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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Drug solution'

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1

Wheeler, Daniel Wren. "Weakened by strengths : drugs in solution, medication error and drug safety." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:238087a5-120b-4a3d-9437-5840cecf8b6a.

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The concentrations of some drug solutions are often expressed as ratios or percentages. This system simplified prescription and dispensing when Imperial measures such as grains and minims were used. Ampoules of powerful vasoactive drugs such as catecholamines and potentially toxic local anaesthetics are still labelled as ratios and percentages, seemingly through habit or tradition than for any useful clinical reason. This thesis argues that adherence to this outdated system is confusing, causes drug administration errors, and puts patients at risk. Internet-based questionnaires were used to qu
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2

Ḥamdān, ʿImād. "Free solution capillary electrophoresis in the study of drug DNA interactions." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249881.

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3

Zhang, Huixian. "Multicomponent diffusion of macromolucule-additive and drug-surfactant aqueous ternary systems." [Fort Worth, Tex.] : Texas Christian University, 2009. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-04292009-164431/unrestricted/Zhang.pdf.

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4

Ramirez, Carmen Hernandez. "Enhancement of the rate of solution of relatively insoluble drugs from solid-solid systems prepared by supercritical fluid technology." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179928429.

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5

Corswant, Christian von. "Lecithin-based microemulsions for pharmaceutical use phase behavior and solution structure /." Lund : Lund University, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68945035.html.

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6

Craig, Duncan Quinnell Mackenzie. "Characterisation of the solid and solution state properties of drug dispersions in polyethylene glycols." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321274.

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7

Zhang, Kangling. "Determination of solution structure of anti-cancer drug etoposide by NMR and computer simulation." Scholarly Commons, 1997. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2323.

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2.9 mM etoposide in CDCl3 and CDCl3/(D20) were studied at 300 and 500 MHz NMR. One dimensional (1D) NMR spectra and truncated lD Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) buildup experiments were used to find direct information on the structure of etoposide. Results showed that the E-ring rotates freely about the C1’-C4 bond and is oriented to the side where H2’, H4 project. The C and D rings have a "trans" junction at C2-C3 bond. The ethylidene-glucopyranosyl group approaches the D ring allowing close interaction between H1” and H8. Water spin - transfer experiments were done to determine the interacti
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8

Katayama, Derrick S. "Towards a mechanistic understanding of pharmaceutical protein stabilization in solution and the solid state /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2006.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-173). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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9

Park, Jongryul. "Poly(2-oxazoline) architectures for drug delivery systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211439/1/Jongryul_Park_Thesis.pdf.

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The overall aim of my PhD research was to develop biocompatible materials, namely poly(2-oxazoline)s, in terms of chemical structures and chemical and physical properties for drug delivery systems. This thesis demonstrated novel strategies and unique approaches towards sophisticated drug delivery formulations. A combination of crosslinking chemistry, thermoresponsive properties, and drug conjugation was introduced to overcome common issues in typical drug delivery devices such as burst drug release and low drug efficiency. Ultimately, this thesis aimed to promote poly(2-oxazoline)s as the most
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10

Fiebrig, Immo. "Solution studies on the mucoadhesive potential of various polymers for use in gastrointestinal drug delivery systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307747.

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11

Zong, Zhixin. "Studies on the mechanisms of solid state and solution instability of drugs." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2795.

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The overarching objective of this thesis is to demonstrate a systematic approach for addressing the instability issues associated with low limit degradants by developing quantitative degradation models that incorporate key instability determinants into predictive equations. Chlorhexidine was used as model compound in aqueous solution to demonstrate the application of the predictive models to issues of formulation design and manufacturing. Chorhexidine degrades to p-chloroaniline, a well-established toxicant, by various pH-dependent pathways. In acidic conditions, the direct formation of p-chlo
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12

Casasola, Raffaella. "Electrospinning of poly (lactic) acid for biomedical applications : analysis of solution properties and process parameters, drug encapsulation and release." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/22949.

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Electrospinning or electrostatic fibre spinning employs electrostatic force to draw fibres from a liquid, either a polymeric solution or a polymer melt in the form of a charged jet. The jet solidifies and is deposited on a collector in the form of a non-woven fibrous mat. Electrospun fibres have diameters between several nanometres to a few microns, which is one of the main advantages of the process, as materials at the nanoscale have shown great potential in a wide range of healthcare and energy applications. The initial selection of solvents to dissolve the polymer for production of electros
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13

Dutta, Asish K. "Physicochemical characterization of NPC 1161C, an 8-aminoquinoline anti-malarial drug, and its inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins in solution state /." Full text available from ProQuest UM Digital Dissertations, 2006. http://0-proquest.umi.com.umiss.lib.olemiss.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1260798661&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1193423218&clientId=22256.

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14

Murayama, Shuuhei. "Development of solution NMR method for observation and analysis of proteins inside cells." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199327.

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15

Gupta, Patel Salin. "MECHANISMS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF THE INFLUENCE OF SOLUTION-STATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HPMC AND SURFACTANTS ON MIXED ADSORPTION ONTO MODEL NANOPARTICLES." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacy_etds/103.

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Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDS) such as nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, solid-lipid nanoparticles often formulated for the bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble drug candidates are stabilized by a mixture of excipients including surfactants and polymers. Most literature studies have focused on the interaction of excipients with the NDDS surfaces while ignoring the interaction of excipients in solution and the extent to which the solution-state interactions influence the affinity and capacity of adsorption. Mechanisms by which excipients stabilize NDDS and how this informati
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16

Benz, Maximilian [Verfasser], and P. A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Levkin. "chemBIOS – Unifying On-Chip Solution-Based Organic Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Screening in Drug Discovery / Maximilian Benz ; Betreuer: P. A. Levkin." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/123814845X/34.

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17

Chou, Danny Kochen. "Mechanistic insights into physical and chemical stability of albumin fusion proteins in aqueous solution /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2008.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-242). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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18

Ma, Mingming. "Promotion and Inhibition of Molecular Recognition at Interfaces in Aqueous Solution." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291136621.

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19

Caba, Beth Lynn. "Solution and Adsorption Characterization of Novel Water-Soluble Ionic Block Copolymers for Stabilization of Magnetite Nanoparticles." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27614.

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There is a need for multifunctional polymer-particle complexes for use in biomedical applications such as for drug delivery or as MRI contrast agents where composition and stability are essential for the complexes to function. This work outlines a general methodology for rationally designing complexes stabilized with polymer brush layers using adapted star polymer models for brush extension and pair potential. Block copolymer micelles were first utilized for experimental validation by using the brush extension model to predict the size and the interaction model to predict the second virial c
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20

Wright, Gareth. "Fragment based drug discovery for SOD1-ALS and solution X-ray scattering studies on the copper chaperone for SOD1 (hCCS)and its functional complexes with SOD1." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/5473/.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease of the nervous system. The majority of ALS cases are have no attributable genetic link, however approximately 10% are familial and 20 % of these result from mutations in the SOD1 gene. How SOD1 mutation manifests as the ALS phenotype is not clear however the enzyme does gain an aggregative property characterised by SOD1 inclusions in the brain and spinal cord. Drug treatment for sporadic and familial ALS is currently limited to palliatives and there is currently no specific treatment for SOD1 mediated ALS. In order to find molecules that m
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21

Thakare, Kalpana. "THE EVALUATION OF LARCH ARABINOGALACTAN AS A NEW CARRIER IN THE FORMULATION OF SOLID DISPERSIONS OF POORLY WATER- SOLUBLE DRUGS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/232942.

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Pharmaceutical Sciences<br>Ph.D.<br>Advanced drug discovery techniques have produced more lipophilic compounds. Formation of an amorphous solid dispersion of such poorly water-soluble drugs improves their solubility and dissolution. This results in greater in vivo bioavailability. Thus, it is one of the recent trends in the development of oral dosage forms. In solid dispersions, the carrier is crucial for ensuring the functionality and stability of these systems. Larch arabinogalactan FiberAid grade (AGF) is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) designated, amorphous polymer. The objective of th
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22

Bravo, Anaya Lourdes Mónica. "Étude du comportement d'ADN en solution et aux interfaces et le rôle de la dynamique micellaire et la rhéologie dans la libération contrôlée de médicaments." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI112/document.

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Étude du comportement d'ADN en solution et aux interfaces : actuellement, l'objectif de parvenir à une plus grande efficacité dans les processus de compaction de l'ADN, dans l'innovation des capteurs d'ADN et dans l'étude des changements dans les propriétés interfaciales générés entre les surfaces métalliques et les molécules d'ADN, est devenue un grand domaine d'intérêt en bioingénierie. Cette section de la thèse propose le couplage des techniques rhéométriques, électrochimiques et optiques afin d'effectuer une étude détaillée du comportement de molécules d'ADN en solution et aux interfaces,
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23

Matar, Merheb Rachel Rima. "Caractérisation d’une nouvelle génération de détergents stabilisateurs des transporteurs abc en solution : cristallisation de BmrA, transporteur ABC bactérien." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10303.

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En raison de leur résistance aux agents chimiothérapeutiques, les transporteurs ABC de phénotype MDR ont attiré l'attention de la communauté scientifique. Notre projet vise à trouver des conditions dans lesquelles les transporteurs ABC restent fonctionnels en solution pour aboutir à la cristallisation de ces protéines dans une conformation active. Dans ce but, nous avons conçu et développé une nouvelle classe de détergents, à base de calix[4]arène, qui stabilisent ces protéines. Afin de résoudre la structure 3D à résolution atomique du transporteur ABC bactérien "BmrA", responsable de la résis
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24

Roche, Marine. "Développement de méthodes analytiques pour l'étude de la stabilité et de la compatibilité de médicaments sous forme de solution ou de systèmes dispersés. Application en anesthésie-réanimation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS021.

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Le sujet de recherche de ce Doctorat a porté sur le développement de méthodes analytiques afin d'évaluer la stabilité ou les incompatibilités de médicaments injectables d'anesthésie-réanimation en solution ou en systèmes dispersés.La première partie de ce travail a porté sur l'étude de la stabilité d'ampoules de bésylate de cisatracurium produites par la pharmacie du CHU de Lille pour permettre la continuité de la prise en charge des patients de réanimation dans le contexte des ruptures d'approvisionnement occasionnées par la pandémie à la COVID-19. L'étude de stabilité a été menée sur un lot
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25

Boca, Madalina Brindusa. "Research into process validation in pharmaceutical companies, with specific reference to Roche, South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10132009-181630/.

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26

Nadaud, Camille. "Amélioration de la solubilité de principes actifs BCS classe 2 par obtention de dispersions solides." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMAC0001.

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En raison de leur complexité croissante, la solubilité des nouvelles entités chimiques en milieu aqueux est de plus en plus faible. Ainsi, le développement de beaucoup de principes actifs échoue à cause d’une hydrosolubilité insuffisante. De nombreuses technologies existent pour améliorer la solubilité et/ou solubilisation de tels composés. Cette thèse est ciblée sur la formulation de dispersions solides amorphes par extrusion à chaud. En particulier, un principe actif d’intérêt industriel sera formulé en utilisant une extrudeuse bi-vis disponible sur la plateforme Gala®. Cette technologie aut
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27

Roth, Axel. "Self-similar solution for a fractal drum." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263164.

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28

Vasanthavada, Madhav. "A mechanistic study to identify physically stable amorphous solid dispersion /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3147810.

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29

Rosa, Sergio. "Transitional pipe flow of drag-reducing polymer solutions." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507652.

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30

Koury, Eddie. "Drag reduction by polymer solutions in riblet pipes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11372.

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31

Xuan, Juan. "??tude de micelles de copolym??res ?? blocs r??pondants ?? deux stimuli." Thèse, Universit?? de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/90.

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R??sum?? : Les copolym??res ?? blocs sensibles aux stimuli (SR-BCPs) et leurs assemblages, tels que les micelles, les v??sicules et les hydrogels, peuvent subir des changements physiques ou chimiques en r??ponse ?? l'??volution des conditions environnementales. Pour un excellent SR-BCP, habituellement, de l??g??res modifications de l'environnement sont suffisantes pour induire des modifications relativement drastiques dans la conformation, la structure ou les propri??t??s du polym??re. Ces polym??res sont aussi appel??s polym??res stimuli-r??actifs ou polym??res intelligents et ils ont un gran
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32

Maxson, Andrew. "Heat Transfer Enhancement in Turbulent Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500419520976994.

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33

Thomovsky, Elizabeth. "The effects of temperature and admixture handling on lipid emulsion stability in centrally administered veterinary parenteral nutrition (PN) admixtures." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5692.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.<br>"May 2008" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Includes bibliographical references.
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34

Wu, Gangwei. "Drag reduction in large diameter hydraulic capsule pipeline /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9904874.

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35

Kumar, Ketan. "Product management framework for the development of automation solutions for biologics drug substance manufacturing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126904.

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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, May, 2020<br>Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, May, 2020<br>Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-122).<br>This thesis presents a product management framework for the development of innovative manufacturing automation solutions, and the application of this framework to the development of automation for a continuous biomanufacturing platform at Amgen. A recently formed team at Amgen - Next Gen Automation
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36

Pinsuwan, Sirirat 1961. "Stability kinetics of 4-dedimethylamino sancycline, a new anti-tumor drug, in aqueous solutions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282753.

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4-Dedimethylamino sancycline (col-3) is a new antitumor antibiotic of the tetracycline family. Preformulation studies have indicated that col-3 is not stable in aqueous solutions. The overall purpose of this research project is to investigate the stability kinetics of this drug in aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of col-3, including melting point, UV spectrum, mass spectrum, dissociation constants and solubility were determined. Col-3 is an acidic compound with two pKₐ values of 5.9 (pKₐ₁) and 8.1 (pKₐ₂). It is slightly soluble in water (0.01 mg/mL) and readily soluble in orga
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37

Ge, Wu. "Studies on the Nanostructure, Rheology and Drag Reduction Characteristics of Drag Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solutions." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1230589917.

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38

Qi, Yunying. "Investigation of Relationships among Microstructure, Rheology, Drag Reduction and Heat transfer of Drag Reducing Surfactant Solutions." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1036712806.

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39

Garcia, Herbert Melendez, Manuel Maza Cortez, and Edgar Diaz Amaya. "Blockchain-based Website Solution for Controlling the Authorized Sale of Drugs in Peru." Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656580.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>Drug counterfeiting or adulteration is a worldwide concern due to the serious consequences they generate, especially in the health and economic sectors. This concern is greater in Peru, as it is among the top five countries with drug counterfeiting incidents in the Americas, according to a study carried out in 2018 by the Pan American Health Organization. In this paper, we present our project, which aims at implementing a technological solution
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40

Melton, Sarah, and Nicholas E. Hagemeier. "Prescription Drug Abuse: Regional Realities and Recommendations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1419.

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41

Abdo, Ahmad M. "Parameters influencing complexation of some acidic drugs in aqueous cyclodextrin solutions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418460.

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42

Chou, Lu-chien. "Drag reducing cationic surfactant solutions for district heating and cooling systems /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487758178238587.

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43

Cui, Yong. "Enhanced Release of Lidocaine From Supersaturated Solutions of Lidocaine In A Pressure Sensitive Adhesive." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1054210962.

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44

Xiong, Yong-Liang. "Numerical Investigation on Drag Reduction and Two-Dimensional Turbulence in Diluted Polymer Solutions." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14141/document.

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Les polymères jouent un rôle important sur la réduction de la traînée et la modification de la structure des écoulements. Nous avons utilisé le modèle Oldroyd-B pour étudier l’effet de la viscoélasticité de solutions de polymères dilués sur des écoulements en deux dimensions autour d’obstacles dans un canal. Les obstacles sont pris en compte par la méthode de pénalisation volumique et des condition aux limites artificielles sans réflexion sont imposées à la sortie du canal. La discrétisation est effectuée par des schémas performants en différences finies et la résolution par une méthode multig
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Gillespie, Cheska. "The precipitation of candidate drugs on mixing DMSO stock solutions with aqueous buffers." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25548.

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The precipitation of candidate drugs from dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) stock solutions and buffer mixtures has practical importance within the pharmaceutical industry. At the drug discovery stage, mixing of drug DMSO stocks and aqueous buffer is a common procedure for many analyses, such as bioassay screening and some solubility screens. Precipitation from these mixtures, whilst a recognised issue, has little in the way of published work. This thesis explores in detail the precipitation of three poorly water soluble, commercially available drug molecules, namely amiodarone HCl, clotrimazole and to
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46

Hagemeier, Nicholas E., J. Nile Barnes, and Kasey Strey. "The Prescription Opioid Epidemic: How it Happened and Solutions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1414.

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Rates of prescription drug misuse in Texas are alarmingly high. One in five Texas high school students have taken prescription drugs without a doctor’s prescription. In 2015, Texas had the second highest total healthcare costs from opioid abuse in the nation ($1.96 billion), and Texas is home to four of the top 25 cities in the U.S. for opioid abuse. Meanwhile, only one in three prescribers is using the statewide Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP), leading to a massive loss of data. There is substantial need for increased infrastructure and prevention measures in Texas, especially rel
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47

Miles, Shirley. "DNA quadruplex systems and their interactions with anti-cancer drugs: a small angle solution scattering study." Thesis, Keele University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493652.

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DNA quadruplexes are involved in the regulation of gene expression, recombination and chromosomal alignment. They have been extensively studied using telomeric DNA sequences. Their overall conformation depends on the number of DNA strands (one, two or four) and on ionic conditions and it has been suggested that this behaviour may relate to regulatory mechanisms. Several proteins, including telomerase, have high binding affinities for quadruplexes. Telomerase function has been implicated with the immortality of cancer cells. Stabilising quadruplexes by small ligands has been used to inhibit tel
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48

Sarkar, Abhijit. "Solution behaviour of some food additions and drugs in different aqueous media : a physico-chemical study." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2597.

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49

Riley, Christine Marie 1964. "The effect of triacetin on solubility of diazepam and phenytoin." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277304.

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The effect of triacetin in combination with common cosolvents on the solubility of phenytoin and diazepam was studied. The cosolvents were PEG 400 and propylene glycol. In addition, the data were used to test the following model: UNFORMATTED EQUATION FOLLOWS: log Sᵈ(c,p,w) = log Sᵈ(w) + f(c)σᵈ(c) + [Sᵖ(w)10(f(c)σᵖ(c))/D(p)] σᵈ(p). UNFORMATTED EQUATION ENDS. The term on the left side of the equation is the solubility of a drug in the ternary system. This is related to the aqueous solubility of the drug, the solubility of the drug in a completely miscible organic solvent (CMOS), and the solubili
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50

Alyousif, Abdulmohsen A. "Examining the most economical ways in which medicines can be both presribed and dispensed in Saudi outpatient hospitals : a study carried out, exclusively in Saudi Arabian Hospitals, to determine the consraints, problems and possible solutions to effective medicines supply for outpatients." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5696.

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Backround. Based of my personal observations when employed as a pharmacist in a Saudi hospital it was clear that there were problems with medicine supply to outpatients. This thesis was designed to scientifically investigate the types of shortages, the reason(s) for such problems and potential solutions to the problem. Methods . This study was undertaken using a variety of experimental techniques to determine the views and perceptions of patients, pharmacists, physicians and administrative staff of the hospital under examination. To establish the scale of the problem: focus groups (n=25), stru
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