Academic literature on the topic 'E vitamins and calcium-phosphorus compounds'

Patients who undergo kidney transplantation have laboratory, bone, and soft tissue abnormalities that characterize chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). After successful transplantation, abnormal values of parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, calcium, phosphate, vitamin D sterols, and sex hormones generally improve, but abnormalities often persist. Cardiovascular risk remains high and is influenced by prevalent vascular calcification, and fracture risk increases due to a combination of abnormal bone ‘quality’, compounded by immunosuppressive drugs and reductions in bone mineral density. Patients with well managed CKD-MBD before transplantation generally have a smoother post-transplant course, and it is useful to assess patients soon after transplantation for risk factors relevant to the general population and to patients with CKD. Targeted laboratory assessment, bone densitometry, and X-ray of the spine are useful for guiding therapy to minimize post-transplant effects of CKD-MBD. To reduce fracture risk, general measures include glucocorticoid dose minimization, attaining adequate 25(OH)D levels, and maintaining calcium and phosphate values in the normal range. Calcitriol or its analogues and antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates may protect bone from glucocorticoid effects and ongoing hyperparathyroidism, but the efficacy of these therapies to reduce fractures is unproven. Alternate therapies with fewer data include denosumab, strontium ranelate, teriparatide, oestrogen or testosterone hormone replacement therapy, tibolone, selective oestrogen receptor modulators, and cinacalcet. Parathyroidectomy may be necessary, but is generally avoided within the first post-transplant year. A schema is presented in this chapter that aims to minimize harm when allocating therapy.

The word vitamin was first used to mean ""the amine necessary for life"". • Vitamins are organic catalysts necessary for normal body functions, growth and healthy living. They are not synthesized in the human body and must be obtained externally. Vitamins are classified according to their fat and water solubility. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E and K, and although they are essential for health, each of them has very important functions in the body. They have many biological activities such as vision, bone, coagulation and antioxidant effects. They are released, absorbed and transported (as chylomicrons) along with dietary fats. They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue and are eliminated more slowly than water-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body and cause toxic effects. Minerals are inorganic substances needed for the body to maintain its basic functions. These substances cannot be created directly by plants and animals and are taken from the soil. Minerals are divided into two groups: macrominerals and microminerals. Macrominerals are elements that should be taken in amounts greater than 100 mg daily. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chlorine and potassium are macrominerals. Deficiency or excess intake of minerals can disrupt many biological functions and cause diseases. Sodium is a mineral that plays an important role in the body. Sodium, the main cation of extracellular fluid, is involved in functions such as transport of substances across the cell membrane, fluid-electrolyte balance, and regulation of blood pressure. Sodium levels in the body are kept under control by the functioning of the kidneys and the influence of hormones. Muscle contraction begins with an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration. It is the most abundant element in the human body after calcium. It is a component of DNA and RNA. Phosphorus plays a role in the formation of bones and teeth and the repair of tissues and cells. It is found abundantly in water in nature, but rarely in plants, especially as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. It ensures that the fluids in the body are kept in balance.

The Capparaceae family, also known as the caper family, is a group of flowering plants with 33 genera and about 700 species. Some members are rich sources of vitamins, including vitamin A (in the form of beta-carotene), vitamin C, and vitamin K. They may also contain minerals like potassium, calcium, and iron. Some members may contain anti-nutritional compounds like Glucosinolates and tannins (Kamel et al., 2009).

The Amaranthaceae family comprises nearly 175 genera and more than 2,500 species. The plants are found nearly worldwide, with some species thriving in tropical regions and others adapted to cool temperate climates. Several species of this family are important food crops, including Amaranth, Quinoa, Beet, etc. and some species are ornamental including cocks comb, globe amaranth, etc. Amaranthaceae members are rich in nutrients, essential amino acids, dietary fibers, vitamins A, B complex (particularly B6), C, E, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, some members contain antinutritional compounds including, phytates, oxalates, and nitrates which may cause health issues in humans (Umar et al., 2011).

The Amaranthaceae family comprises nearly 175 genera and more than 2,500 species. The plants are found nearly worldwide, with some species thriving in tropical regions and others adapted to cool temperate climates. Several species of this family are important food crops, including Amaranth, Quinoa, Beet, etc. and some species are ornamental including cocks comb, globe amaranth, etc. Amaranthaceae members are rich in nutrients, essential amino acids, dietary fibers, vitamins A, B complex (particularly B6), C, E, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, some members contain antinutritional compounds including, phytates, oxalates, and nitrates which may cause health issues in humans (Umar et al., 2011).

This chapter focuses on the nutritional components of cheese and their impact on human health. Cheese is a widely enjoyed fermented dairy product that offers essential nutrients and beneficial bioactive compounds and contains bioactive peptides, proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which provide various health benefits such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, immune-modulating, and antimicrobial effects. Cheese is rich in calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium, which help prevent tooth decay and osteoporosis. During cheese production, lactic acid bacteria and yeast starter strains inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms and their byproducts. These microorganisms produce functional metabolites like bioactive peptides, exopolysaccharides, and conjugated linoleic acid, which enhance cheese's functional properties. Adding probiotic lactic acid bacteria strains to starter cultures improves the absorption of bioactive substances and promotes health.

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are three major classes of food. To remain healthy, we must take in relatively large amounts of these substances. They are not, however, the nutrients we require, some of our needs are satisfied only by vitamins and minerals. Vitamin B1 may occur in the nature as free compound as in the form of its salts, Vitamin B1 – protein complex, pyrophosphate (co-carboxylase) and as vitamin B¬1 – Phosphorus – protein complex. The relative amount of each form depends upon the source. Actually the word vitamin B6 refers to a group of three compounds, namely, pyridoxine (or) adermin, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine which are interconvertible in the form of their phosphates but as pyridoxine is the first member of this group it is alone also known as vitamin B6 as the vitamin is antidermatitic factor for rats, it is also known as adermin. Biotin is a heterocyclic sulfur containing monocarboxylic acid, the structure is formed by fusion of imidazole and thiophene rings. Biotin is covalently bound to €-amino groups of lysine to form biocytin in the enzymes. b - Biotin occurs mainly in combined forms bound to protein through the -N-lysine moiety. To avoid deficiency and its causes there is a need of the study of its significance and structure.

Since the start of history, natural medicine has been of great interest and attention to humankind. A heap of empirical research indicates that spices have undoubtedly made our lives more interesting and may also make them longer. Capsicum is a highly regarded indispensable spice all over the globe for its umpteen culinary and medicinal facets. It has been used for more than 7000 years in Mexico and is believed to have originated in tropical Central America. Mainly, this botanical contains a good source of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B5, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, and carotenoids. Interestingly, capsicum phenolic compounds are helpful in preventing and treating many ailments. So, it intends as a beneficial milestone in the pharmaceutical industry and a boon to humanity. This chapter highlights the tremendous pharmacological uses and health benefits of capsicum species and its active compounds in multifarious aspects.

This family comprises approximately 41 genera and 731 species. In contrast to many flowering plants, Commelinaceae species feature a distinctive structure known as a spathe. This modified leaf serves as a protective sheath around the flower cluster (inflorescence) before it blooms. Some Commelinaceae species are excellent sources of vitamins, particularly A and C, and may also contain essential minerals such as calcium, potassium, and iron. However, certain Commelinaceae plants contain antinutritional compounds, including calcium oxalate crystals and saponins (Faden 1998).

Functional foods are those with health benefits but cannot incorporate and protect from oxidation or deterioration, maintaining the bioactive compounds (BC) activity. The liposomes have several advantages for BC encapsulation: ease of obtention, characterization, scaling-up, lipid protection for hydrophilic and lipophilic BC, and best, they are made with natural lipids of alimentary grade. In our studies, liposomes were made of soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) with Stearic Acid or Calcium Stearate as membrane stabilizer. They encapsulated BC as vitamin E, vitamin C and folic acid (B9). The liposome’s design strategy is that SPC lipid’s components are BC like choline and essential fatty acids. These liposomes preserved and maintain the activity of the thermolabile vitamins C and B9. Like milk and fruit juice, in various food types can incorporate liposomes protecting BC. A series of laboratory studies will be performed to select the most stable liposomal formulations, like characterization, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical, microbiological, thermal and sensory stability. Liposomes- BC design and development are discussed in the chapter. The food heat treatment and the conditions/storage time are also crucial and must be considered in these studies. Finally, incorporating the BC into a food production line is feasible with an excellent economic prospect until supermarket shelves are reached, like our food product proposal.

Abstract In the CPI and petrochemical sectors basic raw materials, both organic and inorganic, are converted into products for use in other industries and/or direct use by consumers. The vast majority of chemicals are produced from a very limited number of simple chemicals which are derived from about ten raw materials. These are hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas, coal), minerals, rocks, salts, sulfur, phosphorus, air, water, inorganic acids and halogens. The first stage in the CPI/petrochemical industry is the conversion of the raw materials into base chemicals such as ethane, propane, butane, benzene, toluene, xylenes, synthesis gas, ammonia, methanol, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, chlorine plus some other compounds. In the second stage of chemical operation, various elements such as oxygen, chlorine, sulfur etc. are introduced in the base chemicals to form chemical intermediates, which could number in 100’s of chemical compounds such as acetic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and monomers like acrylonitrile, terephthalic acid etc. The third and final step consists of a series of operations to obtain consumer products such as plastics (PVC), synthetic fibers (polyesters, nylon-6), elastomers (polybutadiene), pesticides and insecticides, fertilizers(ammonium nitrate),vitamins, pharmaceuticals, detergents and others. In all these industrial operations, corrosion is an ever-present entity, 24 hours a day 7 days a week. Hence suitable materials of construction have to be selected to mitigate / minimize / control corrosion. Principal materials of construction typically are carbon & low alloy Cr-Mo steels, stainless steels (ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, precipitation hardened & duplex stainless steels), copper & aluminum alloys, nickel alloys, zirconium & titanium / titanium alloys. In very specific cases tantalum has also been used. Other corrosion mitigation technologies such as electrochemical protection (cathodic and anodic), non-metallics (polymers, ceramics), coatings and paints and use of inhibitor technology also play a major role in combating corrosion. This paper briefly describes the contributions and impact of various nickel alloy systems developed and in use during the last 100 years on the CPI and petrochemical industrial segments with comments as to what the future holds for the newer alloys developed in the last 20 years and the competition faced by these alloys in the new millennium. The impact of the newer super-austenitic alloys developed in the last few years is also discussed.

Abstract The objective of this work is to contribute to the generation of a significant advance of the coconut agroindustry in Colombia, for which the process of spray drying was optimized to obtain coconut powder added with functionally active components (CP+PAC) (calcium and vitamins C, D3 and E), food that is framed in the context of functional foods. Initially, the behavior of the physicochemical properties of the coconut during storage at a temperature of 25ºC was evaluated. Then the base emulsion was designed, determining the influence of the composition of emulsions based on coconut milk, on its physicochemical stability, the answer surface methodology was used with a central composite design, considering the independent variables: water/coconut ratio; xantan gum; coconut fiber; terbutilhidroquinona. Subsequently, it was experimentally optimized according to the operating characteristics of the dryer and the product, using a response surface design based on five independent variables: Maltodextrin, air inlet temperature, air outlet temperature, atomizer disk speed and vacuum pressure in the drying chamber. Finally, the stability of the PC+PAC properties was evaluated, using a factorial design based on the independent variables: storage temperature, storage time and packaging. Keywords: coconut, colloidal system, deposit formation, yield, vitamins.

Vitamin D is a crucial fat-soluble compound primarily involved in maintaining calcium-phosphate balance and promoting bone health. In recent years, its broader physiological roles, particularly in cardiovascular (CV) and kidney function, have garnered significant interest. Deficiency in vitamin D is a widespread issue, affecting a large portion of the global population, and is associated with various health problems, including CV disease. Research suggests adequate vitamin D levels help preserve vascular function, reduce inflammation and fibrosis, and potentially protect against hypertension, atherosclerosis, and albuminuria. Observational studies have consistently reported that low vitamin D levels are linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. While supplementation is generally safe at recommended levels, further investigations are needed to clarify its role in CV risk reduction. This article examines the impact of vitamin D on the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys.

Excess phosphorus (P) in wastewater contributes to eutrophication, highlighting the need for efficient removal technologies across both decentralized and centralized wastewater treatment systems. This study evaluates two filtration-based approaches utilizing mineral-based sorbents for enhanced P removal. In decentralized settings, a prototype system integrating lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) was tested for primary treatment of domestic wastewater. In parallel, Polonite®, a calcium-rich sorbent, was applied as a post-treatment solution for municipal effluents in centralized facilities. Both systems were implemented and monitored under real-world operational conditions in Latvia. LECA demonstrated limited and inconsistent P removal efficiency (9-27%), indicating insufficient performance as a standalone filter. While Polonite® achieved consistent removal efficiencies ranging from 63% to 99%, with final effluent concentrations consistently below Latvia's regulatory limit of 2 mg P·L-¹. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed morphological changes on Polonite® surfaces after filtration, confirming adsorption and precipitation of P-containing compounds. The findings highlight Polonite® as an effective and reliable material for post-treatment polishing in centralized wastewater systems, while LECA may serve only as a preliminary filter in decentralized applications.

Green forages are rich and cheapest source of carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals for dairy animals. To meet out the needs of the ever increasing livestock population the production as well productivity of fodder is to be increased. Maize crop has an important place in the food grain basket of our country and is the third most important versatile food grain crop due to its importance in food, feed, specialty corn, starch etc. In this experiment, twelve inbred lines were crossed with each of five testers in a line×tester design to evaluate combining ability and heterosis to identify promising hybrids of green cob and baby corn for fodder purpose with various characters like, 50% tasseling, 50% silking, 75% dry husk, grain yield, no. and weight of green ears, green fodder yield, dry weight, pericarp thickness and various quality parameters. The resulting F1s along with three checks and seventeen parents were evaluated in two environments during kharif 2010 and rabi 2010-11. Crosses excelled their perspective parents in performance for most of the traits studied. BQPM-2 among the parental lines and BAUIM-2 among the testers were identified as the best general combiners for grain yield and green fodder yield. Whereas among the hybrids, BAUIM-4×HKI-163 and BQPM-2×HKI-163 were identified as potential cross combinations for grain yield and green fodder yield. However for quality parameters, BQPM-2×BAUIM-2 exhibited the highest magnitude of economic heterosis for calcium, crude fibre, dry ash and reducing sugar contents while for iron and phosphorus contents, BAUIM-4×HKI 163 exhibited the most desirable value of heterosis. So the crosses (BAUIM-4×HKI 163) and (BQPM-2×BAUIM-2) can be utilized for developing high yielding hybrid varieties as well as for exploiting hybrid vigor. While for baby corn as feed for animals, several quality parameters like moisture, calcium, iron, phosphorus, total soluble sugars, crude fibre and dry ash contents) baby corn yield were studied. The inbred line BAUIM-4 followed by BQPM-2 was a good general combiner for all the quality traits and baby corn yield. Single cross BQPM-2 × BAUIM-2 had positive significant specific combining ability effects for all the quality traits and baby corn yield

The prediction of the ash behavior in combustion processes is enhanced by the determination of the ash-forming matter in the fuel. The scope of this work was to characterize Scandinavian wood fuels by studying the wood, bark and leaves from a spruce and an aspen. Chemical Fractionation, a step-wise leaching procedure that treat the fuel in water, ammonium acetate and hydrochloric acid, was used to determine the solubility of the ash elements. The resulting solutions were further analyzed on ionic species, which was coupled to the presence of salt compounds in the original biomass tissues. The leaching procedure dissolved nearly 100% of the ash-forming matter. The phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl) and some of the sulfur (S) were readily leached with water and found present as HPO42−, SO42− and Cl− in the solutions. The simultaneous dissolving of potassium (K) in this step proved the presence of water soluble potassium salts in the biomasses. The remaining K after the water treatment and all magnesium (Mg) dissolved completely in the ammonium acetate step together with a large part of the tissues’ calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn). The remaining Ca after the second step was leached in hydrochloric acid together with equivalent amounts of oxalate ions, C2O42−. This proved the presence of acid soluble calcium oxalate in the tissues, a salt with low solubility in neutral pH.

A high level of infestation of adult cattle was established with: echinococcosis -in 28.8% - 76.8% of cases, fasciola - in 10.6% - 59.5%, dicrocelia - 22.3% - 68.3%, strongyloides – 10.5% - 30.5%, sarcochists - 86.8% - 97.6% of cases, and bulls (23-25 months), respectively, in 4.0% - 31.7 %; 1.2% - 47.7%; 10.5% - 44.7%; 17.5% - 47.5% and in 81.2% - 96.1% of cases, depending on the geographical area of the republic and the technology of animal maintenance. The high level of infestation with parasitic agents is possible due to the grazing of various species of animals, of different ages, on limited lands, the uninterrupted contact of cattle with intermediate hosts, the weakening of state control over the implementation of anti-parasitic measures, as well as the use of the same anti-parasitic remedies for several years. In infested cattle with fasciola, the content of vitamins (A, E, B1, B2, C), micro- and macroelements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, P) changed in the muscle tissue and liver, which considerably influences their nutritional value. The content of vitamin A in the liver decreased by 1.4 times, E – by 3.18, correspondingly B1 and B2 - by 1.08 and 1.23 times, C - by 2.08 times, iron - by 3.01 times, phosphorus - by 4.17, calcium - by 1.56, magnesium - by 1.04 times, and the content of sodium and potassium increased, correspondingly, by 1.61 and 1.25 times, compared to non-infested animals. In muscle tissue, the content of vitamin A was 1.83 times lower, E – by 1.67, B1 – by 1.21, B2 – by 1.11, C – by 3.73, calcium – by 1.60, phosphorus - 1.46, and magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron - correspondingly 1, 34, 1.82, 1.3 and 3.14 times higher than in healthy cattle. When infected with fasciola, the young trematodes that migrate, on their surface, from the intestines, bring to the liver of mammals, opportunistic staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus, and sometimes Clostridium and as a result hepatitis, cholangitis and cholecystitis develop. An associative disease occurs in animals, the primary factor of which are trematodes, and the secondary factor is conditionally pathogenic microflora, which develops intensively in the liver and intestines of the infested animal. A complex treatment to combat fasciolosis is recommended. During the stable period, two groups of anthelmintics are used: the first group effective against young fascioles (acemidofen, usovermit, etc.), the second group - against adult fascioles (albendazole, hexihol, fazinex, etc.). The preparations from the first group are administered in the months of September-November, and from the second (depending on the results of coprological research) - in the months of February-March (until grazing), taking into account the period of preimaginal development of the fascioles in nature and in the host intermediate, and of the adults in the definitive host. For the elimination of toxigenic colibacilli, hemolytic streptococci, toxigenic staphylococci, proteins, clostridia, which intensively develop in the intestine of animals infested with fasciola, as well as for the purpose of combating bacteria, which develop intensively in the liver and bile, it is recommended that over 2- 5 days after deworming to be administered 5 days concurrently, over 24 hours, antibacterial preparations (antibiotics, sulfanilamides, nitrofuran). After 5-7 days, remedies prepared from the normal obligate microflora (acidophilic, acidopropionic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria) are introduced into the animal's ration.

Increasing urban pollution levels have led to the imposition of evermore stringent emissions regulations on heavy-duty engines used in transit buses. This has made compressed natural gas (CNG) a promising fuel for reducing emissions, particularly particulate matter (PM) from heavy-duty transit buses. Indeed, research studies performed at West Virginia University (WVU) and elsewhere have shown that pre-2010 compliant natural gas engines emit an order of magnitude lower PM emissions, on a mass basis, when compared to diesel engines without any exhaust aftertreatment devices. However, on a number basis, particle emissions in the nanoparticulate range were an order of magnitude higher for natural gas fueled buses than their diesel counterparts. There exists a significant number of pre-2007 CNG powered buses in transit agencies in the US and elsewhere in the world. Therefore, an exhaust aftertreatment device was designed and developed by WVU, in association with Lubrizol, to retrofit urban transit buses powered by MY2000 Cummins Westport C8.3G+ heavy-duty CNG engines, and effectively reduce Toxic Air Contaminants (TAC) and PM (mass and number count) exhaust emissions. The speciation results showed that the new exhaust aftertreatment device reduced emissions of metallic elements such as iron, zinc, nonmetallic minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and sulfur derived from lube oil additives to non-detectable levels, which otherwise could contribute to an increase in number count of nanoparticles. The carbonyl compounds were reduced effectively by the oxidation catalyst to levels below what were found in the dilution air. Also, hydrocarbons identified as TAC’s by California Air Resource Board (CARB) [1] were reduced to non-detectable levels. This ultimately reduced the number of nanoparticles to levels equal to that found in the dilution air.

В ходе комплексного исследования с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования установлены параметры накопления надземной биомассы на сельскохозяйственных угодьях, зарастающих древесной растительностью. В результате восстановления их плодородия при помощи новых мелиорантов продуктивность однолетних трав повысилась в 2,2–2,8 раза. Наибольшее преимущество было достигнуто в варианте с технологической переработкой ДКР в биоуголь. The crisis of commodity farming in the North-West of Russia has led to the loss of a significant part of agricultural land, their apparent and hidden degradation. The level of economic use of arable land in the region is 55 %, and the degree of overgrowing of trees and shrubs (DKR) varies by regions from 42 to 58 %. Remote sensing plays a positive role in solving the problems of secondary development of these lands. Methodological basis of research served as a geobotanical survey of a number of overgrown trees and shrubs in the typical agro-ecological conditions of land and Mitropoleos inpatient experience in the field crop rotation «annual grass + perennial grasses – perennial grasses 1 G. p. – grasses 2 G. p. – grasses of 3 G. p. – winter crops – spring crops». The soil of experience sod podzolic soils are predominant in tailspinpack slabosolenym. The power of the arable layer is 22 cm, the structure is fragile lumpy-clumpy, phkcl 4,27, humus content of 3.87 %, mobile compounds of phosphoRA and potassium – 74 and 215 mg/kg, respectively. The experimental setup twofactor: factor a – a product of technological processing of IPD (control, chaff, chaff, biochar and ash vdcs) and factor B – system of reproduction of soil fertility on the basis of bird droppings, dolomite Sy-ramalatha and potassium chloride. The study found that the stock of DKR biomass on agricultural land in the North-West of Russia depends on the Botanical composition, age and agroecological conditions. At the age of 15–20 159 years, its level varies from 56–145 t/ha in coniferous species, to 75–255 t/ha – in smallleaved. Reduced in the secondary development of agricultural land DKR in any form of technological processing has a negative impact on the nutritional regime of acidic sodpodzolic soil, causing a significant reduction in the productivity of annual herbs by 42– 80 %. Overcoming these consequences requires the combined use of meliorants: raw dolomite and poultry manure together with potassium fertilizer, providing an increase in productivity of 2.2–2.8 times from 1.27 to 2.76–3.59 kg/m2 . Against this background, the option of technological processing of DKR into bio-coal, which provided an increase in the yield of green mass by 14%, has a distinct advantage from agroecological positions. Analysis of the quality of green oat mass showed a marked reduction under the action of wood products of accumulation in its dry matter of crude protein from 19.4 to 15.3–16.6%, simple sugars and ash substances. The complex application of meliorants in the system of reproduction of fruit-rhodium of the developed soil not only leveled the negative effects, but also allowed to increase the content of crude protein by 11–27, simple sugars – by 8–18, phosphorus – by 23–41, potassium, calcium and magnesium – by 32–85%.

Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.