Journal articles: 'End Life tires'

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Ivanova, Nevena, Margarita Filipova, and Ivanka Zheleva. "Methods of the end-use of end-of-life tires." SIMI 2019, SIMI 2019 (September 20, 2019): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2019.fp28.

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The main objective of the study, presented in the article, is to review the possible methods of final recovery of End-of-Life Tires (EOLT). Applied methods of the end-use of EOLT used in Republic of Bulgaria and in some other countries in the European Union are presented and commented in the paper. Also the end-use of EOLT waste criteria is discussed. The possibilities for post-recovery including recycling of the waste generated by the tire recovery process have been explored. The application of the identified methods in Republic of Bulgaria and other European Union Member States have been analyzed and assessed.

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Kır, S., S. E. Cömert, F. Yener, H. R. Yazgan, and G. Candan. "Hazardous Waste Recycling: End of Life Tires Case." Acta Physica Polonica A 135, no. 4 (April 2019): 681–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.135.681.

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Niezgoda, A., Y. Deng, F. Sabatier, and R. Ansart. "From end-of-life tires to storable energy carriers." Journal of Environmental Management 276 (December 2020): 111318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111318.

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Bobo, S. N. "Fatigue Life of Aircraft Tires." Tire Science and Technology 16, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148807.

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Abstract A study was conducted to determine if a safe upper service limit can be set for aircraft tires, based on an operation profile of the aircraft using the tires. The study consisted of three parts: development of a tire heating model, experimental confirmation, and determination of tire degradation as a function of time at temperature. Three operational profiles were identified: long, intermediate, and short haul; these stressed tires in different ways. The mathematical model, which calculated temperature as a function of time for various axial and lateral forces at different speeds, was developed and confirmed by experiment. It predicted the time at temperature of the hottest part of a tire that is exposed to the operating environment of the profiles. The impact of heating was found from a determination of ply adhesion as a function of time at temperature. The end of tire life was judged to occur when ply adhesion was degraded by 50%.

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Valentín, J. L., R. Pérez-Aparicio, A. Fernandez-Torres, P. Posadas, R. Herrero, F. M. Salamanca, R. Navarro, and L. Saiz-Rodríguez. "ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION OF RECYCLED RUBBER FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 683–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.20.79963.

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ABSTRACT There are currently many well-established applications for recycled rubber from end-of-life tires (ELT), but it is essential to investigate and seek new approaches to enhance the value of these products. Recent developments in new technologies and innovative recycling and devulcanization processes have opened up new perspectives for ELT crumb rubber. To promote the use of these products in newly added value applications, it is essential to develop and optimize methods that allow the characterization of parameters related to the ultimate properties of potential final applications. In this respect, a novel characterization methodology based on advanced 1H double-quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments has been applied for the first time to quantify the key parameters that characterize the structure of ELT crumb rubber after diverse recycling processes: from simple mechanical grinding to complex devulcanization methods. This experimental approach enables the quantification of parameters that define the network structure of rubber, such as the nonelastic network defects (sol fraction, dangling chain ends, loops), the cross-link density, and the heterogeneity of the network, directly from rubber granulate and powder (without any additional sample preparation steps), overcoming most of the drawbacks and uncertainties that limit the application of traditional rubber characterization methods (e.g., equilibrium swelling experiments). By applying this experimental approach, it is possible to identify and quantify the actual technical limits for a complete selective devulcanization process of ELT crumb rubber.

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Buadit, Tarinee, Cheerawit Rattanapan, Achara Ussawarujikulchai, Krisda Suchiva, Seksan Papong, and Hwong-wen Ma. "Life Cycle Assessment of Material Recovery from Pyrolysis Process of End-of-Life Tires in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 11, no. 10 (2020): 488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2020.11.10.1296.

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It is estimated that around 600,000 tons of end-of-life tires are generated annually in Thailand. These waste tires will cause danger to the environment and human health if handled improperly. On the other hand, if managed with the proper technology, it will be transformed into valuable products. This research aims to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a waste tire pyrolysis plant in Thailand by using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The functional unit is defined as 1 ton of products from the pyrolysis process of waste tires. The system boundary consists of a pre-treatment and pyrolysis process (gate-to-gate). The LCA calculations were carried out using licensed SimaPro 9.0 software. At the impact assessment step, the ReCiPe2016 method both Midpoint (problem-oriented) and Endpoint (damage-oriented) were applied, and 7 impact categories were selected (global warming, fine particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, and fossil resource scarcity). If the avoided products from the pyrolysis process, including pyrolysis oil, steel wire, and carbon black were taken into account, the characterization results show that 3 impacts: global warming, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and fossil resource scarcity have a negative value. While the other impacts still have a positive value resulted mainly from electricity consumption. When considering weighting end-point results, it found that human health impact was a major contribution with a totally negative value of -0.947 Pt. As a summary, the outcomes confirm that the utilization of pyrolysis avoided products and the optimization of electricity consumption in the process has the potential to drives pyrolysis to become an environmentally effective technology for end-of-tires management.

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Lapkovskis, Vjaceslavs, Viktors Mironovs, Andrei Kasperovich, Vadim Myadelets, and Dmitri Goljandin. "Crumb Rubber as a Secondary Raw Material from Waste Rubber: A Short Review of End-Of-Life Mechanical Processing Methods." Recycling 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5040032.

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Despite technological developments, modern methods for the disposal of end-of-life tires most often involve either their incineration in cement kilns or the destruction of tires in special landfills, demonstrating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. The fundamental role of recycling is evident, and the development of high-efficiency processes represents a crucial priority for the European market. Therefore, the investigation of end-of-life rubber processing methods is of high importance for both manufacturers and recyclers of rubber materials. In this paper, we review existing methods for processing of end-of-life tires, in order to obtain rubber crumb, which can later be used in the production of new industrial rubber goods and composites. We consider processes for separating end-of-life tires into fractions (in terms of types of materials) using chemical, mechanochemical, and mechanical methods to process the materials of used tires, in order to obtain crumb rubber of various fractions and chemical reactivities.

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Rasheva, Violeta, Georgi Komitov, Ivan Binev, and Georgi Valtchev. "Structural and Technological Features of an Installation for Recovery of End-of-life Automobile Tires." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018001016.

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Automobile tires are one of the generated wastes from the road transport. According to an EU directive after 2006, end-of-life tires are subject to controlled collection and storage by traders. Direct incineration is unacceptable due to high levels of hazardous emissions. In addition to the high rate of depletion of natural resources, and in line with the “sustainable development” model, it is appropriate to create new advanced technologies for the proper utilization of natural resources through the reuse of end-of-life products. The pyrolysis technology of decomposition of raw materials is an innovative technology for production of fuels and metals from the disposal tires. This technology shows a reduced risk to public health and reduced levels of harmful substances in flue gases, has low operating costs and does not require separate waste collection. This paper focuses on the structural features of the pyrolysis installation for used automobile tires recycling. The installation has been implemented into production and has a capacity of 1 ton of end-of-life tires per hour. The result is 400 kg of liquid fuel, 400 kg of carbon and 100 kg of metal waste per hour.

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Landi, Daniele, Samuele Vitali, and Michele Germani. "Environmental Analysis of Different End of Life Scenarios of Tires Textile Fibers." Procedia CIRP 48 (2016): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.03.141.

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Pająk, Małgorzata. "Concrete reinforced with various amounts of steel fibers reclaimed from end-of-life tires." MATEC Web of Conferences 262 (2019): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926206008.

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The main objective of the paper was to provide more information about the influence of fibers coming from the end-of-life tires on the behaviour of concrete. Because of their untypical geometrical characteristic they are not eagerly applied as concrete reinforcement. Considering the amount of used tires, the management of this waste would he beneficial for the environment. The paper deals with the typical floor concrete reinforced with three dosages of fibers equal to: 30kg/m3, 40kg/m3 and 60kg/m3. The compressive and flexural mechanical parameters of RSFC were studied. The waste fibers with the shape dissimilar to manufactured fibers did not have a negative effect on the properties of the mix in a fresh state. The compressive strength was slightly affected by the fibers, meanwhile the pronounced influence of RSF on the post-peak flexural parameters was noted. Those parameters increased proportionally with the amount of fibers. However, the scatters in the flexural tests results were increasing with the fibers content. The investigations indicate that the fibers from the end-of-life tires could he applied as a concrete reinforcement. The values of flexural parameters which can be further applied to structural calculations were shown.

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Biesse, Frédéric, Jérôme Mahé, and Nicolas Lévy. "Average Worn Profile of Tires in Europe." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420303.

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ABSTRACT Tire tread wear is a key issue in the tire development process and for tire customers. In order to measure the wear performance, tire manufacturers usually proceed to wear tests and calculate the tire life from those tests. An important point in this tire life computation is the criteria chosen for defining the tire's end of life. In Europe, there is a legal minimum tread depth set to 1.6 mm applicable to 75% of the tread pattern width. However, outside those 75% (i.e., on the shoulder part), no clear and shared limit is defined. Also, the usual behavior of customers to decide when their tires should be changed is not well known. The goal of this 2012 study was to identify an average worn profile of tires in Europe and the behavior of customers for replacing their tires. For that, 3000 tires worn out by customers have been collected in scrapyards and measured in five European countries. In this article, we will present the tire collecting method, the measurement process, the analysis method, and some general results and statistics on this 3000 tire database. Finally, the method to compute the average end of life profile and the resulting profile is given.

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Wang, Zefeng, Yong Kang, and Zhao Wang. "Pulverization of end-of-life tires by ultra-high pressure water jet process." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0534.

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Abstract Crumb rubber (CR), as a final product from end-of-life tires through size reduction process, has proved an appropriate end product for accumulated discard waste tires all around the world. Unlike pre-existing pulverization methods, such as ambient or cryogenic grinding and solid-state shear extrusion, an entire cool pulverization process utilizing ultra-high pressure water jet (UHPWJ) was proposed in this paper. Pulverization experiments under various processing parameters were designed and conducted. The particle size distributions of produced CR were obtained using laser particle analyzer. Microscopic morphologies of CR and rubber fracture surface were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The crosslink density and gel fraction of produced CR were experimentally determined. Influence of four main processing parameters as pump pressure, transverse velocity, standoff distance and impacting angle was discussed in detail, and the most suitable processing parameters were recommended. The results show that the particle size distribution of produced CR with UHPWJ is between 45 μm and 200 μm, and the surface of CR is coarse and porous. High compressive shear effect and erosion are the main mechanisms in UHPWJ pulverization. Besides, the produced CR has already been partly devulcanized after UHPWJ pulverization, and polymer degradation occurred in the meanwhile.

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Bocci, Edoardo, and Emiliano Prosperi. "Recycling of reclaimed fibers from end-of-life tires in hot mix asphalt." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 7, no. 5 (October 2020): 678–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2019.09.006.

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Buss, Andre Hekermann, João Luiz Kovaleski, Regina Negri Pagani, Vander Luiz da Silva, and Jaqueline de Matos Silva. "Proposal to Reuse Rubber Waste from End-Of-Life Tires Using Thermosetting Resin." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 6997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246997.

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Due to the increasing production of motor vehicles, a large amount of waste with different characteristics and compositions is generated, notably end-of-life tires, which are harmful to the environment when not properly disposed. Their composition contains contaminating chemical elements, resulting in negative impacts on the environment. This research aims to present a process that favors the recycling of rubber waste from end-of-life tires. For the construction of the state of the art and state of the technique, a review of the literature on end-of-life tire rubber, and a search on Google Patents and Espacenet was done using Methodi Ordinatio. For the experimental work, samples were made using concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60% of end-of-life tire rubber particles, with the addition of thermoset polymeric matrix of isophthalic polyester resin, catalyst, and dyes. In order to evaluate the quality of the mixture, some tests with the material resulting from the mixture were performed: Izod impact strength, Shore D hardness, immersion density determination, flexural strength, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results from the tests indicate that the composition with 60% of rubber particles had better mechanical results than samples containing 20% and 40%. The tests also show that end-of-life tire particles promote chemical adsorption (interaction) with the thermoset polymer matrix, favoring the mechanical properties. The final results of this research are: the literature review and the search on granted patents showed that this study is original; the experimental work suggests that practical applications are possible, generating a new product, harder with a proportion of 60% of rubber particles, as indicated by the tests, with a smooth surface that does not require polishing. Thus, this research is characterized as innovative as well as having sustainable characteristics.

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Grammelis, Panagiotis, Nikolaos Margaritis, Petros Dallas, Dimitrios Rakopoulos, and Georgios Mavrias. "A Review on Management of End of Life Tires (ELTs) and Alternative Uses of Textile Fibers." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030571.

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Annually, approximately 3 billion tires are commercially transacted worldwide each year and an equivalent amount is disposed of by the end of their life. Despite the increase in the life of tires and the global economic and pandemic crisis, the number of discarded tires is going to rise further due to the increasing demand for vehicles worldwide (approximately 5 billion tires by the end of 2030). The obsolete methods of tire disposal, including landfill, burning, etc., are a responsible for environmental issues (harmful substances production, air and soil pollution) and for the transmission of various diseases. Nowadays, approximately 70% of the total tires at the end of their life (ELTs) is recovered. The largest percentage of the recovered ELTs is intended for energy production or recovery as a fuel in cement industries or can be used for the production of various materials. A significant amount (approximately 95%) of the discarded ELTs can be reused. The products from the processing of ELTs can be fragments of different sizes and types, including: Trimmed rubber (70% by weight), steel wire (5–30% by weight), and fluff or textile fibers (up to 15% by weight). From the aforementioned materials, rubber and steel wires are mainly recovered and used for numerous applications. However, current ways of utilizing these materials will have to adapt or change in the near future, in order to comply with stricter regulations. The purpose of the current study is to sufficiently review recent progress on the management of ELTs, focusing on alternative uses of textile fibers such as additive for sound absorbing materials, bituminous conglomerates, concrete production, plastic materials, soil reinforcement, etc.

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Piotrowska, Katarzyna, Weronika Kruszelnicka, Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos, Robert Kasner, Jacek Rudnicki, Andrzej Tomporowski, Józef Flizikowski, and Marek Opielak. "Assessment of the Environmental Impact of a Car Tire throughout Its Lifecycle Using the LCA Method." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244177.

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There are numerous threats to the natural environment that pose a significant risk both to the environment and to human health, including car tires. Thus, there is a need to determine the impact of the life cycle of car tires on the environment, starting with the processes of raw materials acquisition, production, and ending with end-of-life management. Therefore, the authors of this study chose to do research on passenger car tires (size: P205/55/R16). As part of the research, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional car tires was performed with the use of the Eco-indicator 99, cumulative energy demand (CED), and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methods. The level of negative effects was determined for the life cycle of a tire and its particular stages: Production, use, and end of life. The negative impact on the atmosphere, soil, and water, as well as on human health, the environment, and natural resources was also investigated. The results show that the most energy-absorbing stage of a car tire life cycle is the use stage. It was found that the most harmful impact involves the depletion of natural resources and emissions into the atmosphere. Recycling car tires reduces their negative environmental impact during all their life cycle stages.

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Stanojevic, Dusan, Milos Rajkovic, and Dragan Toskovic. "Management of used tires, accomplishments in the world, and situation in Serbia." Chemical Industry 65, no. 6 (2011): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110729061s.

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It is estimated that all over the world there are more than 550 million road vehicles in everyday use. Annually, 1.3 billion used tyres are dismantled from these vehicles due to safety reasons. A small number of these tyres end up reused as second-hand tyres or, after being retreated, as new ones. The rest are end of life tyres which are recycled or used as tire derived fuels under controlled combustion conditions. Modern vehicle tyres are a high-technological product containing, on the average, 85% hydrocarbon, 10-15% steel, as well as some other chemical materials. Tyres belong to high caloric materials, with calorific value of a passenger car tyre of approx. 30.2 MJ/kg being more than of hard coal and comparable to calorific value of petrol-coke. Having this in mind many countries use end of life tyres as safe alternative fuel in cement works or power plants. Undeveloped countries dump end of life tyres on legal and illegal scrap stockpiles. End of life tyres, if deposed correctly, don?t endanger the environment because they are chemically inert. However, since they can easily be burnt there is a real possibility of tyre dump fires, which in effect can lead to harmful products emission that extremely pollute the environment. End of life tyres represent a very important secondary material, which when recycled is transformed into a number of raw materials used in rubber industry, for road construction, sports facilities, residential and business buildings, artificial fish habitats in shallow seas, sea walls, steel production, etc. By the industrial procedures of controlled degradation, which have been uneconomical up till now, gaseous and liquid fuel can be obtained by natural rubber, steel and soot recycling. The countries of the EU, together with Norway and Switzerland, were the world leaders in the field of effective end of life tyre management in the year 2009. Out of 2.62 million tonnes of end of life tyres, 95% were restored or used as energents, and 5% settled on dumps. About 26.000 t of used tyres are collected in Serbia each year. In accordance with adopted legal legislations, up to 30% can be used as tire derived fuels while 70% are being recycled. Serbia belongs to the group of countries which have solved the problem of used tyres in a modern way, and in accordance with EU Legislation practice.

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Marín-Genescà, Marc, Jordi García-Amorós, Ramon Mujal-Rosas, Lluís Massagués Vidal, and Xavier Colom Fajula. "Microparticle Size and Quantities Effect on the Mechanical Features of End of Life Tires in Thermoplastic Composites." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 5561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235561.

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Currently, the huge use of tires generates large quantities of waste material which represents a severe environmental problem. The common technique used for processing waste tires is crushing using mechanical methods and separating tire components like fibers, metals, and rubber from the used tire. The aim of this research is the recycling of this rubber from crushed tires, called ground tire rubber (GTR). With this aim, the manuscript analyses key mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composites produced by blending of crushed and micronized small particles of waste rubber tires with several industrial thermoplastic polymers. These types of composites are defined based on the total amount GTR in percent by weight, in the composite, and also, the particle sizes used in each case, so these aforementioned two variables (microparticle size and amounts) along with seven common industrial polymers define a series of composites for which the mechanical properties were tested, studied, analyzed and finally presented. Finally, the results obtained show that this proposed recycling method could be a way to enhance some specific polymer properties and could contribute to reducing the total of end of life used tire stocks environmental problem.

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Malijonyte, Vaida, Elina Dace, Francesco Romagnoli, Irina Kliopova, and Martins Gedrovics. "A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Recovery from end-of-life Tires and Selected Solid Waste." Energy Procedia 95 (September 2016): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.064.

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Maderuelo-Sanz, Rubén, Antonio V. Nadal-Gisbert, José E. Crespo-Amorós, and Francisco Parres-García. "A novel sound absorber with recycled fibers coming from end of life tires (ELTs)." Applied Acoustics 73, no. 4 (April 2012): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2011.12.001.

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Edun, Ayoyimika, and Caroline Hachem-Vermette. "Energy and environmental impact of recycled end of life tires applied in building envelopes." Journal of Building Engineering 39 (July 2021): 102242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102242.

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Saiz-Rodríguez, Leticia, José María Bermejo-Muñoz, Andrés Rodríguez-Díaz, Alberto Fernández-Torres, and Antonio Rubinos-Pérez. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 14C AND TGA TECHNIQUES FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF THE BIOMASS CONTENT OF END-OF-LIFE TIRES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 664–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.85993.

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ABSTRACT Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and 14C techniques were compared for the determination of the biomass content of end-of-life tires (ELTs). Samples of different types (of ELTs) were prepared, and the biomass fraction of each sample was measured using the two methods (TGA and 14C). Six reference samples were also prepared with known quantities of natural rubber and stearic acid in order to establish the calibration curve necessary for the thermogravimetric analysis and to verify the accuracy of the results of the 14C analysis. The conclusions were that the 14C technique is the more valid, reliable, and precise method for determining the biomass content of end-of-life tires, since the results of the 14C tests of the reference samples coincided perfectly with the actual natural rubber and stearic acid content. On the other hand, the results of the thermogravimetric method differed considerably from the known natural rubber content of the reference samples as well as from the results of the 14C technique. This method is therefore not appropriate for use in determining the biomass content of end-of-life tires.

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Tasalloti, Ali, Gabriele Chiaro, Arjun Murali, Laura Banasiak, Alessandro Palermo, and Gabriele Granello. "Recycling of End-of-Life Tires (ELTs) for Sustainable Geotechnical Applications: A New Zealand Perspective." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 7824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177824.

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End-of-life tires (ELTs) are tires, unusable in their original form, which go into a waste management scheme (for recycling and energy recovery purposes), or otherwise are disposed. In New Zealand, the annual disposal of 3.5 million ELTs is posing critical environmental and socio-economic issues, and the reuse of ELTs through large-volume recycling engineering projects is a necessity. In this study, gravel and recycled granulated rubber were mixed to explore the possibility of obtaining synthetic granular geomaterials (with adequate geotechnical and environmental characteristics) that are suitable as structural fills for geotechnical applications including foundation systems for low-rise light-weight residential buildings. Moreover, an original framework with a set of geo-environmental criteria is proposed for the acceptance of gravel–rubber mixtures (GRMs) as structural fills. It is shown that when gravel-size like rubber particles are used, GRMs with volumetric rubber content of 40% or less have adequate strength (ϕ’ > 30°), low compressibility (εv ≤ 3%), excellent energy adsorption properties, and acceptable leachate metal concentration values (e.g., Zn < 1 mg/L), making them ideal synthetic structural fill materials for many sustainable geotechnical applications.

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Centonze, Giuseppe, Marianovella Leone, Francesco Micelli, Daniele Colonna, and Maria Antonietta Aiello. "Concrete Reinforced with Recycled Steel Fibers from End of Life Tires: Mix-Design and Application." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.224.

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The manufacturing technology of reinforced concrete with the use of steel fibers to improve its mechanical properties is well-known and commonly used in civil engineering. Generally, steel fibers as discontinuous reinforcement of the concrete matrix are used to limit the cracking growth following the load application. Thus, the obtained concrete is characterized by an improvement of the typically brittle behavior of the ordinary matrix, mainly referring to toughness and post-cracking behavior. In this paper the results of a recent experimental campaign carried out at the University of Salento will be discussed. It was designed to study the optimization of concrete mixtures reinforced with recycled steel fibers from end of life tires (ELTs) to be used for the realization of precast panels. This experimental campaign is part of a wider research project aimed to validate the idea that the constituent elements of the ELTs, especially rubber and steel, can be effectively reused in concrete mixtures. Taking into account the high annual amount of ELTs generated around the world and their negative impact on the global environmental sustainability, the recovery of their constituent materials and their reuse as raw materials in different technologies, is certainly an excellent way for a sustainable development.

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Re Depaolini, Andrea, Giancarlo Bianchi, Daniele Fornai, Angela Cardelli, Marco Badalassi, Camillo Cardelli, and Enrico Davoli. "Physical and chemical characterization of representative samples of recycled rubber from end-of-life tires." Chemosphere 184 (October 2017): 1320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.093.

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Landi, Daniele, Marco Marconi, Edoardo Bocci, and Michele Germani. "Comparative life cycle assessment of standard, cellulose-reinforced and end of life tires fiber-reinforced hot mix asphalt mixtures." Journal of Cleaner Production 248 (March 2020): 119295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119295.

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Markl, Erich, and Maximilian Lackner. "Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051246.

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In general, composite materials are difficult to recycle. Tires belong to this class of materials. On top, one of their main constitutents, vulcanized rubber, is as elastomer, which cannot be remolten and hence is particularly challenging to put to a new use. Today, the main end-of-life routes of tires and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g., cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, generating huge quantities and indicating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. True feedstock recycling is not feasible for complex mixtures such as tires, but devulcanization can be done to reactivate the cross-linked polymer for material recycling in novel rubber products. Devulcanization, i.e., the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermophysical, or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents an update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. The article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. On the one hand, tires have become high-tech products, where the simultaneous improvement of wet traction, rolling resistance, and abrasion resistance (the so-called “magic triangle”) is hard to achieve. On the other hand, recycling and sustainable end-of-life uses are becoming more and more important. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Every year, approximately 40 million tons of tires are discarded. Through the devulcanization of end-of-life tires (ELT), it is possible to produce new raw materials with good mechanical properties and a superior environmental footprint over virgin products. The devulcanization process has become an interesting technology that is able to support the circular economy concept.

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La Rosa, AD, E. Pergolizzi, D. Maragna, G. Recca, and G. Cicala. "Reuse of carbon black from end-of-life tires in new pneumatic formulations and life-cycle assessment of the thermolysis process." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 51, no. 7-8 (January 9, 2019): 740–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318819242.

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Carbon black derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs) through thermolysis process was studied. The main attraction of this material is the low market price (€450 ton−1) compared with virgin carbon black (about €700 ton−1). Investigation was focused on the vulcanization reaction of rubber with the addition of both types of carbon black, that is, carbon black recycled (CBr) from the thermolysis of ELTs and carbon black virgin (CBv) from traditional oil process. The aim of the research was to verify that CBr has similar reactivity than CBv when blended with rubber and vulcanized. Furthermore, environmental benefits of recovering CBr and the other coproducts were evaluated by means of the life-cycle assessment methodology.

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Manuzon, Maria Janine D., Kristal Aubrey S. Bornillo, and Leslie Joy L. Diaz. "Oil Extraction Residue from End-of-Life Tire Recycling as Carbon Black Substitute in Motorcycle Tires." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.408.

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Recovery of useful products from spent rubber materials can potentially turn waste into an immense and continuous source of valuable carbon black (CB). In this study, recovered residue from oil extraction (OER) was used as a CB filler substitute after subjecting the untreated samples to different material characterization techniques. These include SEM imaging, XRD and BET Analysis, as well as thermogravimetry. Using a specific tire formulation with target threshold tensile strength, the OER was then substituted for the standard commercial CB in increasing ratios. The effects of size, structure, purity and morphology of OER on rubber compound processability and mechanical properties were then investigated. Static and dynamic mechanical tests that involve the use of universal testing machine, Mooney Viscometer and Rubber Process Analyzer were performed to determine the most effective filler amount of OER as a commercial CB substitute.

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Bittencourt, Euclides Santos, Cristiano Hora de Oliveira Fontes, Jorge Laureano Moya Rodriguez, Salvador Ávila Filho, and Adonias Magdiel Silva Ferreira. "Modeling the Socioeconomic Metabolism of End-of-Life Tires Using Structural Equations: A Brazilian Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052106.

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Socioeconomic metabolism (SEM) is the exchange of materials and energy between society and the environment involving the social, economic and environmental sectors. In this paper, a boundary was defined between the economic (consumption) and environmental (waste recovery) limits in a city of 300,000 inhabitants in relation to the circulation (generation, reuse and disposal) of end-of-life tires (ELTs). The objective was to elaborate a theoretical structural model to evaluate the socioeconomic metabolism of waste (SEMw) by means of technical constructs (direct material flows (DMF), reverse material flows (RMF), socioeconomic environment (SEF) and sociodemographic factors (SDF)). Structural Equation Modeling (SEMm) was performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SmartPLS) software. The results obtained from the hypotheses show the causal relationships between the technical and social constructs and suggest guidelines for supporting the planning and management of urban solid waste in the collection and final disposal of ELTs. The processed information also contributes to the analysis of the city’s socioeconomic scenarios in relation to the disposal of ELTs. One of the hypotheses tested (RMF have a direct effect on SEMw) shows the importance of managing ELTs through the correct final disposal of waste and recycling. SEMw was evaluated from the perception of the local society and it is concluded that it is possible to plan public policies to avoid the formation of waste inventory in the city.

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Gil, Lluís, Ernest Bernat-Masó, and Francisco Cañavate. "Changes in Properties of Cement and Lime Mortars When Incorporating Fibers from End-of-Life Tires." Fibers 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib4010007.

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Samolada, M. C., and A. A. Zabaniotou. "Potential application of pyrolysis for the effective valorisation of the end of life tires in Greece." Environmental Development 4 (October 2012): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2012.08.004.

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Bittencourt, Euclides Santos, Cristiano Hora de Oliveira Fontes, Jorge Laureano Moya Rodriguez, Salvador Ávila Filho, and Adonias Magdiel Silva Ferreira. "Forecasting of the unknown end-of-life tire flow for control and decision making in urban solid waste management: A case study." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19886919.

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Efficient urban planning requires managers’ experience and knowledge of reverse logistics in solid urban waste processes. Forecasting tools are needed to control, select and manage municipal solid waste. This paper presents the application of dynamic modeling approaches, namely, a linear autoregressive seasonal model, a model based on a FeedForward Artificial Neural Network and a Recurrent Neural Networks model, in order to forecast the unknown flows of end-of-life tires 12 months ahead. The models were identified using a database comprising four years of historical series related to the unknown flows of end-of-life tires. These were obtained through an exploratory analysis based on the annual sales reports of new tires issued by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and reports related to the number of vehicles in circulation issued by Brazil’s National Traffic Department. The results show that the models are able to carry out consistent forecasts over the horizon of a year ahead and the predictions are capable of identifying seasonalities and supporting decision making in urban waste management.

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Fazli, Ali, and Denis Rodrigue. "Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030103.

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Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

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PAJĄK, Małgorzata. "APPLICATION OF FIBERS FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES AS A SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT – AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 11, no. 1 (2018): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/acee-2018-011.

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Glushankova, Irina, Aleksandr Ketov, Marina Krasnovskikh, Larisa Rudakova, and Iakov Vaisman. "End of Life Tires as a Possible Source of Toxic Substances Emission in the Process of Combustion." Resources 8, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020113.

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Several million tons of end of life tires (ELTs) are piled annually as a result of human activities. Various methods have been proposed for the extraction and recycling of the resource potential of ELTs. The chemical composition of ELTs seems to enable their usage as a fuel after mechanical separation of a steel cord. Indeed, in the rubber of ELTs, up to 90 mass% accounts for carbon and hydrogen. Currently, it is by incineration that a significant proportion of ELTs is utilized. However, ELTs contain not only sulfur, which is used for vulcanization, but also nitrogen-containing additives. The behavior of these heteroatoms during oxidation is poorly investigated. It has been shown that the pyrolysis liquid fuel obtained from ELTs contains such sulfur compounds as mercaptans and nitrogen in the form of hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen. Deep oxidation of ELTs results in the oxidation of sulfur compounds to dioxide, but the oxidation products have been found to contain traces of cyanogen. Taking this into account, one should pay attention to the ways of transforming heteroatoms during the process of ELT oxidation and the products of ELT pyrolysis as potential sources of highly toxic gas emissions.

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Yadav, J. S., and S. K. Tiwari. "The impact of end-of-life tires on the mechanical properties of fine-grained soil: A Review." Environment, Development and Sustainability 21, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 485–568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0054-2.

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Palos, Roberto, Alazne Gutiérrez, Francisco J. Vela, Martin Olazar, José M. Arandes, and Javier Bilbao. "Waste Refinery: The Valorization of Waste Plastics and End-of-Life Tires in Refinery Units. A Review." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 5 (February 9, 2021): 3529–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03918.

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Cardona-Uribe, Natalia, Mariluz Betancur, and Juan Daniel Martínez. "Towards the chemical upgrading of the recovered carbon black derived from pyrolysis of end-of-life tires." Sustainable Materials and Technologies 28 (July 2021): e00287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00287.

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Kumar, B. Manoj, and R. Saravanan. "Network Design for Reverse Logistics – A Case of Recycling Used Truck Tires." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2677.

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Managing the products at the end of its intended use and recovery of such used products from the market is gaining significant importance these days due to global environmental concerns, resource reduction, government regulations and economic factors. Reverse logistics networks serve the same. The handling of products, components and materials during the recovery process can be called reverse logistics. Due to the increasing number of heavy vehicles in the country like India, large quantities of used tires are generated every year, and proper disposal of these used tires creates problem in the day-to-day life. Hence recover the value from these used tires in the form of material recovery is gaining importance. The implementation of such recycling system usually requires an appropriate reverse logistics network for choosing the physical locations, facilities, and transportation links to convey the used products from the end customers to the recycling facility. A case study was conducted and traditional reverse logistics networks involved in the used tires focusing quality characteristics has been analyzed in the paper and a new network has been suggested focusing the quality characteristics of material recovered out of used tires through laboratory work and at the same time without compromising the cost factor involved in it. Finally a mathematical model has been developed and optimization of cost subjected to quantity, and time has been done and validated for the decision makers involved in the reverse logistics activities of used tires recycling.

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Zheleva, Ivanka, Ivan Georgiev, and Margaritka Filipova. "Identification of the influence of the heating upon the heat transfer during pyrolysis process used for End-of-Life tires treatment." MATEC Web of Conferences 145 (2018): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814503016.

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End-of-Life tires (EOLT) are waste that does not practically decompose in nature and because of this their sound treatment is needed for environment protection. One of the possible methods for such a treatment is pyrolysis process. Globally, around 23% of all EOLT are processed through pyrolysis, whereas in the Republic of Bulgaria only 5% are processed by pyrolysis. This shows that for Bulgaria this method pyrolysis still has a good potential for development and further research. In our previous paper [1], an adequate mathematical model of non-stationary heat transfer during pyrolysis used for the treatment of end-of-life tires has been developed. A numerical algorithm has been also developed in MATLAB to solve the respective mathematical initial and boundary value problems. In this study on the base of the previously developed model we examine the temperature regimes in the pyrolysis station with three cameras and their strong dependence upon the characteristics of the initial heating. Results for the temperature fields, temperature isolines and gradients for different kind of initial heating of the process are presented and commented.

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SOL-SÁNCHEZ, Miguel, Fernando MORENO-NAVARRO, and Maria Carmen RUBIO-GÁMEZ. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DECONSTRUCTED TIRES FOR USE AS PADS IN RAILROAD TRACKS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 6 (June 8, 2016): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914098.

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The use of end-of-life (EOL) tires is now widespread in civil engineering work. In most cases, the tires are shredded and recycled as crumb rubber. However, this research focuses on an alternate method in which EOL tires were deconstructed to manufacture rail pads. In other words, their outer layer was removed, which made it possible to benefit from the mechanical properties of the tires without having to grind them up. The performance of the recycled tire rubber was analyzed by means of static and dynamic stiffness tests as well as by fatigue tests. The results reflected the long-term performance of the material. Also analyzed was the deterioration of its properties after various thermal and anti-ageing treatments. The results obtained were compared with those of commercial crumb rubber rail pads. The excellent performance of the rail pads made from deconstructed EOL tires shows the high potential of this material for use in railroad tracks.

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Villa, Bárbara, Eduardo García, Mauricio Pradena, Paulo Flores, Carlos Medina, Víctor H. Campos-Requena, and Bruno F. Urbano. "SURFACE MODIFICATION OF RUBBER FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES FOR USE IN CONCRETE: A DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS APPROACH." Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society 65, no. 4 (December 2020): 4988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-97072020000404988.

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KONUKLU, Yeliz. "Preparation and characterization of form-stable phase change material/end-of-life tires composites for thermal energy storage." TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/kim-1911-23.

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Zarei, Mahsa, Hassan Taghipour, and Yousef Hassanzadeh. "Survey of quantity and management condition of end-of-life tires in Iran: a case study in Tabriz." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20, no. 2 (October 12, 2017): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-017-0674-5.

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Lozano-Díez, Rafael Vicente, Óscar López-Zaldívar, Sofía Herrero-del-Cura, Pablo Luís Mayor-Lobo, and Francisco Hernández-Olivares. "Mechanical Behavior of Plaster Composites Based on Rubber Particles from End-of-Life Tires Reinforced with Carbon Fibers." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 3979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143979.

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The principal objective of this research project is the disposal of end-of-life tire rubber waste and its incorporation in gypsum composites. As a continuation of previous projects, which established a reduction in the mechanical properties of the resulting products, the behavior of these composites is analyzed with the incorporation of carbon fibers. The density, Shore C hardness, flexural strength, compressive strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, strength–strain curves, toughness and resistance values and microstructure of the material are studied and compared. The results obtained show a significant increase in the mechanical tensile strength of all of the samples containing fibers. The moduli of elasticity results show a decrease in rigidity and increase in toughness and resistance of the material produced by incorporating the fibers. An optimum dosage of a water/gypsum ratio of 0.6 and incorporation of 1.5% carbon fibers is proposed. This lightweight material, which offers a high mechanical performance, features characteristics which are suitable for large prefabricated building elements in the form of panels or boards.

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Ortíz-Rodríguez, Oscar, William Ocampo-Duque, and Laura Duque-Salazar. "Environmental Impact of End-of-Life Tires: Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of Three Scenarios from a Case Study in Valle Del Cauca, Colombia." Energies 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2017): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10122117.

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OLEDZKA, EWA, LESZEK PYSKLO, MARCIN SOBCZAK, and ADAM LUKSA. "Technological and economical aspects of the pyrolysis of end-of-life tires and the refining of the products obtained." Polimery 51, no. 06 (June 2006): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2006.407.

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Husson-Tissier, B., P. Russo, B. Gros, and C. Clauzade. "A new scrap grade for the steel industry: steel wire recycling from the treatment of end-of-life tires." Revue de Métallurgie 107, no. 9 (October 2010): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2010062.

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Pająk, Małgorzata, Małgorzata Krystek, Mateusz Zakrzewski, and Jacek Domski. "Laboratory Investigation and Numerical Modelling of Concrete Reinforced with Recycled Steel Fibers." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081828.

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In the last decades, fiber reinforced concrete have emerged as the possible key to revolutionize civil engineering. Among different types of fibers employed in concrete technology to date, the application of recycled steel fibers produced from end-of-life car tires appears to be a viable approach towards environmentally friendly construction. In this study, we demonstrate the laboratory research and numerical analysis of concrete reinforced with waste steel fibers recovered during the recycling process of end-of-life car tires. Concrete mixes with the following fiber contents: 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, and 1.5% per volume were prepared and then tested in three-point bending conditions. The laboratory investigation revealed highly boosted properties of concrete under flexure. We further performed the finite element method (FEM) analysis of 2D models using Atena software in order to develop a material model allowing the numerical modelling of recycled steel fibers reinforced concrete (RSFRC) behavior. The parameters of RSFRC material model have been modified using the inverse analysis until matching the experimental performance of the material. The results, being in good agreement with the laboratory investigation, have indicated a high potential of RSFRC for real scale construction applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'End Life tires'

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