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Journal articles on the topic 'Embryonic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Sharpe, N. G., D. G. Williams, and D. S. Latchman. "Regulated expression of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmN in embryonic stem cell differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 12 (1990): 6817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.12.6817-6820.1990.

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The SmN protein is a component of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and is closely related to the ubiquitous SmB and B' splicing proteins. It is expressed in a limited range of tissues and cell types, including several undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell lines and undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. The protein declines to undetectable levels when embryonal carcinoma or embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate, producing primitive endoderm or parietal endoderm or yielding embryonal bodies. This decline is due to a corresponding decrease in the level of the SmN mRNA. T

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2

Sharpe, N. G., D. G. Williams, and D. S. Latchman. "Regulated expression of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmN in embryonic stem cell differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 12 (1990): 6817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.12.6817.

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The SmN protein is a component of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and is closely related to the ubiquitous SmB and B' splicing proteins. It is expressed in a limited range of tissues and cell types, including several undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell lines and undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. The protein declines to undetectable levels when embryonal carcinoma or embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate, producing primitive endoderm or parietal endoderm or yielding embryonal bodies. This decline is due to a corresponding decrease in the level of the SmN mRNA. T

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3

Yuan, Jianbo, Yuehui Chao, and Liebao Han. "Uncovering a Phenomenon of Active Hormone Transcriptional Regulation during Early Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago sativa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (2022): 8633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158633.

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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a developmental process in which somatic cells undergo dedifferentiation to become plant stem cells, and redifferentiation to become a whole embryo. SE is a prerequisite for molecular breeding and is an excellent platform to study cell development in the majority of plant species. However, the molecular mechanism involved in M. sativa somatic embryonic induction, embryonic and maturation is unclear. This study was designed to examine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNA roles during somatic embryonic induction, embryonic and maturation. The cut coty

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4

Lav, R., R. Heera, and L. M. Cherian. "Decoding the ‘embryonic’ nature of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 6, no. 3 (2015): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441500015x.

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Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is one of the major defined histologic variants of rhabdomyosarcoma that is mainly reported in children. The histologic appearance of this neoplastic entity recapitulates normal myogenesis. The tumor cells variably exhibit the different cellular phases of myogenesis ranging from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to elongated myoblasts, multinucleated myotubes and differentiated muscle fibers. The carefully orchestrated embryonic signaling pathways that are involved in myogenesis, conceivably also result in the genesis of rhabdomyosarcoma; albeit as a corollary to an

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5

Dani, C., A. G. Smith, S. Dessolin, et al. "Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes in vitro." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 11 (1997): 1279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.11.1279.

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Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of murine blastocysts, can be maintained in a totipotent state in vitro. In appropriate conditions embryonic stem cells have been shown to differentiate in vitro into various derivatives of all three primary germ layers. We describe in this paper conditions to induce differentiation of embryonic stem cells reliably and at high efficiency into adipocytes. A prerequisite is to treat early developing embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies with retinoic acid for a precise period of time. Retinoic acid could not be substituted by adipogeni

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6

El-Shabrawi, Hattem M., Hend E. Wahba, Ahmed M. Gabr, Shafik I. El-Morsy, Mohamed A. Saber, and Shawky A. Bekheet. "Improvement of Wax Oil Content of Embryonic Callus of Jojoba Using Gamma Radiation." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 29, no. 2 (2019): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v29i2.44509.

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Embryogenic callus was obtained from the leaf explants of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider cultured on MS containing 0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kn. Growth of embryonic callus increased in 0.5 mg/l Kn + 6% sucrose. In order to improve oil content, the embryonic callus was exposed to different doses (5, 10 and 15 Kr) of gamma radiation. It was found that oil content of embryonic callus of jojoba increased 1.41% by exposing to 5 Kr gamma radiation. Also, size of oil bodies in embryonic callus irradiated with 5 Kr increased compared to control. Furthermore, production of the fatty acid

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7

Doetschman, Thomas C., Harald Eistetter, Margot Katz, Werner Schmidt, and Rolf Kemler. "The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium." Development 87, no. 1 (1985): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.87.1.27.

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The in vitro developmental potential of mouse blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines has been investigated. From 3 to 8 days of suspension culture the cells form complex embryoid bodies with endoderm, basal lamina, mesoderm and ectoderm. Many are morphologically similar to embryos of the 6- to 8-day egg-cylinder stage. From 8 to 10 days of culture about half of the embryoid bodies expand into large cystic structures containing alphafoetoprotein and transferrin, thus being analagous to the visceral yolk sac of the postimplantation embryo. Approximately one third of the cystic embryoid bod

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8

Pera, M. F., B. Reubinoff, and A. Trounson. "Human embryonic stem cells." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 1 (2000): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.1.5.

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cells derived from the early embryo that can be propagated indefinitely in the primitive undifferentiated state while remaining pluripotent; they share these properties with embryonic germ (EG) cells. Candidate ES and EG cell lines from the human blastocyst and embryonic gonad can differentiate into multiple types of somatic cell. The phenotype of the blastocyst-derived cell lines is very similar to that of monkey ES cells and pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells, but differs from that of mouse ES cells or the human germ-cell-derived stem cells. Although ou

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9

Yasuda, Satoshi, Tetsuya Hasegawa, Tetsuji Hosono, et al. "AW551984: a novel regulator of cardiomyogenesis in pluripotent embryonic cells." Biochemical Journal 437, no. 2 (2011): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20110520.

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An understanding of the mechanism that regulates the cardiac differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is necessary for the effective generation and expansion of cardiomyocytes as cell therapy products. In the present study, we have identified genes that modulate the cardiac differentiation of pluripotent embryonic cells. We isolated P19CL6 cell sublines that possess distinct properties in cardiomyogenesis and extracted 24 CMR (cardiomyogenesis-related candidate) genes correlated with cardiomyogenesis using a transcriptome analysis. Knockdown of the CMR genes by RNAi (RNA interference) reveale

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10

Kulinski, Tomasz M., M. Rita T. Casari, Philipp M. Guenzl, et al. "Imprinted expression in cystic embryoid bodies shows an embryonic and not an extra-embryonic pattern." Developmental Biology 402, no. 2 (2015): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.010.

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11

Itskovitz-Eldor, Joseph, Maya Schuldiner, Dorit Karsenti, et al. "Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Embryoid Bodies Comprising the Three Embryonic Germ Layers." Molecular Medicine 6, no. 2 (2000): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03401776.

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12

Derebail, Suchitra, Casthri Krishnamurthy, Ong Hong Boon, et al. "REVIEW." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 18, no. 01 (2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030314000068.

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13

Ikeda, Wataru, Hiroyuki Nakanishi, Jun Miyoshi, et al. "Afadin." Journal of Cell Biology 146, no. 5 (1999): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.146.5.1117.

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Afadin is an actin filament–binding protein that binds to nectin, an immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule, and is colocalized with nectin at cadherin-based cell–cell adherens junctions (AJs). To explore the function of afadin in cell–cell adhesion during embryogenesis, we generated afadin−/− mice and embryonic stem cells. In wild-type mice at embryonic days 6.5–8.5, afadin was highly expressed in the embryonic ectoderm and the mesoderm, but hardly detected in the extraembryonic regions such as the visceral endoderm. Afadin−/− mice showed developmental defects at stages during and after g

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14

Chang, Kai-Hsin, Angelique M. Nelson, Hua Cao, et al. "Definitive-like erythroid cells derived from human embryonic stem cells coexpress high levels of embryonic and fetal globins with little or no adult globin." Blood 108, no. 5 (2006): 1515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-11-011874.

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Human embryonic stem cells are a promising tool to study events associated with the earliest ontogenetic stages of hematopoiesis. We describe the generation of erythroid cells from hES (H1) by subsequent processing of cells present at early and late stages of embryoid body (EB) differentiation. Kinetics of hematopoietic marker emergence suggest that CD45+ hematopoiesis peaks at late D14EB differentiation stages, although low-level CD45- erythroid differentiation can be seen before that stage. By morphologic criteria, hES-derived erythroid cells were of definitive type, but these cells both at

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15

Nagy, Andras, Marina Gertsenstein, Kristina Vintersten, and Richard Behringer. "Differentiating Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells into Embryoid Bodies." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 2 (2006): pdb.prot4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4405.

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16

Reksohusodo, Subandi. "Laporan Kasus : Pubertas Dini Akibat Kanker Ovarium Tipe Embrional." Journal of Issues in Midwifery 5, no. 1 (2021): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.joim.2021.005.01.5.

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Embryonic cell carcinoma (EC) is the first pluripotent cell identified and originates from a germ cell tumor called teratocarcinoma. Although rare, embryonal carcinoma is one of the most malignant cancers that can be found in the ovary. In this case report, a 4.5 year old girl was diagnosed with embryonal ovarian carcinoma after experiencing menstrual complaints for three months and developing pubic hair and breasts. Then the patient underwent a limited staging laparotomy. The results of clinical examination, radiology, and anatomical pathology showed results according to embryonal ovarian can

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17

Elefanty, Andrew G., Lorraine Robb, Raquella Birner, and C. Glenn Begley. "Hematopoietic-Specific Genes Are Not Induced During In Vitro Differentiation of scl-Null Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 90, no. 4 (1997): 1435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1435.

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Abstract The helix-loop-helix transcription factor, scl, plays an essential role in hematopoietic development. Embryos in which the gene has been disrupted fail to develop yolk sac erythropoiesis, and scl-null embryonic stem cells do not contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric mice. To analyze the molecular consequences of scl deficiency, we compared the gene expression profiles of control (wild-type and scl-heterozygous) and scl-null embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro for up to 12 days. In control and scl-null embryoid bodies the temporal expression pattern of genes associated with

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18

Elefanty, Andrew G., Lorraine Robb, Raquella Birner, and C. Glenn Begley. "Hematopoietic-Specific Genes Are Not Induced During In Vitro Differentiation of scl-Null Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 90, no. 4 (1997): 1435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1435.1435_1435_1447.

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The helix-loop-helix transcription factor, scl, plays an essential role in hematopoietic development. Embryos in which the gene has been disrupted fail to develop yolk sac erythropoiesis, and scl-null embryonic stem cells do not contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric mice. To analyze the molecular consequences of scl deficiency, we compared the gene expression profiles of control (wild-type and scl-heterozygous) and scl-null embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro for up to 12 days. In control and scl-null embryoid bodies the temporal expression pattern of genes associated with the forma

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19

Perlingeiro, Rita C. R., Michael Kyba, and George Q. Daley. "Clonal analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells reveals a hematopoietic progenitor with primitive erythroid and adult lymphoid-myeloid potential." Development 128, no. 22 (2001): 4597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.22.4597.

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into multiple hematopoietic lineages during embryoid body formation in vitro, but to date, an ES-derived hematopoietic stem cell has not been identified and subjected to clonal analysis in a manner comparable with hematopoietic stem cells from adult bone marrow. As the chronic myeloid leukemia-associated BCR/ABL oncogene endows the adult hematopoietic stem cell with clonal dominance without inhibiting pluripotent lymphoid and myeloid differentiation, we have used BCR/ABL as a tool to enable engraftment and clonal analysis. We show that embryoid body-deri

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20

Murray, P., and D. Edgar. "Regulation of the differentiation and behaviour of extra-embryonic endodermal cells by basement membranes." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 5 (2001): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.5.931.

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Both the extracellular matrix and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) have been implicated in the differentiation and migration of extra-embryonic endodermal cells in the pre-implantation mammalian blastocyst. In order to define the individual roles and interactions between these factors in endodermal differentiation, we have used embryoid bodies derived from Lamc1(-/-) embryonic stem cells that lack basement membranes. The results show that in the absence of basement membranes, increased numbers of both visceral and parietal endodermal cells differentiate, but they fail to form organi

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21

Miyake, Takahito, Riko Takayoshi, Aya Koyanagi, Miyu Konishi, and Toshiyuki Hata. "Human Embryonic Heart: Embryonic Echocardiography with SlowflowHD." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 19, no. 2 (2025): 133–36. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-2074.

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22

Burkuš, J., A. Navarrete Santos, M. Schindler, et al. "Adiponectin stimulates glucose uptake in mouse blastocysts and embryonic carcinoma cells." Reproduction 159, no. 3 (2020): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0251.

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Preimplantation embryos are sensitive to maternal hormones affecting embryonic signal transduction and metabolic functions. We examined whether adiponectin, the most abundantly secreted adipokine, can influence glucose transport in mouse embryonic cells. In mouse blastocysts full-length adiponectin stimulated glucose uptake, while no effect of globular adiponectin was found. Full-length adiponectin stimulated translocation of GLUT8 glucose transporter to the cell membrane; we did not detect significant changes in the intracellular localization of GLUT4 glucose transporter in adiponectin-treate

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23

Singh, Bhairab N., Javier E. Sierra-Pagan, Wuming Gong, et al. "ETV2 (Ets Variant Transcription Factor 2)- Rhoj Cascade Regulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Migration During Embryogenesis." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40, no. 12 (2020): 2875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314488.

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Objective: Endothelial progenitors migrate early during embryogenesis to form the primary vascular plexus. The regulatory mechanisms that govern their migration are not completely defined. Here, we describe a novel role for ETV2 (Ets variant transcription factor 2) in cell migration and provide evidence for an ETV2 -Rhoj network as a mechanism responsible for this process. Approach and Results: Analysis of RNAseq datasets showed robust enrichment of migratory/motility pathways following overexpression of ETV2 during mesodermal differentiation. We then analyzed ETV2 chromatin immunoprecipitatio

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24

Kowalski, Michael P., Amy Yoder, Li Liu, and Laura Pajak. "Controlling Embryonic Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation by Automation." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 17, no. 9 (2012): 1171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057112452783.

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Despite significant use in basic research, embryonic stem cells have just begun to be used in the drug discovery process. Barriers to the adoption of embryonic stem cells in drug discovery include the difficulty in growing cells and inconsistent differentiation to the desired cellular phenotype. Embryonic stem cell cultures require consistent and frequent handling to maintain the cells in a pluripotent state. In addition, the preferred hanging drop method of embryoid body (EB) differentiation is not amenable to high-throughput methods, and suspension cultures of EBs show a high degree of varia

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25

Benmahioul, B., F. Daguin, and M. Kaïd-Harche. "Cryopreservation of Pistacia vera embryonic axes." Journal of Forest Science 61, No. 4 (2016): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2014-jfs.

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This preliminary study investigated the conservation of Pistacia vera genetic resources using seeds and isolated embryonic axes. First, the effect of storing seeds in ambient conditions on embryo viability was evaluated by in vitro culture. The germination rate of P. vera embryonic axes gradually decreased from 100% to 31% after 30-month storage of seeds. Cryopreservation may thus be necessary for the long-term conservation of embryos. A simple protocol was set up using embryonic axes. It included a single dehydration step with silica gel prior to direct freezing in liquid nitrogen (&ndash

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26

Liu, De Wu, Yong Tie Li, De Ming Liu, and Pu Ning. "Culture and Characteristics of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 835–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.835.

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Human induced pluripotent stem cells is promising for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this chapter, we focus on the culture and characteristics of human induced pluripotent stem cells. The induced pluripotent stem cells were plated on murine embryonic fibroblast feeder cells and expanded in human embryonic stem cells media contained basic fibroblast growth factor. The cells were passaged by collagenase IV digestion method and observed under invert microscope. The expression of alkaline phosphatase was detected by immunocytochemistry. The cultured induced pluripotent stem cells

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27

Liu, Yufu, Guodong Yang, Chunqi Yang, et al. "The Mechanism of Houttuynia cordata Embryotoxicity Was Explored in Combination with an Experimental Model and Network Pharmacology." Toxins 15, no. 1 (2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010073.

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Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) is the most common herb as a food and traditional Chinese medicine. Currently, studies on its toxicity have mainly focused on hepatotoxicity. However, its potential embryotoxicity by long-term exposure is often overlooked. Objective: To investigate the effects of H. cordata on embryonic development and its toxicity mechanism by combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experimental methods. Methods: The effects of H. cordata on embryos were evaluated. Zebrafish embryos and embryoid bodies were administered to observe the effects of H. corda

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28

Rojas, Mariana, and Ángel Rodríguez. "Embryonic Annexes." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 1, no. 4 (2018): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2014.037.

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In vertebrates, depending on the environment in which an embryo develops, different types of extraembryonic membranes are formed. In placental mammals the following extraembryonic membranes are formed: amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion and placenta. Extraembryonic membranes perform functions vital to the embryo. The amnion protects the embryo from drying, the mechanical trauma, temperature changes and adhesions which can distort it. The yolk sac is present in all vertebrates. In mammals allows the formation of the first blood vessels and the first blood, home to the primordial germ cells fo

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29

Lebovitz, Richard M. "Embryonic Rights." National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 3, no. 4 (2003): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ncbq2003343.

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30

Sodhi, Harpreet Kaur. "Embryonic Demise." International Journal of Nursing Education and Research 8, no. 3 (2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-2660.2020.00083.6.

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31

Eisenstein, Michael. "Embryonic matchmaking." Nature Methods 11, no. 5 (2014): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2952.

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32

SPEMANN, HANS. "Embryonic Induction." American Zoologist 27, no. 2 (1987): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/27.2.575.

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33

Cooke, Jonathan. "Embryonic events." Nature 325, no. 6099 (1987): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325026a0.

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34

T. M. B. "Embryonic Questions." Scientific American 259, no. 6 (1988): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1288-27.

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35

Mange, Daniel, Moshe Sipper, and Pierre Marchal. "Embryonic electronics." Biosystems 51, no. 3 (1999): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2647(99)00052-0.

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36

Slack, J. M. W. "Embryonic induction." Mechanisms of Development 41, no. 2-3 (1993): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4773(93)90040-5.

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37

Golub, Rachel, and Ana Cumano. "Embryonic hematopoiesis." Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases 51, no. 4 (2013): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.08.004.

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38

Ostertag, W., G. Steinheider, and H. Melderis. "Embryonic hemoglobins." Clinical Genetics 8, no. 5 (2008): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1975.tb01532.x.

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39

Strzyz, Paulina. "Embryonic hydraulics." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 20, no. 8 (2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0154-y.

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40

Schubert, C. "Embryonic Selection." Biology of Reproduction 94, no. 2 (2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.115.136796.

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41

Lanier, Andrea S. "Embryonic Vigilante." Psychoanalytic Perspectives 4, no. 1 (2006): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1551806x.2006.10472988.

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42

Wilting, J., Hannes Neeff, and Bodo Christ. "Embryonic lymphangiogenesis." Cell and Tissue Research 297, no. 1 (1999): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051328.

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43

Williams, Nigel. "Embryonic divisions." Current Biology 18, no. 8 (2008): R313—R314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.001.

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44

Gross, Michael. "Embryonic developments." Current Biology 19, no. 11 (2009): R427—R428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.036.

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45

Yao, Fupan, Iqra Mumal, Nikhil Raghuram, et al. "ATRT-06. ETMR TUMORIGENESIS MIRRORS RADIAL GLIAL DEVELOPMENT." Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_1 (2023): i2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad073.006.

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Abstract Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are rare pediatric brain tumors defined primarily by overexpression of the C19MC microRNA cluster. These tumors affect mostly children under the age of 3. However, little is known about the origin and developmental contexts of ETMRs. We hypothesized that the early onset of these tumors suggests an embryonic tumorigenic event. To elucidate the embryonic contexts of which ETMRs arise, we curated three mouse embryogenesis datasets representing the full spectrum of murine embryonic development. We generated timepoint structure signatures

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46

Bozhkov, P. V., I. S. Ahn, and Y. G. Park. "Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 3 (1997): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-055.

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Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related

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47

Wheeler, MB. "Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 5 (1994): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940563.

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The establishment of embryonic cell lines from swine should be useful for studies of cell differentiation, developmental gene regulation and the production of transgenics. This paper summarizes the establishment of porcine (Sus scrofa) embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from preimplantation blastocysts and their ability to develop into normal chimaeras. ES cells can spontaneously differentiate into cystic embryoid bodies with ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal cell types. Further, culture of ES cells to confluence or induction of differentiation with retinoic acid or dimethylsulfoxide results

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48

Liu, Bing, Yanxun Sun, Feizi Jiang, et al. "Disruption of Smad5 gene leads to enhanced proliferation of high-proliferative potential precursors during embryonic hematopoiesis." Blood 101, no. 1 (2003): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-02-0398.

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Abstract SMAD proteins are downstream signal transducers of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, which serve as pleiotropic regulators in embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. SMAD5, initially considered to mediate bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) signals, can also transduce the inhibitory signal of TGF-β1 on proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors derived from human bone marrow. To define its specific role in regulation of primitive multipotential progenitors during early embryonic hematopoiesis, we examined Smad5−/− yolk sacs at E9.0 to 9.5 and detected an elevated number

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Kennerknecht, Ingo, Walther Vogel, and Karl Mehnert. "A modified embryogenic model to explain embryonic/extraembryonic chromosomal inconsistencies." Prenatal Diagnosis 13, no. 12 (1993): 1156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970131213.

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Fernández, Mercedes, Micaela Pannella, Vito Antonio Baldassarro, et al. "Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Embryonic Stem Cells: Crosstalk with the Retinoic Acid Pathway." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (2020): 8945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238945.

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Abstract:

While the role of thyroid hormones (THs) during fetal and postnatal life is well-established, their role at preimplantation and during blastocyst development remains unclear. In this study, we used an embryonic stem cell line isolated from rat (RESC) to study the effects of THs and retinoic acid (RA) on early embryonic development during the pre-implantation stage. The results showed that THs play an important role in the differentiation/maturation processes of cells obtained from embryoid bodies (EB), with thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TR) (TRα and TRβ), metabolic enzymes (deiodinases 1,

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