proposed that, by association, sites aligned to these locations could be tens to hundreds of thousands of years old. That such an extraordinary claim rests on Hapgood’s unproven theory of earth crustal displacement/pole shifts is problematic, even given the extraordinary number of aligned sites (more than several hundred) that have been discovered thus far. Using a numerical model we test his hypothesis that mass imbalances in the crust due to a buildup of polar ice are sufficient to displace the crust to the extent required in his theory. We discover in the process that the crust is not currently in equilibrium with the whole earth in terms of its moments of inertia. Based on a review of the literature that reveals a possible connection between the timing of short-term reversals of the geomagnetic field (geomagnetic excursions), super-volcanic eruptions, and glacial events, we hypothesize that crustal displacements might be triggered by geomagnetic excursions that “unlock” the crust from the mantle to the extent that available forces, specifically earth–moon–sun tidal forces, the same forces that move earth’s oceans, can displace the crust over the mantle. It is demonstrated how such a model, when combined with existing climate change theory, may be able to explain periodic changes in sea level associated with the buildup and melting of polar ice over past glacial cycles by a combination of Milanković cycles and Hapgood pole shifts.
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Dung, Tran Tuan, R. G. Kulinich, Ngo Thi Bich Tram, et al. "PRESENT-DAY STRESS FIELD AND RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT TENDENCY OF THE EARTH'S CRUST IN THE PARACEL ISLANDS AND ADJACENT AREA." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 18, no. 4 (2019): 460–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18/4/13665.
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Present-day stress filed in the Hoang Sa archipelago and adjacent areas is determined through the earthquake’s focal mechanism parameters that have been recorded during a time period of more than 100 years. The geometric parameters of the faults (such as the location, strike and dip angles as well as depth, length…) are determined by satellite-derived gravity, seismic data and stress fields. In this study, predictive determination of the magnitude and tendency of the relative displacement of the Earth’s crust is carried out by calculating and assessing the relationship between the stress fields and fault’s geometric parameters. On the basis of the Earth’s crust relative displacement, the geodynamic mechanism of the Hoang Sa archipelago and adjacent areas through the different geological periods can be rebuilt. Magnitude and tendency of the relative displacement of the Earth’s crust are represented by the color spectrum and the vector’s magnitude. Although the displacement appears in the whole region, its intensities are different in particular areas that have the faults systems with different grades.
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Kojima, Yasufumi. "Accumulation of Elastic Strain toward Crustal Fracture in Magnetized Neutron Stars." Astrophysical Journal 938, no. 2 (2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9184.
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Abstract This study investigates elastic deformation driven by the Hall drift in a magnetized neutron-star crust. Although the dynamic equilibrium initially holds without elastic displacement, the magnetic-field evolution changes the Lorentz force over a secular timescale, which inevitably causes the elastic deformation to settle in a new force balance. Accordingly, elastic energy is accumulated, and the crust is eventually fractured beyond a particular threshold. We assume that the magnetic field is axially symmetric, and we explicitly calculate the breakup time, maximum elastic energy stored in the crust, and spatial shear–stress distribution. For the barotropic equilibrium of a poloidal dipole field expelled from the interior core without a toroidal field, the breakup time corresponds to a few years for the magnetars with a magnetic-field strength of ∼1015 G; however, it exceeds 1 Myr for normal radio pulsars. The elastic energy stored in the crust before the fracture ranges from 1041 to 1045 erg, depending on the spatial-energy distribution. Generally, a large amount of energy is deposited in a deep crust. The energy released at a fracture is typically ∼1041 erg when the rearrangement of elastic displacements occurs only in the fragile shallow crust. The amount of energy is comparable to the outburst energy on the magnetars.
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Khalimonchik, D. A., A. A. Silaeva, and A. A. Panzhin. "Study of modern movements of the Earth's crust The Kola Peninsula and Karelia according to satellite observations." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 18, 2022): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-1-38-44.
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Issues of safety of operation of subsoil use objects are one of the most important tasks of engineering geology. Thanks to the development of satellite geodesy technologies, it became possible to obtain data on the current movements of the earth's crust at different scale levels with sub-centimeter accuracy. The article is devoted to the issues of deformation monitoring of the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. There are many industrial enterprises in this area. Mining has a man-made impact on the earth's crust, which must be monitored. The purpose of the study is to study the horizontal movements of the earth's crust of the territory under consideration. Thanks to constant observations at various satellite stations, their speeds of movement were obtained. The results of satellite observations were processed using the Elcut program. As a result of processing by the finite element method, displacement vectors, strain tensors and a color scheme of horizontal displacements were obtained.
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Guseva, T. V., and L. Latynina. "GEODYNAMICS." GEODYNAMICS 1(6)2007, no. 1(6) (2007): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2007.01.005.
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The important problems of the GPS measurements are the searches of the earthquake precursors and study of irreversible and varying displacement of the Earth crust, due to the strongest earthquakes. With development of GPS systems and improvement of satellite technologies of measurements and methods of processing there was possible to in detail register the processes occurring during activization of seismicity. GPS measurement with the large frequency of registration of satellite signals are the powerful tool of study longperiodical waves at the strongest earthquakes. There are considered the examples of registration of the irreversible and coseismical horizontal displacements and deformations of the Earth crust surface arising during the tectonical processes, accompanied the strong earthquakes (Izmit by 1999, Alaska 2002, Sumatra 2004 etc.).
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Timofeev, V. Yu, D. G. Ardyukov, and A. V. Timofeev. "Variation of displacement fields and Gorny Altai seismic regime." Vulkanologiâ i sejsmologiâ, no. 4 (December 16, 2024): 54–69. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0203030624040048.
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More than twenty years of crust motion measurements by space geodesy method include different epochs of Gorny Altai seismic process. Our study aims at investigating the fields of displacement and deformation in the Gorny Altai region, where we have 20 points-net, situated on big territory, from Novosibirsk in North to Molgolian border at South, and from Kazahstan border at West, to Sayan Mountains at East. Chuya earthquake (September, 2003) separated study period (2000‒2022) to several epochs: pre-seismic – 2000‒2003; 2003‒2004 co-seismic period for epicentral zone; 2004‒2013 post-seismic period for epicentral zone and 2000‒2022 period for far-zone without of earthquake influence. Long term data analyses by modern special program. Anomalous behavior features are discovered in the displacement orientations, as well as in the distribution of velocities and deformation in the zone of the future earthquake. The spatial displacement pattern defined for the period of coseismic displacements corresponds to the right‐lateral strike‐slip along the vertical fault. Elastic and viscoelastic models (2D and 3D modification) used for interpretation. Depth of hypocenter was estimated as 14 km with 2 m relative shift on the seismic fault. In frame of two layers model the viscosity of lower crust ranges 5·1019‒1.1·1020 Pa·s for different elastic modulus parameters. The results of our study show that modern horizontal displacements occur in the NNW direction at the rate of 0.8 mm/y for mountain part outside the Chuya earthquake epicenters zone. Velocity of area deformation at mountain part was 2·10–8/y and it is one order more than the value at flat territory situated to North from Gorny Altai.
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Gapeev, Maksim, Alexandra Solodchuk, and Roman Parovik. "Stochastic Strike-Slip Fault as Earthquake Source Model." Mathematics 11, no. 18 (2023): 3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11183932.
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It is known that the source of a tectonic earthquake in the framework of the theory of elasticity and viscoelasticity is considered to be displacement along a certain fault surface. Usually, when describing a source, the geometry of the fault surface is simplified to a flat rectangular area. The displacement vector is assumed to be constant. In this paper, we propose a model of an earthquake source in the form of a displacement with a constant vector along a stochastic uneven surface. A number of standard assumptions are made during the modeling. We take into account only the elastic properties of the medium. We consider the Earth’s crust as a half-space and assume that the medium is homogeneous and isotropic. For the mathematical description of the earthquake source, we use the classical force equivalent of displacement along the fault. This is the distribution of double pairs of forces. The field of displacements under the action of body forces is found through a combination of Mindlin nuclei of strain. The paper presents numerical analytic solutions for displacement along the strike-slip fault corresponding to one of an earthquake source mechanism. We propose to introduce a random deformation of a rectangular flat fault surface. The paper shows the results of a computational experiment comparing the levels and regions of relative deformations of the Earth’s crust in the case of displacement along a flat fault surface and along a stochastic uneven one. In the case of a stochastic fault surface, the regions of relative deformations become asymmetric. Such differences from the classical case can be useful for an explanation as to why in some cases the simulation results differ from the results of observations.
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Guo, Yanxiang, Geng Chen, Minguo Lin, and Qianqian Guo. "Experimental Study on Destruction Mode and Influence Factors of the Gridded Hard Crust Using Transparent Soil." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (2022): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010590.
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In this study, 12 groups of plane strain model tests of gridded hard crust with different cement contents and structures were conducted with a transparent soil experimental technique. The destruction mode and influence factors in the ultimate state were investigated by analyzing the law of soil displacement and ultimate load change around the structure. The test results revealed that the destruction mode of gridded hard crust under 8% cement content was mainly the destruction of the upper hard crust. Under the condition of small spacing, the grid structure was destructed when the thickness of the hard crust increased. The destruction mode of the gridded hard crust was majorly the destruction of the lower grid structure when the cement content was 15%, and the thinner hard crust was destroyed when the space between grid structures enlarged.
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Imaev, V. S., L. P. Imaeva, S. V. Аshurkov, N. N. Grib, and I. I. Kolodeznikov. "Modern displacement of active faults in South-Yakutian coal-bearing depression on the GPS data." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203-03062019363-71.
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For a quantitative assessment of the current horizontal velocity of the surface displacement of the crust in southern Yakutia in recent years, was organized the first and only points of permanent GPS observations in the city of Neryungri (NRG) and the city of Chulman (CHL3). Both points of observation are located within the southern margin of the Eurasian plate, near the system of active structures separating it from the Amur plate.
 To estimate the relative displacement, the period of joint operation of these two GPS points was chosen, namely from June 29, 2015 to December 1, 2016. The rate of displacement of the point in Neryungri, calculated for a 5-year period (from 27.10.2011 to 01.10.2016), was 21.83±0.73 mm/year in the East-West direction and 12.26±0.25 mm/year in the North-South direction in the international reference basis ITRF2014. The obtained values differ slightly from the theoretical values of the velocity of the Eurasian lithospheric plate at the specified point. The difference of the measured velocities with velocities according to the known kinematic model of the Eurasian plate obtained in this paper is |0.5| mm/year for the Eastern component and |1.0| mm/year for the Northern one and corresponds to the assessment of other authors [Kreemer et al., 2014]. To improve the accuracy of determining the speed of horizontal displacements of the earth's crust at the station CHL3, it is necessary to continue measurements synchronous with the station NRG2.
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Imaev, V. S., L. P. Imaeva, S. V. Аshurkov, N. N. Grib, and I. I. Kolodeznikov. "Modern displacement of active faults in South-Yakutian coal-bearing depression on the GPS data." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-96142019363-71.
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For a quantitative assessment of the current horizontal velocity of the surface displacement of the crust in southern Yakutia in recent years, was organized the first and only points of permanent GPS observations in the city of Neryungri (NRG) and the city of Chulman (CHL3). Both points of observation are located within the southern margin of the Eurasian plate, near the system of active structures separating it from the Amur plate.
 To estimate the relative displacement, the period of joint operation of these two GPS points was chosen, namely from June 29, 2015 to December 1, 2016. The rate of displacement of the point in Neryungri, calculated for a 5-year period (from 27.10.2011 to 01.10.2016), was 21.83±0.73 mm/year in the East-West direction and 12.26±0.25 mm/year in the North-South direction in the international reference basis ITRF2014. The obtained values differ slightly from the theoretical values of the velocity of the Eurasian lithospheric plate at the specified point. The difference of the measured velocities with velocities according to the known kinematic model of the Eurasian plate obtained in this paper is |0.5| mm/year for the Eastern component and |1.0| mm/year for the Northern one and corresponds to the assessment of other authors [Kreemer et al., 2014]. To improve the accuracy of determining the speed of horizontal displacements of the earth's crust at the station CHL3, it is necessary to continue measurements synchronous with the station NRG2.
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Piskarev, A. L., V. D. Kaminsky, V. A. Poselov, et al. "STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH’S CRUST OF THE LAPTEV SEA CONTINENTAL MARGIN AND THE ADJACENT PART OF THE EURASIAN BASIN." Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о Земле 511, no. 2 (2023): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s268673972360039x.
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A 3D model of the Earth’s crust for the Laptev Sea continental margin and the adjacent part of the Eurasian Basin was built using the latest seismic and gravity data. The thickness of the Earth’s crust in the research area equals 7–11 km, which corresponds to a highly extended continental or oceanic crust. Basement formation and sedimentation in this area most likely began in the Late Jurassic. The south-eastern part of the Eurasian Basin is separated from the rest of the basin by a dextral shear zone, the displacement along which during the Paleogene was more than 100 km.
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El Khrepy, Sami, Ivan Koulakov, Nassir Al-Arifi, and Alexey G. Petrunin. "Seismic structure beneath the Gulf of Aqaba and adjacent areas based on the tomographic inversion of regional earthquake data." Solid Earth 7, no. 3 (2016): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-965-2016.
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Abstract. We present the first 3-D model of seismic P and S velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Gulf of Aqaba and surrounding areas based on the results of passive travel time tomography. The tomographic inversion was performed based on travel time data from ∼ 9000 regional earthquakes provided by the Egyptian National Seismological Network (ENSN), and this was complemented with data from the International Seismological Centre (ISC). The resulting P and S velocity patterns were generally consistent with each other at all depths. Beneath the northern part of the Red Sea, we observed a strong high-velocity anomaly with abrupt limits that coincide with the coastal lines. This finding may indicate the oceanic nature of the crust in the Red Sea, and it does not support the concept of gradual stretching of the continental crust. According to our results, in the middle and lower crust, the seismic anomalies beneath the Gulf of Aqaba seem to delineate a sinistral shift (∼ 100 km) in the opposite flanks of the fault zone, which is consistent with other estimates of the left-lateral displacement in the southern part of the Dead Sea Transform fault. However, no displacement structures were visible in the uppermost lithospheric mantle.
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Leary, Peter C. "Near-surface stress and displacement in a layered elastic crust." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, B2 (1985): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb090ib02p01901.
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Leary, P. C. "Near-surface stress and displacement in a layered elastic crust." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 23, no. 4 (1986): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(86)90653-4.
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Timofeev, V. Yu, D. G. Ardyukov, A. V. Timofeev, and M. G. Valitov. "Study of the Crustal Displacement Fields by Space Geodesy Method at the Primorie." Физика земли 2023, no. 1 (2023): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002333723010076.
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This work presents the results of GPS observations (2003–2020) carried out in Primorsky Krai (aka the Primorie) and Khabarovsk Krai in southeastern Russia. The objectives of our study were to obtain displacement velocities, to test the relation of current velocities with seismicity, with the specific features of the geological structure of the Primorie, and to study the rheological parameters of the crust and asthenosphere at the continental margin. This paper analyzes the results of measurements made in the Primorie at the Central Sikhote-Alin fault. The study includes the effects of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan with magnitude M = 9, which occurred on March 11, 2011. The zone of coseismic and postseismic displacements extends to a distance of over 1,000 km from the epicenter. The postseismic attenuations of the multi-year horizontal and vertical displacements allow us to estimate the relaxation time for the elastic-viscous model. With attenuation times of 4 to 8 years, the following viscosity values were obtained for the lower layer according to the two-layer rheological model: 8 × 1018–3 × 1019 Pa s. Using the bending model of the Earth’s surface and the bottom of the Sea of Japan, we estimated the thickness (20–25 km) of the elastic upper part of the Earth's crust in the continent–ocean contact zone.
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Trikhunkov, Ya I., H. Ҫelik, V. S. Lomov, et al. "Geological position, structural manifestations of the Elbistan earthquake and tectonic comparison of two strongest seismic events 06.02.2023 in Eastern Türkiye." Geotektonika, no. 3 (November 3, 2024): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016853x24030054.
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The Elbistan (Ҫardak) earthquake with magnitude Mw = 7.5 or 7.6 happened in Eastern Anatolia on 06.02.2023 at 10:24 UTC, following the strongest in the region of East Anatolian (Pazarçik) earthquake with Mw = 7.8 which occurred on the same day at 1:17 UTC to the south of the region. The Elbistan earthquake activated adjacent segments of the Ҫardak and Uluova faults with Quaternary left-lateral strike-slip displacements. The resulting seismic ruptures have a total length of 190 km, of which 148 km are represented by sinistral lateral slip. Their maximum amplitude of 7.84 m was recorded 8 km east of the epicenter. The strike-slip seismic ruptures of the Elbistan and East Anatolian earthquakes represent exposure of their focal zones on the land surface. Both earthquakes exceed average values of these parameters for continental earthquakes of strike-slip type in terms of focal zone sizes and amplitudes of seismic displacements. At the same time, both sources do not propagate deeper than the upper part of the crust (16–20 km). Ophiolite complexes covering the same depths are widely spread in the area of focal zones of both earthquakes. Two maxima were found in the distribution of seismic strike-slip displacement along the epicentral zone of the Elbistan earthquake (i) amplitudes of 5.7–7.84 m in the Ҫardak fault zone and (ii) amplitudes of 3.5–5.1 m in the Uluova fault zone. Both maxima coincide to the areas of ophiolites or their contacts with basement rocks. In crystalline basement rocks, the sinistral strike-slip amplitudes are significantly reduced. We attribute the increased values of focal zone sizes and displacement amplitudes of both earthquakes to the rheological features of ophiolites, which increase a possibility of slip of rocks during seismic movements. We explain the fact that the sources of both earthquakes cover only the upper part of the crust, by the uplift of the top of rocks with reduced P-wave velocities, including the upper mantle and the lower part of the crust and interpreted as heated rocks with reduced strength.
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Johnson, Bradford J., and Richard L. Brown. "Crustal structure and early Tertiary extensional tectonics of the Omineca belt at 51°N latitude, southern Canadian Cordillera." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 12 (1996): 1596–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-121.
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A crustal cross section through the Omineca belt at the latitude of the Trans-Canada Highway has been drawn to satisfy available surface geological information and Lithoprobe seismic data from this part of the Cordilleran hinterland. Palinspastic restoration of Tertiary normal-sense shear zones leads to the conclusion that the Omineca belt at latitude 51°N was extended in the Eocene by approximately 45 km, 20–25% of the width of the belt. It is shown that the Okanagan–Eagle River fault, which defines the western margin of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex, is likely to have accommodated approximately 30 km of displacement. Restoration of this fault and of 15 km displacement on the Columbia River fault (eastern margin of the Shuswap complex) juxtaposes upper-crustal rocks with similar stratigraphic, structural, and metamorphic characteristics and indicates that the crust was over 50 km thick prior to Eocene extension. Comparison of the crustal geometry in the present and restored sections suggests that extensional strain was partitioned such that the upper crust was most highly attenuated above the central Shuswap complex, whereas the lower crust was most greatly stretched beneath the Intermontane and western Omineca belts.
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Timofeev, V. Yu, D. G. Ardyukov, A. V. Timofeev, et al. "SOME FEATURES OF CURRENT TECHNOGENIC MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 12, no. 3S (2021): 776–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2021-12-3s-0554.
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We describe the history of studying the current crustal movements by various methods and discuss technogenic effects recorded at large water-reservoir zones and mineral deposits in Siberia. Initially, classical surveying techniques aimed to obtain high-accuracy ground-based measurements of height, tilt and direction. Modern geodesy techniques and methods for measuring absolute gravity are now available to investigate displacement, deformation, tilt and other phenomena taking place on the Earth’s surface. These methods are used to estimate kinematic parameters of the crust areas (e.g. rates of subsidence and horizontal movements) and to monitor fluid motions in mineral deposits. Such data are critical for ensuring a proper management of the mineral deposits. In this article, we analyse technogenic processes observed in the Ust Balyk oil-gas field, the Zapolyarny gas deposit, the water-reservoir zone at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station (SSHPS) on the Yenisei river, and large open-pit mines in the Kuzbass basin. Our analysis is based on surface displacement rates estimated from the data collected in different periods of observations at large man-made facilities. In the study of the hydro technical objects, we estimated the displacement rates at 5.0 mm per year. In the northern areas of the West Siberian petroleum basin, subsidence rates amounted to 20–25 mm per year in the early 2000s. These estimates were supported by the high-accuracy gravity measurements showing an increase up to 6–7 microGal per year in the oil-gas field development areas. We assess a possibility of triggering effects related to weak seismicity due to a high stress accumulation rate (1 KPa per hour) in the SSHPS area. A connection between earth tides and catastrophic events, such as gas emissions in high amounts on mining sites, is discussed. Having analysed the surface monitoring records taken in South Primorye in September 2017, we conclude that underground nuclear explosions in North Korea in this period did not cause any significant displacement of the surface in this most southerly region of the Russian Far East territories.
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Tretyak, Kornyliy, and Іvan Brusak. "GEODYNAMICS." GEODYNAMICS 1(32)2022, no. 1(32) (2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2022.02.016.
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The work analyzes the current horizontal and vertical displacement territory of Western Ukraine according to GNSS data, including the creation of special maps of modern displacements and the allocation of deformation zones of the upper crust. The object of study is the horizontal and vertical deformations of the upper crust. The aim is to identify and analyze deformation zones in Western Ukraine. The initial data are horizontal and vertical velocities of 48 continuous GNSS stations from 2018 to 2021 of Geoterrace network, known tectonic maps of the territory and descriptive materials. The methods include comparison and analysis of modern Earth crust deformations of the region with its known tectonic structure. As a result, for the first time it was possible to create the maps of horizontal velocities of continuous GNSS stations and deformations as well as vertical velocities of GNSS stations of the upper crust of Western Ukraine as a whole region. It is established that the deformations of the territory of Western Ukraine are complex and only partially correlate with the known tectonic structure in the region. Most continuous GNSS stations subside in vertical components, possible due to denudation processes. The Galicia–Volyn depression, however, practically does not subside. On the slopes of the Ukrainian Shield there is a noticeable correlation of vertical displacements and the depth of the surface of crystalline rocks. Zones of compression are identified in Zakarpattia, which corresponds to the Zakarpathian (Transcarpathian) deep fault, and in the north-west of the region. It is necessary to mark the zone around the city of Khmelnytskyi, where abnormal vertical and horizontal displacements are observed. Geodynamic interpretation of anomalous deformation zones is given. Determined velocities of continuous GNSS stations with the increasing observation time interval will make it possible to establish the features of the spatial distribution of Western Ukraine crustal movement as well as create an appropriate regional geodynamic model in the future.
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Brimzhanova, S. S., А. А. Akhmadiya, N. Nabiyev, and Kh Moldamurat. "Determination of the earthquake epicenter using the maximum displacement method obtained by Sentinel-1A/B data via ESA SNAP software." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 84, no. 2 (2022): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.154.
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This article discusses a method for determining an earthquake’s epicenter using modern radar data from the Sentinel-1A/b remote sensing satellite. To determine the epicenter of the earthquake, finding the maximum displacement from the radar image data was used. The displacement (displacement) of the earth’s crust was obtained by processing on the ESA SNAP software. Two earthquakes that occurred in 2020 were studied to determine the epicenters in the ascending and descending orbits of the satellite. These earthquakes occurred in Western Xizang, China, and Doganyol, Turkey. The maximum deviation from the epicenter’s officially registered coordinates was 15.6 km for Doganyol and 3.2 km for the West Xinjiang Earthquake.
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Zhou, Xu-hua, Bin Wu, Yao-zhong Zhu, and Jun Li. "The ocean tidal displacement corrections for Earth Crust Movement Network of China." Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 26, no. 1 (2002): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0275-1062(02)00046-2.
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Liu, Jie Qun, and Jin Long Liu. "Character of the Lateral Displacement of Soft Soil Foundation under Embankment." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.987.
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In order to analyze the characteristic of lateral displacement of soft soil foundation under embankment, a typical embankment is studied systemically with nonlinear finite element method, and the location of maximal lateral displacement and its measuring method is also discussed. It is pointed that lateral displacement would be reduced possibly at consolidation stage with strong dry crust and thick soft soil layer, which happened synchronously with vertical settlement increased rapidly. This phenomena could not be measured conveniently with inclinometer pipe, for there are many shortcomings within this technique, although which has been used in engineering widely. It is also shown that the location of the maximal lateral displacement is changeable at different construction stages, which more likely lies in the vertical surface between the toe and the middle of slope of embankment. In order to get the maximal lateral displacement reasonably, it is suggested that the inclinometer pipes should be placed in that area of embankment.
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Song, Qiu Hong. "Key Technologies of the Embedded Deformation Measuring Control System Based on SOPC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.773.
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Deformation measurement is an important content of engineering surveying and the main objects of the deformation measurement are civilians, industrial buildings, precision engineering, large dam, bridge and the earth's crust deformation of rock mass. Deformation measurement aims to obtain the deformation data in the process of displacement deformation, and to get the deformation of the status, trend and possible results through the analysis of these data. The existing automatable solution for measuring the deformation all adopt the 3-dimension displacement test, which based on high precision total station, unattended, automatic data acquisition and transmission control mode.
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Madumarova G.,, Suleimenova D.,, Pentayev T., Baydauletova G., Miletenco N., and Tumazhanova S. "MONITORING OF DISPLACEMENTS OF OBJECTS OF TERRESTRIAL SURFACES BY INTERFEROMETRY METHOD." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.110.
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Geomechanical monitoring is a system of observations of the state of the geological environment, the processes of displacement of rocks and the earth's surface, geomechanical and hydrodynamic processes in a rock mass, interpretation of the results of observations, the formation of judgments about the state of the rock mass as a whole and the forecast of parameters of stable slopes. To determine the displacement of the earth's crust of the Akbakay field, the technology of terrestrial radar interferometry was used. Which is used by only a few research institutes and organizations in the world. In satellite radar interferometry, the promptness to obtain an actual spatial information about the Earth's surface is an important requirement for modern Earth remote sensing data, along with high spatial resolution, as well as geometric accuracy. The operational efficiency is one of the main advantages of radar systems for remote sensing of the Earth or a system of instruments synthesized by radar. Geomechanical monitoring and research on geodynamic polygons reveal wide opportunities for studying vertical movements of the earth's crust. In this work, the most important point is the scanning of the terrain and objects around the scanner standing point, i.e. Scanning special marks with the maximum resolution, which allows you to get a cloud of points.
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Saltus, Richard W., and Travis L. Hudson. "There is more Wrangellia — magnetic characterization of southern Alaska crust." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 59, no. 4 (2022): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0209.
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In southern Alaska, Wrangellia-type magnetic crustal character extends from the Talkeetna Mountains southwest through the Alaska Range to the Bristol Bay region. Magnetic data analyses in the Talkeetna Mountains showed that there are mid-crustal differences in the magnetic properties of Wrangellia and the Peninsular terrane. After converting total field magnetic anomaly data to magnetic potential, we applied Fourier filtering techniques to remove magnetic responses from deep and shallow sources. The resulting mid-crustal magnetic characterization delineates the regional magnetic potential domains that correspond to the Wrangellia and Peninsular terranes throughout southern Alaska. These magnetic potential domains show that Wrangellia-type crust extends southwest to the Iliamna Lake region and that it overlaps the mapped Peninsular terrane. Upon reconsidering geologic ties between Wrangellia, Peninsular, and Alexander terranes, we conclude that Peninsular terrane is part of what we here call Western Wrangellia. Western Wrangellia contains the Lower Jurassic Talkeetna volcanic arc and is similar to Wrangellia of the Vancouver Island area, Canada (Southern Wrangellia), which contains the Lower Jurassic Bonanza volcanic arc. Others have previously made this correlation and proposed that the Talkeetna arc-bearing part of southern Alaska was displaced from the Bonanza arc-bearing part of Canada. We generally agree and propose that about 1000 km of dextral displacement along ancestral Border Ranges fault segments and other faults of south-central Alaska separated Western Wrangellia from Southern Wrangellia. We think this displacement was mostly in the Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous, perhaps between about 160 and 130 Ma.
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Zhang, YunFan, Zhen Sun, and Xiong Pang. "The relationship between extension of lower crust and displacement of the shelf break." Science China Earth Sciences 57, no. 3 (2013): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4676-4.
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Peng, Xi, Yuanyuan Zhou, Li Wang, and Zhaoqian Liu. "Folding of Oceanic Crust Along the Davie Fracture Zone, Offshore Tanzania." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 6 (2025): 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061179.
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The Davie Fracture Zone (Davie FZ)—among the longest offshore transform systems in East Africa—mediated Madagascar’s southward displacement following Gondwana’s Early Jurassic breakup. This giant structure has a distinct topography and gravity field signals. However, it is buried by thick sediments in its northern segment offshore Tanzania, hindering understanding of the internal structures and their origin. In this study, we applied 2-D multichannel seismic to analyze the structural characteristics and evolution of the Davie FZ. The Davie FZ is located in the oceanic domain, which is bordered by the landwards-dipping overthrust fault at the continent–ocean boundary. Volcano sediments atop the basement with undulating Moho reflection below depict a typical oceanic domain. Distinct compressive deformation characterized by the crustal undulation of around 40 km wavelength forms folded oceanic crust, and Late Jurassic sediments onlap onto the crest of the folded basement. The Davie FZ is localized in a corridor with the thickened oceanic crust and is presented by positive flower structures with faulted uplifted basement and deepened Moho. The Davie FZ evolved from a proto-transform fault located in Gondwana before the spreading of the West Somali Basin. During the Late Jurassic, a kinematic change shifted the spreading direction from NW–SE to N–S, resulting in a strike-slip of the Davie FZ and contemporaneous transpressional deformation offshore Tanzania. The Davie FZ is an excellent case to understand the tectonic-magmatic process forming this transform margin.
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Manukyan, Larisa Vladimirovna, Anush Ashotovna Margaryan, Suren Vladimirovich Tovmasyan, and Narine Vahanovna Harutyunyan. "CRUSTAL DISPLACEMENT BASED ON THREE STAGES GEODETIC STUDIES RESULTS IN SPITAK GEODYNAMIC POLYGON." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 6(75) (2020): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.75.832.
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A network of dual-frequency global navigation satellite systems and digital levelling instruments has been established around Spitak, Armenia with the goal of recording changes to the Earth’s crust near to this major earthquake zone. The study was initiated in response to the 1988 Armenian earthquake and is focused on the Sarighamish, Javakhet, Pambak-Sevan, Spitak and Akhuryan faults. Results demonstrate differential movement across fault zones that suggest monitoring of crustal change could be useful in the predicition of large earthquake events.
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Almeida, M. S. S., A. M. Britto, and R. H. G. Parry. "Numerical modelling of a centrifuged embankment on soft clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 2 (1986): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-020.
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Biot coupled consolidation numerical analyses have been applied to a stage-constructed embankment on soft clay in the centrifuge. In the test, the sand embankment was constructed during flight on a clay foundation consisting of an overconsolidated crust overlying a normally consolidated layer. Measurements were taken of pore pressures, dissipation rates, and displacements in the foundation clay. Predictions of these were made using a simple Cam-clay model for the clay and the Cambridge CRISP computer program. A linear elastic idealization was used for the embankment. With some exceptions, pore pressures and dissipation rates were very well predicted, as were maximum values of both horizontal and vertical displacements. However, displacement profiles with depth were not so well predicted. Particular attention is given in the paper to the determination of relevant values of shear modulus G and the difference in behaviour resulting from using constant permeability and permeability varying with void ratio. Key words: embankments, soft clay, centrifuge test, numerical analysis, Biot consolidation, Cam-clay model.
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Kaftan, V. I., P. A. Dokukin, A. I. Manevich, V. N. Tatarinov, and R. V. Shevchuk. "DEFORMATION INTERACTION OF STRONG EARTHQUAKES OF 2010–2016 IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF THE HIKURANGA SUPERPLUME (NEW ZEALAND) ACCORDING TO GPS OBSERVATIONS." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 15, no. 1 (2024): 0735. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2024-15-1-0735.
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Between 2010 and 2016, a series of 11 strong M>6 earthquakes occurred in New Zealand. In the area covering the epicentral zones of these seismic events, the spatiotemporal characteristics of movements and deformations of the Earth’s crust were obtained based on the processing of continuous satellite GPS observations at 64 points of the geodetic network. Using these data, we have studied the evolution of horizontal movements and deformations in order to reveal the possible relationship between the observed deformational and seismic processes. Analysis has been made on the total shear deformation, since the main tectonic structures of the region are faults with a shear mechanism of displacement of their sides. The presence of a giant mantle superplume in the area was the reason for the study of the behavior of horizontal dilatation deformation, and horizontal and vertical crustal motions. Based on the obtained digital deformation models, there were created kinematic visualizations, which are synoptic animations providing direct observations of the seismic deformation process and their heuristic analysis. The study revealed that a series of the strongest earthquakes may be interconnected by a long-term single deformation process, which is caused by the occurrence of an anomalous total shear deformation. The general maximum of shear deformation, dilatation deformation, and horizontal and vertical displacements are concentrated in the center of mantle superplume activity. Prior to strong seismic events, there occur zones of deficit (minimum) displacements of the Earth’s crust in the area of future epicenters, which is of research interest in terms of predicting their locations.
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Wernicke, Brian. "Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 1 (1985): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-009.
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Geophysical studies suggest that the thin crust characteristic of the Basin and Range Province extends eastward beneath the west margin of the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountain regions. In Arizona and Utah, zones perhaps over 100 km wide may be defined, bounded on the west by the east limit of upper crustal normal faults that account for more that 10% extension and on the east by the east limit of thinning beneath the Colorado Plateau. A discrepancy exists within these zones between the negligible extension measurable in the upper crust and the substantial extension apparent from crustal thinning, assuming the "discrepant zone" crust was as thick as or thicker than the Colorado Plateau – Rocky Mountain crust prior to extensional tectonism.If various theories appealing to crustal erosion are dismissed, mass balance problems evident in the discrepant zones are most easily resolved by down-to-the-east normal simple shear of the crust, moving lower and middle crustal rocks that initially were within the zones up-and-to-the-west to where they now are locally exposed in the Basin and Range Province. West of the discrepant zones in both Arizona and Utah, east-directed extensional allochthons with large displacement are exposed. These geophysical and geological observations complement one another if it is accepted that the entire crust in both Arizona and Utah failed during extension on gently east-dipping, east-directed, low-angle normal faults and shear zones over a region several hundred kilometres wide.Large-scale, uniform-sense normal simple shear of the crust suggests the entire lithosphere may do the same. Such a hypothesis predicts major lithospheric thinning without crustal thinning will occur in plateau areas in the direction of crustal shear. In the case of the Arizona, Utah, and Red Sea extensional systems, and possibly the Death Valley extensional terrain, a broad topographic arch, typically 1500–2000 m higher than the extended terrain, is present, suggesting lithospheric thinning in areas predicted by the hypothesis.
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Wang, Yuegang, Wanjiang Guo, Gangzheng Sun, et al. "Remaining Oil Distribution and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms Through Multi-Well Water and Gas Injection in Weathered Crust Reservoirs." Processes 13, no. 1 (2025): 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010241.
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Weathered crust karst reservoirs with intricately interconnected fractures and caves are common but challenging enhanced oil recovery (EOR) targets. This paper investigated the remaining oil distribution rules, formation mechanisms, and EOR methods through physical experiments on acrylic models resembling the geological features of weathered crust reservoirs. Acrylic models with precision dimensions and morphologies were fabricated using laser etching technology. By comparing experiments under different cave filling modes and production well locations, it was shown that a higher cave filling extent led to poorer bottom water flooding recovery due to stronger flow resistance but slower rising water cut owing to continued production from the filling medium. Multi-well water and gas injection achieved higher incremental oil recovery by alternating injection–production arrangements to establish new displacement channels and change drive energy. Gas injection recovered more attic remaining oil from upper cave regions, while subsequent water injection helped wash the residual oil in the filling medium. The findings reveal the significant effects of fracture cave morphological configuration and connectivity on remaining oil distribution. This study provides new insights and guidance for EOR design optimization catering to the unique features of weathered crust karst fractured vuggy reservoirs.
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Essaifi, A., J. L. Lagarde, and R. Capdevila. "Deformation and displacement from shear zone patterns in the Variscan upper crust, Jebilet, Morocco." Journal of African Earth Sciences 32, no. 3 (2001): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(01)90101-0.
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Vasilyev, Alexey, Zemlyak Vitaly, Nikolay Protasov, and Daniel Babashov. "Numerical simulation of the stress-strain state of snow and ice layer on the road when it is destroyed under the influence of the proposed device." E3S Web of Conferences 431 (2023): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343108007.
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In the winter season, we can observe the increased number of personal injuries and road vehicle accidents because of ice coating on paved roads. Surface refining from icing field involves two process operations: breaking it up and transporting the resulting segments. The basic process prevailing in cleaning effective output is the cutting process, i.e. the separation of icy fragments from the pavement with the cutting tools of special machines. The purpose of the research is to simulate the ice crust breaking influenced by the device designed by the authors. The modeling of ice flow failure is rather complicated and not a trivial task. An advanced Lagrangian model is applied in a modern software system. As a result, based on a computing model implemented in ANSYS software system, we have developed an algorithm for determining a mode of the ice crust deformation caused by the circular cutters put into it. The review of the stress strain behavior of ice crust shows that the biggest movement of ice crust fractions arises along the outline (perimeter) of discs and at the surface of the cover. The greatest equivalent stresses are observed along the disc outline (perimeter). The middle part of the disc (approaching to the centre) is nearly involved in equipment operation. The greatest displacement of icy particles is along the disc contour, while they are near zero along the edges. In the paper, we also determined recoverable and shearing deformations, regular and shear stresses in the ice crust at different thickness and movement speed of the device. The calculated motion rate and ice coating thickness at which the destructive effect is most distinctive, has been found out.
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A.S.Yo'ldoshaliyev and O.M.Mamalatipov. "STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS." JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2, no. 1 (2024): 50–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10464048.
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<em>Structural geology and tectonics are fundamental disciplines within the field of geology, providing vital insights into the deformation and displacement processes that shape the Earth's crust. This abstract explores the fundamental principles and methodologies employed in studying the structures and tectonic processes that occur within the Earth's lithosphere. It discusses the classification and characteristics of geological structures, including folds, faults, and fractures, and emphasizes their significance in deciphering the tectonic history of a region.</em>
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Pavasović, Marko, Drago Babić, Antonio Banko, and Gábor Timár. "The Largest Geodetic Coseismic Assessment of the 2020 Mw = 6.4 Petrinja Earthquake." Remote Sensing 16, no. 12 (2024): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16122112.
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On 28 December 2020, the area of the city of Petrinja was hit by two strong earthquakes of magnitudes 5.0 and 4.7 on the Richter scale, and the following day, 29 December 2020, the same area was hit by an even stronger earthquake of magnitude 6.2. It was one of the two strongest instrumentally recorded earthquakes that hit the territory of the Republic of Croatia in the last hundred years, and the strongest earthquake in the Banovina area after the great earthquake in 1909. Increased seismic activity in this area is caused by two vertical strike–slip faults, Pokupski and Petrinjski. This article aims to determine the displacements of the Earth’s crust caused by seismic activity in this area using GNSS measurements and InSAR techniques and comparing their results. Our study showed that horizontal coseismic displacements of 20 cm and more were limited to a radius of 20 km from the epicenter, with a maximum displacement of around half a meter. Considering the original plate tectonic movements of the region and the time elapsed since the previous earthquake of similar magnitude, the geodynamic movements of the Dinarides area are in substantial part sudden displacements associated with earthquakes.
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Peirce, C., A. H. Robinson, A. M. Campbell, et al. "Seismic investigation of an active ocean–continent transform margin: the interaction between the Swan Islands Fault Zone and the ultraslow-spreading Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 1 (2019): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz283.
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SUMMARY The Swan Islands Transform Fault (SITF) marks the southern boundary of the Cayman Trough and the ocean–continent transition of the North American–Caribbean Plate boundary offshore Honduras. The CAYSEIS experiment acquired a 180-km-long seismic refraction and gravity profile across this transform margin, ∼70 km to the west of the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre (MCSC). This profile shows the crustal structure across a transform fault system that juxtaposes Mesozoic-age continental crust to the south against the ∼10-Myr-old ultraslow spread oceanic crust to the north. Ocean-bottom seismographs were deployed along-profile, and inverse and forward traveltime modelling, supported by gravity analysis, reveals ∼23-km-thick continental crust that has been thinned over a distance of ∼70 km to ∼10 km-thick at the SITF, juxtaposed against ∼4-km-thick oceanic crust. This thinning is primarily accommodated within the lower crust. Since Moho reflections are not widely observed, the 7.0 km s−1 velocity contour is used to define the Moho along-profile. The apparent lack of reflections to the north of the SITF suggests that the Moho is more likely a transition zone between crust and mantle. Where the profile traverses bathymetric highs in the off-axis oceanic crust, higher P-wave velocity is observed at shallow crustal depths. S-wave arrival modelling also reveals elevated velocities at shallow depths, except for crust adjacent to the SITF that would have occupied the inside corner high of the ridge-transform intersection when on axis. We use a Vp/Vs ratio of 1.9 to mark where lithologies of the lower crust and uppermost mantle may be exhumed, and also to locate the upper-to-lower crustal transition, identify relict oceanic core complexes and regions of magmatically formed crust. An elevated Vp/Vs ratio suggests not only that serpentinized peridotite may be exposed at the seafloor in places, but also that seawater has been able to flow deep into the crust and upper mantle over 20–30-km-wide regions which may explain the lack of a distinct Moho. The SITF has higher velocities at shallower depths than observed in the oceanic crust to the north and, at the seabed, it is a relatively wide feature. However, the velocity–depth model subseabed suggests a fault zone no wider than ∼5–10 km, that is mirrored by a narrow seabed depression ∼7500 m deep. Gravity modelling shows that the SITF is also underlain, at &gt;2 km subseabed, by a ∼20-km-wide region of density &gt;3000 kg m−3 that may reflect a broad region of metamorphism. The residual mantle Bouguer anomaly across the survey region, when compared with the bathymetry, suggests that the transform may also have a component of left-lateral trans-tensional displacement that accounts for its apparently broad seabed appearance, and that the focus of magma supply may currently be displaced to the north of the MCSC segment centre. Our results suggest that Swan Islands margin development caused thinning of the adjacent continental crust, and that the adjacent oceanic crust formed in a cool ridge setting, either as a result of reduced mantle upwelling and/or due to fracture enhanced fluid flow.
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Schwerdtner, W. M. "Structural tests of diapir hypotheses in Archean crust of Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 3 (1990): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-035.
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Detailed structural maps of two granitoid complexes in the Wabigoon Subprovince are used to test three diapir hypotheses advanced in earlier papers. The gneiss masses of, and individual domes within, the complexes fail the test for solid-state diapirism. The gneiss domes also fail the test for tensile bending caused by hypothetical magmatic diapirs in the subsurface. An oval pluton located near the best-exposed gneiss dome proves to be a synformal sheet rather than a funnel-shaped magmatic diapir. This pluton could be a syenite–diorite phacolith emplaced into a concordant zone of dilation during the late upright folding of the gneiss mass about horizontal axes. Earlier tight folds were probably recumbent and south verging and, like the gneissosity, generated in a ductile shear regime with subhorizontal glide planes. These observations have important implications for Archean tectonics, especially the relative horizontal displacement of large greenstone masses (potentially allochthonous greenstone belts).
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Nishimura, T., H. Suito, T. Kobayashi, Q. Dong, and T. Shibayama. "Excess strain in the Echigo Plain sedimentary basin, NE Japan: evidence from coseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake." Geophysical Journal International 205, no. 3 (2016): 1613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw102.
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Abstract Coseismic deformation depends on both the source fault and on the elastic properties of the crust. Large coseismic deformation associated with the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake enabled us to investigate strain anomalies from crustal inhomogeneity. Concentrated contractional strain was observed in the Echigo Plain (Niigata-Kobe Tectonic Zone) before the Tohoku-oki earthquake, whereas continuous and campaign global navigation satellite system measurements show a widespread distribution of coseismic extensional strain in and around the plain. A 1-D displacement profile shows high strain (7.2 ± 0.7 microstrain) in a 17 km long section across the Echigo Plain and low strain (3.3 ± 0.4 microstrain) along a 15 km long section east of the plain, despite the latter being closer to the megathrust fault source. We performed numerical modelling of coseismic deformation using a heterogeneous subsurface structure and successfully reproduced excess extension in the plain, which is filled by low-rigidity sediments. This study demonstrates the importance of considering heterogeneous crust in deformation modelling.
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М.И., Гапеев, та Солодчук А.А. "Моделирование влияния неоднородных включений в среде на формирование зон геоакустической эмиссии". Вестник КРАУНЦ. Физико-математические науки 49, № 4 (2024): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26117/2079-6641-2024-49-4-9-23.
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Геоакустическая эмиссия — это процесс генерации упругих волн горными породами в результате динамической перестройки их структуры. Результаты наблюдений показывают, что на динамику геоакустической эмиссии влияют механические процессы, протекающие в очаге готовящегося землетрясения. Ранее с целью обоснования связи между вариациями геоакустической эмиссии и процессом подготовки землетрясений было проведено моделирование зон геоакустической эмиссии — областей поверхности земной коры с деформациями порядка 10^(−8)–10^(−5). Результаты проведенного ранее моделирования показывают, что уровень расчетных деформаций в пунктах наблюдений превышает приливные, но на порядок отличается от зарегистрированных. Это может быть связано с тем, что земная кора рассматривалась в виде однородной среды. В действительности земная кора состоит из слоев горных пород, часть из которых находятся в закритическом состоянии и проявляют пластические и квазипластические свойства. Настоящая статья посвящена моделированию влияния неоднородностей земной коры на пространственное распределение зон геоакустической эмиссии. Неоднородности описываются системой простых сил, распределенной по поверхности сферического включения. Интенсивность действия сил полагается постоянной. Получены решения краевой задачи линейной теории упругости в виде свертки функций Грина для однородного изотропного упругого полупространства. Проведены вычислительные эксперименты, и построены линии уровней компонентов поля вектора смещений поверхности земной коры. Показано, что сферические включения оказывают влияние на поле вектора смещений поверхности земной коры. Характер влияния зависит от количества неоднородных включений и их расположения относительно очага готовящегося землетрясения. Geoacoustic emission is the process of elastic wave generation by rocks as the result of dynamic reconstruction of their structure. Observation results show that mechanic processes, occurring in the source of a preparing earthquake, affect the geoacoustic emission dynamics. Modeling of geoacoustic emission zones, the regions of the earth crust surface with deformations of the order 10^(−8)–10^(−5), has been earlier carried out to prove the relation between geoacoustic emission variations and the process of earthquake preparation. Results of the modeling, which was performed earlier, show that the level of calculated deformations at observation sites exceeds the tidal ones but differs by one order from the recorded deformations. This may be associated with the fact that the earth crust was considered as a homogeneous environment. In reality, the earth crust consists of rock layers, some part of which has supercritical state and manifests plastic and quasi-plastic properties. The present paper is devoted to the modeling of the earth crust inhomogeneities impact on spatial distribution of geoacoustic emission zones. Inhomogeneities are described by simple force system distributed over spherical inclusion surface. Intensity of the force action was assumed to be constant. Solutions for the boundary problem of elasticity linear theory were obtained in the form of Green’s functions convolution for homogeneous isotropic elastic half-space. Computational experiments were carried out, and lines of the field component levels of the displacement vectors of the earth crust surface were constructed. It was shown that spherical inclusions affect displacement vector field of the earth crust surface. The impact character depends on the number of inhomogeneous inclusions and their locations relative to the source of a preparing earthquake.
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Merkulova, T. V. "The features of fault tectonics and deep structure of the seismoactive zones in Eastern Priamurye." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 5 (August 15, 2019): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203-03062019522-35.
Full textAbstract:
The paper examines the spatial relationship between the seismoactive zones in eastern Priamurye (М ≥ 5) and the regional faults and hidden fault zones identified from the gravity and magnetic anomaly axes. The seismoactive zones where earthquakes with М ≥ 5 occurred are mostly confined to the regional faults, though such a relationship has not been validated in two cases. The seismoactive zones are detected both at the regional fault intersection and in areas where the regional faults intersect with the hidden faults of various ranks. According to the data obtained by deep seismic sounding (DSS), earthquake converted wave method (ECWM) and magnetotelluric sounding (MTS), the seismoactive zones are formed by deep inclined and subvertical faults. The indications of fluid saturation are found in the seismoactive zones from geophysical data which show that the seismoactive faults often control low-velocity and low-resistivity anomalies in the crust and upper mantle. In some cases, the Moho displacement and the dome-like flexures of the crustal and Moho boundaries are observed along these seismoactive faults and the abundance of the conversion boundaries in the crust is also noted. The deep pattern of the seismoactive faults and the revealed indications of fluid saturation allow us to consider the seismoactive zones in eastern Priamurye as the channels providing fluid supply from the mantle to the crust.
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Bartashchuk, Oleksii V. "Structural evolution of the Earth crust of the East European platform: evidence from the Sarmatian plate. 1. Intra-plate tectonic and stages of the evolution of the Earth’s crust." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 33, no. 1 (2024): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112403.
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 The problems of intra-plate tectonics and geodynamics of the East European plat- form are analyzed. It is shown that the current status and tectonic position of regional structures on its territory changed during the Phanerozoic as a result of radical inversion rearrangements of the earth’s crust structure. The sources of forces and deformations and the influence of the anisotropy of the lithosphere on the evolution of the Earth’s crust based on evidence from the Sarmatia plate are considered. It is assumed that collision stress in the crust of the plate during the epochs of platform activation in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic caused the movements of Arabia and Africa and the spreading of the crust in the North Atlantic ridge. The platform is characterized by stable meridional collision compression, except for Sarmatia, where the stress axis is oriented to the north-northwest. This is related to the initial anisotropy of the plate lithosphere and its modern longitudinal structural differentiation. The stress from the boundaries of the platform was transmitted inward and absorbed in the mobile belts, which determined their overall plate mobility. The structure-forming role of collision belts in the evolution of the Earth’s crust has been clarified based on data from the Dnipro-Donetsk Paleorift Belt. A model of the evolution of the belt is proposed, according to which the rift was laid by splitting of the «cold» continental crust with displacement by the Pull-apart basin mechanism. The «built-in» anisotropy of the lithosphere of the Sarmatian plate and the lack of a direct connection between the modern segmentation of the Precambrian consolidated crust and the relief of the sole of the seismic lithosphere are considered. Due to the overall plate collision, the basin underwent inversion uplift and folding. As a result of the change in the mode of deformation along the extension of the belt, two heterogeneously deformed segments were distinguished in its structure. The western segment contains the relics of the rift, but in the eastern segment, the structure of the Graben is destroyed by cover-folding deformations. The modern longitudinal structural and material differentiation of the Sarmatian lithosphere has been established. The general orientation and phasing of the structural rearrangements of the Earth’s crust of the Precambrian Craton have been determined. It was found that the processes of evolution of the structure of the East European platform were caused by changes in geodynamic conditions and tectonic deformation regimes. Initial geotectonic data were obtained, and a rational methodology was chosen for further geodynamic interpretation. The distribution and nature of the inversion rearrangements of the Earth’s crust on the terrain of Sarmatia were clarified by reconstructing the stress field in the Phanerozoic epochs using indirect methods of Geomechanics analysis of discontinuous and folding deformations.
 
 
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Xiao, Yong, Jianchun Guo, Hehua Wang, Lize Lu, and Mengting Chen. "Elastoplastic constitutive model for hydraulic aperture analysis of hydro-shearing in geothermal energy development." SIMULATION 95, no. 9 (2018): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549718793216.
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Geothermal energy is renewable, clean and green energy generated and stored in the Earth’s crust. The most important consideration for geothermal energy development in non-hydrothermal scenarios is the use of hydraulic fracturing technology to establish an effective network pathway to conduct fluid from injectors to producers. Hydraulic fracturing in geothermal wells is referred to as hydro-shearing and the aim is to improve the conductivity of natural fractures. In this paper, linear elastic constitutive relationships and shear strength of discontinuities in the pre-peak region are initially considered. Based on the dynamic frictional weakening, a proved conductive aperture and the post-peak elastoplastic constitutive models are proposed to analyze the deformation and conductivity of the natural fracture. Simulation research has shown that the joint compressive strength (JCS) mainly affects the shear displacement and hardly affects the dilation. The joint roughness coefficient (JRC) is more important for decreasing the shear strength and improves the dilation aperture. To no one’s surprise, reducing the effective normal stress is the best way for increasing the shear displacement, dilation and conductivity of the natural fracture. Almost 90% of the slip displacement and dilation occurs after fracture shear failure. This displacement not only increases the hydraulic conductivity of the fracture, but also reduces the required surface pumping pressure.
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Letsch, Dominik. "R.A. Daly’s early model of seafloor generation 40 years before the Vine–Matthews hypothesis: an outstanding theoretical achievement inspired by field work on St. Helena in 1921–1922." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 10 (2015): 893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0040.
Full textAbstract:
Large-scale lateral mobility of the Earth’s lithosphere (mobilism) was a hotly debated issue in Earth Sciences during some two decades following publication of Wegener’s (1912) theory of continental displacement. The final acceptance of lithospheric mobility was brought about with the plate tectonics revolution during the late 1960s. Support for mobilism was rather popular in certain European countries during the 1920s, whereas the reactions in North America were mostly hostile. One of the very few influential mobilists in the New World was Reginald Aldworth Daly of Harvard University. The present paper discusses his model of continental displacement which is very remarkable in many aspects. We focus on the hitherto neglected fact that Daly proposed in the mid-1920s a mechanism to create oceanic crust which would have been totally consistent with the Vine–Matthews hypothesis of seafloor generation published in 1963. It is furthermore suggested that Daly’s geotectonic proposals were inspired by small-scale analogues of lava flows and multiple dike swarms he observed on Atlantic islands such as St. Helena and Ascension. His model to account for the construction of new oceanic crust is reminiscent of the models of Vine and Moores (1972) and Cann (1970) which eventually led to the “Penrose-definition” of ophiolites in 1972. As these scientists arrived at their conclusions absolutely independently of Daly, this episode is an instructive example of a multiple or repeated discovery in the Earth Sciences which renders it difficult to believe certain theories of science which assume scientific models to depend mostly on social factors.
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Wesnousky, Steven G. "Crustal deformation processes and the stability of the Gutenberg-Richter relationship." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89, no. 4 (1999): 1131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0890041131.
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Abstract Global and regional surveys of earthquakes show that empirically determined b-values of the Gutenberg-Richter distribution are remarkably stable, generally limited to values of −1 ± 0.2. Here I interpret observations from California, New Zealand, and Japan to suggest that the stability of the b-value is a manifestation of a physical process; specifically, the tendency of crustal strains to organize along relatively discrete zones. Given a portion of the earth's crust subject to a displacement field, displacement is accommodated by a system of fault lengths that obey a power law distribution. With continued displacement, longer faults develop at the expense of shorter faults and take up an increasingly greater portion of the displacement budget. Shifts in regional displacement directions lead to reversals of these trends. The changes in the ratio of long faults to short faults in a region is thus accompanied by changes in the relationship between fault length and fault slip rate. Because the recurrence of earthquakes on faults is a function of both fault length and fault slip rate, the deformation process may result in a system of feedback that inhibits changes in the b-value as fault populations change. A corollary to the idea is that the magnitude-frequency statistics of seismicity may be attributed to the same physical processes that are responsible for the development of plate tectonic boundaries and the gross spatial distribution of seismicity around the globe.
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IHNATYSHYN, Vasyl, Dmytro MALYTSKYY, Tibor IZHAK, Stefan MOLNAR, Monika IHNATYSHYN, and Adalbert IHNATYSHYN. "GEODYNAMIC STATE OF THE TRANSCARPATHIAN INNER TROUGH BASED ON THE RESULTS OF DEFORMATION MONITORING OBSERVATIONS IN THE REGION." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 1 (104) (2024): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.104.02.
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Background. The relevance of the research is determined by the gradual increase in local seismicity in the region, which occupies a peculiar geographical location, through which oil, gas and product pipelines pass, and in which critical infrastructure facilities are located that may be affected by the underground natural disaster. It is important to have information on the movements of the upper layers of the Earth's crust, their kinematics and dynamics, which significantly affect the stress-strain state of rocks and the release of energy from geomechanic processes. It is also necessary to investigate the influence of the region's geodynamics on the discharge of the stress-strain state of rocks. Methods. The research methodology is to construct time-dependent crustal displacements and compare velocities and accelerations of crustal movements in the intervals of anomalous modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust. The velocities and accelerations of crustal movements are calculated, the kinematics of movements and seismicity of the region are compared. Correlation analysis of the observed series is applied. To solve the tasks, we used the results of observations of horizontal crustal movements in the Oașh deep-seated fault area using a quartz strain gauge with a base of 24.5 m mounted in the adit of the Korolevo urban-type settlement. The seismic data were obtained using digital seismometers operating at the monitoring geophysical station of the Seismicity Department of the Carpathian region of S.I. Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Results. The article discusses the geodynamics of the Transcarpathian Inner Trough based on observations of modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust in the Oașh deep-seated fault area, which in 2021 were represented by rock extensions of +12.61x10-7. The physical parameters of geomotion in the region were calculated, the spatiotemporal distribution of local seismicity was established, and the relationship between seismic and geodynamic states in Transcarpathia in 2021 was studied. The variations of displacements of the upper layers of the Earth's crust over the entire period of deformation monitoring observations in Korolevo urban-type settlement (1999–2021) and the temporal distribution of local underground shocks were studied. Conclusions. The analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of local seismicity and modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust over the entire period of deformation monitoring observations in the Oașh deep-seated fault area has indicated an increase in the seismicity of the region in the intervals of intense crustal movements and the presence of periods of crustal movement fluctuations for 12 years: familiar variable processes (expansion and contraction of rocks, the total magnitude of displacement fluctuations in the region of zero movements) were detected for 2–3 years. The most relevant and important are the periods of 9–10 years following these calm intervals, since during this time earthquakes are recorded and their frequency is also found to be increasing. The intensification of seismicity in the region is observed against the background of general rock extension, which occurs due to the steady age-related crustal movements. At the present stage, the current crustal movements are in a state of rock expansion, and if this trend does not change, an increase in seismicity in the region should be expected.
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Zhemchuzhnikov, V. G., and A. N. Sirazhev. "Geology and depth structures of the main Karatau strike-slip fault, Southern Kazakhstan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 929, no. 1 (2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/929/1/012011.
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Abstract The Main Karatau fault is a classical crustal strike-slip zone. It originated as a continental rift structure in the Late Proterozoic and had been developed incessantly for almost 1 billion years as inherited structure. The fault was subjected to polyphase deformations associated with both dextral and sinistral shifts. The Main Karatau fault crosses the Earth’s crust, including the structures of granite-metamorphic layer and granulite-basitic layer and fades without crossing the Moho discontunious. The amplitude of displacement of the Syr-Daria and Chu-Sarysu blocks relative to each other along the Main Karatau fault is estimated at approximately 200 km.