Journal articles: 'Embryonic'

1

Sharpe, N. G., D. G. Williams, and D. S. Latchman. "Regulated expression of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmN in embryonic stem cell differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 12 (1990): 6817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.12.6817-6820.1990.

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The SmN protein is a component of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and is closely related to the ubiquitous SmB and B' splicing proteins. It is expressed in a limited range of tissues and cell types, including several undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell lines and undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. The protein declines to undetectable levels when embryonal carcinoma or embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate, producing primitive endoderm or parietal endoderm or yielding embryonal bodies. This decline is due to a corresponding decrease in the level of the SmN mRNA. The potential role of SmN in the regulation of alternative splicing in embryonic cell lines and early embryos is discussed.

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Sharpe, N. G., D. G. Williams, and D. S. Latchman. "Regulated expression of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmN in embryonic stem cell differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 12 (1990): 6817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.12.6817.

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The SmN protein is a component of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and is closely related to the ubiquitous SmB and B' splicing proteins. It is expressed in a limited range of tissues and cell types, including several undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cell lines and undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. The protein declines to undetectable levels when embryonal carcinoma or embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate, producing primitive endoderm or parietal endoderm or yielding embryonal bodies. This decline is due to a corresponding decrease in the level of the SmN mRNA. The potential role of SmN in the regulation of alternative splicing in embryonic cell lines and early embryos is discussed.

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3

Yuan, Jianbo, Yuehui Chao, and Liebao Han. "Uncovering a Phenomenon of Active Hormone Transcriptional Regulation during Early Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago sativa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (2022): 8633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158633.

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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a developmental process in which somatic cells undergo dedifferentiation to become plant stem cells, and redifferentiation to become a whole embryo. SE is a prerequisite for molecular breeding and is an excellent platform to study cell development in the majority of plant species. However, the molecular mechanism involved in M. sativa somatic embryonic induction, embryonic and maturation is unclear. This study was designed to examine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNA roles during somatic embryonic induction, embryonic and maturation. The cut cotyledon (ICE), non-embryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC) and cotyledon embryo (CE) were selected for transcriptome and small RNA sequencing. The results showed that 17,251 DEGs, and 177 known and 110 novel miRNAs families were involved in embryonic induction (ICE to NEC), embryonic (NEC to EC), and maturation (EC to CE). Expression patterns and functional classification analysis showed several novel genes and miRNAs involved in SE. Moreover, embryonic induction is an active process of molecular regulation, and hormonal signal transduction related to pathways involved in the whole SE. Finally, a miRNA–target interaction network was proposed during M. sativa SE. This study provides novel perspectives to comprehend the molecular mechanisms in M. sativa SE.

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Lav, R., R. Heera, and L. M. Cherian. "Decoding the ‘embryonic’ nature of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 6, no. 3 (2015): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441500015x.

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Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is one of the major defined histologic variants of rhabdomyosarcoma that is mainly reported in children. The histologic appearance of this neoplastic entity recapitulates normal myogenesis. The tumor cells variably exhibit the different cellular phases of myogenesis ranging from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to elongated myoblasts, multinucleated myotubes and differentiated muscle fibers. The carefully orchestrated embryonic signaling pathways that are involved in myogenesis, conceivably also result in the genesis of rhabdomyosarcoma; albeit as a corollary to an imbalance. We have attempted to review the pathogenesis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in an endeavor to understand better, how closely it is linked to normal myogenesis in terms of its molecular dynamics and histologic presentation.

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Dani, C., A. G. Smith, S. Dessolin, et al. "Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes in vitro." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 11 (1997): 1279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.11.1279.

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Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of murine blastocysts, can be maintained in a totipotent state in vitro. In appropriate conditions embryonic stem cells have been shown to differentiate in vitro into various derivatives of all three primary germ layers. We describe in this paper conditions to induce differentiation of embryonic stem cells reliably and at high efficiency into adipocytes. A prerequisite is to treat early developing embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies with retinoic acid for a precise period of time. Retinoic acid could not be substituted by adipogenic hormones nor by potent activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Treatment with retinoic acid resulted in the subsequent appearance of large clusters of mature adipocytes in embryoid body outgrowths. Lipogenic and lipolytic activities as well as high level expression of adipocyte specific genes could be detected in these cultures. Analysis of expression of potential adipogenic genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and delta and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, during differentiation of retinoic acid-treated embryoid bodies has been performed. The temporal pattern of expression of genes encoding these nuclear factors resembled that found during mouse embryogenesis. The differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes will provide an invaluable model for the characterisation of the role of genes expressed during the adipocyte development programme and for the identification of new adipogenic regulatory genes.

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El-Shabrawi, Hattem M., Hend E. Wahba, Ahmed M. Gabr, Shafik I. El-Morsy, Mohamed A. Saber, and Shawky A. Bekheet. "Improvement of Wax Oil Content of Embryonic Callus of Jojoba Using Gamma Radiation." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 29, no. 2 (2019): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v29i2.44509.

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Embryogenic callus was obtained from the leaf explants of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider cultured on MS containing 0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kn. Growth of embryonic callus increased in 0.5 mg/l Kn + 6% sucrose. In order to improve oil content, the embryonic callus was exposed to different doses (5, 10 and 15 Kr) of gamma radiation. It was found that oil content of embryonic callus of jojoba increased 1.41% by exposing to 5 Kr gamma radiation. Also, size of oil bodies in embryonic callus irradiated with 5 Kr increased compared to control. Furthermore, production of the fatty acids was enhanced by gamma irradiation. The highest percentage of total fixed oil (1.41) was recorded in 5 Kr radiation. However, the highest content of total fatty acids (98.612) was obtained when embryonic callus were exposed to 10 Kr of gamma radiation.

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Doetschman, Thomas C., Harald Eistetter, Margot Katz, Werner Schmidt, and Rolf Kemler. "The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium." Development 87, no. 1 (1985): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.87.1.27.

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The in vitro developmental potential of mouse blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines has been investigated. From 3 to 8 days of suspension culture the cells form complex embryoid bodies with endoderm, basal lamina, mesoderm and ectoderm. Many are morphologically similar to embryos of the 6- to 8-day egg-cylinder stage. From 8 to 10 days of culture about half of the embryoid bodies expand into large cystic structures containing alphafoetoprotein and transferrin, thus being analagous to the visceral yolk sac of the postimplantation embryo. Approximately one third of the cystic embryoid bodies develop myocardium and when cultured in the presence of human cord serum, 30 % develop blood islands, thereby exhibiting a high level of organized development at a very high frequency. Furthermore, most embryonic stem cell lines observed exhibit similar characteristics. The in vitro developmental potential of embryonic stem cell lines and the consistency with which the cells express this potential are presented as aspects which open up new approaches to the investigation of embryogenesis.

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Pera, M. F., B. Reubinoff, and A. Trounson. "Human embryonic stem cells." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 1 (2000): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.1.5.

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cells derived from the early embryo that can be propagated indefinitely in the primitive undifferentiated state while remaining pluripotent; they share these properties with embryonic germ (EG) cells. Candidate ES and EG cell lines from the human blastocyst and embryonic gonad can differentiate into multiple types of somatic cell. The phenotype of the blastocyst-derived cell lines is very similar to that of monkey ES cells and pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells, but differs from that of mouse ES cells or the human germ-cell-derived stem cells. Although our understanding of the control of growth and differentiation of human ES cells is quite limited, it is clear that the development of these cell lines will have a widespread impact on biomedical research.

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Kulinski, Tomasz M., M. Rita T. Casari, Philipp M. Guenzl, et al. "Imprinted expression in cystic embryoid bodies shows an embryonic and not an extra-embryonic pattern." Developmental Biology 402, no. 2 (2015): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.010.

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10

Itskovitz-Eldor, Joseph, Maya Schuldiner, Dorit Karsenti, et al. "Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Embryoid Bodies Comprising the Three Embryonic Germ Layers." Molecular Medicine 6, no. 2 (2000): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03401776.

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11

Yasuda, Satoshi, Tetsuya Hasegawa, Tetsuji Hosono, et al. "AW551984: a novel regulator of cardiomyogenesis in pluripotent embryonic cells." Biochemical Journal 437, no. 2 (2011): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20110520.

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An understanding of the mechanism that regulates the cardiac differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is necessary for the effective generation and expansion of cardiomyocytes as cell therapy products. In the present study, we have identified genes that modulate the cardiac differentiation of pluripotent embryonic cells. We isolated P19CL6 cell sublines that possess distinct properties in cardiomyogenesis and extracted 24 CMR (cardiomyogenesis-related candidate) genes correlated with cardiomyogenesis using a transcriptome analysis. Knockdown of the CMR genes by RNAi (RNA interference) revealed that 18 genes influence spontaneous contraction or transcript levels of cardiac marker genes in EC (embryonal carcinoma) cells. We also performed knockdown of the CMR genes in mouse ES (embryonic stem) cells and induced in vitro cardiac differentiation. Three CMR genes, AW551984, 2810405K02Rik (RIKEN cDNA 2810405K02 gene) and Cd302 (CD302 antigen), modulated the cardiac differentiation of both EC cells and ES cells. Depletion of AW551984 attenuated the expression of the early cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5 (NK2 transcription factor related locus 5) without affecting transcript levels of pluripotency and early mesoderm marker genes during ES cell differentiation. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling enhanced the expression of both AW551984 and Nkx2.5 in ES cells during embryoid body formation. Our findings indicate that AW551984 is a novel regulator of cardiomyogenesis from pluripotent embryonic cells, which links Wnt/β-catenin signalling to Nkx2.5 expression.

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12

Derebail, Suchitra, Casthri Krishnamurthy, Ong Hong Boon, et al. "REVIEW." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 18, no. 01 (2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030314000068.

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13

Ikeda, Wataru, Hiroyuki Nakanishi, Jun Miyoshi, et al. "Afadin." Journal of Cell Biology 146, no. 5 (1999): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.146.5.1117.

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Afadin is an actin filament–binding protein that binds to nectin, an immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule, and is colocalized with nectin at cadherin-based cell–cell adherens junctions (AJs). To explore the function of afadin in cell–cell adhesion during embryogenesis, we generated afadin−/− mice and embryonic stem cells. In wild-type mice at embryonic days 6.5–8.5, afadin was highly expressed in the embryonic ectoderm and the mesoderm, but hardly detected in the extraembryonic regions such as the visceral endoderm. Afadin−/− mice showed developmental defects at stages during and after gastrulation, including disorganization of the ectoderm, impaired migration of the mesoderm, and loss of somites and other structures derived from both the ectoderm and the mesoderm. Cystic embryoid bodies derived from afadin−/− embryonic stem cells showed normal organization of the endoderm but disorganization of the ectoderm. Cell–cell AJs and tight junctions were improperly organized in the ectoderm of afadin−/− mice and embryoid bodies. These results indicate that afadin is highly expressed in the ectoderm- derived cells during embryogenesis and plays a key role in proper organization of AJs and tight junctions of the highly expressing cells, which is essential for proper tissue morphogenesis.

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Chang, Kai-Hsin, Angelique M. Nelson, Hua Cao, et al. "Definitive-like erythroid cells derived from human embryonic stem cells coexpress high levels of embryonic and fetal globins with little or no adult globin." Blood 108, no. 5 (2006): 1515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-11-011874.

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Human embryonic stem cells are a promising tool to study events associated with the earliest ontogenetic stages of hematopoiesis. We describe the generation of erythroid cells from hES (H1) by subsequent processing of cells present at early and late stages of embryoid body (EB) differentiation. Kinetics of hematopoietic marker emergence suggest that CD45+ hematopoiesis peaks at late D14EB differentiation stages, although low-level CD45- erythroid differentiation can be seen before that stage. By morphologic criteria, hES-derived erythroid cells were of definitive type, but these cells both at mRNA and protein levels coexpressed high levels of embryonic (ϵ) and fetal (γ) globins, with little or no adult globin (β). This globin expression pattern was not altered by the presence or absence of fetal bovine serum, vascular endothelial growth factor, Flt3-L, or coculture with OP-9 during erythroid differentiation and was not culture time dependent. The coexpression of both embryonic and fetal globins by definitive-type erythroid cells does not faithfully mimic either yolk sac embryonic or their fetal liver counterparts. Nevertheless, the high frequency of erythroid cells coexpressing embryonic and fetal globin generated from embryonic stem cells can serve as an invaluable tool to further explore molecular mechanisms.

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15

Nagy, Andras, Marina Gertsenstein, Kristina Vintersten, and Richard Behringer. "Differentiating Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells into Embryoid Bodies." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 2 (2006): pdb.prot4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4405.

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16

Reksohusodo, Subandi. "Laporan Kasus : Pubertas Dini Akibat Kanker Ovarium Tipe Embrional." Journal of Issues in Midwifery 5, no. 1 (2021): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.joim.2021.005.01.5.

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Embryonic cell carcinoma (EC) is the first pluripotent cell identified and originates from a germ cell tumor called teratocarcinoma. Although rare, embryonal carcinoma is one of the most malignant cancers that can be found in the ovary. In this case report, a 4.5 year old girl was diagnosed with embryonal ovarian carcinoma after experiencing menstrual complaints for three months and developing pubic hair and breasts. Then the patient underwent a limited staging laparotomy. The results of clinical examination, radiology, and anatomical pathology showed results according to embryonal ovarian cancer. Chemotherapy with bleomycin etoposide and cisplatin for 3 cycles at 3 week intervals was performed after surgery. From this case, it can be concluded that physical examination and other examination are needed to diagnose embryonic ovarian cancer correctly.

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Elefanty, Andrew G., Lorraine Robb, Raquella Birner, and C. Glenn Begley. "Hematopoietic-Specific Genes Are Not Induced During In Vitro Differentiation of scl-Null Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 90, no. 4 (1997): 1435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1435.

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Abstract The helix-loop-helix transcription factor, scl, plays an essential role in hematopoietic development. Embryos in which the gene has been disrupted fail to develop yolk sac erythropoiesis, and scl-null embryonic stem cells do not contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric mice. To analyze the molecular consequences of scl deficiency, we compared the gene expression profiles of control (wild-type and scl-heterozygous) and scl-null embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro for up to 12 days. In control and scl-null embryoid bodies the temporal expression pattern of genes associated with the formation of ventral mesoderm, such as Brachyury, bone morphogenetic protein-4, and flk-1, was identical. Similarly, GATA-2, CD34, and c-kit, which are coexpressed in endothelial and hematopoietic lineages, were expressed normally in scl-null embryonic stem cell lines. However, hematopoietic-restricted genes, including the transcription factors GATA-1, EKLF, and PU.1 as well as globin genes and myeloperoxidase, were only expressed in wild-type and scl-heterozygous embryonic stem cells. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to confirm the observations that GATA-1 and globins were only present in control embryoid bodies but that CD34 was found on both control and scl-null embryoid bodies. These data extend the previous gene ablation studies and support a model whereby scl is absolutely required for commitment of a putative hemangioblast to the hematopoietic lineage but that it is dispensable for endothelial differentiation.

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Elefanty, Andrew G., Lorraine Robb, Raquella Birner, and C. Glenn Begley. "Hematopoietic-Specific Genes Are Not Induced During In Vitro Differentiation of scl-Null Embryonic Stem Cells." Blood 90, no. 4 (1997): 1435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1435.1435_1435_1447.

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The helix-loop-helix transcription factor, scl, plays an essential role in hematopoietic development. Embryos in which the gene has been disrupted fail to develop yolk sac erythropoiesis, and scl-null embryonic stem cells do not contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric mice. To analyze the molecular consequences of scl deficiency, we compared the gene expression profiles of control (wild-type and scl-heterozygous) and scl-null embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro for up to 12 days. In control and scl-null embryoid bodies the temporal expression pattern of genes associated with the formation of ventral mesoderm, such as Brachyury, bone morphogenetic protein-4, and flk-1, was identical. Similarly, GATA-2, CD34, and c-kit, which are coexpressed in endothelial and hematopoietic lineages, were expressed normally in scl-null embryonic stem cell lines. However, hematopoietic-restricted genes, including the transcription factors GATA-1, EKLF, and PU.1 as well as globin genes and myeloperoxidase, were only expressed in wild-type and scl-heterozygous embryonic stem cells. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to confirm the observations that GATA-1 and globins were only present in control embryoid bodies but that CD34 was found on both control and scl-null embryoid bodies. These data extend the previous gene ablation studies and support a model whereby scl is absolutely required for commitment of a putative hemangioblast to the hematopoietic lineage but that it is dispensable for endothelial differentiation.

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Perlingeiro, Rita C. R., Michael Kyba, and George Q. Daley. "Clonal analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells reveals a hematopoietic progenitor with primitive erythroid and adult lymphoid-myeloid potential." Development 128, no. 22 (2001): 4597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.22.4597.

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into multiple hematopoietic lineages during embryoid body formation in vitro, but to date, an ES-derived hematopoietic stem cell has not been identified and subjected to clonal analysis in a manner comparable with hematopoietic stem cells from adult bone marrow. As the chronic myeloid leukemia-associated BCR/ABL oncogene endows the adult hematopoietic stem cell with clonal dominance without inhibiting pluripotent lymphoid and myeloid differentiation, we have used BCR/ABL as a tool to enable engraftment and clonal analysis. We show that embryoid body-derived hematopoietic progenitors expressing BCR/ABL maintain a primitive hematopoietic blast stage of differentiation and generate only primitive erythroid cell types in vitro. These cells can be cloned, and when injected into irradiated adult mice, they differentiate into multiple myeloid cell types as well as T and B lymphocytes. While the injected cells express embryonic (β-H1) globin, donor-derived erythroid cells in the recipient express only adult (β-major) globin, suggesting that these cells undergo globin gene switching and developmental maturation in vivo. These data demonstrate that an embryonic hematopoietic stem cell arises in vitro during ES cell differentiation that constitutes a common progenitor for embryonic erythroid and definitive lymphoid-myeloid hematopoiesis.

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Murray, P., and D. Edgar. "Regulation of the differentiation and behaviour of extra-embryonic endodermal cells by basement membranes." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 5 (2001): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.5.931.

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Both the extracellular matrix and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) have been implicated in the differentiation and migration of extra-embryonic endodermal cells in the pre-implantation mammalian blastocyst. In order to define the individual roles and interactions between these factors in endodermal differentiation, we have used embryoid bodies derived from Lamc1(-/-) embryonic stem cells that lack basement membranes. The results show that in the absence of basement membranes, increased numbers of both visceral and parietal endodermal cells differentiate, but they fail to form organised epithelia. Furthermore, although parietal endodermal cells only migrate away from control embryoid bodies in the presence of PTHrP, they readily migrate from Lamc1(-/-) embryoid bodies in the absence of PTHrP, and this migration is unaffected by PTHrP. Thus, the basement membrane between epiblast and extra-embryonic endoderm is required for the proper organisation of visceral and parietal endodermal cells and also restricts their differentiation to maintain the population of primitive endodermal stem cells. Moreover, this basement membrane inhibits migration of parietal endodermal cells, the role of PTHrP being to stimulate delamination of parietal endodermal cells from the basement membrane rather than promoting migration per se.

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Benmahioul, B., F. Daguin, and M. Kaïd-Harche. "Cryopreservation of Pistacia vera embryonic axes." Journal of Forest Science 61, No. 4 (2016): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2014-jfs.

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This preliminary study investigated the conservation of Pistacia vera genetic resources using seeds and isolated embryonic axes. First, the effect of storing seeds in ambient conditions on embryo viability was evaluated by in vitro culture. The germination rate of P. vera embryonic axes gradually decreased from 100% to 31% after 30-month storage of seeds. Cryopreservation may thus be necessary for the long-term conservation of embryos. A simple protocol was set up using embryonic axes. It included a single dehydration step with silica gel prior to direct freezing in liquid nitrogen (&ndash;196&deg;C). The optimal germination rate was obtained after 60 min dehydration (water content of 0.2 grams of water per gram of dry weight [g&middot;g<sup>&ndash;1</sup> DW]). However, 90 minutes of dehydration (0.14 g&middot;g<sup>&ndash;1</sup> DW) were necessary to obtain seedlings whose qualitative development was equivalent to that of the control embryonic axes.

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Burkuš, J., A. Navarrete Santos, M. Schindler, et al. "Adiponectin stimulates glucose uptake in mouse blastocysts and embryonic carcinoma cells." Reproduction 159, no. 3 (2020): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0251.

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Preimplantation embryos are sensitive to maternal hormones affecting embryonic signal transduction and metabolic functions. We examined whether adiponectin, the most abundantly secreted adipokine, can influence glucose transport in mouse embryonic cells. In mouse blastocysts full-length adiponectin stimulated glucose uptake, while no effect of globular adiponectin was found. Full-length adiponectin stimulated translocation of GLUT8 glucose transporter to the cell membrane; we did not detect significant changes in the intracellular localization of GLUT4 glucose transporter in adiponectin-treated blastocysts. To study adiponectin signaling in detail, we used embryoid bodies formed from mouse embryonic carcinoma cell (ECC) line P19. We confirmed the expression of adiponectin receptors in these cells. Similar to mouse blastocysts, full-length adiponectin, but not globular adiponectin, stimulated glucose uptake in ECC P19 embryoid bodies. Moreover, full-length adiponectin stimulated AMPK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These results indicate that besides AMPK, p38 MAPK is a potential target of adiponectin in mouse embryonic cells. AMPK inhibitor did not influence the adiponectin-stimulated p38 MAPK phosphorylation, indicating independent action of these two signaling pathways. In mouse embryos adiponectin acts as a hormonal regulator of glucose uptake, which becomes especially important in phases with reduced levels of circulating insulin. Our results suggest that adiponectin maintains the glucose supply for early embryos under hypoinsulinaemic conditions, for example, in mothers suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Singh, Bhairab N., Javier E. Sierra-Pagan, Wuming Gong, et al. "ETV2 (Ets Variant Transcription Factor 2)- Rhoj Cascade Regulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Migration During Embryogenesis." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40, no. 12 (2020): 2875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314488.

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Objective: Endothelial progenitors migrate early during embryogenesis to form the primary vascular plexus. The regulatory mechanisms that govern their migration are not completely defined. Here, we describe a novel role for ETV2 (Ets variant transcription factor 2) in cell migration and provide evidence for an ETV2 -Rhoj network as a mechanism responsible for this process. Approach and Results: Analysis of RNAseq datasets showed robust enrichment of migratory/motility pathways following overexpression of ETV2 during mesodermal differentiation. We then analyzed ETV2 chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq and assay for transposase accessible chromatin-seq datasets, which showed enrichment of chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq peaks with increased chromatin accessibility in migratory genes following overexpression of ETV2. Migratory assays showed that overexpression of ETV2 enhanced cell migration in mouse embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Knockout of Etv2 led to migratory defects of Etv2-EYFP + angioblasts to their predefined regions of developing embryos relative to wild-type controls at embryonic day (E) 8.5, supporting its role during migration. Mechanistically, we showed that ETV2 binds the promoter region of Rhoj serving as an upstream regulator of cell migration. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of Etv2-EYFP + sorted cells revealed coexpression of Etv2 and Rhoj in endothelial progenitors at E7.75 and E8.25. Overexpression of ETV2 led to a robust increase in Rhoj in both embryoid bodies and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, whereas, its expression was abolished in the Etv2 knockout embryoid bodies. Finally, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Rhoj resulted in migration defects, which were partially rescued by overexpression of ETV2. Conclusions: These results define an ETV2 -Rhoj cascade, which is important for the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell migration.

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Kowalski, Michael P., Amy Yoder, Li Liu, and Laura Pajak. "Controlling Embryonic Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation by Automation." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 17, no. 9 (2012): 1171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057112452783.

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Despite significant use in basic research, embryonic stem cells have just begun to be used in the drug discovery process. Barriers to the adoption of embryonic stem cells in drug discovery include the difficulty in growing cells and inconsistent differentiation to the desired cellular phenotype. Embryonic stem cell cultures require consistent and frequent handling to maintain the cells in a pluripotent state. In addition, the preferred hanging drop method of embryoid body (EB) differentiation is not amenable to high-throughput methods, and suspension cultures of EBs show a high degree of variability. Murine embryonic stem cells passaged on an automated platform maintained ≥90% viability and pluripotency. We also developed a method of EB formation using 384-well microplates that form a single EB per well, with excellent uniformity across EBs. This format facilitated high-throughput differentiation and enabled screens to optimize directed differentiation into a desired cell type. Using this approach, we identified conditions that enhanced cardiomyocyte differentiation sevenfold. This optimized differentiation method showed excellent consistency for such a complex biological process. This automated approach to embryonic stem cell handling and differentiation can provide the high and consistent yields of differentiated cell types required for basic research, compound screens, and toxicity studies.

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Liu, De Wu, Yong Tie Li, De Ming Liu, and Pu Ning. "Culture and Characteristics of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 835–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.835.

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Human induced pluripotent stem cells is promising for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this chapter, we focus on the culture and characteristics of human induced pluripotent stem cells. The induced pluripotent stem cells were plated on murine embryonic fibroblast feeder cells and expanded in human embryonic stem cells media contained basic fibroblast growth factor. The cells were passaged by collagenase IV digestion method and observed under invert microscope. The expression of alkaline phosphatase was detected by immunocytochemistry. The cultured induced pluripotent stem cells grew well and stability with similar characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. These cells also expressed alkaline phosphatase. They formed embryoid body in feeder-free and suspension culture conditions. The results provide an experimental basis for improvement of induction study and further application to generate patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells.

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Liu, Yufu, Guodong Yang, Chunqi Yang, et al. "The Mechanism of Houttuynia cordata Embryotoxicity Was Explored in Combination with an Experimental Model and Network Pharmacology." Toxins 15, no. 1 (2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010073.

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Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) is the most common herb as a food and traditional Chinese medicine. Currently, studies on its toxicity have mainly focused on hepatotoxicity. However, its potential embryotoxicity by long-term exposure is often overlooked. Objective: To investigate the effects of H. cordata on embryonic development and its toxicity mechanism by combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experimental methods. Methods: The effects of H. cordata on embryos were evaluated. Zebrafish embryos and embryoid bodies were administered to observe the effects of H. cordata on embryonic development. Based on network pharmacological analysis, it was found that the main active agents producing toxicity in H. cordata were oleanolic acid, lignan, and aristolactam AII. H. cordata can affect PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and Ras signaling pathways by regulating targets, such as AKT1, EGFR, CASP3, and IGF-1. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression of AKT1 and PI3K in the embryoid body was significantly reduced after drug administration (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of network pharmacology and in vitro experiments suggest that H. cordata may affect embryonic development by influencing the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

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Rojas, Mariana, and Ángel Rodríguez. "Embryonic Annexes." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 1, no. 4 (2018): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2014.037.

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In vertebrates, depending on the environment in which an embryo develops, different types of extraembryonic membranes are formed. In placental mammals the following extraembryonic membranes are formed: amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion and placenta. Extraembryonic membranes perform functions vital to the embryo. The amnion protects the embryo from drying, the mechanical trauma, temperature changes and adhesions which can distort it. The yolk sac is present in all vertebrates. In mammals allows the formation of the first blood vessels and the first blood, home to the primordial germ cells for some time; however, in fish and birds these have nutritional importance. In birds and mammals such as cattle, sheep and pig the allantois receives urinary wastes; this structure also contributes part of the bladder and at the time of birth becomes the suspensory ligament, urachus. The chorion form chorionic villus, which can produce hormones such as chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen. A portion of the chorionic sac helps form the placenta.

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28

Lebovitz, Richard M. "Embryonic Rights." National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 3, no. 4 (2003): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ncbq2003343.

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29

Sodhi, Harpreet Kaur. "Embryonic Demise." International Journal of Nursing Education and Research 8, no. 3 (2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-2660.2020.00083.6.

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30

Eisenstein, Michael. "Embryonic matchmaking." Nature Methods 11, no. 5 (2014): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2952.

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SPEMANN, HANS. "Embryonic Induction." American Zoologist 27, no. 2 (1987): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/27.2.575.

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Cooke, Jonathan. "Embryonic events." Nature 325, no. 6099 (1987): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325026a0.

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T. M. B. "Embryonic Questions." Scientific American 259, no. 6 (1988): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1288-27.

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34

Mange, Daniel, Moshe Sipper, and Pierre Marchal. "Embryonic electronics." Biosystems 51, no. 3 (1999): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2647(99)00052-0.

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35

Slack, J. M. W. "Embryonic induction." Mechanisms of Development 41, no. 2-3 (1993): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4773(93)90040-5.

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36

Golub, Rachel, and Ana Cumano. "Embryonic hematopoiesis." Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases 51, no. 4 (2013): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.08.004.

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37

Ostertag, W., G. Steinheider, and H. Melderis. "Embryonic hemoglobins." Clinical Genetics 8, no. 5 (2008): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1975.tb01532.x.

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38

Strzyz, Paulina. "Embryonic hydraulics." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 20, no. 8 (2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0154-y.

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39

Schubert, C. "Embryonic Selection." Biology of Reproduction 94, no. 2 (2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.115.136796.

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40

Lanier, Andrea S. "Embryonic Vigilante." Psychoanalytic Perspectives 4, no. 1 (2006): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1551806x.2006.10472988.

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41

Wilting, J., Hannes Neeff, and Bodo Christ. "Embryonic lymphangiogenesis." Cell and Tissue Research 297, no. 1 (1999): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051328.

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42

Williams, Nigel. "Embryonic divisions." Current Biology 18, no. 8 (2008): R313—R314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.001.

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43

Gross, Michael. "Embryonic developments." Current Biology 19, no. 11 (2009): R427—R428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.036.

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Yao, Fupan, Iqra Mumal, Nikhil Raghuram, et al. "ATRT-06. ETMR TUMORIGENESIS MIRRORS RADIAL GLIAL DEVELOPMENT." Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_1 (2023): i2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad073.006.

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Abstract Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are rare pediatric brain tumors defined primarily by overexpression of the C19MC microRNA cluster. These tumors affect mostly children under the age of 3. However, little is known about the origin and developmental contexts of ETMRs. We hypothesized that the early onset of these tumors suggests an embryonic tumorigenic event. To elucidate the embryonic contexts of which ETMRs arise, we curated three mouse embryogenesis datasets representing the full spectrum of murine embryonic development. We generated timepoint structure signatures of this atlas and projected them onto a single nuclei RNA sequencing dataset of 8 primary ETMRs. Consistent with existing literature, we discovered that ETMRs resemble a spectrum of radial glial, neuronal, and oligodendrocytic cell types. We also recapitulated potential ETMR driver mechanisms such as overexpression of WNT and SHH signaling by gene set enrichment analysis. We validated the enrichment of lineage and driver markers through GSEA and marker gene enrichment in a separate cohort of ETMRs characterized by bulk RNA sequencing. Taken together, the embryonic context of ETMR development may play crucial roles in the early identification and treatments of this lethal disease.

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Bozhkov, P. V., I. S. Ahn, and Y. G. Park. "Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 3 (1997): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-055.

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Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

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46

Gorbunov, L. V. "COMPUTER MODELING OF EMBRYONIC MORTALITY AT CRIOCONSERVATION." Biotechnologia Acta 9, no. 4 (2016): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech9.04.067.

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Wheeler, MB. "Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 5 (1994): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940563.

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The establishment of embryonic cell lines from swine should be useful for studies of cell differentiation, developmental gene regulation and the production of transgenics. This paper summarizes the establishment of porcine (Sus scrofa) embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from preimplantation blastocysts and their ability to develop into normal chimaeras. ES cells can spontaneously differentiate into cystic embryoid bodies with ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal cell types. Further, culture of ES cells to confluence or induction of differentiation with retinoic acid or dimethylsulfoxide results in morphological differentiation into fibroblasts, adipocytes, and epithelial, neuronal, and muscle cells. These ES cells have a normal diploid complement of 38 chromosomes. Scanning electron microscopy of the ES cells reveals a rounded or polygonal, epithelial-like cell with numerous microvilli. The differentiation of these embryonic cell lines into several cell types indicates a pluripotent cell. Furthermore, chimaeric swine have been successfully produced using such ES cells.

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Liu, Bing, Yanxun Sun, Feizi Jiang, et al. "Disruption of Smad5 gene leads to enhanced proliferation of high-proliferative potential precursors during embryonic hematopoiesis." Blood 101, no. 1 (2003): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-02-0398.

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Abstract SMAD proteins are downstream signal transducers of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, which serve as pleiotropic regulators in embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. SMAD5, initially considered to mediate bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) signals, can also transduce the inhibitory signal of TGF-β1 on proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors derived from human bone marrow. To define its specific role in regulation of primitive multipotential progenitors during early embryonic hematopoiesis, we examined Smad5−/− yolk sacs at E9.0 to 9.5 and detected an elevated number of high-proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFCs) with enhanced replating potential. To exclude the possible influence of microenvironmental deficit on embryonic hematopoiesis in vivo, we performed in vitro embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation assay and investigated the HPP-CFCs in particular. Smad5−/− embryoid bodies (EBs) contained an elevated number of blast colony-forming cells (BL-CFCs), the in vitro equivalent of hemangioblast, in contrast to reduced proliferation of primitive erythroid precursors (Ery/Ps) within the mutant EBs. More importantly, profoundly increased frequency of HPP-CFCs, featured with a gene-dosage effect, was detected within day 6 Smad5−/−EBs compared with the wild type. In addition, Smad5−/−HPP-CFCs displayed enhanced self-renewal capacity and decreased sensitivity to TGF-β1 inhibition, suggesting a critical role of Smad5 in TGF-β1 regulation of embryonic HPP-CFCs. Consistently, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis detected alterations of the transcription factors including GATA-2 and AML1 as well as cytokine receptors in Smad5−/− HPP-CFC colonies. Together, these data define an important function of SMAD5 in negative regulation of high-proliferative potential precursors during embryonic hematopoiesis.

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Kennerknecht, Ingo, Walther Vogel, and Karl Mehnert. "A modified embryogenic model to explain embryonic/extraembryonic chromosomal inconsistencies." Prenatal Diagnosis 13, no. 12 (1993): 1156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970131213.

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Fernández, Mercedes, Micaela Pannella, Vito Antonio Baldassarro, et al. "Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Embryonic Stem Cells: Crosstalk with the Retinoic Acid Pathway." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (2020): 8945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238945.

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While the role of thyroid hormones (THs) during fetal and postnatal life is well-established, their role at preimplantation and during blastocyst development remains unclear. In this study, we used an embryonic stem cell line isolated from rat (RESC) to study the effects of THs and retinoic acid (RA) on early embryonic development during the pre-implantation stage. The results showed that THs play an important role in the differentiation/maturation processes of cells obtained from embryoid bodies (EB), with thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TR) (TRα and TRβ), metabolic enzymes (deiodinases 1, 2, 3) and membrane transporters (Monocarboxylate transporters -MCT- 8 and 10) being expressed throughout in vitro differentiation until the Embryoid body (EB) stage. Moreover, thyroid hormone receptor antagonist TR (1-850) impaired RA-induced neuroectodermal lineage specification. This effect was significantly higher when cells were treated with retinoic acid (RA) to induce neuroectodermal lineage, studied through the gene and protein expression of nestin, an undifferentiated progenitor marker from the neuroectoderm lineage, as established by nestin mRNA and protein regulation. These results demonstrate the contribution of the two nuclear receptors, TR and RA, to the process of neuroectoderm maturation of the in vitro model embryonic stem cells obtained from rat.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Embryonic'

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